JP7530310B2 - 酸素の存在下において多孔質炭素中で固定化されたセレン、充電式電池における固定化セレンの製造方法および使用 - Google Patents
酸素の存在下において多孔質炭素中で固定化されたセレン、充電式電池における固定化セレンの製造方法および使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7530310B2 JP7530310B2 JP2021015540A JP2021015540A JP7530310B2 JP 7530310 B2 JP7530310 B2 JP 7530310B2 JP 2021015540 A JP2021015540 A JP 2021015540A JP 2021015540 A JP2021015540 A JP 2021015540A JP 7530310 B2 JP7530310 B2 JP 7530310B2
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- carbon
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- lithium
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- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 title claims description 624
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 612
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 604
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 433
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 306
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 97
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 95
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims description 95
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 132
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 82
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 40
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical group O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
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- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 54
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 46
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 43
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 43
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 42
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 42
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 40
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 38
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- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 19
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- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 17
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
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- 239000004455 soybean meal Substances 0.000 description 10
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 125000003748 selenium group Chemical group *[Se]* 0.000 description 9
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Images
Classifications
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/342—Preparation characterised by non-gaseous activating agents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B19/00—Selenium; Tellurium; Compounds thereof
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Description
本出願は、2017年2月16日に出願された米国特許出願第15/434,655号の一部継続出願であり、また、2019年2月8日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/802,929号の利益を主張する。上記出願の開示は、その全体が引用により本明細書に援用されるものとする。
(A)セレン炭素複合材料の調製
粉砕および破砕の後、適量のクエン酸カリウムを不活性雰囲気下で800℃で5時間焼成し、室温まで冷却する。希塩酸で中性のpHになるように洗浄し;ろ過および乾燥して二次元炭素ナノ材料(図1)を与え;50:50の質量比に従って、二次元炭素材料とセレンを秤量した後、セレンのエタノール溶液と均一に撹拌混合し;溶媒を蒸発させた後に、混合物をドライオーブンで乾燥し;乾燥した混合物を5℃/分で240℃に加熱して、3時間浸漬し;その後、5℃/分で450℃まで加熱し続け;20時間浸漬し;室温まで冷却し、これによりセレン炭素複合材料を得た。
上記のように調製したセレン炭素複合体を、カーボンブラックSuper P(TIMCAL)およびバインダCMC/SBR(重量比1:1)と、固定配合によって水とともに混合し、パルプ化、コーティング、乾燥および他の手順により、セレン炭素複合体カソードを得る。
上記のように調製したセレン炭素複合体カソード、アノードとしてリチウム箔、セパレータとしてのセルガードダイヤフラム、電解質としてのEC/DMC中の1MのLiPF6を用いて、リチウムセレンコインセル電池およびリチウムセレンパウチセル電池に組み立てた(図4)。
充放電装置を用いて、リチウム-セレンコインセル電池およびリチウム-セレンパウチセル電池の定電流充放電試験を行う。試験電圧範囲は1.0~3.0V、試験温度は25℃である。放電比容量および充放電電流のレベルは、セレンの質量に基づいて標準的に算出される。充放電電流は0.1Cまたは0.05Cである。リチウムセレンコインの充放電曲線を図2に示し、具体的な試験結果を以下の表1に示す。リチウムセレンパウチセルの試験結果を図5に示す。
条件は、二次元炭素用に炭化された原料がクエン酸ナトリウムであることを除いて、実施例1と同様である。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、二次元炭素用に炭化された原料がグルコン酸カリウムであることを除いて、実施例1と同様である。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、炭素材料の高温炭化温度が650℃であることを除いて、実施例1と同様である。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、乾燥した混合物を5℃/分で300℃に加熱し、この温度で3時間浸漬したことを除いて、実施例1と同じである。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、乾燥した混合物を5℃/分で240℃に加熱し、この温度で3時間浸漬した後、600℃まで加熱し続け、この一定温度で20時間浸漬したことを除いて、実施例1と同じである。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、リチウム-Se電池を、リチウムアノードシートの代わりにリチウム化グラファイトアノードで充填したことを除いて、実施例1と同様である。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、リチウム-Se電池を、リチウムアノードシートの代わりにリチウム化シリコンカーボンアノードを充填したことを除いて、実施例1と同様である。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、原料としてポリアクリロニトリルを用いたことを除いて、実施例1と同様である。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
条件は、ワンステップ配合法を用いてセレンと炭素の複合体を調製することを除いて、実施例1と同様である。この例では、乾燥したセレン炭素混合物を5℃/分で500℃まで加熱し、この温度で23時間浸漬して、セレン炭素複合材料を得た。このようにして得られたセレン炭素複合材料から作られた電池の充放電曲線を図3に示す。電池試験の結果を以下の表1にまとめた。
「Lithium-Selenium Secondary Batteries Having non-Flammable Electrolyte」,Hui He,Bor Z.Jang,Yanbo Wang,and Aruna Zhamu,米国出願公開第2015/0064575号,2015年3月5日.
