JP7289350B2 - 生理学的なx染色体不活性化を発生させるための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
生理学的なx染色体不活性化を発生させるための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012745 whole-mount immunostaining Methods 0.000 description 1
- WHNFPRLDDSXQCL-UAZQEYIDSA-N α-msh Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(C)=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 WHNFPRLDDSXQCL-UAZQEYIDSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
げっ歯類を含む特定の獣亜綱哺乳類(therian mammals)の雌において、2つのX染色体の一方は、遺伝子量補償を達成するために不活性化される。発生の間に、X染色体不活性化(XCI)は、刷り込みまたは無作為様式で起こり得る。刷り込みXCI(imprinted XCI)において、父性X染色体(Xp)は、着床前発生の間に選択的に不活性化される。刷り込みXCIは胚外細胞系統においても維持されるが、それは後期胚盤胞の前エピブラスト細胞系統において失われる。着床直後(peri-implantation)のステージにおいて、エピブラスト細胞は無作為XCIを起こし、Xpまたは母性X染色体(Xm)のいずれかをサイレンシングする。これまでの研究は、刷り込みおよび無作為の両XCIにおけるX連鎖長鎖非コードRNAであるXistの重要な役割を示している。Xist RNAは、インシス(in cis)でX染色体を覆い不活性化することによりXCIに関与する。
それ以外の定義がなされていない限り、本明細書で使用されるすべての技術および科学用語は、本発明の属する技術の分野における当業者によって一般に理解されている意味を有する。以下の参考例は、本発明において使用される多くの用語の一般的定義を当業者に提供する。Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994); The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988); The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); およびHale & Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991)。本明細書で使用される場合、以下の用語は、それ以外のことが示されていない限り、以下でそれらに割り当てられる意味を有する。
[本発明1001]
体細胞核移植(SCNT)により生成された胚において生理学的なX染色体不活性化を発生させるための方法であって、SCNTを通じて生成された胚に、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼポリペプチドまたは該デメチラーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチドを注射する工程を含む、方法。
[本発明1002]
H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼをコードするmRNAが胚に注射される、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1003]
前記ポリヌクレオチドがKdm6a、Kdm6bまたはKdm6cポリペプチドをコードする、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1004]
約1000~2000 ng/μLのmRNAが胚に注射される、本発明1002の方法。
[本発明1005]
1800 ng/μLのmRNAが胚に注射される、本発明1003の方法。
[本発明1006]
X染色体が体細胞由来のドナー核に存在する、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1007]
ドナー核が卵母細胞または胚性幹細胞に移植される、本発明1005の方法。
[本発明1008]
前記ポリヌクレオチドが、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼの酵素活性フラグメントをコードする、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1009]
前記ポリヌクレオチドが哺乳類発現ベクター中に存在する、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1010]
哺乳類発現ベクターが、プロモーターにより指示される、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼの構成性または誘導性発現を含む、本発明1009の方法。
