JP7195871B2 - Developing device, developer carrier, process cartridge and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus such as a printer, a copier, or a facsimile machine using an electrophotographic method or an electrostatic recording method, a developing device, a developer carrier, and a process cartridge used in the image forming apparatus.

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a developing device of an image forming apparatus using an electrophotographic image forming process has a developer carrying member that carries and conveys developer on its surface, and developer storage means that stores the developer. Further, the developing device has a developer supplying member that contacts the developer carrier and supplies the developer stored in the developer storage means to the developer carrier (Patent Document 1). However, when the developing device is at the end of its life or when the developing device is used in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, deterioration and moisture absorption of the developer may reduce the charge amount of the developer. At this time, even if the developer is physically supplied by the developer supply member, the charge amount of the developer is low and the mirror image force with the developer carrier becomes insufficient, and the developer cannot be transported by the developer carrier. phenomenon occurs. As a result, a phenomenon (so-called solid black follow-up failure) occurs in which the density is insufficient in a high print image such as a solid black image.

In order to solve such a problem, in the developing device disclosed in Patent Document 2, the potential of the developer supply member is set to an intermediate potential between the developer and the developer carrier on the electrification series. Further, the developer carrier has a surface layer in which a dielectric portion that forms a minute closed electric field by dispersing insulating particles in a conductive material on a base made of a conductor is regularly or irregularly exposed. . When the surface layer is rubbed by a developer supply member or developer, the dielectric portion is charged to a polarity opposite to that of the developer. When the dielectric portion of the developer carrying member is triboelectrically charged with the developer supply member, a predetermined charge is applied to the dielectric portion, and an electric field is generated on the applied dielectric portion. In particular, a minute closed electric field is generated on the adjacent portion between the dielectric portion and the conductive portion, and a large number of minute closed electric fields are formed on the developer carrying member as a whole. This electric field causes the developer to adhere to the surface layer. A developer with an unstable charge amount such as no charge or low charge in the developer container is transported to a large number of electric field generation areas such as minute closed electric fields on the developer carrying member. The conveyed developer receives a force (gradient force) generated by a minute closed electric field, and is particularly attracted and carried by a dielectric portion having a polarity opposite to that of the developer. As a result, even when the charge amount of the developer is remarkably low, the amount of developer conveyed can be ensured, and even high-quality printed images such as solid black images can be output with a uniform density.

JP-A-61-42672 JP-A-4-156569

In the developing device having the configuration disclosed in Patent Document 2, it is possible to transport uncharged or low-charged developer and improve the solid black follow-up failure, but the charge amount of the developer at the development position is insufficient. However, image defects such as fogging may occur. Fogging is a phenomenon in which a developer that cannot be charged to a predetermined amount is developed even in the electric field of a non-developing portion when it is conveyed to the developing position. This phenomenon is caused by the fact that the developer adhered to the developing carrier under the influence of the above-mentioned minute closed electric field cannot obtain a sufficient opportunity for triboelectrification due to the rolling of the developing blade or other charge imparting means. It is caused by the inability to charge.

Further, in Patent Document 2, the dielectric portion is charged by the rubbing of the developer supplying means and the developer. However, when the cumulative number of printed sheets increases (for example, at the end of life) or when used in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, the amount of charge imparted from the developer to the dielectric part of the developer carrier surface due to deterioration and moisture absorption of the developer. decreases. As a result, the application of electric charge to the dielectric portion due to the rubbing of the developer supplying means becomes dominant. Depending on the state of contact between the developer carrying member and the developer supply means, the charge application becomes non-uniform in the dielectric portion. As a result, the gradient force due to the minute closing electric field is partially reduced. At this time, when image formation with a high coverage rate is performed, the amount of developer carried and conveyed on the developer carrying member partially decreases. For this reason, the amount of toner coat on the developing carrier changes according to the amount of charge on the dielectric portion of the developing carrier, which may cause a problem of density unevenness in the halftone area.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to suppress the occurrence of density reduction and solid black follow-up failure, and to suppress the occurrence of fogging and density unevenness in halftone regions, even when deterioration or moisture absorption of a developer occurs, with a simple structure. is to provide a technique capable of suppressing

In order to achieve the above object, the developing device of the present invention comprises:
a developer carrier that carries a developer;
and a regulating member disposed in contact with the surface of the developer carrier for regulating the developer carried on the developer carrier,
A conductive portion having a first surface roughness and a first electrical resistance and a second surface roughness smaller than the first surface roughness and the first electrical resistance are formed on the surface of the developer carrier. a dielectric portion having a second electrical resistance greater than
the charge polarity of the dielectric portion is the same as the charge polarity of the developer when the developer carried on the developer carrying member is charged by friction with the regulating member ;
The first surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness of a surface of the regulating member facing the developer carrier.
It is characterized by
Further , in order to achieve the above object, the process cartridge of the present invention comprises:
a developer carrier that carries a developer;
a regulating member disposed in contact with the surface of the developer carrier and regulating the developer carried on the developer carrier;
and an image carrier that carries a developer image, the process cartridge comprising:
A conductive portion having a first surface roughness and a first electrical resistance and a second surface roughness smaller than the first surface roughness and the first electrical resistance are formed on the surface of the developer carrier. a dielectric portion having a second electrical resistance greater than
the charge polarity of the dielectric portion is the same as the charge polarity of the developer when the developer carried on the developer carrying member is charged by friction with the regulating member ;
The first surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness of a surface of the regulating member facing the developer carrier.
It is characterized by
Further, in order to achieve the above object, the image forming apparatus of the present invention includes:
a developer carrier that carries a developer;
a regulating member disposed in contact with the surface of the developer carrier and regulating the developer carried on the developer carrier;
an image carrier that carries a developer image;
an image forming apparatus comprising a transfer member,
A conductive portion having a first surface roughness and a first electrical resistance and a second surface roughness smaller than the first surface roughness and the first electrical resistance are formed on the surface of the developer carrier. a dielectric portion having a second electrical resistance greater than
the charge polarity of the dielectric portion is the same as the charge polarity of the developer when the developer carried on the developer carrying member is charged by friction with the regulating member ;
The first surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness of a surface of the regulating member facing the developer carrier.
It is characterized by

