JP7450944B2 - 進行膵癌の放射線処置と組み合わせた免疫調節薬 - Google Patents
進行膵癌の放射線処置と組み合わせた免疫調節薬 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2018年10月19日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/747,830号の優先権を主張し、これは、全体が本明細書をもって参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
一実施形態では、該免疫調節性サイトカインは、IL-12を含む。
別途記載のない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての技術用語及び科学用語は、本発明が属する当業者により一般に理解されるのと同じ意味を有する。
本開示は、1つ以上の免疫調節薬と組み合わせて電離放射線を投与することにより、対象の転移性または切除不能な膵癌を処置するための方法について記載する。本明細書に記載の方法は、腫瘍への電離放射線療法及び免疫調節薬を投与することにより、局所進行及び転移性膵癌を処置するために使用することができる。一実施形態では、免疫調節薬は、腫瘍内に投与される。
当該技術分野で周知のように、電離放射線の有効な線量は、処置されることを必要とする腫瘍のタイプ及びがんの病期と共に変動する。有効な線量はまた、患者に投与されている他の処置モダリティ、例えば、化学療法処置、及び外科的処置、ならびに放射線が手術前または手術後に投与されるかどうかに基づいて変動し得る。
放射線療法は、1つ以上の免疫調節薬と組み合わせて投与することができる。併用療法は、単独療法としてのいずれかの処置の投与と比較して、増加した抗腫瘍応答(陽性の臨床応答)を提供し得る。一部の場合では、免疫調節薬は、阻害性チェックポイント分子に対する阻害薬、刺激性チェックポイント分子の活性化薬、ケモカイン阻害薬、マクロファージ遊走阻止因子(MIF)の阻害薬、成長因子、サイトカイン、インターロイキン、インターフェロン、T細胞及び腫瘍抗原に結合する二重特異性抗体などの免疫系細胞に結合する抗体、CAR-T細胞などの細胞性免疫調節薬、ワクチン、腫瘍溶解性ウイルス、及びそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択することができる。
一実施形態では、本発明の免疫調節薬は、タンパク質、ペプチド、免疫調節タンパク質の多様体、ペプチド模倣物、またはタンパク質もしくはペプチドの機能的フラグメントであってよい。例えば、一実施形態では、免疫調節薬は、IL-12タンパク質、IL-12多様体、IL-12ペプチド模倣物、またはIL-12の機能的フラグメントであってよい。
本発明の免疫調節薬は、融合タンパク質を調製するために、タンパク質などの他の分子とコンジュゲートされてもよい。これは、例えば、N末端またはC末端の融合タンパク質の合成により達成されてもよい。但し、得られる融合タンパク質は、免疫調節薬の機能を保持する。
本発明の特定の実施形態では、本発明の免疫調節ポリペプチドはさらに、タグのアミノ酸配列を含む。タグは、ポリヒスチジンタグ(Hisタグ)(例えば、H6及びH10など)またはIMACシステムで使用される他のタグ、例えば、Ni2+アフィニティーカラムなど、GST融合、MBP融合、ストレプトアビジンタグ、細菌酵素BIRAのBSPビオチン化標的配列、及び抗体により誘導されるタグエピトープ(例えば、とりわけ、c-mycタグ、FLAGタグ)を含むが、これらに限定されない。当業者により観察されるように、タグペプチドは、本発明の融合タンパク質の精製、検査、選択、及び/または視覚化に使用することができる。本発明の特定の実施形態では、タグは、検出タグ及び/または精製タグである。タグ配列は、本発明の免疫調節薬の機能に干渉しないことが理解されるであろう。
従って、本発明の免疫調節薬は、別のポリペプチドまたはタグ、例えば、リーダーもしくは分泌配列、または精製もしくは検出に用いられる配列、に融合させることができる。例えば、一実施形態では、本発明の免疫調節薬は、本発明のポリペプチドの迅速な高アフィニティー精製の基礎を提供するグルタチオン-S-トランスフェラーゼタンパク質タグを含む。実に、次に、このGST融合タンパク質は、グルタチオンに対する高い親和性を介して細胞から精製することができる。アガロースビーズは、グルタチオンに結合することができ、そのようなグルタチオン-アガロースビーズは、GSTタンパク質に結合する。従って、本発明の特定の実施形態では、本発明のポリペプチドは、固体支持体に結合している。好ましい実施形態では、本発明のポリペプチドがGST部分を含む場合、ポリペプチドは、グルタチオン修飾支持体に結合している。特定の場合では、グルタチオン修飾支持体は、グルタチオン-アガロースビーズである。加えて、プロテアーゼ切断部位をコードする配列は、アフィニティータグ及びポリペプチド配列間に含まれる可能性があり、それにより、この特定の酵素とのインキュベーション後に、結合タグが除去され、それにより、対応する目的のタンパク質の精製が容易になる。