「Electrolyte Solution and Sulfur-based or Selenium-based Batteries including the Electrolyte Solution」,Fang Dai,Mei Cai,Qiangfeng Xiao,and Li Yang,米国出願公開第2016/0020491号,2016年1月21日.
「A New Class of Lithium and Sodium Rechargeable Batteries Based on Selenium and Selenium-Sulfur as a Positive Electrode」,Ali Abouimrane,Damien Dambournet,Kerena W.Chapman,Peter J.Chupa,Wei Wang,and Khalil Amine,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2012,134,4505-4508.
「A Free-Standing and Ultralong-life Lithium-Selenium Battery Cathode Enabled by 3D Mesoporous Carbon/Graphene Hierachical Architecture」,Kai Han,Zhao Liu,Jingmei Shen,Yuyuan Lin,Fand Dai,and Hongqi Ye,Adv.Funct.Mater.,2015,25,455-463.
「Micro-and Mesoporous Carbide-Derived Carbon-Selenium Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium Selenium Batteries」,Jung Tai Lee,Hyea Kim,Marin Oschatz,Dong-Chan Lee,Feixiang Wu,Huan-Ting Lin,Bogdan Zdyrko,Wan II Chao,Stefan Kaskel,and Gleb Yushin,Adv.Energy Mater.2014,1400981.
「High-Performance Lithium Selenium Battery with Se/Microporous Carbon Composite Cathode and Carbonate-Based Electrolyte」,Chao Wu,Lixia Yuan,Zhen Li,Ziqi Yi,Rui Zeng,Yanrong Li,and Yunhui Huang,Sci.China Mater.2015,58,91-97.
「Advanced Se-C Nanocomposites:a Bifunctional Electrode Material for both Li-Se and Li-ion Batteries」,Huan Ye,Ya-Xia Yin,Shuai-Feng Zhang,and Yu-Guo Guo,J.Mater.Chem.A.,May 23,2014.
「Lithium Iodide as a Promising Electrolyte Additive for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries:Mechanisms of Performance Enhancement」,Feixiang Wu,Jung Tae Lee,Naoki Nitta,Hyea Kim,Oleg Borodin,and Gleb Yushin,Adv.Mater.2015,27,101-108.
「A Se/C Composite as Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries with Good Electrochemical Performance」,Lili Li,Yuyang Hou,Yaqiong Yang,Minxia Li,Xiaowei Wang,and Yuping Wu,RSC Adv.,2014,4,9086-9091.
「Elemental Selenium for Electrochemical Energy Storage」,Chun-Peng Yang,Ya-Xia Yin,and Yu-Guo Guo,J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2015,6,256-266.
「Selenium@mesoporous Carbon Composite with Superior Lithium and Sodium Storage Capacity」,Chao Luo,Yunhua Xu,Yujie Zhu,Yihang Liu,Shiyou Zheng,Ying Liu,Alex Langrock,and Chunsheng Wang,ACSNANO,Vol.7,No.9,8003-8010.
