JP6669655B2 - 多機能rnaナノ粒子及び使用方法 - Google Patents
多機能rnaナノ粒子及び使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6669655B2 JP6669655B2 JP2016543964A JP2016543964A JP6669655B2 JP 6669655 B2 JP6669655 B2 JP 6669655B2 JP 2016543964 A JP2016543964 A JP 2016543964A JP 2016543964 A JP2016543964 A JP 2016543964A JP 6669655 B2 JP6669655 B2 JP 6669655B2
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Description
本願は、「多機能RNAナノ粒子及び使用方法(Multifunctional RNA Nanoparticles and Methods of Use)」と題する2013年9月17日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/878,758号の優先権を主張し、米国特許法第119(e)条によるその利益を主張するものである。この出願の教示全体を参照により本明細書に援用する。
本願を支える研究は、保健社会福祉省長官によって代表される米国によって実施された。
本発明は、RNAモチーフを構成要素として含む多価RNAナノ粒子を提供する。本明細書に記載の多価RNAナノ粒子は、治療薬、診断薬及び/又は送達剤を更に含むことができる。さらに、本明細書に記載の多価RNAナノ粒子は、種々の疾患又は症状を治療する薬物送達組成物として使用することができる。
ナグレスチプ(nagrestip);ナロキソン+ペンタゾシン;ナパビン(napavin);ナフテルピン;ナルトグラスチム;ネダプラチン;ネモルビシン;ネリドロン酸;中性エンドペプチダーゼ;ニルタミド;ニサマイシン;一酸化窒素調節物質;窒素酸化物抗酸化剤;ニトルリン(nitrullyn);O6−ベンジルグアニン;オクトレオチド;オキセノン;オリゴヌクレオチド;オナプリストン;オンダンセトロン;オンダンセトロン;オラシン;経口サイトカイン誘発物質;オルマプラチン;オサテロン;オキサリプラチン;オキザウノマイシン;タキセル;タキセル類似体;タキセル誘導体;パラウアミン;パルミトイルリゾキシン;パミドロン酸;パナキシトリオール;パノミフェン;パラバクチン;パゼリプチン;ペガスパルガーゼ;ペルデシン;ペントサンポリスルファートナトリウム;ペントスタチン;ペントロゾール(pentrozole);ペルフルブロン;ペルホスファミド;ペリリルアルコール;フェナジノマイシン;フェニル酢酸塩;ホスファターゼ阻害剤;ピシバニール;ピロカルピン塩酸塩;ピラルビシン;ピリトレキシム;プラセチン(placetin)A;プラセチンB;プラスミノゲン活性化因子阻害剤;白金複合体;白金化合物;白金−トリアミン複合体;ポルフィマーナトリウム;ポルフィロマイシン;プレドニゾン;プロピルビス−アクリドン;プロスタグランジンJ2;プロテアソーム阻害剤;プロテインA系免疫調節物質;プロテインキナーゼC阻害剤;プロテインキナーゼC阻害剤、微細藻類;タンパク質チロシンホスファターゼ阻害剤;プリンヌクレオシドホスホリラーゼ阻害剤;プルプリン;ピラゾロアクリジン;ピリドキシル化ヘモグロビンポリオキシエチレン複合物;raf拮抗物質;ラルチトレキセド;ラモセトロン;rasファルネシルタンパク質トランスフェラーゼ阻害剤;ras阻害剤;ras−GAP阻害剤;レテリプチン脱メチル化;レニウムRe186エチドロナート;リゾキシン;リボザイム;RIIレチンアミド;ログレチミド;ロヒツキン;ロムルチド;ロキニメックス;ルビギノンB1;ルボキシル;サフィンゴール;サイントピン;SarCNU;サルコフィトールA;サルグラモスチム;Sdi1模倣物;セムスチン;老化(senescence)由来阻害剤1;センスオリゴヌクレオチド;シグナル伝達阻害剤;シグナル伝達調節物質;単鎖抗原結合タンパク質;シゾフィラン;ソブゾキサン;ナトリウムボロカプテイト;フェニル酢酸ナトリウム;ソルベロール(solverol);ソマトメジン結合タンパク質;ソネルミン;スパルホス酸;スピカマイシンD;スピロムスチン;スプレノペンチン;スポンギスタチン1;スクアラミン;幹細胞阻害剤;幹細胞分裂阻害剤;スチピアミド;ストロメライシン阻害剤;スルフィノシン;超活性血管作動性腸ペプチド拮抗物質;スラジスタ(suradista);スラミン;スワインソニン;合成グリコサミノグリカン;タリムスチン;タモキシフェンメチオジド;タウロムスチン;タザロテン;テコガランナトリウム;テガフール;テルラピリリウム(tellurapyrylium);テロメラーゼ阻害剤;テモポルフィン;テモゾロマイド;テニポシド;テトラクロロデカオキシド;テトラゾミン;タリブラスチン;チオコラリン;トロンボポイエチン;トロンボポイエチン模倣物;チマルファシン;サイモポイエチン受容体作動物質;チモトリナン;甲状腺刺激ホルモン;エチルエチオプルプリンすず;チラパザミン;二塩化チタノセン;トプセンチン;トレミフェン;全能性幹細胞因子;翻訳阻害剤;トレチノイン;トリアセチルウリジン;トリシリビン;トリメトレキサート;トリプトレリン;トロピセトロン;ツロステリド;チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤;チロホスチン;UBC阻害剤;ウベニメクス;尿生殖洞由来成長抑制因子;ウロキナーゼ受容体拮抗物質;バプレオチド;バリオリンB;ベクター系、赤血球遺伝子療法;ベラレソール;ベラミン(veramine);ベルジン(verdins);ベルテポルフィン;ビノレルビン;ビンキサルチン(vinxaltine);Vitaxin;ボロゾール;ザノテロン;ゼニプラチン;ジラスコルブ;及びジノスタチンスチマラマー。好ましい追加の抗癌薬は、5−フルオロウラシル及びロイコボリンである。追加の癌治療物質としては、リツキシマブ、トラスツヅマブ、セツキシマブなどのモノクローナル抗体が挙げられる。