一実施形態では、本発明の免疫調節薬は免疫調節薬を所望の細胞構成要素または細胞型もしくは組織に導くことが可能な標的タンパク質及び/または標的ドメインを含む。免疫調節薬は、追加のアミノ酸配列またはドメインも含有してもよい。一実施形態では、本発明の免疫調節薬は、種々の構成要素が異なる供給源由来であるという意味で組み換えであり、それ故、自然界では一緒にみられない(すなわち、異種である)。
免疫調節薬は、「トランスサイトーシス」、例えば、上皮細胞によるペプチドの取り込み、を促進する第2のペプチドと共に融合ペプチドを提供することができる。示すために、本発明の免疫調節薬は、HIVのTatタンパク質のN末端ドメインの全てまたはフラグメント、例えば、Tatの残基1~72またはトランスサイトーシスを促進することができるそれらの小さなフラグメント、との融合ポリペプチドの一部として提供することができる。他の実施形態では、免疫調節薬は、アンテノペディア(antenopedia)IIIタンパク質の全部または一部との融合ポリペプチドを提供することができる。
一実施形態では、本発明は、免疫調節薬をコードする(例えば、免疫調節性サイトカインまたはIL-12をコードする)ヌクレオチド配列を含む単離核酸を含む。
一実施形態では、本発明は、タンパク質レポーターまたはタンパク質レポーターをコードする核酸分子を含む送達ビヒクルを提供する。例示的な送達ビヒクルとしては、マイクロスフェア、マイクロ粒子、ナノ粒子、ポリマーソーム、リポソーム、及びミセルが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。例えば、特定の実施形態では、送達ビヒクルは、本発明の免疫調節薬または免疫調節薬をコードする核酸分子が搭載される。特定の実施形態では、送達ビヒクルは、搭載されたカーゴの制御放出、遅延放出、または連続放出を提供する。特定の実施形態では、送達ビヒクルは、標的部位に送達ビヒクルをターゲティングするターゲティング部分を含む。本発明の免疫調節薬の送達に使用することができる例示的なマイクロ粒子及びナノ粒子としては、限定されないが、米国特許公開第US2017/0273909A1号に記載のマイクロ粒子及びナノ粒子が挙げられ、これの内容は、全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書に記載の免疫調節薬は、治療的有効用量で投与することができる。治療的有効用量は、投与される免疫調節薬のタイプに基づいて当業者が決定することができる。当該技術分野で記載の投薬量、投与経路、及び投与スケジュールを使用することができる。代表的な用量は、メルクマニュアルプロフェッショナル版で入手できる(以下を参照のこと、インターネットのmerckmanuals.com/professional)。
HED=動物の用量(mg/kg)×(動物の体重(kg)/ヒトの体重(kg))0.33
あるいは、HEDは、以下の式IIで決定することができる。
HED(mg/kg)=動物用量(mg/kg)×(動物Km/ヒトKm)。
本発明の免疫調節薬は、持続放出用に製剤化されてもよい。免疫調節薬の持続放出は、免疫調節薬の直接投与後に得られるよりも長い期間にわたって免疫調節薬の測定可能な血清中レベルをもたらす放出である。一実施形態では、持続放出は、約1日、約2日、約3日、約4日、約5日、約6日、約1週間、約2週間、約3週間、約4週間、約1ヶ月、約2ヶ月、または2ヶ月以上の免疫調節薬の放出である。
本発明の免疫調節薬及び放射線療法の組み合わせは、がんを処置するために、別の治療的処置または薬剤と組み合わせて使用することができる。例えば、本発明の免疫調節薬及び放射線療法の組み合わせは、単独で、または1つ以上の治療上有効な薬剤もしくは処置と組み合わせて、投与されてもよい。他の治療上有効な薬剤は、本発明の免疫調節薬と同じ組成物に組み込まれても、または、別々の組成物として投与されてもよい。他の治療薬または処置は、本発明の免疫調節薬及び放射線治療の組み合わせの投与前、投与中、及び/または投与後に、投与されてもよい。
;ラルチトレキセド;ラモセトロン;rasファルネシルタンパク質トランスフェラーゼ阻害薬;ras阻害薬;ras-GAP阻害薬;脱メチル化されたレテリプチン;レニウムRe 186エチドロネート;リゾキシン;リボザイム;RIIレチナミド;ログレチミド;ロヒツカイン(rohitukine);ロムルチド;ロキニメクス;ルビギノンB1;ルボキシル;サフィンゴル;サントピン;SarCNU;サルコフィトールA;サルグラモスチム;Sdi 1模倣物;セムスチン;老化誘導阻害薬1;センスオリゴヌクレオチド;シグナル伝達阻害薬;シグナル伝達調節薬;一本鎖抗原結合タンパク質;シゾフラン;ソブゾキサン;ボロカプチン酸ナトリウム;フェニル酢酸ナトリウム;ソルベロール;ソマトメジン結合タンパク質;ソネルミン;スパルフォシン酸;スピカマイシンD;スピロムスチン;スプレノペンチン;スポンジスタチン1;スクアラミン;幹細胞阻害薬;幹細胞分裂阻害薬;スティピアミド;ストロメリシン阻害薬;スルフィノシン;超活性血管活性腸管ペプチド拮抗薬;スラディスタ;スラミン;スワインソニン;合成グリコサミノグリカン;タリムスチン;タモキシフェンメチオジド;タウロムスチン;タザロテン;テコガランナトリウム;テガフール;テルロピリリウム;テロメラーゼ阻害薬;テモポルフィン;テモゾロミド;テニポシド;テトラクロロデカオキシド;テトラゾミン;タリブラスター;チオコラリン;トロンボポエチン;トロンボポエチン模倣物;チマルファシン;サイモポエチン受容体作動薬;チモトリナン;甲状腺刺激ホルモン;スズエチルエチオプルプリン;チラパザミン;チタノセンビクロリド(titanocene