According to the present invention, even when the developer deteriorates or absorbs moisture in the above-described developing device, problems such as fogging or density unevenness in the halftone region can be suppressed while suppressing the occurrence of solid black follow-up failure. can do.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a developing roller described in Example 1; 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the image forming apparatus described in Embodiment 1; FIG. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a developing unit described in Embodiment 1; FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing a minute closed electric field acting on the developing roller described in Example 1; FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of the gradient force described in Example 1; 4A and 4B are explanatory diagrams of the toner charge imparting action described in Example 1. FIG. 4A and 4B are explanatory diagrams of developing rollers of Comparative Examples 1 to 4 described in Example 1; FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of dielectric charging on the developing roller of Comparative Example 4 described in Example 1; 4A and 4B are explanatory diagrams of the toner charge imparting action described in Example 2. FIG. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a rolling model of a development restricting portion in Example 1;

Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated below with reference to the drawings. However, the dimensions, materials, shapes, relative arrangement, etc. of the components described in the embodiments should be appropriately changed according to the configuration of the device to which the invention is applied and various conditions. It is not intended to limit the scope to the following embodiments.

(Example 1)
Embodiment 1 of the present invention will be described below. First, the overall configuration of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus (hereinafter referred to as an image forming apparatus) according to this embodiment will be described. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the image forming apparatus 100 of this embodiment.

The image forming apparatus 100 of this embodiment is a full-color laser printer that employs a so-called in-line method and an intermediate transfer method.

The image forming apparatus 100 forms a full-color image on a recording material P (for example, recording paper, plastic sheet) according to image information. Image information is input to the image forming apparatus 100 from an image reading apparatus or a host device such as a personal computer communicably connected to the image forming apparatus 100 .

Image forming apparatus 100 includes first, second, and third image forming units for forming yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) images, respectively, as a plurality of image forming units. , and fourth process cartridges Sa, Sb, Sc, and Sd. In this embodiment, the first to
The fourth process cartridges Sa, Sb, Sc, and Sd are arranged in a row in a direction crossing the vertical direction (upward direction on the paper surface). In this embodiment, the configuration and operation of the first to fourth process cartridges Sa, Sb, Sc, and Sd are substantially the same except that the colors of the images to be formed are different. Therefore, hereinafter, when no particular distinction is required, the suffixes a, b, c, and d given to the reference numerals to indicate that they are elements provided for one of the colors are omitted, and general explain.

In this embodiment, the image forming apparatus 100 includes, as a plurality of image carriers, four drum-type electrophotographic photosensitive members arranged in a direction intersecting the vertical direction, that is, photosensitive drums 1 (1a, 1b, 1c). , 1d). The photosensitive drum 1 is rotationally driven by driving means (driving source) (not shown). Around the photosensitive drum 1 are charged rollers 2 (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d), scanner units (exposure devices) 3 (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d), developing units (developing devices) 4 (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) are arranged. The charging roller 2 is charging means for uniformly charging the surface of the photosensitive drum 1 . Further, the scanner unit 3 irradiates a laser to form an electrostatic image (electrostatic latent image) on the photosensitive drum 1 based on an output calculated by a CPU (not shown) from image information input from a host device such as a personal computer. ). The developing unit 4 is developing means for developing an electrostatic image into a developer (hereinafter referred to as toner) image. A photosensitive drum 1, a charging roller 2 as a process means acting on the photosensitive drum 1, and a developing unit 4 are integrated to form a process cartridge S. As shown in FIG. The process cartridge S is detachably attached to the image forming apparatus 100 by a mounting means such as a mounting guide or a positioning member inside the image forming apparatus 100 .

An intermediate transfer belt 10 as an intermediate transfer member for transferring the toner image on the photosensitive drum 1 onto the recording material P is arranged at a position facing each photosensitive drum 1 . The intermediate transfer belt 10 is formed of an endless belt, contacts the photosensitive drums 1, and circulates (rotates) in the direction of arrow R3 in the figure. The intermediate transfer belt 10 is stretched over a secondary transfer opposing roller 13, a driving roller 11, and a tension roller 12 as a plurality of supporting members.

Four primary transfer rollers 14 (14a, 14b, 14c, 14d) as transfer members are arranged on the inner peripheral surface side of the intermediate transfer belt 5 so as to face the respective photosensitive drums 1 . A primary transfer roller 14 presses the intermediate transfer belt 10 toward the photosensitive drum 1 to form a primary transfer portion where the intermediate transfer belt 10 and the photosensitive drum 1 are in contact with each other.

A secondary transfer roller 20 as a secondary transfer means is arranged at a position facing the secondary transfer facing roller 13 on the outer peripheral surface side of the intermediate transfer belt 10 . The secondary transfer roller 20 is pressed against the secondary transfer counter roller 13 via the intermediate transfer belt 10 to form a secondary transfer portion where the intermediate transfer belt 10 and the secondary transfer counter roller 13 are in contact with each other.

The recording material P onto which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to a fixing device 30 as fixing means. The toner image is fixed on the recording material P by applying heat and pressure to the recording material P in the fixing device 30 . Note that the image forming apparatus 100 can also form a single-color or multi-color image using any one image forming unit or a plurality of (not all) image forming units. The image forming apparatus 100 in this embodiment is, for example, a printer with a process speed of 148.2 mm/sec and compatible with A4 size paper.

<Image forming process>
Next, an image forming process in the image forming apparatus 100 will be described. When forming an image, first, the surface of the photosensitive drum 1 is uniformly charged by the charging roller 2 . Next, image information input from a host device external to the image forming apparatus 100 undergoes arithmetic processing for forming an electrostatic image by the CPU. Based on the calculation result, the charged surface of the photosensitive drum 1 is scanned and exposed by laser light emitted from the scanner unit 3, and an electrostatic image is formed on the photosensitive drum 1 according to the calculation result. The electrostatic image formed on the photosensitive drum 1 is developed as a toner image (developer image) by the developing unit 4 . A primary transfer voltage power supply 15 (high voltage power supply) as a primary transfer voltage applying means applies a voltage having a polarity opposite to the normal charging polarity of the toner to the primary transfer roller 14 . As a result, the toner image on the photosensitive drum 1 is primarily transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 10 . When forming a full-color image, the above-described processes are sequentially performed in the first to fourth process cartridges Sa, Sb, Sc, and Sd, and the toner images of the respective colors are superimposed on the intermediate transfer belt 10 for primary transfer. be done.