[本発明1011]
注射されるポリペプチドがKdm6a、Kdm6bまたはKdm6cである、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1012]
X連鎖遺伝子の発現を減少させる、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1013]
X染色体刷り込みを回避する遺伝子の発現を有意に変化させない、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1014]
常染色体の遺伝子発現を有意に変化させない、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1015]
X連鎖遺伝子の母性対立遺伝子発現バイアスが約35~60%を上回る、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1016]
X連鎖遺伝子の母性対立遺伝子発現バイアスが約50%を上回る、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1017]
胚が初期胚盤胞ステージの胚である、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1018]
胚が成体体細胞由来である、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1019]
体細胞がヒト対象から得られる、本発明1018の方法。
[本発明1020]
胚由来の細胞を培養して、ヒト対象への移植に適した組織を得る工程をさらに含む、本発明1018の方法。
[本発明1021]
本発明1001の方法により生成される、胚盤胞。
[本発明1022]
本発明1020の方法により生成される、細胞または組織。
[本発明1023]
本発明1001の胚盤胞を宿主の子宮に着床させることにより生成される、クローン生物。
本発明は、体細胞核移植(SCNT)によって生成された任意の胚の細胞を含む細胞において生理学的なX染色体不活性化を再現するための組成物および方法を特徴とする。
発生の間に、X染色体不活性化(XCI)は、刷り込みまたは無作為様式で起こる。刷り込みXCIにおいて、父性X染色体(Xp)は、着床前発生の間に選択的に不活性化される。無作為XCIは、エピブラストにおいて起こり、それはXpまたは母性X染色体(Xm)のいずれかをサイレンシングする。Xistは、刷り込みおよび無作為の両XCIにおいて機能するX連鎖長鎖非コードRNAである。Xistは、卵形成の間にXmに刷り込まれる。Xist RNAは、インシスでX染色体を覆い不活性化することによりXCIに関与する。
1つの局面において、本発明は、ヒトSCNTの効率を向上させる方法であって、ドナーヒト体細胞、レシピエントヒト卵母細胞、ハイブリッド卵母細胞(例えば、融合もしくは活性化前のドナー遺伝物質を含むヒト除核卵母細胞)またはヒトSCNT胚(すなわち、ドナー核と除核卵母細胞の融合後)の核または細胞質を、生理学的なX染色体不活性化を再現することができるH3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼ(Kdm6a、Kdm6b、Kdm6c等)と接触させる工程を含む方法を提供する。本明細書で議論されるように、本発明者らは、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼが、父性X染色体不活性化に対して母性X染色体不活性化を正常化し、それによってヒトSCNTの効率を向上させるために使用できることを発見した。
1つの局面において、本発明は、ヒトSCNTの効率を向上させる方法であって、ドナーヒト体細胞、レシピエントヒト卵母細胞、ハイブリッド卵母細胞(例えば、融合もしくは活性化前のドナー遺伝物質を含むヒト除核卵母細胞)またはヒトSCNT胚(すなわち、ドナー核と除核卵母細胞の融合後)の核または細胞質を、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼ(Kdm6a、Kdm6b、Kdm6c等)を活性化する剤と接触させる工程を含む方法を提供する。
体細胞核移植(SCNT)は、例えば、家畜(例えば、ウシ、ウマ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、ブタ)の生殖的クローン化のためにまたは細胞置換療法のために所望の組織を生成する治療的クローン化のために使用され得る技術である。残念ながら、クローン動物は、不適切なX染色体不活性化に起因する特定の欠陥に悩まされている。本発明は、インビトロ受精により生成された、すなわち、SCNTを用いて生成された胚に生理学的なX染色体不活性化を回復させることによりこれらの欠陥に対処する。
本発明は、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼ活性化因子(例えば、Kdm6a、Kdm6bもしくはKdm6cをコードするポリヌクレオチド、Kdm6a、Kdm6bもしくはKdm6cポリペプチド、またはそれらの酵素的に活性なフラグメント)を含むキットを提供する。