bichloride);トプセンチン;トレミフェン;全能性幹細胞因子;翻訳阻害薬;トレチノイン;トリアセチルウリジン;トリシリビン;トリメトレキサート;トリプトレリン;トロピセトロン;ツロステリド;チロシンキナーゼ阻害薬;チルホスチン;UBC阻害薬;ウベニメクス;尿生殖洞由来の成長阻害因子;ウロキナーゼ受容体拮抗薬;バプレオチド;バリオリンB;ベクターシステム、赤血球遺伝子治療;ベラレソル;ベラミン;ベルディン;ベルテポルフィン;ビノレルビン;ビンクサルチン(vinxaltine);ビタキシン;ボロゾール;ザノテロン;ゼニプラチン;ジラスコルブ;イミリムマブ(imilimumab);ミルタザピン;BrUOG 278;BrUOG 292;RAD0001;CT-011;フォルフィリノックス;チピファルニブ;R115777;LDE225;カルシトリオール;AZD6244;AMG 655;AMG 479;BKM120;mFOLFOX6;NC-6004;セツキシマブ;IM-C225;LGX818;MEK162;BBI608;MEDI4736;ベムラフェニブ;イピリムマブ;イボルマブ(ivolumab);ニボルマブ;パノビノスタット;レフルノミド;CEP-32496;アレムツズマブ;ベバシズマブ;オファツムマブ;パニツムマブ;ペムブロリズマブ;リツキシマブ;トラスツズマブ;STAT3阻害薬(例えば、STA-21、LLL-3、LLL12、XZH-5、S31-201、SF-1066、SF-1087、STX-0119、クリプトタンシノン、クルクミン、ジフェルロイルメタン、FLLL11、FLLL12、FLLL32、FLLL62、C3、C30、C188、C188-9、LY5、OPB-31121、ピリメタミン、OPB-51602、AZD9150など);低酸素誘導因子1(HIF-1)阻害薬(例えば、LW6、ジゴキシン、ラウレンディテルペノール、PX-478、RX-0047、ビテキシン、KC7F2、YC-1など)及びジノスタチン刺激薬。
ここで、本発明は、以下の実施例を参照して説明される。これらの実施例は、単に例示目的で提供され、本発明は、決してこれらの実施例に限定されると解釈されるべきではなく、むしろ、本明細書に提供される教示の結果として明らかになるありとあらゆる変形を包含すると解釈されるべきである。
この研究では、アジュバントIL12の持続送達が、LAPCにおけるSBRTの抗腫瘍効能を亢進することが示される。本明細書に提示されるデータは、持続放出マイクロスフィア中にカプセル化されるIL12(IL12MS)のSBRTへの腫瘍内送達が追加されると、強力な抗腫瘍活性を示し、PCの前臨床同所モデルにおいて腫瘍の低減がもたらされた。併用免疫療法は、炎症性サイトカイン、インターフェロンガンマ(IFNγ)の相乗的な産生をもたらし、治療有効性は、この誘導に依存した。続く分析により、IFNγの発現がT制御性及び骨髄抑制細胞の免疫原性リプログラミングに必要であったことが示された。さらに、CD8+T細胞と抑制細胞の比の増加は、CD8+T細胞の活性化の著しい増加と一致した。局所調節の範囲を超えて、SBRT/IL12 MSの組み合わせはまた、全身性腫瘍免疫を付与し、これは、進行転移性疾患の理論的追跡調査を提供する。
イソフルラン麻酔薬気化器(Scivena Scientific)を使用して、マウスを麻酔し、10mmの開腹切開を行い、脾臓及び膵臓を露出させた。細胞株を0.25%のトリプシン/EDTA(Gibco)で分離し、1:1のPBS:マトリゲル(BD Biosciences)溶液に再懸濁させた。5,000の細胞(100□)を膵尾に注射し、SBRTターゲティングを補助する2つの4mmのチタン基準マーカー(Horizon)を腫瘍のバブルに隣接して移植した。腫瘍細胞注射の直後の1分間、腹膜漏出を防ぐために、綿棒を注射部位の上に置いた。IVISの生物発光イメージングにより、腹膜播種のない移植の成功を確認し、前処置群を標準化するためのベースライン測定が提供された。
5mmのコリメータを備えた小動物放射線研究プラットフォーム(SARRP、XStrahl)を使用して、全ての放射線を照射した。全ての放射線治療中に、気化イソフルランで、マウスを麻酔した。腫瘍組織の場合36及び正常組織の場合50の生物学的に有効な線量(BED)を生じる従来の放射線療法(ConRT)を受けた担腫瘍マウスを15分割、2Gyで照射した(a/b比の10/3腫瘍/正常組織)。移植後の6~9日目の4分割で6Gyの放射線のスケジュール後に、体幹部定位放射線療法(SBRT)を担腫瘍マウスに投与し、腫瘍組織の場合38.4及び正常組織の場合72のBEDが生じた。上述のチタン基準マーカーを使用して、局所送達を目標とし;マーカーを、処置前コンピューター断層撮影(CT)スキャンで視覚化した。主要な臓器を回避するように設計されたビーム角を使用して、照射回転中心を配置した。それぞれの場合では、腫瘍への全ての線量付与及び周囲の器官(例えば、肝臓)への無視できる量を確認するために、線量体積ヒストグラム(DVH)を生成した。