RNAは、ナノ構造設計に対して幾つかの利点がある。ナノ粒子構造体は、細胞から排除される問題を回避するのに十分大きいが、より大きい粒子ではしばしば遭遇する細胞送達の問題を回避するのに十分小さいサイズ範囲である。RNAは、遺伝情報を輸送することができ、触媒特性を有する唯一の生体高分子である。RNAは、複雑なモチーフに自然に折り畳むことができ、RNAモチーフは自己集合することができる。RNAは、天然の機能部を有し、例えば、RNAは、リボザイム又はリボスイッチとして機能することができる。さらに、RNAは、誘発する免疫応答が極めて小さい点で有利である。さらに、秩序のあるパターン化された高次構造へのRNAの構築は、正確に定義された方法で自己集合する能力、編集及び複製を起こす能力、制御された分解を起こす能力を含めて、幾つかの望ましい特性を有する。RNAは、機能及び構造が多様である。機能上、RNAは、遺伝情報を輸送することができ、触媒特性を有する唯一の生体高分子である。構造的に、RNAは、周知の構造形態に対して予測可能な分子内及び分子間相互作用を有する。アデニン(A)、グアニン(G)、シトシン(C)及びウリジン(U)からなるRNA鎖は、相補的塩基対合を介して自然に自己集合することができ、又は自己集合するようにプログラムすることができる。RNAのらせん領域は、11塩基対のらせん1回転当たり2.86nm、及び直径2.3nmの周知のナノメートルスケールの構造形態を有する。複雑な構造体へのRNAの自己集合は、相補的塩基対合を介して、又は内部バルジ及びループモチーフ並びに一本鎖オーバーハング、すなわち「付着末端」を含めて、RNA中の異なる一本鎖領域の分子間及び分子内相互作用を介して、促進することができる。ワトソン−クリック塩基対合に加えて、A、G、C及びTは、従来とは異なる他の塩基と対形成することもできる(すなわち、非標準塩基対合)。
本発明のナノ粒子の製造に使用されるRNA分子は、当業者にとって定常的である方法によって組換え又は合成して製造することができる。例えば、合成RNA分子は、米国特許出願公開第20020161219号、又は米国特許第6,469,158号、5,466,586号、5,281,781号若しくは6,787,305号に記載のように製造することができる。
小RNA構造モチーフは、大きい分子構造の正確な形態をコードすることができる。RNA構造モチーフは、タンパク質を必要とせずに、RNAらせんを安定化し、配置し、詰めるのに予測可能な様式で関与することが示された(クウォロス(Chworos)Aら、サイエンス(Science)306:2068〜2072.2004年)。RNAI及びRNAIIは、いわゆる「キス」又は「キッシング」複合体において相互作用するループ構造体である(リー(Lee)ら、ストラクチャ(Structure)6:993〜1005.1998年)。この接触は、2個のRNAが二重鎖を形成するまで、RNAIループとRNAIIループの対合を促進する。したがって、RNAIとRNAIIの「キッシング」相互作用は、RNA構成要素間の自己集合の一手段である。RNAIi/RNAIIi複合体の相互作用は、塩基対合における塩基すべてを含み、野生型複合体よりもほぼ7000倍遅く解離する。
天然又は人工的に選択されたRNAモチーフ及びモジュールを使用して、RNA分子をプログラムして、広範な臨床及びナノ技術用途に適した(RNA NPと呼ばれる)多種多様な小型の安定な人工3次元ナノ構造体を形成することができる(アフォニン(Afonin)ら、アカウンツ・オブ・ケミカル・リサーチ(Accounts of Chemical Research)2014年、dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar400329z;アフォニン(Afonin)ら、ネイチャー・ナノテクノロジー(Nat Nanotechnol)2010年、5、(9)、676〜82;セバーカン(Severcan)ら、ネイチャー・ケミストリー(Nat Chem)2010年、2、(9)、772〜9;グラボー(Grabow)ら、ナノ・レターズ(Nano Lett)2011年、11、(2)、878〜87;グオ(Guo)ら、M.モレキュラ・セル(Mol Cell)1998年、2、(1)、149〜55)(アフォニン(Afonin)ら、アカウンツ・オブ・ケミカル・リサーチ(Accounts of Chemical Research)2014年、dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar400329z;アフォニン(Afonin)ら、ネイチャー・プロトコル(Nat Protoc)2011年、6、(12)、2022〜34;グオ(Guo),P.ネイチャー・ナノテクノロジー(Nat Nanotechnol)2010年、5、(12)、833〜42;シュクラ(Shukla)ら、ACSナノ(ACS Nano)2011年、5、(5)、3405〜3418;シュ(Shu)ら、Rna 2013年、19、(6)、767〜77;コイフマン(Koyfman)ら、ジャーナル・オブ・アメリカン・ケミカル・ソサイアティー(J Am Chem Soc)2005年、127、(34)、11886〜7;シュ(Shu)ら、アドバンスト・ドラッグ・デリバリー・レビューズ(Adv Drug Deliv Rev)2014年、66C、74〜89;キサムジノフ(Khisamutdinov)ら、ACSナノ(ACS Nano)2014年;ハオ(Hao)ら、ネイチャー・コミュニケーションズ(Nat Commun)2014年、5、3890;オオノ(Ohno)ら、ネイチャー・ナノテクノロジー(Nat Nanotechnol)2011年、6、(2)、116〜20;オサダ(Osada)ら、ACSナノ(ACS Nano)2014年;ハク(Haque)ら、ナノ・トゥディ(Nano Today)2012年、7、(4)、245〜257;タラポレ(Tarapore)ら、モレキュラ・セラピー(Mol Ther)2011年、19、(2)、386〜94)。