JP7214460B2 - 空力構造のための統合された雷保護および電気除氷 - Google Patents
空力構造のための統合された雷保護および電気除氷 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
- B64D15/12—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft by electric heating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C11/00—Propellers, e.g. of ducted type; Features common to propellers and rotors for rotorcraft
- B64C11/16—Blades
- B64C11/20—Constructional features
- B64C11/205—Constructional features for protecting blades, e.g. coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
- B64D15/20—Means for detecting icing or initiating de-icing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D45/00—Aircraft indicators or protectors not otherwise provided for
- B64D45/02—Lightning protectors; Static dischargers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/141—Conductive ceramics, e.g. metal oxides, metal carbides, barium titanate, ferrites, zirconia, vitrous compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
- H05B2214/02—Heaters specially designed for de-icing or protection against icing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
200 基板
202 表面
300 導電層
400 第1のセグメント
402 第2のセグメント
404 間隙
406 表面
500 絶縁層
502 表面
600 エッチングマスク
602 露出部分
604 露出部分
700 露出部分
702 露出部分
900 抵抗加熱層
902 第1の部分
904 第2の部分
906 加熱領域
1000 保護層
1002 装置
1100 破線
1102 加熱領域
1104 加熱領域
1106 加熱領域
1108 加熱領域
1110 加熱領域
1112 加熱領域
1114 線
1116 線
1200 方法
1300 システム
1302 制御ユニット
1304 電源
1306 センサ
1308 基板
1310 導電層
1312 絶縁層
1314 抵抗加熱層
Claims (19)
- 基板(200)の表面の少なくとも一部分上に導電層(300)を形成するステップ(1202)であって、前記基板(200)は空力構造(100)の複合材料を含み、前記導電層(300)は落雷によって発生した電流を電気的に接地された箇所に伝導する導電経路を提供するように構成される、ステップ(1202)と、
前記導電層(300)上に絶縁層(500)を堆積するステップ(1204)と、
前記絶縁層(500)内にそれぞれの間隙を形成し、前記導電層(300)の対応する1つ以上の部分(700、702)を露出させるために前記絶縁層(500)の1つ以上の部分(602、604)を除去するステップ(1206)と、
前記導電層(300)に電力が供給されるときに前記電力が抵抗加熱層(900)に伝達され、それによって前記空力構造(100)を除氷するための熱がそこから発生するように、前記抵抗加熱層(900)が前記絶縁層(500)内の前記それぞれの間隙を充填して、前記導電層(300)の前記対応する1つ以上の部分(700、702)に接触するように、前記絶縁層(500)上に前記抵抗加熱層(900)を形成するステップ(1208)と、
前記導電層をそれぞれの電極を表すそれぞれのセグメント(400、402)に分割するために前記導電層(300)内に間隙(404)を形成するステップ(1218)と、
を含む、方法(1200)。 - 前記絶縁層(500)の前記1つ以上の部分(602、604)を除去するステップ(1206)は、
前記絶縁層(500)の前記1つ以上の部分(602、604)を除去して前記導電層(300)の前記対応する1つ以上の部分(700、702)を露出させるために前記絶縁層(500)を研磨するステップ(1210)を含む、請求項1に記載の方法(1200)。 - 前記絶縁層(500)の前記1つ以上の部分(602、604)を除去するステップ(1206)は、
前記絶縁層(500)を部分的に覆い、それによって前記絶縁層(500)の前記1つ以上の部分(602、604)を露出させたままにするためのエッチングマスク(600)を形成するステップ(1212)と、
前記絶縁層(500)の前記1つ以上の部分(602、604)をエッチングするステップ(1214)と、
前記エッチングマスク(600)を除去するステップ(1216)と
を含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法(1200)。 - 前記導電層を形成するステップ(1202)は、連続エキスパンド金属箔(CEMF)層を形成するステップを含む、請求項3に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記CEMF層を形成するステップ(1202)は、アルミニウムまたは銅を含むように前記CEMF層を形成するステップを含む、請求項4に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記絶縁層(500)を堆積するステップ(1204)は、ポリウレタン、エポキシ、熱可塑性樹脂、フェノール樹脂、またはシリコーン材料を含む樹脂を含む接着剤層を堆積するステップを含む、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記抵抗加熱層(900)を形成するステップ(1208)は、