IVISスペクトルイメージングシステム(IVIS、PerkinElmer)を使用して、in vivo腫瘍成長を測定した。マウスに、気化イソフルランを麻酔し、100μlのPBSビヒクル中にD-ルシフェリン(2.5mg、Invitrogen)を皮下注射した。右側臥位で、2分間隔で24分間一連の画像を撮影し、光子放出を収集した。腫瘍上に手動で配置された、マッチング(円形の)目的領域(ROI)内で、生物発光(p/sec/cm2/sr)を計算した。シグナル減衰を示す2回の連続測定で、各腫瘍のピーク強度を記録した。
ネオアジュバント介入の10~14日後に、全てのSBRT処置標本を得た。10%の中性緩衝ホルマリンでヒトPDAC組織試料を固定し、処理し、切片化した。IHC分析では、抗CD8(C8/144B、1:100希釈、Thermo Scientific MS-457-51)、及び抗CD68(KP1、1:200、Thermo Scientific MS-397-PO)抗体を用いて、連続切片を4℃で一晩染色した。検出するためにポリマー系システムを使用した(GBI広域スペクトルPolink 2 Plus(GBI D22)、DAB色原体(GBI CO2-12)インキュベーション)。メイヤーのヘマトキシリンを用いて、スライドを対比染色した。汎用陰性対照液(Enzo ADI-950-231-0025)を使用した同一の組織切片の染色は全く存在しなかった。組織切片全体を20×倍率でデジタル化し、登録した。以下の通り、目的領域を認可された病理医が規定した(盲検):「マージン」-腫瘍/間質界面の手で描かれた線の内側及び外側の500μmにより規定された領域;「中心」-侵襲性の前部、粘膜表面、または組織の端の内側の1000μmで規定される領域。組織喪失/人為的結果の領域を分析から除外した。ランダムフォレスト分類を使用して、イベントの数を列挙し、マージン指数(マージン:中央の比)を個別に各場合の全ROIについて計算した。
位相反転現象を使用して、ポリ乳酸マイクロスフェアを生成した。腫瘍内送達の前に、凍結乾燥したマイクロスフェアをPBS(マウス1匹当たり20μl)に再懸濁させた。最終SBRT分割(10日目)の24時間後に、マウスに気化イソフルランを麻酔し、10mmの開腹切開を行って、膵腫瘍を露出させた。18ゲージのHamiltonシリンジを使用して、Empty MS対照(2mgのビーズ)またはIL 12 MS(0.5μgの組み換えIL12を含有する2mgのビーズ)を腫瘍内(i.t.)注射した。
HTSeqワークフローの膵臓腺癌遺伝子発現データセット(FPKM、正規化された上位四分位)を、The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)データポータルからダウンロードした。ノンパラメトリックSpearman相関を使用して、データセット間でR2値を計算した。ヒートマップ表現の場合、データ値を各遺伝子セット内の発現の中央値に正規化した。各細胞は、データセット内の3つの隣接値の平均を表す。
死亡させた後、組織ホモジナイザーを用いて、1xのHaltプロテアーゼ阻害薬カクテル及び1xのHaltホスファターゼ阻害薬カクテル(ThermoFisher Scientific)を含有する0.5xの細胞溶解緩衝液2(R&D Systems、PBSで希釈)100μl中で、マウス腫瘍を分離した。穏やかに撹拌しながら、組織を室温で30分間溶解させた。マウスプレミックスサイトカイン/ケモカインマルチアナライトキット(R&D Systems)を使用して、磁気ルミネックスアッセイを実施した。製造業者の指示に従って、アッセイ手順を実施した。マイクロプレートをBio-Plex200システム(Bio-Rad)で実行して、20%未満の凝集体で標的毎に50~100のビーズを収集した。製造元の指示に従って残りの溶解物に対して、Pierce BCAタンパク質アッセイ(ThermoFisher Scientific)を実施した。pg/mgタンパク質値への分析物の正規化に、各試料の総タンパク質濃度を使用した。
死亡させた後に、マウスの腫瘍を機械的に分離し、続いて、30%のコラゲナーゼで消化した(30分、37℃、Sigma-Aldrich)。次に、ホモジネートを40μMのフィルターに通し、約1×106の細胞/反応で、細胞をPAB(1LのPBS、1gのアジ化ナトリウム、10gBSA)中に再懸濁させた。以下のコンジュゲート抗体を染色に使用した:PerCP/Cy5.5抗マウスCD45(30-F11、BD Biosciences)、efluor抗マウスCd8(53-6.7、eBioscience)、APC/Cy7抗マウスCD4(GK1.5、BD Pharmingen)、PE/CF594抗マウスNK1.1(PK136、BD Horizon)、PE/Cy7抗マウスCD279(RMP1-30、BioLegend)、efluor抗マウスCD11b(M1/70、Invitrogen)、APC/Cy7抗マウスLy-6C(AL-21、BD Pharmingen)、ブリリアントバイオレット605抗マウスLy-6G(1A8、BD Horizon)、APC抗マウスF480(BM8、eBioscience)、PE抗マウスIA/IE(M5/114.15.2、BD Pharmingen)、APC抗マウス/ラットFoxP3(FJK-16s、eBioscience)、及びPE抗マウスIFN-γ(XMG1.2、BD Biosciences)。細胞表面抗原を、暗所、4℃で30分間染色した。次に、試料をPABで洗浄し、製造者の使用説明書に従い、FOXP3固定/透過化処理キット(eBioscience)を使用して一晩固定した。翌日、細胞をFOXP3透過化処理緩衝液(eBioscience)で洗浄し、細胞内標的について、暗所、4℃で30分間染色した。細胞内活性化マーカーに対して、FMO対照を利用した。細胞を洗浄し、PABに再懸濁させ、LSRII Fortessa(BD Biosciences)で実行した。50~100,000イベント/試料を収集し、FlowJoソフトウェア(FlowJo)を使用して分析した。イメージングフローサイトメトリーについても、同じ手順に従い、試料をAmnis Image Stream GenX(Luminex Corporation)で実行した。