治療用核酸、タンパク質又は小分子は、RNA NPの組成物に入るプログラム可能なRNAモノマーに異なる技術を用いて個々に付着させることができる(シュ(Shu)ら、アドバンスト・ドラッグ・デリバリー・レビューズ(Adv Drug Deliv Rev)2014年、66C、74〜89)。モノマーの集合は、所望の機能部を一か所に集め、したがってその形態、組成及びモジュール性を正確に制御する。機能性RNA NPのインビボでの使用によって、より高濃度及び所望の化学量論の治療成分が局所的に確保される。
RNAナノ粒子及びナノ材料を生成するのに使用される一般的手法は、公知のRNA構造体を採取し、それを構成要素に切断し、一本鎖ループ及び領域を再設計して、所望の自己集合を促進することである。上で考察したRNA構成要素すべてからナノ構造体への自己集合は、非共有結合性RNA−RNA相互作用を形成するヘアピンループとループ受容体の相補性によって媒介される。RNA構成要素の正確な集合のために、対応する相補的ループ−ループ相互作用の各々が独自に再設計される。
ある実施形態においては、本発明は、ダイサー基質siRNA二重鎖の機能部を2個のR/DNAハイブリッドに分割するものであり、同じ疾患細胞内に同時に存在することによって、足場相互作用によって互いを認識し、再会合して、活性なsiRNAを放出する。この手法は、血管内分解(R/DNAハイブリッドでは減少)、組織特異性(DNAの化学的性質はRNAよりも簡潔であり、ターゲティング又は送達に対して異なる特徴を有する化学修飾を受け易い)、薬力学(R/DNAハイブリッド再会合によって蛍光タグを活性化して、送達及び応答のフェルスター共鳴エネルギー転移(FRET:Foerster resonance energy transfer)画像化を支援することができる)などのRNAiの臨床送達に付随する幾つかの難題を克服する。さらに、これらの追加の機能部はすべて、R/DNAハイブリッド中のDNA鎖の化学修飾によって導入することができ、したがって、放出siRNAの処理能力を妨げない。さらに、これらの機能部の数は、二重鎖ハイブリッド又はより複雑なハイブリッドナノ構造体の組成物に入るDNA鎖の数の少なくとも2倍とすることができる。R/DNAハイブリッドは、2012年11月19日に出願された国際出願PCT/US2012/065945号に記載されており、参照によりその全体を本明細書に援用する。
鎖交換反応速度は、足場によって媒介される鎖置換によって106倍にすることができる(ユルケ(Yurke)ら、ネイチャー(Nature)2000年、406、605;ユルケ(Yurke)ら、ジェネティック・プログラミング・アンド・イボルバブル・マシーンズ(Genet.Program.Evol.Mach.)2003年、4、111)。侵入鎖のハイブリダイゼーションは、基質の一端に付着した短い一本鎖「足場」領域において開始され、標的鎖を基質から移動させる分岐点移動反応を起こす。ユルケ(Yurke)及び共同研究者によって示され(ユルケ(Yurke)ら、2000年;ユルケ(Yurke)ら、2003年)、現在広く採用されている(ディトメレト(Dittmeret)ら、アンゲヴァンテ・ケミー・インターナショナル・エディション(Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.)2004年、43、3550;シーリグ(Seelig),G.ら、サイエンス(Science)2006年、314、1585;チエン(Qian)ら、「DNAコンピューティングに関する第14回国際会議予稿集(Proceedings of the 14th International Meeting on DNA Computing)」;ゴエル(Goel)ら編;シュプリンガー:ベルリン、2009年;5347巻、pp70〜89;シリャホフスキー(Shlyahovsky)ら、ACSナノ(ACS Nano)2009年、3、1831)実施例においては、足場と置換領域は介在スペーサーなしに互いに隣接しており、この単純な構造は「近位」と称される。近位足場機能は、アドレスタグとして、かつ鎖置換率及び平衡を制御する手段として、機能する。
1個以上の機能部を含む多価RNAナノ粒子を薬剤送達に使用することができる。例えば、1個以上の機能部を含む多価RNAナノ粒子を使用して、siRNA、RNA又はDNAアプタマー、蛍光色素、小分子、分割機能部を有するRNA−DNAハイブリッド、分割リパーゼ、分割GFP、タンパク質、治療薬及び造影剤からなる群の1種以上から選択される1種以上の薬剤を送達することができる。
「siRNA」とは、二本鎖RNAを意味する。最適には、siRNAは、18、19、20、21、22、23、24又はそれ以上のヌクレオチド長であり、その3’末端に2塩基オーバーハングを有する。「siRNA」という用語は、切断可能なsiRNAと切断不可能なsiRNAの両方を含むと理解される。これらのdsRNAは、個々の細胞又は動物全体に導入することができ、例えば、血流によって全身に導入することができる。かかるsiRNAを使用して、mRNAレベル又はプロモーター活性を下方制御する。機能性siRNAは、ダイサーヌクレアーゼによって放出させることができる。短い21から25ヌクレオチド二本鎖RNAは、遺伝子発現を下方制御するのに有効である(参照により本明細書に援用するザモレ(Zamore)ら、セル(Cell)101:25〜33;エルバシア(Elbashir)ら、ネイチャー(Nature)411:494〜498、2001年)。ほ乳動物におけるsiRNA手法の治療有効性は、マキャフリー(McCaffrey)らによってインビボで実証された(ネイチャー(Nature)418:38〜39、2002年)。
