JP6763949B2 - フェノール性ヒドロキシル基を介して連結された薬学的に活性なアセトアミノフェン二量体を用いた疼痛を治療する方法 - Google Patents
フェノール性ヒドロキシル基を介して連結された薬学的に活性なアセトアミノフェン二量体を用いた疼痛を治療する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、米国特許法第119条(e)の下で2015年10月26日に出願された米国特許出願第14/922,362号の優先権の利益を主張し、その開示は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
アセトアミノフェン(式1)、化学名 N-アセチル-p-アミノフェノールは、米国において最も広く使用されている薬物の1つである。
一態様において、本明細書では、アセトアミノフェン単量体を投与された場合に肝毒性のリスクを有する患者の疼痛(急性又は慢性疼痛)又は発熱を治療する方法が提供される。当該方法は、薬学的に許容される担体又は賦形剤と、式(1):
I.導入
本発明は、活性剤残基がエチレンリンカーによって架橋されるような、そのフェノール性ヒドロキシル基を介したO-アルキル化によるアセトアミノフェンの二量化が、活性アセトアミノフェン単量体とは異なる利点をもたらすという驚くべき発見に部分的に基づいている。
本発明の化合物、組成物、方法及びプロセスを説明する際に、以下の用語は、別段指示の無い限り、以下の意味を有する。
本明細書では、アセトアミノフェン単量体薬物を投与された場合に肝毒性のリスクがあるか、又は肝毒性のリスクを有する疑いがある対象、例えばヒト対象の発熱及び/又は疼痛を緩和する方法が提供される。当該対象は、健常個体と比較して増大したリスクを有し得る。当該方法は、疼痛緩和又は発熱低減有効量の組成物であって、本明細書に記載されたアセトアミノフェン二量体と薬学的に有効な担体又は賦形剤とを含有する組成物を投与することを含む。当該方法は、アセトアミノフェン二量体がアセトアミノフェン単量体と比較して肝毒性を誘発する可能性が低いという発見に部分的に基づいている。このように、アセトアミノフェン二量体を含有する組成物は、アセトアミノフェン単量体よりも有利であり、特にアセトアミノフェン誘発肝毒性のリスクがある対象にとって、有利である。
アセトアミノフェン単量体を摂取した場合に肝毒性のリスクがある対象は、過剰なNAPQI産生を有するもの、体内のグルタチオン貯蔵量が減少しているもの、及びCYP酵素活性が増大したものを含む。いくつかの実施形態では、還元型グルタチオン貯蔵量は、加齢、食事制限、潜在する肝臓又は腎臓疾患、又は栄養状態の低下(例えば、絶食、摂食障害、嚢胞性線維症、胃腸炎、慢性アルコール中毒又はウイルス状態(viral condition)からの)によって引き起こされるか、又はそれらに関連する。CYP酵素活性の増加は、例えば、慢性アルコール消費、タバコの喫煙、又は薬物、例えばイソニアジド、リファンピン、フェニトイン、フェノバルビタール、バルビツレート、カルバマゼピン、トリメトプリム-スルファメトキサゾール、およびジドブジンによって関連付けられる。いくつかの実施形態では、肝毒性のリスクがある対象は、対象をその状態になりやすくする1つ又は複数の遺伝子突然変異を有する。あるいは、当該対象は、潜在する肝機能障害に関連する状態、例えば肝疾患を有し得、当該肝疾患としては、これらに限定されるものではないが、アルコール性肝疾患、非アルコール性肝脂肪疾患、脂肪肝疾患、肝硬変、肝臓癌、ジルベール症候群、バッド・キアリ症候群(Budd-Chiari syndrome)、トランスサイレチン関連遺伝性アミロイドーシス(transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis)、原発性硬化性胆管炎、肝蛭症及び肝炎が挙げられる。
特定の実施形態では、本明細書において、アセトアミノフェン二量体を含有する医薬組成物が提供される。医薬組成物は、薬学的に許容される担体をさらに含有することができる。例示的な薬学的に許容される担体及び製剤を以下に記載する。
本発明の医薬組成物は、剤形と適合する様式で、かつ、発熱又は疼痛、例えば急性又は慢性疼痛を緩和するのに治療上有効な量で、投与される。投与されることになる量は、例えば、個体の年齢、体重、身体活動、及び食事、並びに疼痛の段階又は重症度を含む、様々な因子に依存する。特定の実施形態では、用量のサイズはまた、特定の個体における治療剤の投与に伴う、任意の有害な副作用の存在、性質、及び程度によって決定され得る。
以下の実施例は、例示のために提供されるが、特許請求の範囲に記載の発明を限定するものではない。
図1に示すように化合物を合成した。
3つ首丸底フラスコ中のアセトアミノフェン(1当量)及び炭酸カリウム(4当量)を、無水DMF(10容量)に溶解させた。混合物を60℃に加熱し、1,2-ジブロモエタン(4当量)を添加した。反応混合物を60℃で16時間攪拌し、TLC分析はアセトアミノフェンの消費を示した。混合物をMTBEで希釈し、10℃に冷却し、そして水で洗浄した。有機相を分離し、硫酸マグネシウム上で乾燥させ、濾過及び濃縮した。粗生成物を、シリカゲルクロマトグラフィーにより精製して、純粋な生成物3を得た。収率:65%。
化合物3(1当量)、アセトアミノフェン(1.2当量)及び炭酸カリウム(3当量)を、無水DMF(10容量)に溶解させ、混合物を60℃で加熱し、14時間攪拌した。TLC分析は中間体3の消費を示した。混合物をMTBEで希釈し、15〜20℃の水で洗浄した。有機相を分離し、硫酸マグネシウム上で乾燥させ、濾過及び濃縮した。粗生成物を、シリカゲルクロマトグラフィーにより精製して、純粋な生成物4を得た。収率:78%。
1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): 2.14 (s, 6H, CH3), 4.38 (t, 4H, CH2), 6.80 (d, 4H, Ar), 7.44 (d, 4H, Ar), 9.15 (s, 2H, NH).
