JP7365068B2 - 血管磁気共鳴画像法による認知症の診断 - Google Patents
血管磁気共鳴画像法による認知症の診断 Download PDFInfo
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Description
この出願は、2018年7月27日に出願された「血管磁気共鳴画像法による認知症の診断」と題された米国仮出願、第62/711,251号の35条USC§119(e)に基づく優先権を主張し、その開示は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明は、国立衛生研究所によって授与された助成金番号EB013180aの下で政府の支援を受けてなされた。政府は本発明において一定の権利を有している。
したがって、本技術のいくつかの側面において、対象におけるアルツハイマー病またはADRDの発症または進行の確率の増加を検出する方法が提供される。いくつかの側面において、この方法は、(a)対象の脳の1以上の定量的超短エコー時間造影(quantitative ultrashort time-to-echo contrast-enhanced)(QUTE-CE)MRI画像を得、それにより、通常、造影前および造影後画像を取得すること、(b)より正確な結果を得るために使用するB1+およびB1-フィールド測定値を得ること、(c)B1測定を組み込んだ画像から対象の脳の定量的脳血液量(qCBV)マップを作成すること、(d)ステップ(c)で得られたqCBVマップと健康な対象の脳を表す所定のqCBVマップとの比較に基づいて、対象の脳における血管新生過多の部位および血管新生過少の部位を決定すること、および(e)血管新生過多および血管新生過少パターンの分析に基づいて、対象がADRDを発症する可能性、ADRDの発症、またはADRDの進行を診断することを含む。
1.対象におけるアルツハイマー病または関連認知症(ADRD)の発症または進行を診断する方法であって、
(a)対象の脳の1以上の定量的超短エコー時間造影(QUTE-CE)MRI画像を得るステップ、
(b)前記画像から対象の脳の定量的脳血液量(qCBV)マップを作成するステップ、
(c)ステップ(b)で得られた前記qCBVマップと正常な脳を表す所定のqCBVマップとの比較に基づいて、対象の脳における血管新生過多の部位および血管新生過少の部位を決定するステップ、および
(d)血管新生過多および血管新生過少部位の分析に基づいて、対象のADRDの発症またはADRDの進行の可能性を診断するステップ、
を含む、前記方法。
3.ステップ(d)において、血管新生過多部位と比較して血管新生過少部位の数が多いことは、ADRDの進行が対象において起こったことを示す、側面1または2の方法。
4.後の時点で前記方法を繰り返すことをさらに含み、ここで、後の時点においてステップ(d)で見出される血管新生過少部位の数または広がりの減少は、対象におけるADRDの進行を示す、側面1~3のいずれかの方法。
5.後の時点で前記方法を繰り返すことをさらに含み、ここで、後の時点においてステップ(d)で見出される血管新生過多部位の数または広がりの増加は、対象におけるADRDの進行を示す、側面1~4のいずれかの方法。
7.ADRDの進行が対象において示され、ここで、血管新生過少および/または血管新生過多の程度が対象におけるADRDの進行の程度を示す、側面1~6のいずれかの方法。
8.前記血管新生過多が、腹側被蓋部位、痂皮線状、網状被蓋核、痂皮核、ハベヌラ核、正中縫線核、背内側被蓋部位、背内側縫線、橋核、縫線マグナス、腹側海馬台、運動三叉神経核、錐体のコプラ、橋網状核尾側、橋網状核口腔、台形体、海馬台背側、傍小脳脚核、網状核中脳、脳梁膨大後部尾側皮質、脚橋被蓋被蓋野、赤核、青班下核、PCRt、下丘、顔面核、第9小脳小葉、巨大細胞網状核、三叉神経主感覚核、嗅内皮質、三叉神経根、視覚1皮質、第10小脳小葉、縁前方皮質、楔形文字前核、潮下帯性皮質、上丘、孤立性管核、および中脳水道周囲灰白質視床からなる群から選択される対象の脳の1以上の部位にある、側面1~7のいずれかの方法。
11.前記血管新生過少が、室傍核、腹側海馬台、背側縫線、視覚第2皮質、背内側被蓋野、下丘、運動三叉神経核、1次体性感覚皮質幹、三角形の中隔核、腹側内側線条体、外側視索前野からなる群から選択される対象の脳の1以上の部位にある、側面1~10のいずれかの方法。