本発明は、部分的に、本明細書に記載のNPを含む薬物送達組成物に関する。本発明の薬物送達組成物は、細胞又は組織に入ることができる。
ン;ナパビン(napavin);ナフテルピン;ナルトグラスチム;ネダプラチン;ネモルビシン;ネリドロン酸;中性エンドペプチダーゼ;ニルタミド;ニサマイシン;一酸化窒素調節物質;窒素酸化物抗酸化剤;ニトルリン(nitrullyn);O6−ベンジルグアニン;オクトレオチド;オキセノン;オリゴヌクレオチド;オナプリストン;オンダンセトロン;オンダンセトロン;オラシン;経口サイトカイン誘発物質;オルマプラチン;オサテロン;オキサリプラチン;オキザウノマイシン;タキセル;タキセル類似体;タキセル誘導体;パラウアミン;パルミトイルリゾキシン;パミドロン酸;パナキシトリオール;パノミフェン;パラバクチン;パゼリプチン;ペガスパルガーゼ;ペルデシン;ペントサンポリスルファートナトリウム;ペントスタチン;ペントロゾール(pentrozole);ペルフルブロン;ペルホスファミド;ペリリルアルコール;フェナジノマイシン;フェニル酢酸塩;ホスファターゼ阻害剤;ピシバニール;ピロカルピン塩酸塩;ピラルビシン;ピリトレキシム;プラセチン(placetin)A;プラセチンB;プラスミノゲン活性化因子阻害剤;白金複合体;白金化合物;白金−トリアミン複合体;ポルフィマーナトリウム;ポルフィロマイシン;プレドニゾン;プロピルビス−アクリドン;プロスタグランジンJ2;プロテアソーム阻害剤;プロテインA系免疫調節物質;プロテインキナーゼC阻害剤;プロテインキナーゼC阻害剤、微細藻類;タンパク質チロシンホスファターゼ阻害剤;プリンヌクレオシドホスホリラーゼ阻害剤;プルプリン;ピラゾロアクリジン;ピリドキシル化ヘモグロビンポリオキシエチレン複合物;raf拮抗物質;ラルチトレキセド;ラモセトロン;rasファルネシルタンパク質トランスフェラーゼ阻害剤;ras阻害剤;ras−GAP阻害剤;レテリプチン脱メチル化;レニウムRe186エチドロナート;リゾキシン;リボザイム;RIIレチンアミド;ログレチミド;ロヒツキン;ロムルチド;ロキニメックス;ルビギノンB1;ルボキシル;サフィンゴール;サイントピン;SarCNU;サルコフィトールA;サルグラモスチム;Sdi1模倣物;セムスチン;老化(senescence)由来阻害剤1;センスオリゴヌクレオチド;シグナル伝達阻害剤;シグナル伝達調節物質;単鎖抗原結合タンパク質;シゾフィラン;ソブゾキサン;ナトリウムボロカプテイト;フェニル酢酸ナトリウム;ソルベロール(solverol);ソマトメジン結合タンパク質;ソネルミン;スパルホス酸;スピカマイシンD;スピロムスチン;スプレノペンチン;スポンギスタチン1;スクアラミン;幹細胞阻害剤;幹細胞分裂阻害剤;スチピアミド;ストロメライシン阻害剤;スルフィノシン;超活性血管作動性腸ペプチド拮抗物質;スラジスタ(suradista);スラミン;スワインソニン;合成グリコサミノグリカン;タリムスチン;タモキシフェンメチオジド;タウロムスチン;タザロテン;テコガランナトリウム;テガフール;テルラピリリウム(tellurapyrylium);テロメラーゼ阻害剤;テモポルフィン;テモゾロマイド;テニポシド;テトラクロロデカオキシド;テトラゾミン;タリブラスチン;チオコラリン;トロンボポイエチン;トロンボポイエチン模倣物;チマルファシン;サイモポイエチン受容体作動物質;チモトリナン;甲状腺刺激ホルモン;エチルエチオプルプリンすず;チラパザミン;二塩化チタノセン;トプセンチン;トレミフェン;全能性幹細胞因子;翻訳阻害剤;トレチノイン;トリアセチルウリジン;トリシリビン;トリメトレキサート;トリプトレリン;トロピセトロン;ツロステリド;チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤;チロホスチン;UBC阻害剤;ウベニメクス;尿生殖洞由来成長抑制因子;ウロキナーゼ受容体拮抗物質;バプレオチド;バリオリンB;ベクター系、赤血球遺伝子療法;ベラレソール;ベラミン(veramine);ベルジン(verdins);ベルテポルフィン;ビノレルビン;ビンキサルチン(vinxaltine);Vitaxin;ボロゾール;ザノテロン;ゼニプラチン;ジラスコルブ;及びジノスタチンスチマラマー。好ましい追加の抗癌薬は、5−フルオロウラシル及びロイコボリンである。追加の癌治療物質としては、リツキシマブ、トラスツヅマブ、セツキシマブなどのモノクローナル抗体が挙げられる。
本発明の方法は、本明細書に記載の1個以上の機能部を含む有効量の多価RNAナノ粒子をそれを必要とする対象に投与することによって疾患又は障害を治療又は予防する方法を含む。したがって、幾つかの疾患又は障害が本発明の方法による治療に適している。例としては、腺腫、老化、AIDS/HIV、脱毛症、アルツハイマー病、貧血、関節炎、ぜん息、アテローム性動脈硬化症、癌、心臓病又は疾患、真性糖尿病、飲食に起因する健康被害、血友病A〜E、ヘルペス、ハンチントン病、高血圧、頭痛、インフルエンザ、多発性硬化症、重症筋無力症、新生物、肥満、骨関節炎、すい炎、パーキンソン病、骨盤内炎症性疾患、腹膜炎、歯周病、リウマチ様関節炎、敗血症、鎌状赤血球症、奇形腫、潰よう性大腸炎及びブドウ膜炎が挙げられるが、それだけに限定されない。