表1の医薬組成物を、本発明の二量体の経口錠剤に使用することができる。
患者に投与されるべき本明細書に提供される二量体の用量は、かなり広範に変動し、医療従事者の判断の対象となり得る。投与量は、対象の年齢、体重及び医学的状態、並びに投与のタイプに応じて適切に変化させることができる。一実施形態では、1回の用量が1日に与えられる。いずれの場合にも、投与される本明細書に提供された二量体の量は、活性成分の溶解度、使用される製剤及び投与経路のような因子に依存するであろう。本発明者らは、「治療上有効用量」によって、統計上有意な数の患者に相当かつ有益な効果をもたらす用量を意味する。特定の実施形態では、患者は哺乳動物である。より具体的な実施形態では、患者はヒトである。ある特定の実施形態では、患者は、家畜哺乳動物、例えばイヌ、ネコ、又はウマであり得る。
ヒト肝臓ミクロソーム(例えば、1mgタンパク質/mL)と上記アセトアミノフェン二量体(例えば、1μM)とのインキュベーションを、96ウェルプレート形式で指示された最終濃度で、補因子であるNADPH生成系を伴って、リン酸カリウム緩衝液(50mM、pH7.4)、MgCl2(3mM)及びEDTA(1mM、pH7.4)を含有する0.2mLのインキュベーション混合物(最終容量)中で、37±1℃で、Tecan(登録商標) Liquid Handling System、又は同等のものを用いて、実施した。NADPH生成系は、NADP(1mM、pH7.4)、グルコース-6-リン酸(5mM、pH7.4)及びグルコース-6-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(1Unit/mL)からなった。アセトアミノフェン二量体を、水性メタノール溶液(メタノール0.5% v/v以下)に溶解させた。反応は、典型的には補因子の添加によって開始され、そして等量の停止試薬(例えば、アセトニトリル、内部標準を含む0.2mL)の添加によって4つの指定された時点(例えば、60分まで)で停止された。ゼロ時間のインキュベーションは、基質の損失パーセントを決定するための100%の値としての役割を果たす。試料を遠心分離(例えば、10分間10℃で920 x g)に供し、上清画分をLC-MS/MSにより分析した。さらなるインキュベーションを、ミクロソーム及びマーカー基質(例えば、イミプラミン、プロプラノロール、テルフェナジン及びベラパミル)を用いて行って、陽性対照としての基質の損失をモニターし、試験系が代謝的に有能であるかを決定した。
手順:体重23±3gの雄のICRマウスを、8匹ごとのグループに分けた。全ての試験物質及びビヒクル対照を、一方の後肢に投与されたホルマリン(0.02ml 2%溶液)の足底下(sub-planter)注入の前に、非絶食マウスに腹腔内投与した。後肢の舐め時間を、試験化合物の鎮痛活性の測定としてホルマリン負荷後に5分間隔で約35分間、記録した。試験設計を表4に示す。データを表5及び6に示す。
Claims (7)
- 薬学的に許容される担体又は賦形剤をさらに含有する、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記対象が、急性疼痛を経験している、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記対象が、慢性疼痛を経験している、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記対象が、胃腸酸過剰(gastrointestinal acidity)又は胃腸逆流症(gastrointestinal reflux disease)(GERD)を患っている、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記対象が、癌を患っている、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記医薬組成物が、バルビツール酸塩、オピオイド、抗ヒスタミン剤、カフェイン、ジフェンヒドラミン、デキストロメトルファン、プソイドエフェドリン又はそれらの組み合わせ、をさらに含有する、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
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