After that, the recording material P is conveyed to the secondary transfer portion in synchronization with the movement of the intermediate transfer belt 10 . A secondary transfer voltage power supply 21 (high voltage power supply) as a secondary transfer voltage applying means applies a voltage having a polarity opposite to the normal charging polarity of the toner to the secondary transfer roller 20 . As a result, the four-color toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 10 is formed on the recording material P conveyed by the feeding means by the action of the secondary transfer roller 20 in contact with the intermediate transfer belt 10 via the recording material P. It is secondary transferred collectively on the top. The recording material P onto which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to a fixing device 30 as fixing means. In the fixing device 30 , the transferred toner image is fixed by applying heat and pressure to the recording material P and discharged from the image forming apparatus 100 .

In addition, in order to control the amount of toner to be developed, the developing unit 4 is configured such that the rotational speed of the developing roller 22 as a developer carrier is different from the rotational speed of the photosensitive drum 1 so that the developing roller 22 and the photosensitive drum 1 are rotated at different speeds. 1 are brought into contact with each other to perform reversal development. That is, the toner charged to the same polarity as the charge polarity of the photosensitive drum 1 (negative polarity in this embodiment) is caused to adhere to the portion (image portion, exposed portion) of the photosensitive drum 1 where the charge is attenuated by the exposure, thereby staticizing the toner. An electric image is developed. In this embodiment, as an example, the developing roller 22 is driven such that the ratio of the rotational speed of the developing roller 22 to the rotational speed of the photosensitive drum 1 is 1.4 times.

In addition, the toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 1 in the primary transfer process (transfer residual toner) is collected by the developing roller 22 described later and reused. The untransferred toner on the surface of the photosensitive drum 1 is charged to a normal charging polarity (negative polarity) when passing through the charging roller 2 . After that, an electric field generated due to a difference between the potential of the photosensitive drum 1 formed by the charging roller 2 and the potential of the developing roller 22 formed by applying a DC voltage to the developing roller 22 causes the residual toner to be transferred to the developing roller. 22 and reused.

<Structure of Process Cartridge>
Next, the overall configuration of the process cartridge S mounted in the image forming apparatus 100 of this embodiment will be described. The process cartridges S for each color have the same shape except for identification portions (not shown), and the developing units 4 of the process cartridges S for each color contain yellow (Y), magenta (M), and cyan (C) inks. ) and black (K). As the toner for the developing unit 4, a non-magnetic one-component developer is used.

The process cartridge S is configured by integrating a photosensitive unit including a photosensitive drum 1 and a charging roller 2, and a developing unit (developing device) 4 including a developing roller 22 and the like. Also, the charging roller 2 and the developing roller 22 are configured to be rotatable around bearings (not shown) that are rotation shafts.

The photosensitive drum 1 is rotatably supported via bearings. The photosensitive drum 1 is rotationally driven in the direction of an arrow R1 in the figure according to the image forming operation by transmitting the driving force of a driving means (driving source) (not shown) to the photosensitive unit. The charging roller 2 is driven to rotate while the conductive rubber roller portion is in pressure contact with the photosensitive drum 1 .

On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 3, the developing unit 4 includes a developing roller 22 carrying toner, a developing blade 23 (regulating member), a supply member 26 provided so as to be in contact with the developing roller 22, and a fixed member. and a developing device frame 24 for developing. The development frame 24 includes a development chamber 24 a in which the development roller 22 is arranged, and a blowout prevention sheet 24 b that seals a development opening (opening) that connects the development chamber 24 a and the outside of the development frame 24 . One end of the developing blade 23 is fixed to a fixing member 25 fixed to the developing frame 24 , and the other end of the developing blade 23 contacts the developing roller 22 . The developing blade 23 is configured so as to be capable of controlling the amount of toner coat on the developing roller 22 and applying electric charges. The developing roller 22 is arranged in the development opening and provided so as to be able to contact the photosensitive drum 1 . Details of the developing roller 22 will be described later. The developing roller 22 is arranged so as to be rotationally driven in the direction of arrow R4 in the figure.

In this embodiment, the developing roller 22 and the photosensitive drum 1 are arranged so that the surfaces of the developing roller 22 and the photosensitive drum 1 facing each other move in the same direction (in this embodiment, the direction from the top to the bottom in the direction of gravity). rotated. Then, a predetermined DC voltage is applied to the developing roller 22, and the electrostatic latent image is visualized at the developing section where toner negatively charged by frictional charging contacts the photosensitive drum 1, forming a toner image.

As shown in FIG. 3, the developing blade 23 abuts on the surface of the developing roller 22 with its tip facing in the counter direction positioned upstream in the rotating direction of the developing roller 22 with respect to the rotating direction of the developing roller 22 . , to control the amount of toner coat and to apply charge. In this embodiment, the surface of the developing blade 23 abuts on the developing roller 22 by utilizing the spring elasticity of a supporting member (not shown) made of a plate spring-like SUS plate with a thickness of 50 to 120 μm. The developing blade 23 has a blade portion formed at one end in the lateral direction, and the other end is fixed to and supported by the developing frame 24 . As a support member for the developing blade 23, instead of using a SUS plate, for example, a metal thin plate such as phosphor bronze or aluminum may be used. On the other hand, the developing blade 23 is formed by coating the surface of the supporting member with a thin film made of conductive resin such as polyamide elastomer, urethane rubber, or urethane resin. Alternatively, the supporting member itself may be brought into contact with the developing roller 22 as the developing blade 23 . Furthermore, a predetermined DC voltage is applied to the developing blade 23 as a blade bias, and the potential difference from the voltage applied to the developing roller 22 is controlled, thereby controlling the amount of toner transported on the developing roller 22, which will be described later. In this embodiment, the potential of the developing blade 23 with respect to the potential of the developing roller 22 (reference potential) is the same polarity as the toner.