ヒト投与量は、最初に、マウスに使用される化合物量から外挿することによって決定することができる。当業者は、ヒトへの投与量を動物モデルと比べて修正することが当該技術分野において通例であることを認識している。ある実施形態においては、投与量は、約1mg化合物/Kg体重から約5000mg化合物/Kg体重、又は約5mg/Kg体重から約4000mg/Kg体重若しくは約10mg/Kg体重から約3000mg/Kg体重、又は約50mg/Kg体重から約2000mg/Kg体重、又は約100mg/Kg体重から約1000mg/Kg体重、又は約150mg/Kg体重から約500mg/Kg体重であり得ることが予見される。別の実施形態においては、この用量は、約1、5、10、25、50、75、100、150、200、250、300、350、400、450、500、550、600、650、700、750、800、850、900、950、1000、1050、1100、1150、1200、1250、1300、1350、1400、1450、1500、1600、1700、1800、1900、2000、2500、3000、3500、4000、4500、5000mg/Kg体重とすることができる。別の実施形態においては、より高い用量(does)を使用することができると予想される。かかる用量は、約5mg化合物/Kg体重から約20mg化合物/Kg体重の範囲とすることができる。別の実施形態においては、用量は、約8、10、12、14、16又は18mg/Kg体重であり得る。言うまでもなく、この投与量は、特定の患者の初期臨床試験の結果及び必要に応じて、かかる治療手順において常法に従って実施されるように、上方又は下方に調節することができる。
本明細書に記載のナノ粒子組成物は、静脈内、動脈内、腹腔内、肺内、経口、吸入、小胞内、筋肉内、気管内、皮下、眼内、髄腔内又は経皮を含めて、非経口などの様々な経路によって個体(ヒトなど)に投与することができる。例えば、ナノ粒子組成物は、気道の症状を治療するために吸入によって投与することができる。この組成物は、肺線維症、閉塞性細気管支炎、肺癌、細気管支肺胞上皮癌などの呼吸器の症状を治療するのに使用することができる。一部の実施形態においては、ナノ粒子組成物を静脈内に投与する。一部の実施形態においては、ナノ粒子組成物を経口投与する。
本開示は、疾患の治療又は予防キットを提供する。一実施形態においては、キットは、単位剤形の有効量の本発明の薬剤(例えば、NP)を含む治療又は予防組成物を含む。一部の実施形態においては、キットは、治療又は予防化合物を含む無菌容器を含む。かかる容器は、箱、アンプル、瓶、バイアル、チューブ、バッグ、ポーチ、ブリスターパック、又は当該技術分野で公知の他の適切な容器形態とすることができる。かかる容器は、プラスチック、ガラス、ラミネート紙、金属箔、又は医薬品を保持するのに適切な他の材料で作製することができる。
本発明の実施は、別段の記載がない限り、当業者の十分範囲内である、(組換え技術を含めた)分子生物学、微生物学、細胞生物学、生化学及び免疫学の従来技術を使用する。かかる技術は、「分子クローニング:実習マニュアル(Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual)」、第2版(サムブルーク(Sambrook)、1989年);「オリゴヌクレオチド合成(Oligonucleotide Synthesis)」(ゲイト(Gait)、1984年);「動物細胞培養(Animal Cell Culture)」(フレッシュニー(Freshney)、1987年);「酵素学における方法(Methods in Enzymology)」「実験免疫学ハンドブック(Handbook of Experimental Immunology)」(ウィア(Weir)、1996年);「ほ乳動物細胞用遺伝子導入ベクター(Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells)」(ミラー(Miller)及びカロス(Calos)、1987年);「分子生物学の最新手順(Current Protocols in Molecular Biology)」(アウスベル(Ausubel)、1987年);「PCR:ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR:The Polymerase Chain Reaction)」、(マリス(Mullis)、1994年);「免疫学の最新手順(Current Protocols in Immunology)」(コリガン(Coligan)、1991年)などの文献に十分説明されている。これらの技術は、本発明のポリヌクレオチド及びポリペプチドの製造に適用可能であり、それ自体として、本発明を構成し、実施する際に考慮することができる。特定の実施形態に特に有用である技術を以下のセクションで考察する。
図1aに示した集合プロセスは、他の場所に詳述された4、5幾つかのインキュベーションステップ及びある種の緩衝条件を必要とする。異なる数の細長いDS RNA6で機能化されたインビトロで集合したナノリングを、未変性PAGE及び動的光散乱によって構造的に特徴づけた(図1b)。切断プロセスを介した機能性部分(siRNA)の放出を、ヒト組換えダイサーを用いたインビトロアッセイによって確認した(図1c)。骨格及びsiRNA生成物を、未変性及び変性PAGEを用いた適切な対照との比較によって同定した。結果は、以前の研究5と一致した。