Kdm4bを通じたH3K9me3の消失が両親性の胚においてXist抑制を誘導することができるかどうかを決定するため、Kdm4b mRNAをインビトロ受精させた胚に注射した。免疫染色分析は、Kdm4b mRNA注射が濃度依存的な様式で受精卵においてH3K9me3を効果的に除去したことを確認した(図1A)。Xist RNA発現を評価するため、4細胞胚においてRNA蛍光インサイチューハイブリダイゼーション(FISH)分析を行った。雄胚と雌胚を区別するため、X染色体を、Rnf12座に特異的なプローブを用いるDNA FISHにより同時に標識した。そのため、雄または雌胚の各割球は、それぞれ、1つまたは2つのDNA FISHシグナルを有する。「注射なし」対照雄胚は、Xist RNAシグナルを示さず、雌胚の大部分は、1つのRNAクラウドまたはスポットシグナルを示した(図1B~1D)。同様に、Kdm4b注射胚は、雄または雌胚のいずれにおいても母性Xist発現を誘導しなかった(図1B~1D)。学説により拘束されるものではないが、これは、H3K9me3が生理学的な両親性条件下で母性Xistのサイレンシングに関して重要な役割を果たさないことを示している。
母性H3K27me3は刷り込み印として機能し得るので(Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)、Xist刷り込みにおけるその潜在的関与を試験した。H3K27me3 ChIP-seq(高スループット配列決定と組み合わされたクロマチン免疫沈降[ChIP])データセット(Zheng et al. 2016. Mol Cell 63: 1066-1079)の分析は、Xistが、成熟卵母細胞において□450 kbに及び、卵母細胞成長の間に確立される広範なH3K27me3ドメインで被覆されていることを明らかにした(図2A)。卵母細胞DNase I配列決定(DNase I seq)(Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)およびDNAメチローム(Kobayashi et al. 2012. PLoS Genet 8: e1002440)データセットの分析は、このH3K27me3ドメイン全体が低いクロマチンアクセス性および低いDNAメチル化を示すことを明らかにした(図2A)。学説により拘束されるものではないが、これは、DNAメチル化に非依存的なヘテロクロマチンドメインの形成を示唆している。受精後の胚のChIP-seqデータセット(Zheng et al. 2016. Mol Cell 63: 1066-1079)の分析は、母性H3K27me3ドメインが着床前発生を通じて維持されているが、胚第6.5日(E6.5)のエピブラストにおいて失われることを明らかにした(図2B)。XistからZcchc13に及ぶがTsixプロモーターを含まない上流□200kb領域が、胚盤胞の胚においてH3K27me3の豊富さの対立遺伝子バイアスを維持していることが注目される(図2C)。これらのデータは、母性Xistサイレンシングにおける母性H3K27me3の潜在的役割を支持するものである。
H3K27me3が母性Xistサイレンシングを担っているかどうかを試験するため、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼであるKdm6bをコードするmRNAを注射することによって受精卵においてH3K27me3を除去した(図3A)。陰性対照として、触媒ドメインに点変異を有する触媒性変異体Kdm6bMUTの注射により受精卵を調製した(図3A;Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)。外因性Kdm6bの発現は一過的であるにもかかわらず、Kdm6bWT胚におけるH3K27me3レベルは、4細胞および桑実胚ステージのKdm6bMUT胚のそれよりも有意に低くなった(図5A~5B)。
母性Xist発現が桑実胚ステージまで継続するかどうかを試験するため(図4A)、RNA/DNA FISH分析を行った。注目すべきことに、Kdm6bWTを注射した雄および雌の胚の大部分が、それぞれ、1つおよび2つのRNAクラウドを示したの対して、Kdm6bMUTを注射した雄および雌の胚のほとんどが、それぞれ、ゼロおよび1つのRNAクラウドを示し(図4B~4D)、これにより再活性化されたXistが維持されていることが示された。XistはRnf12の過剰発現によって上方調節され得る(Tan et al. 2016. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113: 3197-3202)が、RT-qPCR分析は、Kdm6bWT注射胚においてRnf12の上方調節の証拠を見いださず(図7)、Kdm6bWTを通じたXistの抑制がRnf12の過剰発現に起因する可能性が排除された。