The supply member 26 is composed of a φ4 (mm) conductive core metal and a urethane sponge layer made of a flexible open-cell body formed around the metal core. The outer diameter of the supply member 26 is φ11 (mm). By using an open-cell urethane sponge for the supply member 26, the toner can be stored inside the sponge. During development processing by the image forming apparatus 100, the supply member 26 contacts the developing roller 22 and is supported by the developing frame 24 so as to be rotationally driven in the direction of arrow R5 in the figure.

<Description of Developing Roller 22>
The configuration of the developing roller 22 in this embodiment will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B. In the developing roller 22, a base layer 22b made of a silicone rubber composition shown in Table 1 below and a surface layer 22c made of urethane shown in Table 2 below are sequentially laminated on a metal core 22a. It has a configuration coated with an insulating coating made of the material described. A developing bias is applied to the surface layer 22c and the base layer 22b via the metal core 22a.

The manufacturing method, material, dimensions, etc. of the developing roller 22 in this embodiment will be described below.

1. Formation of the metal core 22a The metal core 22a is, for example, a metal core made of SUS304 with an outer diameter of 6 mm and a length of 259.9 mm and a primer (trade name: DY35-051 (manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.)). It is formed by coating and heating at a temperature of 150° C. for 20 minutes.

2. Formation of Electroconductive Elastic Layer In the developing roller 22, the electroconductive elastic layer has a one-layer structure or a laminated structure of two or more layers. The conductive elastic layer preferably has a laminated structure of two or more layers. Particularly in a non-magnetic one-component contact development system process, a developing roller having a conductive elastic layer having a two-layer laminated structure is suitably used as the developing roller 22 . In this embodiment, a conductive elastic layer having a two-layer laminate structure consisting of a base layer 22b and a surface layer 22c will be described. Moreover, the conductive elastic layer preferably contains a conductive agent in order to obtain conductivity. Conductive agents include ionic conductive agents and electronic conductive agents such as carbon black. Carbon black is preferable as the conductive agent in that the conductivity of the conductive elastic layer and the toner charging performance of the conductive elastic layer can be controlled. Also, the volume resistivity (first electrical resistance) of the conductive elastic layer is preferably in the range of 1×10̂3 Ω·cm or more and 1×10̂11 Ω·cm or less.

2-1. Formation of base layer 22b In formation of the base layer 22b, the metal core 22a is placed in a cylindrical mold having an inner diameter of 10.0 mm so as to be concentric with the cylinder of the mold. Then, as an example of the material of the base layer 22b, an addition-type silicone rubber composition obtained by mixing the materials shown in Table 1 below with a mixer (trade name: Trimix TX-15 (manufactured by Inoue Seisakusho Co., Ltd.)) was heated to 120°C. Pour into a heated mold. After injecting the material, heat molding is performed at a temperature of 120° C. for 10 minutes, and after cooling to room temperature, the mold is removed from the mold to obtain a base layer roller having a base layer 22b with a thickness of 2.00 mm formed on the outer circumference of the mandrel.

2-2. Formation of Surface Layer 22c In forming the surface layer 22c, the materials shown in Table 2 below are weighed and stirred and mixed. Then, the resulting mixture is added to methyl ethyl ketone (manufactured by Aldrich) and mixed so that the solid content concentration becomes 28% by mass, and the mixture is uniformly dispersed in a bead mill (manufactured by Ashizawa Finetech) to obtain a paint. Further, the base layer roller is immersed in this coating material by means of an overflow type circulation coating machine to apply the coating material so that the surface layer has a thickness of 15 μm. Thereafter, the coating film is dried and cured by heating at a temperature of 130° C. for 90 minutes to obtain an elastic layer roller in which the surface layer 22c is formed on the base layer roller. The term "roughening of the conductive portion", which will be described later, refers to a region in which the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e is controlled by controlling the addition of resin particles described in Table 2 below.

3. Formation of Dielectric Portion 22 d A plurality of dielectric portions 22 d are present in a partial region on the surface of the developing roller 22 . More specifically, the surface of the developing roller 22 includes at least the surface of a plurality of dielectric portions 22d and exposed portions of the conductive elastic layer that are not covered with the dielectric portions 22d. Thus, the dielectric portion 22d is formed on the surface of the developing roller 22 by partially covering the surface of the conductive portion 22e. Moreover, the dielectric portions 22d are provided so as to be scattered in the region of the conductive portion 22e. Furthermore, on the surface of the developing roller 22, the area occupied by the dielectric portion 22d is configured to be smaller than the area occupied by the conductive portion 22e. The volume resistivity (second electrical resistance) of the dielectric portion 22d of the developing roller 22 is preferably 1×10̂13 Ω·cm or more and 1×10̂18 Ω·cm or less. That is, in this embodiment, the electrical resistance of the dielectric portion 22d is greater than the electrical resistance of the conductive portion 22e.

In forming the dielectric portion 22d, the materials shown in Table 3 below are weighed and stirred and mixed. Then, the obtained mixture is dissolved and mixed in methyl ethyl ketone (manufactured by Aldrich Co.) so that the solid content concentration becomes 3% by mass, to obtain a paint for forming a dielectric portion.

As a method for forming the dielectric portion 22d on the conductive elastic layer, various printing methods can be mentioned. Dispenser methods and inkjet methods are preferred. At this time, the dielectric portion 22d is not formed on the surface layer 22c, and the exposed surface is called a conductive portion 22e. In this embodiment, the charging polarity of the dielectric portion 22d is the same as the charging polarity of the developer when the developer carried on the developing roller 22 is charged by friction with the developing blade 23 (negative polarity in this embodiment). gender).

<Roughness of conductive elastic layer and dielectric portion>
The surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d and the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e are different. More specifically, the surface roughness Ray of the dielectric portion 22d is lower, that is, smoother than the surface roughness Rad of the conductive portion 22e. As a result of examination by the present inventors, the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e (first surface roughness) is 0.8 μm<Rad<2.7 μm, and the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d (second surface roughness) is preferably Ray<0.8 μm (less than 0.8 μm). In this embodiment, the dielectric portion 22d does not contain resin particles, whereas the conductive portion 22e contains resin particles. Thereby, a difference in surface roughness can be obtained between the dielectric portion 22d and the conductive portion 22e.