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)画像を、エネルギー分散分析X線(EDX)検出器を備えたTescan Vega走査型電子顕微鏡で収集した。
第一の残渣を形成するために、260gのクエン酸カリウムの装入物をるつぼに入れ、るつぼを管状炉内の石英管に入れた。アルゴンガスの流れを炉内に流し、炉を室温(約20~22℃)から600℃まで5℃/分で加熱した。この温度で炉を60分間保持した後、炉を停止し、炉が冷却された後、るつぼから装入物を取り出し、174.10グラムの処理残渣を回収した。第二および第三の処理残渣を形成するために、第一の処理残渣について説明したのと同じプロセスを、420グラムおよび974グラムのクエン酸カリウムの装入物について別々に繰り返した。結果として得られた第2および第3の処理残渣の重量は、それぞれ282.83グラムおよび651.93グラムであった。
メノウの乳鉢と乳棒のセットに(セレンのバルク特性を示す)セレン0.1206グラムを入れ、同じメノウの乳鉢と乳棒に実施例9に従って調製した炭素骨格0.1206グラムを入れる。セレンと炭素骨格の混合物を約30分間手動で粉砕し、粉砕したセレンと炭素骨格の混合物をステンレス鋼のダイ(直径10mm)に移す。ダイ内の混合物を約10MPaの圧力に加圧し、混合物のペレットを形成する。その後、このペレットを不活性環境(アルゴン)の存在下で密閉容器に装填し、ペレットを含む密閉容器をオーブンに入れる。ペレットの入った密閉容器を含むオーブンを、例えば12時間、(セレンの融解温度より高い)240℃に加熱する。しかしながら、使用は、セレンと炭素が部分的または完全に反応して本願に記載の特徴の一部またはすべてを有する固定化セレンを形成するのに十分な、セレンの融解温度より高い温度と時間の任意の組み合わせを想定している。次に、ペレットを室温に戻した後、ペレットを容器から取り出す。取り出したペレットは、本実施例10の固定化セレンである。
乳鉢と乳棒に、実施例10に従って調製した56mgの固定化セレン、7.04mgのSuper P、182μLのカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)溶液(CMC溶液52μLごとに1mgの乾燥CMCを含む)、21.126μLのSBRラテックス分散液(SBRラテックス分散液6.036μLごとに1mgの乾燥SBRラテックスを含む)、および200μLの脱イオン水を投入する。粒子、バインダおよび水を手動で30分間スラリーに粉砕し、カソードスラリーを生成する。次いで、このカソードスラリーを、導電性基板、例えば箔の片面に塗布し、空気乾燥させた。一例では、導電性基板または箔がアルミニウム(Al)箔である。しかしながら、任意の形状または形態の任意の適切なかつ/または望ましい導電性材料の使用が想定されるため、これは限定的な意味で解釈されるべきではない。説明のみを目的として、本明細書には、Al箔を使用してセレンカソードを形成することが記載される。しかしながら、これは限定的な意味で解釈されるべきではない。
実施例11のカソードディスクを使用して、次に説明する図15の実施例に記載の方法で、Li-Se充電式コイルセル電池を組み立てた。この実施例では、実施例11の直径10mmのカソードディスク4を、コインセルの正極ケース(図15では「正極ケース」)として機能する2032ステンレス鋼製コインセル缶のベース2上に配置して、固定化セレンシート5が正極ケースのベース2から離れて上方に向き、むき出しのAl側が正極ケースのベース2と向き合って接触するようにした。次に、カソードディスク4の上に電池セパレータ6(直径19mm、厚さ25ミクロン)を固定化セレンシート5に接触させて配置した。一例では、電池セパレータ6は、有機セパレータ、無機セパレータまたは固体電解質セパレータであってもよい。有機セパレータは、ポリマー、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエステル、ハロゲン化ポリマー、ポリエーテル、ポリケトン等であってもよい。無機セパレータは、ガラスおよび/または石英繊維から作ることができる。
(a)セレンと炭素を乾式または湿式の条件下で混合するステップと、
(b)任意選択的に、ステップ(a)の混合物を高温で乾燥するステップと、
(c)任意選択的に、ステップ(b)の乾燥混合物をペレット化するステップと、
(d)炭素上にセレンを溶融させて固定化セレンを生成するステップとを含むことができる。
(a)セレンと炭素を乾式または湿式の条件下で混合するステップと、
(b)任意選択的に、ステップ(a)の混合物を高温で乾燥させるステップと、
(c)任意選択的に、ステップ(b)の乾燥混合物をペレット化するステップと、
(d)炭素中にセレンを溶融させて固定化セレンを生成するステップとを含むことができる。
実施例10に記載の原理および手順に従って、以下の表4に詳述する硫黄ドープ固定化セレンの合成において、セレンの5原子パーセント(at%)、セレンの20at%、セレンの35at%、およびセレンの50at%を、別々に硫黄で置換した。硫黄ドープ固定化セレンのサンプルは、実施例9に記載の原理および手順に従って調製した炭素骨格を用いて合成した。
本明細書に記載の炭素材料は、以下のステップを含む調製方法によって得ることができる。
(1)様々な成分として、不活性塩、活性化剤および炭素前駆体を混合するステップ。この混合プロセスは、様々な成分の溶液をボールミルで粉砕するプロセスまたは凍結乾燥するプロセスを含むことができる。
(2)混合物を高温の不活性雰囲気下で炭化させた後、熱水で洗浄して無機塩を除去し、乾燥させて、相互に連結した湾曲した薄い炭素層を含む3D多孔質材料を得る。