12.QUTE-CE MRI画像を得ることが、前記対象の脳に常磁性または超常磁性造影剤を導入することを含む、側面1~11のいずれかの方法。
13.前記常磁性または超常磁性造影剤が、酸化鉄ナノ粒子、ガドリニウムキレート、およびガドリニウム化合物からなる群から選択される、側面12の方法。
14.前記酸化鉄ナノ粒子が、Fe3O4(マグネタイト)、γ-Fe2O3(マグヘマイト)、α-Fe2O3(ヘマタイト)、フェルモキシトール、フェルモキシド、フェルカルボトラン、およびフェルモクストランからなる群から選択される材料を含む、側面13の方法。
16.ヒト対象においてADRDを処置する方法であって、ヒト対象におけるADRDの発症または進行を診断するために側面1~15のいずれかの方法を実施すること、およびADRDについてヒト対象を処置することを含む、前記方法。
17.処置のステップが、ドネペジル、リバスチグミン、ガランタミン、メマンチンなどのコリンエステラーゼ阻害剤;シタロプラム、フルオキセチン、パロキセイン、セルトラリン、またはトラゾドンなどの抗うつ薬;ロラゼパムまたはオキサゼパムなどの抗不安剤;または、アリピプラゾール、クロザピン、ハロペリドール、オランザピン、クエチアピン、リスペリドン、またはジプラシドンなどの抗精神病薬、またはそれらの任意の組み合わせを投与することを含む、側面16の方法。
18.前記ヒト対象を処置するステップが、環境の変化、注意の方向転換、対立の回避、休息の提供、または痛み、空腹、喉の渇き、便秘、完全な膀胱、倦怠感、感染症、皮膚の炎症、および室温のうちの1以上のモニタリング;およびそれらの任意の組み合わせなどの行動療法の適用を含む、側面16または17の方法。
本技術は、定量的超短エコー時間造影(QUTE-CE)MRI(Gharagouzloo et al; 2017; Gharagouzloo et al, 2015)と呼ばれる画像化モダリティを利用し、MRI信号の半定量的な性質を克服することができる。この予備データは、QUTE-CE MRIが、小血管から大血管への脳「血管系」の高精度定量マップを提供することができ、脳機能および神経障害への微小血管寄与の評価のための確固たる基盤を提供できることを実証している。
現在、脳SVDの臨床画像化は間接的であり、ほとんどが虚血性(白質高強度(WMH)(Reijmer et al., 2016)、ラクナ梗塞)および出血性(脳微血(CMBs))病変(Shi et al., 2016; Greenberg et al., 2009)など、その後遺症を表す。SVDのこのような結果は、T2/FLAIR(WMH、慢性梗塞)、DWI(急性梗塞)、および感受性加重画像法(SWI)(CMBなど)(Wardlaw et al., 2013)を含む従来のMRI配列の臨床設定において検出することができる。しかしながら、これらの技術は、微小血管疾患状態の総量的負担の評価において、特異性、正確性、および信頼性に限定されている(Wey et al., 2013; Brunser et al., 2013)。さらに、現在のMRI技術は、脳小血管または血管系(Guo et al., 2012)の脳のグローバルネットワークのマイクロアーキテクチャに関する洞察を提供せず、脳卒中の患者における基礎的SVD病理および疾患のメカニズムの理解に重要な役割を果たす可能性があるだけでなく、明らかに健全な高齢化成人のSVDは、無症状であるが、絶えず進行性であり、最終的には、何もできなくなることになり得る。したがって、SVD関連障害の増大する負担に対処するためには、SVDの全体的な広がりを確実に定量化するための新しい診断方法が緊急に必要とされている。