複数のsiRNAの同時送達用骨格としてナノリングを使用する可能性を試験するために、6個の蛍光標識DS RNAで機能化されたナノリングをヒト乳癌細胞に導入した(図3a、図10)。翌日、導入効率を共焦点蛍光顕微鏡法によって可視化し、蛍光活性化細胞選別(FACS:fluorescence−activated cell sorting)によって統計解析した。図3aの結果によれば、エンドサイトーシスによる細胞内取り込みは、6倍高い濃度で導入された蛍光標識された個々のsiRNAの取り込みよりも機能性ナノリングがかなり高かった(エンドサイトーシスによる取り込みを、図3bに示した共存実験によって確認した)。これは、(そのサイズ及び全電荷のために)RNA NPとポリカチオン担体(Lipofectamine2000、すなわちL2K)の結合が遊離siRNA二重鎖よりも密であることに起因し得る14。
DS RNA鎖によって連結されたナノリング骨格モノマーの合成に加えて、ナノリング骨格を足場相互作用によって機能化することも一方では可能である。異なる核酸機能部はナノ骨格中に存在する足場と相補的な同種の足場を有する限り連結可能であるので、この付着システムによって、単一ナノ骨格の多機能的使用が可能になる。これを実証するために、6個の骨格モノマーが10nt一本鎖RNA(ssRNA:single−stranded RNA)足場を3’末端に有するように操作した。この足場をGFP DS RNAのアンチセンス成分中の相補的足場配列にアニールするように設計した(図14)。この集合方法を用いて、同じナノリング骨格を足場認識に基づいて幾つかの異なる機能部と一緒にひとまとめにすることができる。さらに、siRNA成分はもはや連結されないので、骨格鎖の長さをこの2部構成の集合プロセスによって短縮することができ、それによって合成効率が向上する。3’末端にアニールされた6個のGFP DS RNAを有するナノリング構築物の形成を確認するために、対照として足場のあるナノリングと足場のないナノリングを用いて未変性PAGEを実施した。アニールされたDS RNAの切断によるsiRNAの放出をGFPノックダウンアッセイによって確認した。図15に足場相互作用によるナノリングの機能化を示す。
異なる機能部の活性化の更に別の制御は、RNA−DNAハイブリッドに基づく最近開発された技術によって行うことができる12。このスキームにおいては、複数の機能部が、分割DS RNA、及びRNA−DNAナノリングとハイブリッドのフェルスター共鳴エネルギー移動(FRET)対を有し、したがって機能部を不活性化する(図4a)。ダイサーは、リボヌクレアーゼIII様酵素であり、これはRNA−DNAハイブリッド12、18をプロセシングしてそれらをRISCに添加可能にする能力がない。ナノリングモノマーの3’末端に連結されたDS RNAの鎖を相補DNAにアニールし、それによってダイサーがこれらの二重鎖をプロセシングすることを防止し、ナノリングを非機能的にする。これらのDNAは、DS RNAのセンスとハイブリッドを形成するDNAの5’末端に位置する足場に相補的な一本鎖3’末端足場を含む。DS RNAの分割に加えて、FRET対(Alexa488とAlexa546)は、色素とDNA成分の接合によって非機能性RNA−DNA環とハイブリッドの間で分離した。ssDNA相補的足場は、近接すると、互いに認識することができ、再会合を誘発することができる。これは、FRET誘発と一緒にDS RNA機能性ナノリングの同時形成をもたらす。
さらに、GFPを発現する異種移植片腫ようを有する胸腺欠損ヌードマウスにおいてインビボ遺伝子サイレンシングを実施した(図5)。機能性ナノリング及び対照siRNAを腫よう内注射によって異なるマウスに投与した。5日後、処理腫ようにおける未変性eGFPの蛍光強度を対照動物の腫ようと比べて測定することによってサイレンシング効率を生体外で分析した。どちらの注射によってもGFP蛍光強度がかなり減少し、機能性ナノリングでは約90%、対照siRNAでは約80%減少した。これらの結果は、細胞培養物を用いた複数の実験とよく一致し、機能性ナノリングによる標的遺伝子の効率的送達及び更なるサイレンシングが確認された。
ナノリングの実現性を示すために、下記方法セクションに明記したように、1セットの2個のナノリング構築物(ナノリングA及びBと称する)を作製し、異なるDS RNA組成物を用いて機能化した。各ナノリングは、HIV−1の6個の異なる領域、すなわちPBSマトリックス、カプシド、プロテアーゼ、逆転写酵素、エンベロープ、Nef及びRev−Tatを標的にした。これらのナノリングを用いた実験によれば、濃度1nMのナノリングA及びBの両方で導入細胞内のウイルスタンパク質発現が74〜83%減少した(図8a)。HIV−1構造タンパク質(Gag)のレベルを定量化して(55kDa Gag前駆体+マトリックス/カプシドp41+カプシド、カプシド/SP1 p24/p25)、タンパク質ノックダウンの効率を評価した。両方のナノリングが上清におけるHIV−1産生を阻害することができた。ウイルス阻害は、ナノリング1nM濃度で約100%のレベルに達した。値は、アッセイによって検出されたバックグラウンドレベルに匹敵した(図8b)。これらの結果は、対照、すなわち6個の対応するDS RNAの混合物によって得られた阻害レベルと同等であった。より低いナノリング濃度(0.1nM)では、ウイルス生成は71〜75%阻害された。細胞傷害性は、1nM濃度のナノリングBで最小であり、ノックダウンの特異性が強調された(図18)。
上記実験を、それだけに限定されないが、以下の方法及び材料を用いて実施した。
RNAナノリング配列設計集合体及び未変性PAGE。6個のsiRNAで機能化されたナノリングの組成物に入ったRNA鎖の詳細な設計及び製造については、他の場所に包括的に記述されている4。使用したRNA配列の全リストが利用可能であり、以下に示す。