すべての動物研究を、Harvard Medical SchoolのInstitutional Animal Care and Use Committeeのガイドラインにしたがい行った。卵母細胞採集およびインビトロ受精の手順は、以前に記載されている(Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)。この研究においてSNP分析のために使用したハイブリッド胚は、B6D2F1/J(BDF1)卵母細胞およびPWK精液(Jackson Laboratory、003715)のインビトロ受精により得た。
Kdm6b mRNAの構築および調製ならびに受精卵母細胞へのマイクロ注射は、以前に記載されている(Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)。Kdm4b構築物は、そのcDNA増幅産物をpcDNA3.1-Flag-poly(A)83プラスミドにクローン化することによって作成した。mRNAを、mMES-SAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultraキット(Life technologies)を用いて合成し、塩化リチウム沈降により精製し、ヌクレアーゼ非含有水に溶解させた。注射したKdm6bWTおよびKdm6bMUTのmRNAの濃度は1800ng/μLであり、Kdm4bのそれは1000または2600 ng/μLであった。
Xist RNA用のプローブは、Nick翻訳試薬キット(Abbott Molecular, 07J00-001)をCy3-dCTP(GE Healthcare, PA53021)と共に用いることによって調製した。鋳型DNAは、全長マウスXist遺伝子をコードするプラスミド(Addgene, 26760)であった(Wutz and Jaenisch. 2000. Mol Cell 5: 695-705)。DNA FISH用のプローブは、同じキットをGreen-dUTP(Abbott Molecular, 02N32-050)と共に用いて調製した。鋳型DNAは、Rnf12座を含むBACクローン(RP23-36C20)であった(Fukuda et al. 2015. Development 142: 4049-4055)。蛍光プローブを、5μgのCot-1 DNA(Life technologies)、5μgのニシン精液DNA(Thermo Fisher Scientific)および2.5μgの酵母tRNA(Thermo Fisher Scientific, AM7119)と共にエタノール沈降させ、その後に20μLのホルムアミド(Thermo Fisher Scientific, 17899)に溶解させた。このプローブを4℃で保管した。使用する前に、プローブ(各々0.75μL)を0.75μLのCot-1 DNA/ホルムアミドおよび2.25μLの4xSSC/20%デキストラン(Millipore S4030)と混合した。このプローブ混合物を80℃で30分間加熱し、その後に37℃のインキュベーターに移した(「事前アニール済プローブ」)。
4細胞または桑実胚の胚を、46または78受精後時間(hpf)に、0.5% Triton X-100を含むPBS中2%パラホルムアルデヒド(PFA)において室温で20分間固定した。0.1% BSA/PBSによる3回の洗浄の後、胚を、0.02% Triton X-100を含む0.1N HClにより4℃で15分間処理した。0.1% BSA/2x SSCによる3回の洗浄の後、胚を、ガラス皿(Electron Microscopy Science, 705430-30)において10%、20%および50%ホルムアミド系列/2x SSC中でインキュベートし、そして30分間インキュベートした。このサンプルをミネラル油で覆い、80℃で30分間加熱し、ついで37℃で30分未満インキュベートした。ついでこの胚を4.5μLの「事前アニール済プローブ」中に移し、別のガラス皿においてミネラルオイルで覆い、37℃で24時間未満インキュベートした。胚を事前に42℃に温めておいた0.1% BSA/2x SSCで洗浄し、最終滴下中で30分間維持し、DAPI(Vector Laboratories)を含むVectaShield中、ガラススライド上に配置した。蛍光を、レーザー走査共焦点顕微鏡(Zeiss, LSM800)下で検出した。
免疫染色および定量の手順は、以前に記載されたものである(Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)。
内部細胞塊(ICM)におけるH3K27me3 ChIP-seqについての100塩基対(bp)ビンのRPKM(百万のマップされたリードあたりの1キロ塩基あたりのリード数)値を含むBEDファイルは、GSE76687(Zheng et al. 2016. Mol Cell 63: 1066-1079)から得た。BEDファイルは、2つの親対立遺伝子について母性または父性を含むRPKM値を表示し、対立遺伝子リード数を総リード数に対して正規化した。「bedtools makewindows」を使用して全mm9ゲノムにおいて1-kbビンを生成し、各ビンのRPKM値を「bedtools map」により計算した。すべてのビンを、1のシグナルカットオフおよび4の変化倍率カットオフを用いて「シグナルなし」、「両対立遺伝子」および「母性バイアスあり」の3つのカテゴリに分類した。スライディングウィンドウアプローチを用いて、「母性バイアスあり」のH3K27me3ビンに豊富なドメインを同定した。その基準は以下の通りであった:20 kbのウィンドウ内で、「母性バイアスあり」ビンの最小数が3であり、「母性バイアスあり」ビンのパーセンテージが「両対立遺伝子」ビンよりも高い。重複するウィンドウを「bedtools merge」により結合した。合計5986個のドメインがゲノム中で同定された。