死亡させた後に、2匹のマウス腫瘍を処置群毎にプールした。組織を機械的に分離し、続いて、30%のコラゲナーゼで消化した(30分、37℃、Sigma-Aldrich)。ホモジネートを40μmのフィルターに通過させ、細胞をPAB(1LのPBS、1gのアジ化ナトリウム、10gのBSA)に再懸濁させた。各処置群からの2x106~4x106の細胞を、細胞表面抗原について、暗所、4℃で30分間染色した。100μmのノズルを使用するFACSAriaIIセルソーター(BD Biosciences)で、CD8+T細胞、IM、及びTAM集団をソートした。直ちに、細胞を緩衝RLT(β-メルカプトエタノールを含有する)に溶解させ、QIAShredderスピンカラムで均質化し、製造者の使用説明書に従い、RNeasyマイクロキット(Qiagen)を使用して、RNAを精製した。RNAシーケンシング及び解析を実施した。Agilentバイオアナライザー(Agilent)を使用して、RNAの品質を評価し、解析された全ての試料は、5を超えるRNA完全性値を示した。製造業者の説明書に従い、TruSeq RNA試料調製キットV2(Illumina)を使用して、CDNAライブラリーを作成し、シーケンシングをIllumina高スループットHiSeqTM2500プラットフォーム(Illumina)で実施した。Ingenuityパスウェイ解析(IPA)ソフトウェア(Qiagen)を使用して、未照射+empty MS対照に対する処置群で差次的に発現した遺伝子を解析した。
11日目に死亡させた後、KCKO-luc腫瘍を採取し、RNA-seq解析に使用された手順に従ってフローソーティングの準備をした。10%のウシ胎児血清が補充されたDMEM/F-12に、100μmのノズルを使用するFACS Aria IIセルソーター(BD Biosciences)で、IM及びTAM集団を選別した。ソートされたIM及びTAMを計算し、それぞれ1:1:2の比で、新たに培養したKCKO-luc細胞と共にプールした。1:1のPBS:マトリゲル(BD Biosciences)溶液に細胞混合物を再懸濁させ、標準的同所移植手順に従って、100,000細胞(50μl)をナイーブマウスの膵尾に注射した。さらなる処置を投与せず、IVIS生物発光イメージングを使用して、腫瘍の増生を測定した。
0日目のKCKO-luc腫瘍移植後に、200μgの枯渇している抗体(PBS中100μLに再懸濁)をマウスに5~20日目で3日毎に皮下注射した(6回投与)。送達された抗体(Bio X Cell)は、ラットアイソタイプ対照(IgG2a、C1.18.4)、ラット抗マウスCD8a(IgG2a、53-6.7)、及びラット抗マウスCD4(IgG2a、GK1.5)であった。
最初の同所性腫瘍移植の約6ヶ月後に、原発性KCKO-luc腫瘍が治癒したマウスをリチャレンジした。脾臓を露出させるために、10mmの開腹切開前に、気化イソフルランを使用してマウスを麻酔した。6mmのチタンクリップ(Horizon)を肝門脈に隣接して配置し、片側切断を結紮間で行った。KCKO-luc細胞を、0.25%のトリプシン/EDTAで分離させ、PBS中に再懸濁させ、単一細胞懸濁液を達成するために、40μmのフィルターに通した。肝門脈に結合している半脾臓セグメントに、5x105の細胞(100μLのPBS中)を1分間かけて徐々に注射した。移植後、第3のチタンクリップを使用して、脾臓に直接隣接する肝門脈を結紮し、注射された脾臓セグメントを切除し、遠位の脈管構造を焼灼した。生物発光イメージングのために、マウスを、仰臥位にして置いた。
1次同所移植及び半脾臓リチャレンジ後に腫瘍量の所見がないマウスを、最初の腫瘍チャレンジの約9ヶ月後に死亡させた。加えて、対照用の5匹の同齢の腫瘍ナイーブマウスも死亡させた。脾臓ならびに排液、腋窩、鼠径部、及び腸骨のリンパ節を採取し、機械的に分離した。製造者の使用説明書に従って、EasySepマウスCD8+T細胞分離キット(STEMCELL Technologies)を使用して、負の選択によりCD8+T細胞を単離した。ドナー毎に5×107の細胞の投入で、ドナー毎に約4×106のCD8+T細胞を精製した。CD8+T細胞を100mLのPBSに再懸濁させ、KCKO-luc同所性腫瘍移植の16時間前に、尾静脈注射によりレシピエントマウスに送達した(1:1のドナー:レシピエントの移行)。IVIS腫瘍量の測定を使用して、免疫学的記憶(腫瘍体積の減少が10倍以上)の移行を分類し、40日目の盲検手動触診を使用して、完全な免疫記憶(識別不能な腫瘍)を確認した。