A toner charge imparting action, which will be described later, is performed in the regulating portion, and charge is imparted by rolling the toner between the conductive portion 22e and the developing blade 23. FIG. That is, the toner on the dielectric portion 22d is quickly conveyed to the conductive portion 22e present on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the developing roller 22, so that the toner charge is applied on the conductive portion 22e. If the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d is 0.8 μm or more, the amount of toner carried on the developing roller 22 increases, and the toner that cannot obtain the opportunity to apply charge to the conductive portion 22e is generated. As a result, the toner charge imparting action is reduced. Further, even if the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e is 2.7 μm or more, the amount of toner carried on the developing roller 22 increases, and the toner charging action is reduced, which is not preferable.

<Method for measuring surface roughness of dielectric part and conductive part>
In this embodiment, the surface roughness Ray of the dielectric portion 22d and the surface roughness Rad of the conductive portion 22e are measured as follows.

A laser microscope VK-X100 (trade name, manufactured by Keyence Corporation) is equipped with an objective lens with a magnification of 20 times. Then, the image and height information of the surface of the developing roller 22 are obtained by two-dimensionally scanning the surface of the developing roller 22 in an area of 1.5 mm×1 mm with a laser confocal optical system using the image linking function of the microscope. can be obtained. Among them, the inside of a square area (referred to as an evaluation area) with a side of 900 μm is to be evaluated.

After tilt correction is performed in the quadratic surface correction mode based on this height information, the dielectric portion 22d is extracted. Evaluation is performed in a surface roughness measurement mode using analysis software attached to the measuring instrument, and the surface roughness Ray in the evaluation region is calculated. For the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e, an area excluding the dielectric portion 22d is extracted from the evaluation area, and the surface roughness Rad of the extracted area is calculated in the same manner as the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d.

In the developing roller 22 used in this embodiment, the average value Sy of the width of the dielectric portion 22d in the rotational driving direction of the developing roller 22 (hereinafter referred to as the average dielectric portion width Sy) is 60 μm. The evaluation method will be explained below.

<Method for measuring average dielectric width>
In the present invention, the average dielectric width Sy in the direction of rotation of the developing roller 22 is measured as follows. A laser microscope VK-X100 (trade name, manufactured by Keyence Corporation) was equipped with an objective lens with a magnification of 10 times, and the surface of the developing roller 22 in an area of 1.5 mm × 1 mm was two-dimensionally scanned with a laser confocal optical system. I do. Thereby, a high-contrast image of the surface of the developing roller 22 can be acquired. Then, in the acquired image, a square area (referred to as an evaluation area) having a side of 900 μm is evaluated.

Subsequently, the dielectric portion 22d is extracted from the image of the evaluation area, and the image is binarized. Then, the obtained binary image is analyzed, and the number of pixels of the dielectric portion 22d that is continuous in the rotation direction of the developing roller 22 is calculated. Then, the average value of the calculated number of pixels is calculated, and the average dielectric width Sy is calculated based on the resolution.

In this embodiment, the surface of the developing blade 23 is brought into contact with the developing roller 22 to regulate the toner coat amount and to charge the toner. A portion where the toner coat amount is regulated and the toner is charged by the developing blade 23 is referred to as a regulating nip portion. The dielectric portion of the developing roller 22 is also charged at this regulating nip portion. In this embodiment, the width W (contact width) of the regulating nip portion is about 130 μm and is measured by the following method. Note that the regulating nip portion corresponds to a contact portion formed between the regulating member and the developer carrying member.

<Measurement of width W of regulating nip>
In the measurement of the width of the regulating nip portion, marking is performed on the contact area with the developing roller 22 on the developing blade 23 with oil-based marker ink, and after the marking is dried, the developing roller 22 is brought into contact with the developing roller 22 to print about 100 sheets. do. After that, the surface of the developing blade 23 is observed with VK-X100 (trade name, manufactured by Keyence Corporation).

Since the regulating nip portion of the developing blade 23 rotates while the toner is pressed from the developing roller 22 , the marking ink is peeled off, and as a result, streak-like rubbing marks are generated on the developing blade 23 . Therefore, the width of the regulating nip portion is calculated based on the width of this rubbing mark.

<Action of Gradient Force>
As shown in FIG. 1B, the developing roller 22 has dielectric portions 22d and conductive portions 22e (the base layer 22b and the metal core 22a are electrically connected) mixedly distributed on the surface. Electric charge is applied to the dielectric portion 22d of the developing roller 22 when the developing blade 23, which is a regulating member, rubs against the surface of the developing roller 22 directly or via toner. An electric field is generated in the dielectric portion 22d to which the charge is applied. A minute closed electric field E is generated in a portion where the dielectric portion 22d and the conductive portion 22e are adjacent to each other, and a large number of minute closed electric fields E are formed in the developing roller 22 as a whole.

For example, when an electric charge is applied to the dielectric portion 22d by rubbing of the developing blade 23 against the developing roller 22 via toner, as shown in FIG. E is formed. As a result, uncharged or low-charged toner in the developing chamber 24 a having an unstable charge amount is conveyed onto the developing roller 22 into the minute closed electric field E on the developing roller 22 . The toner conveyed in the minute closed electric field E receives an electrostatic force generated by the electric field, and in the case of an uncharged developer, a gradient force generated by the minute closed electric field E, which will be described later, and is applied to the developing roller. It is attracted to and carried by the surface of 22 .

Here, the gradient force will be described with reference to FIG. 5A and 5B schematically show the motion of dielectric particles (developer particles) in an electric field. As shown in FIG. 5A, charged dielectric particles (toner particles) 71, when in an externally applied electric field, move in the same direction or opposite to the direction of the electric field, depending on the polarity of the charge. receive a directional electrostatic force. Further, as shown in FIG. 5B, when a so-called non-uniform electric field having different magnitudes depending on the position is formed, uncharged dielectric particles (toner particles) 72 within the non-uniform electric field have no electric charge. Both of them receive a force directed toward a region where the electric field is strong (the right direction on the paper surface in FIG. 5B). This force is called a gradient force (Ueda et al., "The Basics of Static Electricity", p. 15, published by Asakura Shoten in 1971).

<Toner charge imparting action>
The toner carried on the developing roller 22 by the gradient force is regulated to a predetermined thickness by the developing blade 23 . Furthermore, as the developing blade 23 rubs the surface of the developing roller 22 through the toner, the toner is polarized according to the position on the triboelectrification series of the materials of the developing roller 22 and the developing blade 23, and the toner is required for development. charged to a predetermined charge amount.