78 hpfで、グループあたり□110個の桑実胚の胚を酸性タイロード溶液(Sigma-Aldrich)で軽く処理して透明帯を除去し、0.2% BSA/PBSで洗浄し、1.5 mLチューブに移した。ULI-NChIPは、以下の点を変更しつつ以前に記載(Brind’Amour et al. 2015. Nat Commun 6: 6033)されたようにH3K27me3抗体(Diagenode, C15410069)を用いて行った。第1に、我々は、Agencourt Ampure XPに代えてBeckman SPRIselectビーズ(Beckman Coulter)を用いた。第2に、配列決定ライブラリを、Illumina用NEBNext Ultra II DNAライブラリ調製キット(New England Biolabs)を用いて調製した。第3に、PCR増幅を、Kapa Hifiホットスタートレディミックス(Kapa Biosystems)を用いて行った。最後に、サイズ選択を行わなかった。投入サンプルのために、クロマチン溶解産物の10%容積を取り、ライブラリ構築および配列決定に使用した。ライブラリの定量および配列決定は以前に記載されたものとした(Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)。
Kdm6bMUTサンプルとKdm6bWTサンプルの間の正規化のために、MAnorm(Shao et al. 2012. Genome Biol 13: R16)と同様の戦略を用いた。第1に、Kdm6bMUTサンプルとKdm6bWTサンプルの間で共通ピークを特定した。次に、すべてのサンプルを、共通ピーク内の各サンプルのRPKM値に基づき、最も高いカバレッジのサンプルに対して正規化した。SNP特異的リードは、ライブラリあたりの特有にマップされたリードの総数に対して正規化し、さらに、対立遺伝子あたりのSNP特異的リードの和に基づき最も高いカバレッジの対立遺伝子に対して正規化した。
Kdm6b注射胚を、46 hpf(4細胞)、60 hpf(8細胞)および78 hpf(桑実胚)で採集した。逆転写およびリアルタイムPCR分析の手順は、この研究における逆転写用のランダムプライマーの使用を除いて以前に記載されたものとした(Inoue and Zhang. 2014. Nat Struct Mol Biol 21: 609-616)。リアルタイムPCRに使用したプライマー配列は、以下の通りであった。
96 hpfの胚盤胞の胚を、酸性タイロード溶液で軽く処理し、0.2% BSA/PBSにより洗浄し、-80℃でPCRチューブ内に保管した。グループあたり40~46個の胚をプールし、RNA-seqに使用した。RNA-seqライブラリは、cDNA増幅後にNextera XT DNAライブラリ調製キット(Illumina)を使用したことを除いて以前に記載(Inoue et al. 2017)されたようにして調製した。
統計的分析は、R(http://www.r-project.org)を用いて行った。ピアソンのR係数は、「cor」関数をデフォルトパラメータで用いて計算した。図8Bに関して、R関数「wilcox.test」を用いてマン・ホイットニーU検定を行った。
カスタマイズされたパイプラインを使用してSNP情報に基づきそれらの親起源に対するハイブリッド胚の配列決定データのアラインメントを分割した。コードは、https://github.com/lanjiangboston/UniversalSNPsplitにおいて入手可能である。
本明細書で作成されたChIP-seqおよびRNA-seqデータセットは、アクセッション番号GSE103714の下でGene Expression Omnibusデータベースに登録されている。GV卵母細胞のWGBSデータセットは、http://www.nodai-genome.org/mouse.html?lang=enからダウンロードした(Kobayashi et al. 2012. PLoS Genet 8: e1002440)。H3K27me3 ChIP-seqデータセットは、GSE76687からダウンロードした(Zheng et al. 2016. Mol Cell 63: 1066-1079)。卵母細胞DNase I-seqデータセットは、GSE92605から得た(Inoue et al. 2017. Nature 547: 419-424)。ENCODEデータのBAMファイルおよびピークファイルは、https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF001KDTからダウンロードした。桑実胚の胚のH3K27me3 ChIP-seqデータセットは、GSE73952から得た(Liu et al. 2016. Nature 537: 558-562)。