0日目の標準的なKCKO-luc同所移植に加えて、50,000の細胞(100μLのPBSに懸濁させた)または5x105の細胞(100μLのPBSに懸濁させた)を左後肢に筋肉内注射するか、または半脾臓手法を使用して肝臓内に播種した。SBRTターゲティングとの干渉を防ぐために、脾臓及び門脈の結紮にVicryl縫合糸(Ethicon)を使用した。原発性膵腫瘍のSBRT処置後に、線量体積ヒストグラムを生成して、2次の脚または肝腫瘍に波及することなく、原発性腫瘍への全ての線量付与を確認した。IVISイメージングでは、マウスに2.5mgのD-ルシフェリン(100μLのPBS中)をs.c.投与し、原発性腫瘍及び続発性腫瘍の両方のROIを別々の生物発光測定に対して指定した。デジタルノギスを使用して、2つの垂直寸法で脚の腫瘍の直径を測定し、以下の式を使用して、体積を計算した:d1xd22x0.52。盲検化ノギス測定を使用して、腫瘍のないマウスを特定した。
プリズム7ソフトウェア(GraphPad)を、全ての統計分析のために使用し、0.05未満のp値を有意とみなした。ノンパラメトリックなMann-Whitney検定を使用して、ConRT/SBRT比較及び細胞枯渇実験の生物発光腫瘍成長曲線を比較した。一元ANOVA(Dunnの多重比較検定)を使用して、他の全ての腫瘍成長アッセイを各時点で分析した。生存分析では、Mantel-Cox検定を使用して、有意性を評価した。IHC分析では、独立したt検定を使用して、未処置の腫瘍とSBRTで処置された腫瘍の平均値を比較した。Laeveneの検定を使用して、分散の同等性を評価した。二元ANOVA(Holm-Sidak多重比較検定)を使用して、多時点の腫瘍重量及びサイトカインプロファイリング測定の統計分析を実施した。FlowJo 10ソフトウェア(FlowJo)を使用して、全てのフローサイトメトリーゲーティングを行った。一元ANOVA統計分析を使用して、フローサイトメトリーによる細胞密度及び幾何平均強度測定の有意性を評価した。全てのRNA-seqの差次的発現遺伝子解析のために、Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(IPA)ソフトウェア(Qiagen)を使用した。全ての概略図を、BioRenderで作成した。
ヒトPDAにおけるSBRTに対する免疫応答を評価するために、ネオアジュバントSBRTの10~14日後に切除された腫瘍に対して、免疫組織化学を実施した(5グレイ[Gy]連続3 5日)。分析された全ての組織は、SBRTのみの介入前に切除可能及び処置経験なしと診断された。H&E染色を使用して、各腫瘍の中心及びマージンの境界を定めた。未照射(UI)腫瘍の免疫組織化学的分析は、病変中心にCD8T細胞がほとんどなく、マージンに多数が捕捉されていることが示された(図1A、1B、及び1E)。重要なことに、SBRT処置は、中心:マージン細胞比の著しい増加(図1F)により示されるように、中心腫瘍領域へのCD8 T細胞のより大きな浸潤をもたらした(図1C、1D、及び1E)。CD68+骨髄細胞の評価は、中心:マージンの定量化時に、非照射群(図1G、1H、及び1K)ならびにSBRT処置群(図1I、1J、及び1K)の両方で、腫瘍のマージン及び中心全体に免疫抑制性骨髄集団が均一に分布していることを示した(図1L)。SBRTが、PDA腫瘍全体に抗腫瘍CD8 T細胞の均一な分散をもたらすが、処置が、免疫抑制CD68+細胞の分布を排除または変更しないことを、これらの臨床データは示唆する。
PCにおけるネオアジュバントSBRTの近年の臨床調査は、適度に効果的なダウンステージングを示しており、SBRT後の免疫学的に多様な浸潤の観察により、免疫療法との相乗効果のための手段が示唆される。SBRTの多面発現性炎症性サイトカインIL12との組み合わせを試験するために、膵癌の前臨床マウスモデルで研究を実施した。腫瘍微小環境(TME)内でのIL12の安定性の増加及び送達の延長のために、サイトカインを、ポリ乳酸マイクロスフェア(MS)に封入した。同所KCKO-luc腫瘍を、SARRPで局所的に照射されたSBRTの臨床的に適切なスケジュール(6Gyで3 4日)で処置した。MS(IL-12またはempty)を、SBRTの24時間後に腫瘍内(i.t.)注射した(図2A)(Mathiowitz et al.、米国特許第6,143,211号)。AF594蛍光標識MSを使用して、この注射方策がMSの腫瘍内隔離をもたらすが、腹腔内(i.p.)注射(MSの「漏出」をシミュレートするために使用された)は、腹膜骨髄の飲み込み及び続く血流への輸送をもたらすことが示された(図3A及び3B)。さらに、遊離AF594 MSは、i.t.注射後の血漿中で検出されず、手順中にMSの波及効果がないことが示された(図3C及び3D)。MSのi.t.投与が、治療の局所保持をもたらすと結論付けられた。
IL12の炎症誘発性の生物学的効果の多くは、IFNγにより媒介される。KCKO-luc同所モデルでのIL-12 MS処置後に、腫瘍内IFNγの量をアッセイした。SBRT/IL-12 MS投与後の腫瘍のLuminexサイトカイン分析により、MS送達後に最大24時間(11日目)及び48時間(12日目)に対し、併用処置群のみで、それぞれIL-12及びIFNγタンパク質の大幅な誘導が明らかになった。興味深いことに、最高レベルのIFNγ産生は、処置後最初の24時間(11日目)以内に観察された。CXCL10レベルの同時分析は、IFNγの結果を補強した(図5A)。さらに、11日目の腫瘍のフローサイトメトリー分析により、SBRT/IL-12 MS処置群におけるIFNγ陽性CD45+免疫細胞(図5B)及びCD4T細胞(図5C)のパーセントの大幅な増加が確認された。