As shown in FIG. 6, the developing roller 22 is configured such that the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d and the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e are different on the surface. When the developing roller 22 slides against the developing blade 23 via the toner, the toner adhering to the dielectric portion 22d side is scraped off by the regulating force of the developing blade 23, or the toner adheres to the developing roller 22 downstream in the rotation direction. 22e. The toner adhering to the conductive portion 22e receives a force conveyed in the moving direction of the developing roller 22 from the surface of the conductive portion 22e. Further, the toner is subjected to a force in a direction opposite to the rotating direction of the developing roller 22 by rubbing against the developing blade 23 . As a result, the toner rolls, and triboelectrification is promoted by rubbing caused by the rolling, so that the toner is charged. As described above, the developing roller 22 stably carries the multi-layered toner having the adhesion amount and the charge amount necessary for development.

<Description of action and effect>
Next, a comparative example will be used to explain the effect of this embodiment on poor solid black followability and fogging when the developer deteriorates or absorbs moisture. The outline of the comparative example is as follows.

(Comparative example 1)
Surface roughening treatment of the conductive portion of the developing roller: Yes Dielectric portion of the developing roller: No FIG. The difference from this embodiment is that it is configured so as not to have a dielectric portion 22d.

(Comparative example 2)
Surface roughening treatment of the conductive portion of the developing roller: Yes Dielectric portion of the developing roller: Yes, polarity opposite to the normal charging polarity of the developer Average dielectric portion width Sy = 60 µm
FIG. 7B shows a cross-sectional view of the developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 2. As shown in FIG. The difference from this embodiment is that the dielectric portion 22d' is formed by using a paint having a polarity opposite to the normal charge polarity of the toner as the material of the dielectric portion.

(Comparative Example 3)
Surface roughening treatment of the conductive portion of the developing roller: None Dielectric portion of the developing roller: Yes, the same polarity as the normal charging polarity of the developer Average dielectric portion width Sy = 60 μm
FIG. 7C shows a cross-sectional view of the developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 3. As shown in FIG. The difference from this embodiment is that the surface layer of the conductive portion 22e does not contain resin particles. That is, the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d and the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e are configured to be the same.

(Comparative Example 4)
Surface roughening treatment of conductive portion of developing roller: Yes Dielectric portion of developing roller: Yes, same polarity as normal charging polarity of developer Average dielectric portion width Sy=140 μm
FIG. 7D shows a cross-sectional view of the developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 4. As shown in FIG. The difference from this embodiment is that the average dielectric width Sy of the dielectric part 22d is larger than the average dielectric width of this embodiment and larger than the width of the regulating nip N. be.

<Comparison result>
The image forming apparatus 100 of FIG. 2, specifically MF726Cdw (trade name, manufactured by Canon Inc.), was used to perform an image evaluation test on the developing devices in this example, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2. FIG. Specifically, "when new" before passing through the developing device in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment (temperature: 30°C, humidity: 80%) (0 sheets passed), and "durability time" after passing 5,000 sheets ” and performed an image evaluation test. For image evaluation, a so-called solid black image was used for the solid black followability, and a so-called solid white image was used for the fogging. Table 4 shows the image evaluation test results.

Evaluation results regarding solid black followability, fogging, and density unevenness in the halftone area when the developing devices of the present embodiment and each comparative example are used will be described below when "new" and "durable".

(Evaluation Criteria for Followability of Solid Black)
In the evaluation of solid black followability, a solid black image is output by the image forming apparatus 100, and visually determined according to the following criteria.
A: No white spots (poor solid black followability) occurred B: White spots (poor solid black followability) occurred

(Evaluation Criteria for Fogging)
In the evaluation of fogging, a sheet on which a solid white image is output by the image forming apparatus 100 and a sheet on which fogging toner is not adhered to the transfer material by masking the transfer material at the same time (reference paper) are used. . Then, the reflectance of the paper on which the solid white image is output and the reflectance of the reference paper are measured using a reflectance meter, and the difference value between the respective reflectances is used as an index value indicating fog.
A: difference value is less than 3.0 B: difference value is 3.0 or more

(Evaluation Criteria for Density Unevenness in Halftone Area)
In the evaluation of density unevenness in the halftone area, uniformity and density unevenness are evaluated when a 25% density halftone image is output. As an example, an optical scanner CS9000FM
Images are captured in 1200 dpi mode using arkII (trade name, manufactured by Canon Inc.). Further, the ratio of the maximum density value to the minimum density value with respect to the density width ratio=center density value when blurring is performed with a Gaussian filter of σ=100 μm by the optical scanner is determined according to the following criteria.
A: Density width ratio is less than 30% B: Density width ratio is 30% or more

(Effect of this embodiment on solid black followability)
In Comparative Example 1, occurrence of solid black follow-up failure was observed during durability. On the other hand, in this example, occurrence of solid black followability was not confirmed both when new and during durability. The reason why the solid black followability is poor in Comparative Example 1 is considered as follows. Since the developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 1 is configured not to have the dielectric portion 22d, the above gradient force does not act on the toner. Therefore, when the toner is new, the toner charge amount required for development is sufficient, so the toner is carried on the developing roller 22 by the mirror image force, and solid black follow-up failure does not occur. On the other hand, in a situation where the toner deterioration progresses, such as during endurance, and the toner charge amount is insufficient, such as in a high-humidity environment, if the gradient force does not act on the toner, low-charged toner and uncharged toner is not carried by the developing roller 22, resulting in poor followability of solid black.

(Effect of this embodiment on fogging)
In Comparative Examples 2 and 3, fogging was observed during durability. On the other hand, in this example, the occurrence of fogging was not confirmed both when new and during durability. The reason why fog occurred in Comparative Example 2 is considered as follows. The developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 2 is configured such that the polarity of the dielectric portion 22d is opposite to that of the toner. is adsorbed on the surface of At this time, the forces acting on the toner are the gradient force acting toward the developing roller 22 and the electrostatic force generated by the difference in polarity between the dielectric portion 22d and the toner. For this reason, when the toner rubs against the regulating portion, the force acting in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the developing roller 22 caused by the rubbing against the developing blade 23 causes the developing roller 22 to be scrambled by the gradient force and the electrostatic force. Adsorption power to becomes larger. As a result, a sufficient charge imparting effect due to rolling of the toner cannot be obtained, and fogging becomes more pronounced.