前記記載から、本明細書に記載される発明に対してそれを様々な用途および条件に適応させるよう変更および改変がなされ得ることが明らかであろう。そのような態様もまた、添付の特許請求の範囲内である。
Claims (20)
- 体細胞核移植(SCNT)により生成された非ヒト哺乳類胚において、母性X染色体の刷り込みX不活性化特異的転写産物(Xist)座で母性H3K27me3を除去し、母性Xist抑制および母性X染色体不活性化(XCI)を誘導するための方法であって、
SCNTを通じて生成された非ヒト哺乳類胚に、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼKdm6bポリペプチドまたは該Kdm6bポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを注射する工程、
非ヒト哺乳類胚において、(i)母性H3K27me3の消失、および(ii)Kdm6bポリペプチドまたはKdm6bポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを注射されていない胚と比較して、注射された非ヒト哺乳類胚において、35~60%を上回るX連鎖遺伝子の母性対立遺伝子発現バイアスを誘導することにより、母性XCIを通じて生理的XCIを再現する工程、ならびに
母性X染色体不活性化を父性X染色体不活性化に対して正常化する工程
を含む、方法。 - 非ヒト哺乳類胚におけるX連鎖遺伝子の母性対立遺伝子発現バイアスが50%を上回る、請求項1に記載の方法。
- H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼをコードするmRNAが胚に注射される、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 約1000~2000 ng/μLのmRNAが胚に注射される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 1800 ng/μLのmRNAが胚に注射される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- X染色体が体細胞由来の非ヒト哺乳類ドナー核に存在する、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- ドナー核が非ヒト哺乳類卵母細胞または胚性幹細胞に移植される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチドが、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼの酵素活性フラグメントをコードする、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチドが哺乳類発現ベクター中に存在する、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 哺乳類発現ベクターが、プロモーターにより指示される、H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼの構成性または誘導性発現を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- X染色体刷り込みを回避する遺伝子の発現を有意に変化させない、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 常染色体の遺伝子発現を有意に変化させない、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 非ヒト哺乳類胚が初期胚盤胞ステージの非ヒト哺乳類胚である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 非ヒト哺乳類胚が成体非ヒト哺乳類体細胞由来である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 体細胞が非ヒト哺乳類対象から得られる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 非ヒト哺乳類胚由来の細胞を培養して、非ヒト哺乳類対象への移植に適した組織を得る工程をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法により生成される、非ヒト哺乳類胚であって、胚、細胞、または組織が、外因性H3K27me3特異的デメチラーゼを発現し、母性X染色体不活性化が父性X染色体不活性化に対して正常化され、かつさらに細胞または組織におけるX連鎖遺伝子の母性対立遺伝子発現バイアスが35~60%を上回る、胚。
- 細胞または組織におけるX連鎖遺伝子の母性対立遺伝子発現バイアスが50%を上回る、請求項17に記載の非ヒト哺乳類胚。
- 請求項16に記載の方法により生成される、細胞または組織。
- 請求項17に記載の非ヒト哺乳類胚を非ヒト哺乳類の子宮に着床させることにより生成される、非ヒト哺乳類クローン生物。
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