放射線療法は、処置後数日で腫瘍内免疫抑制骨髄集団を増強することができる(Walle et al.,2018,Ther Adv Med Oncol,10:1758834017742575;Connolly et al.,2016,Oncotarget,7,86522-86535)。骨髄抑制因子の動員に対するSBRT/IL-12 MSの効果を評価するために、11日目のKCKO-luc腫瘍でフローサイトメトリーを実施した。分析により、CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G-IM、CD11b+Ly6CmodLy6G-F480+TAM、及びCD11b+Ly6CmodLy6G+腫瘍関連好中球(TAN)のSBRT依存性の増加が明らかになった。これらの応答はまた、IL-12 MS処置単独またはSBRT/IL-12 MSによりも一般に影響を受けなかった(図6A、6B、左パネル、及び7A)。14日目の時点から情報を引き出すと、IMに対する同様の処置効果が明らかになったが、興味深いことに、SBRTに依存するTAMの増加は、IL-12 MSの追加により無効になることが判明した(図6B、右パネル)。
SBRT/IL-12MSで処置されたKCKO-luc同所性腫瘍を11日目に採取し、単一細胞懸濁液に消化した。溶解物をフローソートして、RNA-seq解析用にCD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G- IMを単離した。3処置群のそれぞれを未照射+empty MS対照と比較するIngenuityパスウェイ解析を使用して、差次的に発現した遺伝子(非照射+empty MS対照に対する)を解析した(n=3)。差次的に発現したパスウェイの上位の活性化及び阻害された上流制御因子(10~20未満の重複のp値)が表される。1回の実験を表す。
SBRT/IL-12MSで処置されたKCKO-luc同所性腫瘍を11日目に採取し、単一細胞懸濁液に消化した。溶解物をフローソートして、RNA-seq解析用にCD11b+Ly6C-Ly6G-F480+TAMを単離した。3処置群のそれぞれを未照射+empty MS対照と比較するIngenuityパスウェイ解析を使用して、差次的に発現した遺伝子(未照射+empty MS対照に対する)を解析した(n=3)。差次的に発現したパスウェイの上位の活性化及び阻害された上流制御因子(10~20未満の重複のp値)が表される。1回の実験を表す。
SBRT療法後にT細胞浸潤が増加するというヒトPDACの結果を検証するために(図1)、リンパ系マーカーパネルを使用してKCKO-luc腫瘍に対して、フローサイトメトリー分析を実施した(図9A)。11日目の腫瘍の分析は、SBRT及びSBRT/IL-12処置後のCD8 T細胞のパーセンテージのわずかな増加を示したが、14日目までに、SBRT依存性のCD8の増加がより顕著になり、SBRT/IL-12 MS群で有意に達した(図9B、上パネル)。CD4 T細胞は、11日目のSBRT処置により著しく増加し、興味深いことに、IL-12 MSの添加により効果が無効になった。逆に、14日目までに、SBRT/IL-12 MSの組み合わせにより、CD4区画の有意な増加が誘発された(図9B、下パネル)。B、ナチュラルキラー(NK)、及びCD8+NK1.1+細胞を含む抗原提示細胞(APC)及び他のリンパ球系統は、SBRT/IL-12 MSの処置後に、不変または減少していることが判明した(図10B~10D)。
CD8 T細胞及び/またはCD4 Th1細胞が治療有効性のために必要であったかどうかを判定するために、KCKOluc腫瘍のSBRT処置の1日前(5日目)に、CD8枯渇抗体またはCD4枯渇抗体を投与し、3日毎に2週間、投与を繰り返した。驚くべきことに、IVIS生物発光イメージングは、CD8+枯渇に対する抗腫瘍効果の完全な無効化を示したが、CD4+枯渇は、効果を示さなかった(図9D)。CD8 T細胞の活性化状態を評価するために、11日目のKCKO-luc腫瘍のフローサイトメトリー及びLuminex分析を実施した。SBRT/IL-12 MS後、CD44活性化マーカーの発現の上方制御が観察され、脱顆粒CD107a+細胞のパーセンテージが高くなった(それぞれ、図12A、左端及び左中央のパネル)。CD107aの脱顆粒の増加を補強するものとして、グランザイムB(GZMB)の腫瘍内レベルの上昇がSBRT及びSBRT/IL-12 MS群で観察された(図12B)。CD8 T細胞は、細胞1個当たりの消耗マーカーCTLA4及びPD1のレベルの増加を示さなかったが、これらのマーカーを発現する細胞のパーセンテージが高く、活性化されるが枯渇しないCD8 T細胞の総数が多いことが示唆された(それぞれ、図12A、右中央及び右端のパネル)。