対応するダイサー基質(DS)RNAの名称を連結された各リング鎖に対して示す。ナノリング構築物は、HIV−1ゲノムを標的にする6個の異なるDS RNAの組合せを含む。ナノリング構築物A標的:PBSマトリックス(PBS−MA)、エンベロープ(gp120)、カプシド(CA)、逆転写酵素(RT)、プロテアーゼ(PR)及びNef。ナノリング構築物B標的:PBSマトリックス(PBS−MA)、カプシド(CA)、逆転写酵素(RT)、プロテアーゼ(PR)、Nef及びRev−Tat。略語:PBS、プライマー結合部位(Primer Binding Site)領域;gp120、120KDaの表面糖タンパク質;Rev、発現ビリオンタンパク質の制御因子;Tat、転写のトランス活性化因子;Nef、ネガティブ因子。
当業者は、本明細書に記載した発明の具体的実施形態の多数の均等形態を、単なる定常的な実験によって認識するはずであり、又は確認することができるはずである。かかる均等形態も、以下の特許請求の範囲に包含されるものとする。
本明細書に引用した出願及び特許の各々、並びに(各発行済み特許の手続中を含めた)出願及び特許の各々に引用された各文献又は参考文献(「出願引用文献」)、並びにこれらの出願及び特許のいずれかに対応する、及び/又はその優先権を主張するPCT及び外国出願又は特許の各々、並びに出願引用文献の各々に引用又は参照された文献の各々を、明確に参照により本明細書に援用する。より一般的には、文献又は参考文献は、本明細書において、特許請求の範囲の前の参考文献リスト、又は本明細書それ自体に引用されている。これらの文献又は参考文献(「本明細書引用参考文献」)の各々、並びに(任意の製造者の仕様書、説明書などを含めた)本明細書引用参考文献の各々に引用された各文献又は参考文献を、明確に参照により本明細書に援用する。
以下の特定の参考文献は、参照によっても本明細書に援用され、上では対応する参照番号によって示されている。
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18.チャン(Zhang),H.、コルブ(Kolb),F.A.、ブロンダニ(Brondani),V.、ビリー(Billy),E.&フィリポウィッチ(Filipowicz),W.、「ヒトダイサーは、ATPを必要とせずに、dsRNAをその末端で優先的に切断する(Human Dicer preferentially cleaves dsRNA at their termini without a requirement for ATP)」、エンボ・ジャーナル(Embo J)21、5875〜5885(2002年)。
19.アフォニン(Afonin),K.A.、シープライ(Cieply),D.J.&レオンティス(Leontis),N.B.、「最小並行モチーフによる特異的RNA自己集合(Specific RNA self−assembly with minimal paranemic motifs)」、ジャーナル・オブ・アメリカン・ケミカル・ソサイアティー(J Am Chem Soc)130、93〜102(2008年)。
20.アフォニン(Afonin),K.A.&レオンティス(Leontis),N.B.、「Cループを用いた新しい特異的RNA相互作用インターフェースの生成(Generating new specific RNA interaction interfaces using C−loops)」、ジャーナル・オブ・アメリカン・ケミカル・ソサイアティー(J Am Chem Soc)128、16131〜16137(2006年)。
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24.アフォニン(Afonin),K.A.ら、「自動ナノ医療用siRNA機能化RNAナノ粒子の設計及び自己集合(Design and self−assembly of siRNA−functionalized RNA nanoparticles for use in automated nanomedicine)」、ネイチャー・プロトコル(Nat Protoc)6、2022〜2034(2011年)。
25.ローズ(Rose),S.D.ら、「機能的極性は、短い基質RNAのダイサープロセシングによって導入される(Functional polarity is introduced by Dicer processing of short substrate RNA)」、ヌクレイック・アシッズ・リサーチ(Nucleic Acids Res)33、4140〜4156(2005)。
26.アフォニン(Afonin),K.A.、ダニロフ(Danilov),E.O.、ノビコワ(Novikova),I.V.&レオンティス(Leontis),N.B.、「TokenRNA:折り畳みRNA分子用の新しいタイプの配列特異的無標識蛍光バイオセンサ(TokenRNA: a new type of sequence−specific, label−free fluorescent biosensor for folded RNA molecules)」、ケムバイオケム(Chembiochem)9、1902〜1905(2008年)。
27.グレート(Grate),D.&ウィルソン(Wilson),C.、「RNA転写物のレーザー媒介部位特異的不活性化(Laser−mediated, site−specific inactivation of RNA transcripts)」、米国科学アカデミー紀要(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America)96、6131〜6136(1999年)。
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Claims (37)
- 足場相互作用を介して連結された1種以上の機能部を含むナノリングを含み、
各足場相互作用が、前記1種以上の機能部のそれぞれにおける相補的な一本鎖核酸にハイブリッド形成するナノリング上に一本鎖核形成部位を含む、RNAナノ粒子(RNA NP)。 - RNA又はDNA標的アプタマー、抑制性核酸、蛍光色素、小分子、分割機能部を有するRNA−DNAハイブリッド、分割リパーゼ、分割GFP、タンパク質、治療薬及び造影剤からなる群の1種以上から選択される1種以上の薬剤を含む、請求項1に記載のRNA NP。
