JP6611351B2 - 材料の加工方法 - Google Patents
材料の加工方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6611351B2 JP6611351B2 JP2016150987A JP2016150987A JP6611351B2 JP 6611351 B2 JP6611351 B2 JP 6611351B2 JP 2016150987 A JP2016150987 A JP 2016150987A JP 2016150987 A JP2016150987 A JP 2016150987A JP 6611351 B2 JP6611351 B2 JP 6611351B2
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- inorganic material
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Images
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1033—Oil well production fluids
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- C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
- C10G47/02—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G47/10—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used with catalysts deposited on a carrier
- C10G47/12—Inorganic carriers
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- C10G5/00—Recovery of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from gases, e.g. natural gas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G51/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only
- C10G51/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G51/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only including only thermal and catalytic cracking steps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10G55/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process
- C10G55/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only
- C10G55/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only including at least one thermal cracking step
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- C10G57/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one cracking process or refining process and at least one other conversion process
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Description
本願は、2008年10月28日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/109,159号に係る優先権を主張する。本仮出願の全開示は参照として本明細書に組み入れられる。
バイオマス、特に、バイオマス廃棄物は大量に利用することができる。バイオマスおよび他の材料からエタノールなどの材料および燃料を得ることは有用なことであろう。
もう1つの段階で材料の構造を変えるように、材料を加工することができる。次いで、加工された材料を、他の材料および燃料の供給源として使用することができる。
糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせることによって形成された組み合わせを放射線照射する工程を含む、糖質含有材料を加工する方法。
[本発明1002]
加速粒子を用いて放射線照射が行われる、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1003]
前記粒子が、光速の75パーセント超の速度まで加速された電子を含む、本発明1002の方法。
[本発明1004]
糖質含有材料がセルロース材料またはリグノセルロース材料を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1005]
糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせる工程が乾式混合または共粉砕(co-comminuting)を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1006]
糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせる工程が、各材料を25℃より低い温度まで冷却しながら、両材料を共粉砕する工程を含む、本発明1005の方法。
[本発明1007]
前記材料が0℃または0℃より低い温度まで冷却される、本発明1006の方法。
[本発明1008]
無機材料が金属または金属合金を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1009]
金属または金属合金が、鉄金属、卑金属、貴金属(noble metal)、貴金属(precious metal)、および遷移金属からなる群より選択される、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1010]
無機材料がアルミニウム金属を含む、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1011]
無機材料が金属化合物を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1012]
金属化合物が、2+または3+の酸化状態の鉄またはコバルトを含む、本発明1011の方法。
[本発明1013]
無機材料が耐火材料を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1014]
耐火材料が、ジルコン、耐火粘土、シリカ、アルミナ、クロマイト、炭化ケイ素、炭素、マリタイト(mulitite)、ドロマイト、およびマグネサイトからなる群より選択される、本発明1013の方法。
[本発明1015]
無機材料がセラミックを含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1016]
セラミックが、酸化物、炭化物、ホウ化物、窒化物、ケイ化物、およびカオリンからなる群より選択される、本発明1015の方法。
[本発明1017]
無機材料が、無機材料を高温で維持することができる水を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1018]
無機材料が融点を有さない、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1019]
無機材料が約400℃を超える融点を有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1020]
無機材料が約1.5未満の比熱容量Cpを有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1021]