前記抵抗加熱層(900)を複数の独立して通電された加熱領域(1102~1112)に分割するステップ(1220)を含む、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の方法(1200)。 - 前記抵抗加熱層(900)の前記複数の独立して通電された加熱領域(1102~1112)の各加熱領域に独立して前記電力を供給できるように、前記導電層(300)内に複数の絶縁導電線(1114、1116)を形成するステップ(1222)をさらに含む、
請求項7に記載の方法(1200)。 - 前記抵抗加熱層(900)を形成するステップ(1208)は、少なくとも1つの導電性ポリマー層を形成するステップ(1224)を含む、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記少なくとも1つの導電性ポリマー層を形成するステップ(1224)は、ポリアニリン-ジノニルナフタレンスルホン酸(PANI-DNNSA)、ポリ(エチレンジオキシチオフェン)-ポリ(スチレンスルホネート)(PEDOT-PSS)、ポリアニリン-ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸(PANI-DBSA)、ポリピロール、グラフェン塗料、カーボンナノチューブ塗料、カーボンブラック、導電性酸化物、または金属粒子の層を形成するステップを含む、請求項9に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記抵抗加熱層(900)を形成するステップ(1208)は、複数の導電性ポリマー層を含む多層スタックを形成するステップ(1226)を含み、各導電性ポリマー層はそれぞれの絶縁層の間に挿入され、各導電性ポリマー層はそれぞれの電気抵抗を有するので、それぞれの前記導電性ポリマー層が前記電力の供給源に並列に接続されたときに、前記それぞれの導電性ポリマー層の合成電気抵抗は、それぞれの電気抵抗の各々よりも小さくなる、請求項9に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記多層スタックを形成するステップ(1226)は、前記導電性ポリマー層が電力供給源に並列に接続されているときに前記基板(200)上の電気抵抗率を修正するために前記多層スタックを形成するステップを含む、請求項11に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記基板(200)上の前記電気抵抗率を修正するために前記多層スタックを形成するステップ(1226)は、前記基板(200)の異なる領域に異なる数の層を堆積するステップを含む、請求項12に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記基板(200)上の前記電気抵抗率を修正するために前記多層スタックを形成するステップ(1226)は、前記基板(200)の異なる領域に異なる導電性ポリマーを有する導電性ポリマー層を堆積するステップを含む、請求項12に記載の方法(1200)。
- 前記基板(200)上の前記電気抵抗率を修正するために前記多層スタックを形成するステップ(1226)は、前記基板(200)の異なる領域に異なる厚さを有する導電性ポリマー層を堆積するステップを含む、請求項12に記載の方法(1200)。
- 複合材料を含む基板(200)と、
前記基板(200)の表面(202)の少なくとも一部分上に形成され、間隙(404)によって互いに分離されたそれぞれの電極を表すそれぞれのセグメント(400、402)に分割された導電層(300)と、
前記導電層(300)上に堆積された絶縁層(500)であって、前記絶縁層(500)は、前記導電層(300)の部分(700、702)を露出させる少なくとも1つの間隙を含む、絶縁層(500)と、
前記絶縁層(500)上に形成された抵抗加熱層(900)であって、前記導電層(300)に電力が供給されるときに前記電力が前記抵抗加熱層(900)に伝達され、それによって熱がそこから発生するように、前記抵抗加熱層(900)が前記絶縁層(500)内の前記少なくとも1つの間隙を充填して前記導電層(300)の前記部分(700、702)に接触するように形成される、抵抗加熱層(900)と
を備える装置(1002)。 - 前記抵抗加熱層(900)が複数の独立して通電された加熱領域(1102~1112)に分割され、前記抵抗加熱層(900)の前記複数の独立して通電された加熱領域(1102~1112)の各加熱領域に独立して前記電力を供給できるように、前記導電層(300)が複数の絶縁導電線(1114、1116)を含む、請求項16に記載の装置(1002)。
- 複合材料を含む基板(200)と、
前記基板(200)の表面(202)の少なくとも一部分上に形成され、間隙(404)によって互いに分離されたそれぞれの電極を表すそれぞれのセグメント(400、402)に分割された導電層(300)であって、前記導電層(300)は、落雷によって発生した電流を電気的に接地された箇所に伝導するための導電経路を提供するように構成される、導電層(300)と、
前記導電層(300)上に堆積された絶縁層(500)であって、前記絶縁層(500)は、前記導電層(300)の部分(700、702)を露出させる少なくとも1つの間隙を含む、絶縁層(500)と、
抵抗加熱層(900)であって、前記導電層(300)に電力が供給されるときに前記電力が前記抵抗加熱層(900)に伝達され、それによって熱がそこから発生するように、前記絶縁層(500)内の前記少なくとも1つの間隙を充填して前記導電層(300)の前記部分(700、702)に接触するように前記絶縁層(500)上に形成される前記抵抗加熱層(900)と
を含む空力構造(100)。 - 前記空力構造(100)はブレード(100)内に含まれ、前記抵抗加熱層(900)から熱を発生させることは、前記ブレード(100)を除氷するために熱を発生させることを含む、請求項18に記載の空力構造(100)。
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