SPION画像化のための他のMRI法は、長距離感受性誘発効果(Cunninham et al., 2005; Stuber et al., 2007; Seppenwoolde et al., 2003)を利用している。一方、QUTE-CE MRIは、標準モダリティよりも1000倍短いTESでT1強化測定を行うことによってそれらを回避する。通常のT1加重画像化は定量的ではなく、QUTE-CEで得られた詳細な画像にはつながらない。動的感受性コントラスト(DSC)、または血流加重MRIは、CBV値の測定には一般的に使用されるが(Barbier et al,. 2001)、動脈入力機能(AIF)(Rempp et al., 1994; Yankeelov et al., 2009)、またはガドリニウム系造影剤(GBCA)濃度対時間曲線を正確に測定する必要があり、これは通常15~30%不正確である(Walker-Samuel et al., 2007; Schabel et al., 2008)。定常状態感受性コントラストマッピング(SSGRE)、定常状態CBV(SS_CBV)、ΔR2(Tropres et al., 2001; Christen et al., 2012)など、CBVを測定するための他の技術はすべてT2およびT2 *効果を利用しており、これはボクサー内および外脱フェージング、流れアーチファクトと容器の大きさ、密度および向きの影響を受けやすい(Kim et al., 2012)。SPIONを用いた鉄fMRIは、T2 *加重であり、高CA用量を必要とし、血管外空間に敏感であるという点でQUTE-CEとは異なる(Stuber et al., 2007; Mandeville, 2012)。QUTE-CEは、感受性誘発性信号ドロップアウトなしに正のコントラスト画像化をもたらす唯一のMR画像化技術である。
したがって、QUTE-CE MRIから得られたqCBV測定値は、ADRDのための定量診断マーカーとして使用できる。
方法
行動テスト
トランスレーショナルニューロイメージングセンター(CTNI)で日常的に行われている認知行動の尺度は、空間記憶のためのバーンズの迷路、オブジェクト記憶のためのノベルオブジェクトプリファレンス(NOP)である。バーンズとNOPはどちらも海馬に依存しているが、異なる「学習」戦略を伴う(McLay et al., 1997; Assini et al., 2009; Larkin et al., 2014; Pardo et al., 2016)。1つのテストで十分であるが、同じ機能/領域(例えば、記憶/海馬)を採用する少なくとも2つのテストを行うことが好ましい。海馬依存性機能への焦点は、精神疾患への関与および種間の類似性のために望ましい(Squire et al., 1992)。
QUTE-CE MRIバイオマーカー
QUTE-CE MRI測定パイプラインを図2に示す。QUTE-CE血管バイオマーカー:(1)ボクセルベースの生理学的血液分率(qCBV)は0-1から測定され、1は動脈または静脈である。部位(2)マクロ血管新生測定および(3)マイクロ血管新生測定は、それぞれ地域分布の平均またはモードを考慮することによって得られる。アフィン変換を使用して脳にデジタル的に適合する、高分解能、173部位のラット解剖学的アトラス(Ekam Solutions, マサチューセッツ州ボストン)によって詳細化された部位別関心量(VOI)。(4)平均とモード間の距離を考慮して、血管不均一性を考慮して部位を分類することができる。(5)5% CO2での高炭酸ガス血性負荷などの動的機能検査を適用し、血管予備能の応答性を調べることができる。
これらの測定では、qCBVは、コントラストの前および後のUTE画像を使用して計算された。ラットの脳全体で、8分で150マイクロメートルの等方分解能で約500,000ボクセルが得られた。しかし、優れた血管画像が生成される一方で、ボクセルレベルでの定量には依然として高い誤差があることが分かる。ボクセルベースの誤差を考慮し、ある動物から次の動物への神経解剖学における僅かなばらつきを考慮すると、これらの小動物における局所血管測定を定量化することが望ましかった。これを達成するために、各ラットの脳は、手動で調整されたアフィン変換を使用して、173の部位を持つ解剖学的アトラスに適合された。アトラスでは、デフォルト設定で、脳の左右の半分は単一の部位にまとめられた。したがって、500,000個のボクセルは173の部位に分配され、各部位に対して平均とモードが計算された。
微小血管、すなわち小さな血管の変化はモードと関連していた。その理論的根拠は、脳容積の大部分が主に小さな血管で満たされると予想され、100%血液で満たされた大きな血管からの影響を取り除く方法であったことである。
生後8ヶ月での実験(すべての雌SD)
構造的QUTE-CE
グループ1n=5):WT