ステップ(1)では、不活性塩を、塩化カリウム、塩化ナトリウムまたは炭酸ナトリウムのなかから選択することができる。活性化剤は、炭酸カリウム、炭酸水素カリウムまたはシュウ酸カリウムのなかから選択することができる。炭素前駆体は、上述した再生可能炭素源のなかから選択することができる。ステップ(2)では、高温の炭化は、800~900℃、好ましくは800~850℃で行うことができ、炭化時間は1~8時間、好ましくは1~4時間である。
適量のKCl、K2CO3およびグルコースを蒸留水に溶解した後、この溶液を液体窒素(-196℃)で凍結させ、その後、凍結乾燥機に移し、温度-50℃、圧力0.06mbarで凍結乾燥し、KCl、K2CO3およびグルコースの固体混合物を得た。その後、この固体混合物を不活性雰囲気下で850℃で1時間炭化させ、室温まで冷却した後、高温の蒸留水で洗浄し、ろ過し、乾燥させて、図20に示すような三次元の相互接続された薄壁多孔質炭素ナノ材料を得た。
実施例14の三次元相互接続薄壁多孔質炭素ナノ材料は、電気化学キャパシタの電極として使用することができる。電極は、例えば、PTFEまたはPVDFなどの有機バインダを含む。任意選択的には、電極は、例えば、カーボンブラック、グラフェン、カーボンナノチューブなどのような導電性促進剤も含む。典型的な例では、85wt%の活性材料、10wt%のバインダ、および5%の導電性促進剤の混合物が調製される。
砂糖、グルコース、大豆ミール、おがくず(例えば、松のおがくず、桜のおがくずまたはオークのおがくず)のような炭素源、K2CO3のような活性化化学物質、および任意選択的な不活性塩などを適切な量、インクルーダに量り入れ、その後、機械的な粉砕を含むことができる物理的な混合を行い、次いで、セラミック、鋼、ステンレス鋼などで作られたるつぼに移した。不活性ガスの流れ(これも任意である)の下で、混合物を、炭化の期間、100℃/分未満の昇温速度で、任意選択的には700℃以下の浸漬温度に加熱し、または700℃以上の活性化温度に直接加熱し、活性化の期間、その温度で留めた。昇温プロセスを通じて、炭素源は、CO、CO2、水、軽質炭化水素、および重質でベトベトした油性炭化水素に分解することにより炭化プロセスを経る。活性化プロセス中、CO、CO2、水、炭素の揮発性物質が生成され続ける場合がある。
Claims (10)
- 固定化されたセレン体を調製する方法であって、
(a)セレン及び中に酸素種を有する多孔質外来テンプレート化炭素の混合物を形成するステップであって、前記外来テンプレート化炭素は、アルカリ金属塩又はアルカリ金属水酸化物と炭素源とを含む混合物を加熱して前記炭素源を炭化させて得られる三次元の相互接続された薄壁多孔質炭素であって、前記薄壁多孔質炭素は、200℃~250℃の温度での発熱重量の減少に関与しない十分な酸素量を有する炭素骨格である、ステップと、
(b)セレンの融点温度を超える温度にステップ(a)の混合物を加熱するステップと、
(c)ステップ(b)で加熱された混合物を周囲温度まで冷却し、固定化されたセレン体を形成するステップとを備え、
前記固定化されたセレン体中のセレン担持量が50wt%以下の場合、前記固定化されたセレン体中の酸素種の量は0.63ミリモル/グラム以上であり、
前記固定化されたセレン体中のセレン担持量が50wt%より多く60wt%以下(すなわち、50wt%<セレン担持量≦60wt%)の場合、前記固定化されたセレン体中の酸素種の量は0.5ミリモル/グラム以上であり、
前記固定化されたセレン体中のセレン担持量が60wt%以上の場合、前記固定化されたセレン体中の酸素種の量は0.31ミリモル/グラム以上であることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、
ステップ(a)の前に、前記外来テンプレート化炭素中の酸素種の量を増加させるために、前記外来テンプレート化炭素に後処理プロセスを施すステップをさらに含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項2に記載の方法において、
前記後処理プロセスは、前記外来テンプレート化炭素を酸化剤と反応させることを含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項3に記載の方法において、
前記酸化剤が
硝酸、
過酸化水素、
有機過酸化物、
酸素、および
オゾン
のうちの少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項3に記載の方法において、
前記酸化剤が、水性環境下において、
過硫酸アンモニウム、
過硫酸ナトリウム、
過硫酸カリウム、
マンガンの塩、
バナジウムの塩、および
クロムの塩
のうちの少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、
前記多孔質外来テンプレート化炭素はアモルファスであることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、
前記多孔質外来テンプレート化炭素の細孔の60~95%がミクロ細孔であることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、
前記多孔質外来テンプレート化炭素の細孔の50~99%がミクロ細孔であることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、
前記多孔質外来テンプレート化炭素が、ミクロ細孔、メソ細孔、およびマクロ細孔を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、
前記多孔質外来テンプレート化炭素が、1,400m2/g以上のBET表面積を有することを特徴とする方法。
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