- 前記1種以上の薬剤が、siRNA、RNA又はDNAアプタマー及びリボザイムからなる群から選択される抑制性核酸である、請求項2に記載のRNA NP。
- 前記1種以上の薬剤が同じである、請求項2に記載のRNA NP。
- 前記1種以上の薬剤が異なる、請求項2に記載のRNA NP。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NPを含む組成物。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NPを含む薬剤組成物。
- 薬学的に許容される賦形剤、担体又は希釈剤を更に含む、請求項7に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記薬剤組成物が疾患の治療のために処方される、請求項7又は8に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記薬剤組成物が、病原体による感染症の治療のために処方される、請求項7又は8に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記病原体が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌又は寄生生物である、請求項10に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記薬剤組成物が、病原体による感染症に付随する症候を治療又は軽減する第2の薬剤を更に含む、請求項10又は11に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記第2の薬剤が抗ウイルス剤である、請求項12に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記薬剤組成物が新形成の治療のために処方される、請求項7又は8に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記第2の薬剤が抗癌剤である、請求項12又は13に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 細胞における標的遺伝子の発現を阻害又は抑制するための薬剤であって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、薬剤。 - 病原体感染細胞を死滅させるための薬剤であって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、薬剤。 - 細胞における病原体の複製を阻害するための薬剤であって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、薬剤。 - 前記細胞が対象中にある、請求項16〜18のいずれか一項に記載の薬剤。
- 対象における病原体負荷を軽減するための薬剤であって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、薬剤。 - 前記対象が病原体感染症にかかるリスクがある、請求項20に記載の薬剤。
- 前記対象が病原体感染症であると診断されている、請求項20に記載の薬剤。
- 対象における病原体感染症を治療又は予防するための薬剤であって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、薬剤。 - 前記薬剤が病原体負荷を軽減し、それによって前記病原体感染症を治療又は予防する、請求項23に記載の薬剤。
- 前記薬剤が感染細胞の死を誘発し、それによって前記病原体感染症を治療又は予防する、請求項23に記載の薬剤。
- 前記対象がほ乳動物である、請求項19〜23のいずれか一項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記対象がヒトである、請求項26に記載の薬剤。
- 病原体がウイルス、細菌、真菌又は寄生生物である、請求項10〜12、17、18、及び20〜25のいずれか一項に記載の薬剤。
- 治療有効量の第2の治療薬を更に含む、請求項17〜28のいずれか一項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記第2の治療薬が、病原体感染症、又は前記病原体感染症に付随する症候を治療する、請求項29に記載の薬剤。
- 新生細胞を死滅させるための薬剤であって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、薬剤。 - 新生細胞を有する対象を治療するための薬剤であって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、薬剤。 - 前記新生細胞が、固形腫よう中に存在する癌細胞である、請求項31又は32に記載の薬剤。
- 治療有効量の第2の治療薬を更に含む、請求項31〜33のいずれか一項に記載の薬剤。
- 前記第2の治療薬が抗癌剤である、請求項34に記載の薬剤。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のRNA NP又は請求項6〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む、キット。
- 前記キットが更に第2の治療薬を含む、請求項36に記載のキット。
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