グループ2(n=5):APOE4+
2歳での実験(すべて雌SD)
構造的QUTE-CE
グループ1(n=5):WT
グループ2(n=5):APOE4+
2才での動的なCO 2 負荷(全員雌(SD)
動的QUTE-CE(複数のCO2負荷)
グループ1(n=5):WT
グループ2(n=5):APOE4+
APOE4ノックイン雌ラットの老化において、QUTE-CE MRIを用いて血管の構造および機能変化を縦方向に測定した。この手法は、FDA承認された造影剤を使用し、既存の臨床スキャナーと互換性があり、中枢神経系疾患のルーチンスクリーニングのためにヒトに実施できることが示された。
小血管:173部位のうち44部位が変更され(P<0.05)、そのうち39部位は増加を示した。図6~9を参照されたい。11の増加部位と25の減少部位(p<0.01)からなる平均血管変化のパターンも、観察された。
このモデルでは、ADは雌よりも雄の方が速く進み、雌はまだ統計的に有意な認知障害を示していなかったが、静的なQUTE-CE MRIは、年齢依存性の過多~過少の微小血管再モデル化傾向を明らかにした(図5A、5B)。APOE4遺伝子による障害におけるこの雄/雌の傾向はげっ歯類で検証されている(www.NCBI.nlm.nlm.nh.gov/pMC/articles/pmc4687024/PDF/nihms740272.pdf)。超微小血管新生過多傾向は、エコー・プラナー画像法(EPI)によって測定されたように、過多接続性を示す脳部位と高い相関が認められた。この雌は、バーンズ・メイズおよび新物体認識テスト(p<0.05)で測定されたように、2歳後に認知障害を示すことが分かった。
動的QUTE-CE MRIは、血管予備能の過敏性漸増を明らかにした。(図5B)ApoE4ラットでは、5%CO2ガス中の呼吸に対する非常に重要な反応が観察され、WTとは異なり、1分間の休息期間中に回復しなかった。これらのデータは、初期血管新生過多が、老化および認知症の代謝機能不全を補うための対処機構であり得ることを示唆している可能性がある。
図6~9の表は、平均値(p<0.01、上)とモード(p<0.05、下)の両方で、構造的差に関する結果を列挙している。P値が表示され、STDとともに平均qCBVが2つのグループ内のすべての動物間で利用可能である(方法、月齢8ケ月でのグループ比較を参照)。部位番号は、解剖学的アトラスの割り当てられた部位番号であり、行は最大のqCBV(APOE4平均またはモード-WT平均またはモード)が最上部(血管新生過多性APOE4)になるように編成されている。モードを比較した下の表の右側には、部位名とそのp値が重要性の順に列挙されている。173部位のうち、重要でない部位は省略されている。
図10~13の表は、平均値(p<0.01、左)とモード(p<0.05、右)の両方で、構造的差に関する結果を列挙している。H値とP値が提示され、WTとAPOE4の平均qCBVはSTDと一緒に入手可能である。2つのグループ間の差を計算し、平均の減算の誤差伝播を使用して、差の標準偏差を計算した。部位番号は、解剖学的アトラスの割り当てられた部位番号であり、行が最も高い減少が最上段(血管新生過少APOE4)のように整理されている。8ケ月齢ラットの変化に対して同じ部位も統計的に有意であった場合、その部位は濃い灰色とより濃い灰色になっている。血管新生過多の場合、8ヶ月状態を表す左側の色は濃い灰色(元は赤色)で、血管新生過少の場合、濃い灰色(元は青色)である。右の色は、2歳の状態の血管新生過少または血管新生過多に対応する。
図14~17の表は、2歳時に試験された2つのグループの結果を示している。次の表は、CO2負荷状態における平均とモードの違いを示している。つまり、M1とそのSTDは、各動物が地域ごとに持っていた差の平均を表している。絶対値ではなく動物内差の平均に従うことによって、動物間の比較を無視しながら統計的有意性を検査することができる。
本技術は、特定の好ましい実施態様と併せて記載されているが、上記明細書を読んだ後、当業者は、本明細書に定める組成および方法に対する様々な変更、同等物の置換、その他の変更に影響を与えることができる。
Claims (8)