KCKO-luc腫瘍のSBRT/IL-12 MS処置は、100%のマウスで長期生存をもたらす。従って、理論に拘束されることなく、免疫学的記憶が確立されていると仮定された。長期免疫を試験するために、SBRT/IL-12 MSで治癒させたマウスは、原発性腫瘍の処置の約6ヶ月後に、異時性KCKO-luc腫瘍でリチャレンジした。半脾臓腫瘍モデルは、PDA播種の最も一般的な部位である肝臓における転移性腫瘍形成を反復する。腫瘍細胞を脾臓に注入し、それらは、肝門脈により肝臓に受動的に拡散した。非特異的な腫瘍形成を防ぐために、移植後に半脾臓摘出術を実施した。リチャレンジの3日後、腫瘍生物発光により測定されるように、同齢ナイーブ対照と比較して、SBRT/IL-12 MSで治癒させたマウスにおいてKCKO-luc播種の減少が観察された。移植後7日目までに、SBRT/IL-12 MSで治癒させたマウスは、肝臓の腫瘍量を示さず、これは、有意な延命効果により補強された(図13A及び13B)。長期の抗腫瘍免疫をさらに確認するために、リチャレンジマウスからナイーブマウスにCD8 T細胞を移し、SBRT/IL-12 MSで治癒させたドナーマウスの細胞が腫瘍チャレンジ中にナイーブレシピエントを防御すると仮定した。原発性腫瘍根絶の9ヶ月後、CD8 T細胞をSBRT/IL-12 MSで処置されたマウスの残りの脾臓及びリンパ節から精製した。ドナーマウスは、T細胞の単離前に決してプライミングされておらず、ナイーブドナー対照は、同齢であった。同所性KCKO-luc移植の16時間前に、T細胞をレシピエントマウスに静脈内注射した。早ければ移植後5日目に、SBRT/IL-12 MSで治癒させたドナー由来のCD8 T細胞を注入したレシピエントマウスにおいて腫瘍播種の低減が観察され、IVIS生物発光分析により示されるように、24日目までに、抗腫瘍応答は、5匹のマウス全部で明らかであった(図13C)。40日目のその後の分析により、SBRT/IL-12 MSで治癒させた群由来のCD8 T細胞を注入したマウスの60%に(触診による)腫瘍の所見が全くないことが明らかになり、ナイーブレシピエントへの完全な抗腫瘍免疫の移行が示された(図13D)。包括的に、これらの結果は、腫瘍特異的記憶CD8 T細胞を生成するSBRT/IL-12 MS処置時にKCKO-luc腫瘍に向けられた免疫応答の形成を示す。
Claims (15)
- 処置を必要とする対象における切除不能な膵癌腫瘍の処置のための、免疫調節性サイトカインを含む医薬組成物であって、
前記処置が、
a)有効量の電離放射線を該腫瘍に投与することであって、前記電離放射線が、標的放射線療法として投与され、前記標的放射線療法が、小分割腫瘍標的放射線療法及び体幹部定位放射線療法(SBRT)からなる群より選択される、前記投与すること;及び
b)有効量の前記免疫調節性サイトカインを含む医薬組成物を前記対象に投与することであって、前記免疫調節性サイトカインがIL-12を含む、前記投与すること、
を含む、
前記医薬組成物。 - 前記電離放射線が、X線、ガンマ線、電子、または高線エネルギー付与(LET)放射線を含む、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物が、マイクロ粒子またはナノ粒子を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記マイクロ粒子またはナノ粒子が、半結晶性マトリックスを含む、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫調節性サイトカインが、前記半結晶性マトリックスに閉じ込められる、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記標的放射線療法が、3~8分割で与えられる3~8Gy/分割からなる群より選択されるレジメンにより投与される、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記処置が、前記電離放射線と同時に前記医薬組成物を投与することを含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記処置が、前記電離放射線の後に前記医薬組成物を投与することを含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記処置が、前記電離放射線の前に前記医薬組成物を投与することを含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 腫瘍内注射により投与される、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記医薬組成物の投与が、前記医薬組成物の0.5μg~1000mgを含む単回投薬量を投与することを含む、請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記医薬組成物の投与が、各投薬量が前記医薬組成物の0.5μg~1000mgを含む、複数の投薬量の前記医薬組成物を投与することを含む、請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記切除不能膵癌腫瘍が、局所進行膵癌腫瘍(LAPC)または転移性進行膵癌腫瘍である、請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記対象が、哺乳動物である、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記対象が、ヒトである、請求項14に記載の医薬組成物。
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