Further, the reason why fogging occurred in Comparative Example 3 is considered as follows. The developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 3 has a structure in which the surface layer of the conductive portion 22e does not contain resin particles. Therefore, the toner on the developing roller 22 conveyed by the gradient force is conveyed in the rotation direction of the developing roller 22 by the surface of the conductive portion 22e subjected to the surface roughening treatment when rubbing against the regulating portion. cannot receive the power to As a result, a sufficient charge imparting effect due to rolling of the toner cannot be obtained, and fogging becomes more pronounced.

On the other hand, in the developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 1, the toner that has been conveyed to and passed through the regulating portion is sufficiently charged at the conductive portion 22e, so no fogging was observed.

(Effect of this embodiment on density unevenness in halftone area)
When the developing rollers 22 of Comparative Examples 2, 3, and 4 were used, occurrence of density unevenness in the halftone region was confirmed during endurance. On the other hand, in this example, the occurrence of halftone density unevenness was not confirmed both when new and when used. In this embodiment, the average dielectric width Sy is 60 μm, which is smaller than half the width of the regulating nip portion N, 130 μm.

The state of the toner passing through the regulation nip portion N in this embodiment and the action of charging the dielectric portion 22d, which is considered to be a factor of density unevenness in the halftone area, will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 8A shows how the developing roller 22 passes through the regulating nip portion N when the average dielectric portion width Sy is smaller than the width of the regulating nip portion N (i) to iii) in the figure).

The toner is conveyed by the developing roller 22 and passes through the regulating nip portion N. As shown in FIG. At this time, since the toner receives the regulating force of the developing blade 23, the toner translates in the Rt direction at a speed relatively slow with respect to the rotational speed of the developing roller 22 while rolling in the rotational direction R4 of the developing roller 22. .

Conveyance of toner in the regulating portion can be considered using a simple roller model (a ball sandwiched between two plates) as shown in FIG. Assuming that the toner (ball) coat thickness of the developing roller 22 (lower moving plate) is uniformly one particle with respect to the developing blade 23 (upper plate), the moving distance of the developing roller 22 is the distance the toner moves becomes shorter.

For example, when it is assumed that the developing blade 23 or the developing roller 22 and the toner surely come into contact with each other, the moving distance of the toner relative to the developing blade 23 in the rotating direction of the developing roller 22 is half the moving distance L of the developing roller 22. becomes L/2.

In this embodiment, the toner coating amount on the developing roller 22 is about one layer (one particle) to two layers (two particles). Therefore, the toner charged by the conductive portion 22e (hatched with horizontal lines in the figure) is sent to the dielectric portion 22d on the downstream side of the developing roller 22 in the rotation direction. In the dielectric portion 22d, the effect of imparting charge to the toner is insufficient as described above, but the toner rubs against the dielectric portion 22d, so that the dielectric portion 22d itself can be charged.

The charge imparting action to the dielectric portion 22d is performed by the rubbing by the developer supplying means and the rubbing by the toner. When the toner is deteriorated during the endurance, the charge imparting action via the toner of the developer supplying means contributes. becomes smaller. For this reason, the charging of the dielectric portion 22d by the toner charged on the conductive portion 22e in the regulating portion is important.

In this embodiment, the average dielectric portion width Sy of the dielectric portion 22d in the rotation direction of the developing roller 22 is smaller than the width of the regulation nip portion N. As shown in FIG. Therefore, while the charged toner passes through the regulating nip portion N, the toner can be rubbed and charged over the entire average dielectric portion width of the dielectric portion 22d. As a result, the charge amount of the dielectric portion 22d is maintained by rubbing and charging in the longitudinal direction of the dielectric portion 22d. As a result, even in a high-humidity environment, the toner is carried and transported in the developing chamber in a state in which the above-mentioned minute closed electric field is formed and the gradient force is maintained, making it possible to form a stable coat at the regulation section. Become.

As described above, in the present embodiment, the dielectric portion 22d is sufficiently charged with the toner charged in the regulation portion with respect to the amount of charge required for development, so that the potential of the dielectric portion is maintained and high-density printing is continued. It can be expected that the density of the halftone area will be kept uniform even when the process is performed by

On the other hand, in Comparative Example 4, the average dielectric portion width Sy was 140 μm, and the width of the restricting nip portion N was 130 μm. Here, how the dielectric portion 22d is charged when the average dielectric portion width Sy is longer than 1/2 of the width of the regulation nip portion N will be described with reference to FIG. 8B.

In Comparative Example 4, the toner is conveyed by the developing roller 22 and passes through the regulating nip portion N as in the present embodiment. At this time, since the toner receives the regulating force of the developing blade 23, the toner translates in the Rt direction at a speed relatively slow with respect to the rotational speed of the developing roller 22 while rolling in the rotational direction R4 of the developing roller 22. . For this reason, the toner charged by the conductive portion 22e is sent to the dielectric portion 22d on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the developing roller 22, and rubbing against the dielectric portion 22d makes it possible to charge the dielectric portion 22d itself. .

However, since the width of the dielectric portion 22d is larger than the width of the regulating nip portion N in the rotation direction of the developing roller 22, the toner charged by the conductive portion 22e slides over the entire average dielectric portion width of the dielectric portion 22d. It passes through the regulating nip portion N without being rubbed. Then, the toner is conveyed at a speed equal to the rotation speed of the developing roller 22 without being subjected to a regulating force from the developing blade 23 . Therefore, the dielectric portion 22d on the downstream side in the rotational direction of the developing roller 22 does not rub against the toner, and the charge amount of the dielectric portion 22d differs between the upstream side and the downstream side in the rotational direction of the developing roller 22. FIG. In addition, the gradient force for holding and transporting toner by the dielectric portion 22d also differs between the upstream side and the downstream side in the rotational direction of the developing roller 22 . As a result, the amount of toner coated on the developing roller 22 became uneven, and it is considered that density unevenness occurred particularly in the intermediate gradation region where the density tends to change.

The developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 1 does not have the dielectric portion 22d. Therefore, density unevenness in the halftone region due to changes in the charge amount of the dielectric portion 22d did not occur. Further, the developing roller 22 in Comparative Example 2 has a dielectric portion 22d' having a polarity opposite to that of the toner. For this reason,
Concerning the effect of imparting charge to the dielectric portion 22d′, the contribution of the friction between the dielectric portion 22d and the toner in the regulating portion is small due to electrostatic attraction, and the contribution of the developer supply member 26 is dominant. Become. Therefore, when the toner deteriorates during running, the charge imparting to the dielectric portion 22d' is likely to be affected by the charge imparting effect due to the rubbing of the developer supply member 26, and as a result, the charge amount of the dielectric portion 22d' decreases. It is thought that density unevenness occurred in the halftone region due to the Furthermore, in the developing roller 22 of Comparative Example 3, for the same reason as the occurrence of fogging, the effect of imparting charge to the toner at the regulating portion is insufficient. As a result, it is conceivable that the charge amount due to the charge imparted from the charged toner to the dielectric portion 22d was reduced, resulting in density unevenness in the halftone area.

As described above, the average dielectric width Sy is less than half the width of the regulating nip N, which is the amount of toner movement when the toner coat thickness is assumed to be one layer (one particle). is preferred.

As described above, according to this embodiment, even when the developer deteriorates or absorbs moisture, the occurrence of image problems such as fogging and density unevenness in the halftone region can be prevented while suppressing the occurrence of solid black follow-up failure. can be suppressed.

(Example 2)
Next, Example 2 of the present invention will be described. Since the basic configuration is the same as that of the first embodiment, only the features of this embodiment will be described. In Example 2, the same reference numerals are assigned to the same configurations as in Example 1, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.

In the first embodiment, based on the relationship between the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d and the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e in the developing roller 22, the rolling of the toner in the regulating portion is promoted, and the solid black followability failure and fogging are suppressed. I explained the configuration. In Example 2, as shown in FIG. 9, the surface roughness (third surface roughness) of the surface of the developing blade 23 facing the developing roller 22 is smaller than the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22e, and the dielectric portion It is configured to have a surface roughness greater than that of 22d. The surface roughness of the developing blade 23 is measured according to the method of measuring the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d and the conductive portion 22e.

In Example 2, the surface roughness of the developing blade 23 is greater than the surface roughness of the dielectric portion 22d. Therefore, when the developing roller 22 is rubbed by the developing blade 23 via the toner, the toner adhering to the dielectric portion 22d is scraped off by the surface of the developing blade 23, and the downstream side of the developing roller 22 in the rotation direction is removed. is moved to the conductive portion 22e. Moreover, the surface roughness of the conductive portion 22 e is larger than that of the developing blade 23 . Therefore, the toner adhering to the conductive portion 22e is conveyed in the direction of rotation of the developing roller 22 by the surface of the conductive portion 22e, and the friction with the developing blade 23 forces the developing roller 22 to rotate in the opposite direction. receive. As a result, triboelectrification caused by rubbing caused by rolling of the toner becomes active, and electrification of the toner can be promoted more than in the developing device of the first embodiment.

100 image forming apparatus 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d developing device 22 developing roller 23 developing blade 22d dielectric portion 22e conductive portion T ···toner

Claims (10)

a developer carrier that carries a developer;
and a regulating member disposed in contact with the surface of the developer carrier for regulating the developer carried on the developer carrier,
A conductive portion having a first surface roughness and a first electrical resistance and a second surface roughness smaller than the first surface roughness and the first electrical resistance are formed on the surface of the developer carrier. a dielectric portion having a second electrical resistance greater than
the charge polarity of the dielectric portion is the same as the charge polarity of the developer when the developer carried on the developer carrying member is charged by friction with the regulating member ;
The first surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness of a surface of the regulating member facing the developer carrier.
A developing device characterized by: 2. The developing device according to claim 1, wherein said second surface roughness is less than 0.8 [mu]m. 3. The developing device according to claim 1 , wherein said third surface roughness is greater than said second surface roughness. In the rotation direction of the developer carrier, the average width of the dielectric portion is smaller than 1/2 of the contact width of the contact portion formed between the regulating member and the developer carrier. 4. The developing device according to any one of claims 1 to 3 , characterized by: 5. The dielectric portion according to claim 1 , wherein the dielectric portion is formed on the surface of the developer carrier by covering part of the surface of the conductive portion formed on the surface of the developer carrier. 1. The developing device according to item 1. 6. The developing device according to any one of claims 1 to 5 , wherein on the surface of said developer carrying member, said dielectric portions are arranged to be interspersed in areas of said conductive portions. 7. The developing device according to claim 6 , wherein an area occupied by said dielectric portion on the surface of said developer carrier is smaller than an area occupied by said conductive portion. 8. The developing device according to claim 1 , wherein said developer is a non-magnetic one-component developer. a developer carrier that carries a developer;
a regulating member disposed in contact with the surface of the developer carrier and regulating the developer carried on the developer carrier;
and an image carrier that carries a developer image, the process cartridge comprising:
A conductive portion having a first surface roughness and a first electrical resistance and a second surface roughness smaller than the first surface roughness and the first electrical resistance are formed on the surface of the developer carrier. a dielectric portion having a second electrical resistance greater than
the charge polarity of the dielectric portion is the same as the charge polarity of the developer when the developer carried on the developer carrying member is charged by friction with the regulating member ;
The first surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness of a surface of the regulating member facing the developer carrier.
A process cartridge characterized by: a developer carrier that carries a developer;
a regulating member disposed in contact with the surface of the developer carrier and regulating the developer carried on the developer carrier;
an image carrier that carries a developer image;
an image forming apparatus comprising a transfer member,
A conductive portion having a first surface roughness and a first electrical resistance and a second surface roughness smaller than the first surface roughness and the first electrical resistance are formed on the surface of the developer carrier. a dielectric portion having a second electrical resistance greater than
the charge polarity of the dielectric portion is the same as the charge polarity of the developer when the developer carried on the developer carrying member is charged by friction with the regulating member ;
The first surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness of a surface of the regulating member facing the developer carrier.
An image forming apparatus characterized by:

Images