- 対象のアルツハイマー病または関連認知症(ADRD)の発症または進行の可能性を検出するための、定量的超短エコー時間造影(quantitative ultrashort time-to-echo contrast-enhanced)(QUTE-CE)MRI画像分析装置の作動方法であって、
(a)前記対象の脳の1以上の定量的超短エコー時間造影(QUTE-CE)MRI画像から前記対象の脳の定量的脳血液量(qCBV)マップを作成するステップ、
(b)ステップ(a)で得られた前記qCBVマップと正常な脳を表す所定のqCBVマップとの比較に基づいて、前記対象の脳における血管新生過多の部位および血管新生過少の部位を決定するステップ、および
(c)血管新生過多および血管新生過少部位の分析に基づいて、対象のADRDの発症または進行の可能性を検出するステップ、
を含み、
ここで、ステップ(c)においては、血管新生過少部位と比較して血管新生過多部位の数が多いことに基づいて、ADRDの発症が前記対象において起こったことが検出され、および、血管新生過多部位と比較して血管新生過少部位の数が多いことに基づいて、ADRDの進行が前記対象において起こったことが検出される、
前記方法。 - 後の時点で前記方法を繰り返すことをさらに含み、ここで、後の時点においてステップ(c)で見出される血管新生過少部位の数または広がりの減少は、前記対象におけるADRDの進行を示す、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 後の時点で前記方法を繰り返すことをさらに含み、ここで、後の時点においてステップ(c)で見出される血管新生過多部位の数または広がりの増加は、前記対象におけるADRDの進行を示す、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 血管新生過少および/または血管新生過多が、微小血管系、毛細血管密度、または平均血管分布の測定に基づいて決定される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記血管新生過多が、腹側被蓋部位、痂皮線状、網状被蓋核、痂皮核、ハベヌラ核、正中縫線核、背内側被蓋野、背内側縫線、背側縫線、橋核、縫線マグナス、腹側海馬台、運動三叉神経核、錐体のコプラ、橋網状核尾側、橋網状核口腔、台形体、海馬台背側、傍小脳脚核、網状核中脳、脳梁膨大後部尾側皮質、脚橋被蓋被蓋野、赤核、青班下核、PCRt、下丘、顔面核、第9小脳小葉、巨大細胞網状核、三叉神経主感覚核、嗅内皮質、三叉神経根、視覚1皮質、第10小脳小葉、縁前方皮質、プレクネイフォーム核、下辺縁皮質、上丘、孤立性管核、および中脳水道周囲灰白質視床からなる群から選択される前記対象の脳の1以上の部位にある、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記血管新生過少が、腹側被蓋部位、痂皮線状、網状被蓋核、痂皮核、ハベヌラ核、正中縫線核、背内側被蓋領域、背側縫線、橋核、縫線マグナス、腹側海馬台、運動三叉神経核、錐体のコプラ、橋網状核尾側、橋網状核口腔、台形体、海馬台背側、傍小脳脚核、網状核中脳、脳梁膨大後部尾側皮質、脚橋被蓋被蓋野、赤核、青班下核、PCRt、下丘、顔面核、第9小脳小葉、巨大細胞網状核、三叉神経主感覚核、嗅内皮質、三叉神経根、視覚第1皮質、第10小脳小葉、縁前方皮質、プレクネイフォーム核、下辺縁皮質、上丘、孤立性管核、および中脳水道周囲灰白質視床からなる群から選択される前記対象の脳の1以上の部位にある、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記血管新生過多が、室傍核、腹側海馬台、背側縫線、視覚第2皮質、背内側被蓋野、下丘、運動三叉神経核、1次体性感覚皮質幹、三角形の中隔核、腹側内側線条体、および外側視索前野からなる群から選択される前記対象の脳の1以上の部位にある、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記血管新生過少が、室傍核、腹側海馬台、背側縫線、視覚第2皮質、背内側被蓋領域、下丘、運動三叉神経核、1次体性感覚皮質幹、三角形の中隔核、腹内側線条体、および外側視索前野からなる群から選択される前記対象の脳の1以上の部位にある、請求項1に記載の方法。
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