無機材料が約0.004〜約450W/mKの伝導率を有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1022]
無機材料が約1.5g/cm3を超える密度を有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1023]
無機材料が、約0.1ミクロン〜約100ミクロンの平均粒径を有する粒子を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1024]
組み合わせが、約0.05〜約35重量パーセントの無機材料を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1025]
放射線照射する工程の後に、
無機材料を除去する工程、ならびに
放射線照射された糖質含有材料を、酵素および/または微生物を用いて産物に変換する工程
をさらに含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1026]
前記産物がエタノールを含む、本発明1025の方法。
[本発明1027]
変換する工程の後に除去する工程が行われる、本発明1025または1025の方法。
[本発明1028]
微生物が酵母を含む、本発明1025〜1027のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1029]
炭化水素含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせることによって形成された組み合わせを放射線照射する工程を含む、炭化水素含有材料を加工する方法。
[本発明1030]
炭化水素含有材料が、タールまたはオイルサンド、オイルシェール、原油、ビチューメン、石炭、石油ガス、液化天然ガスおよび/または合成ガス、ならびにアスファルトからなる群より選択される、本発明1029の方法。
[本発明1031]
炭化水素含有材料が、固体、粒子、粉末、液体、気体、またはその組み合わせを含む、本発明1029または1030の方法。
[本発明1032]
固体が石炭を含む、本発明1031の方法。
[本発明1033]
液体が石炭を含む、本発明1031の方法。
[本発明1034]
無機材料が、金属、金属合金、金属化合物、耐火材料、またはセラミックを含む、本発明1029〜1033のいずれかの方法。
本発明の他の特徴および利点は、以下の詳細な説明および特許請求の範囲から明らかであろう。
様々なバイオマス材料を用いて有用な産物を形成することができるシステムおよびプロセスが説明される。バイオマス材料は、1種類または複数の種類の無機材料、例えば、セラミック、金属、クレー、および/または無機質と組み合わされ、組み合わせに放射線が照射される。無機材料が添加されることで、無機材料が存在しない状態で同じエネルギーを加えた時と比較して、バイオマスに対する放射線の作用が調節(増加/強化または減少)される。例えば、無機材料が存在すると、放射線照射によって生じる熱が増えることで、バイオマス材料に対する放射線の作用を強化することができる。
dE/dx=-S(V)ρ(MeV/cm)(1)
で表される。
R=V0/S(V0)ρ(cm)(2)
で概算される。
ΔT=ε/Cpρad (K)(3)
に示したように、材料の比熱容量(Cp)、材料密度(ρ)、単位面積(a)、および厚さ(d)に反比例し、蓄積したエネルギー密度(ε)に正比例する。
図1は、バイオマス、特に、多量のセルロース成分およびリグノセルロース成分および/またはデンプン質成分を含むバイオマスを、有用な産物および副産物に変換するためのシステム100を示す。システム100は、供給調製サブシステム110、組み合わせユニット113、加工サブシステム114、一次プロセスサブシステム118、および後処理サブシステム122を備える。供給調製サブシステム110は、未加工の形をしたバイオマスを受け取り、バイオマスを下流プロセスによる供給材料として使用するために物理的に調製し(例えば、バイオマスのサイズを小さくする、バイオマスをホモジナイズする)、未加工の形をしたバイオマスおよび供給材料の形をしたバイオマスの両方を保管する。組み合わせユニット113において、バイオマスは、概して粒子の形をした無機材料と組み合わされる。
場合によっては、供給調製システム110は、切断、粗砕、剪断、細断、機械的な切り離しもしくは引き裂き、ピン研削、空気粉砕ミリング、またはチョッピングによって、供給材料を調製する。所望であれば、スクリーンおよび/または磁石を用いて、供給材料の流れから、大き過ぎる物体または望ましくない物体、例えば、岩または釘を除去することができる。このような物理的調製、例えば、剪断による物理的調製は繊維材料を「開放(open up)」し、力を加えることによって、材料のセルロースの鎖が切断しやすくなり、および/または結晶化度が小さくなる。開放された材料はまた、放射線照射時に酸化しやすくなっている場合がある。物理的調製によって、例えば、バイオマス材料のサイズが小さくなり、サイズおよび形状が均一になることで、バイオマス材料と無機材料との組み合わせが容易になる。
いくつかの態様では、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は、放射線照射前に乾式混合によって、例えば、ドラム内で組み合わされる。他の態様では、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は共粉砕される。例えば、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は、混合物の放射線照射前にミルに入れて、一緒に粉砕することができる。特定の態様では、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は、25℃より低い温度、例えば、0℃もしくは0℃より低い温度、例えば、ドライアイスの正常大気昇華温度もしくはドライアイスの正常大気昇華温度より低い温度、または液体窒素の正常大気沸点もしくは液体窒素の正常大気沸点より低い温度まで冷却されるように、フリーザーミルに入れて共粉砕される。フリーザーミル内でのバイオマスの粉砕は、全体が参照として本明細書に組み入れられる、発明の名称が「Cooling and Processing Materials」である米国特許仮出願第61/081,709号に記載されている。
処理は、物理的に調製されたバイオマス材料および無機材料の組み合わせを放射線処理する工程を含む。場合によっては、処理は、超音波処理、酸化、熱分解、および水蒸気爆砕の1つまたは複数をさらに含んでもよく、これらはいずれも、本明細書に記載のように無機添加物を用いることによって調整、例えば、強化することができる。
組み合わせを放射線照射する工程は、組み合わせを、加速電子、例えば、約2MeV、4MeV、6MeV、さらには約8MeVを超えるエネルギーを有する電子に供する工程を含んでもよい。従って、範囲、例えば、2.0〜8.0MeVおよび4.0〜6.0MeVの範囲が意図される。いくつかの態様において、電子は、例えば、光速の75パーセント超の速度、例えば、光速の85パーセント、90パーセント、95パーセント、または99パーセントを超える速度まで加速される。
各種類の放射線は、放射線のエネルギーにより決まる特定の相互作用を介してバイオマスをイオン化する。重い荷電粒子は、主に、クーロン散乱を介して物質をイオン化する。さらに、これらの相互作用によって、物質をさらにイオン化し得る高エネルギー電子が発生する。α粒子はヘリウム原子の核と同一であり、様々な放射性核種(radioactive nuclei)、例えば、ビスマス、ポロニウム、アスタチン、ラドン、フランシウム、ラジウム、いくつかのアクチニド、例えば、アクチニウム、トリウム、ウラン、ネプツニウム、キュリウム、カリホルニウム、アメリシウム、およびプルトニウムの同位体のα崩壊によって発生する。
いくつかの態様では、電子線が放射線源として用いられる。電子線には、線量率が高い(例えば、1Mrad/秒、5Mrad/秒、さらには10Mrad/秒)、高処理、封じ込めが少ない、閉じ込め装置が小さいという利点がある。電子はまた、鎖の切断において効率が高いこともある。さらに、4〜10MeVのエネルギーを有する電子は、5〜30mmまたはそれ以上、例えば、40mmの透過の深さを有し得る。
糖質、または糖質、例えば、セルロース材料、リグノセルロース材料、デンプン質材料、もしくはこれらのいずれかと本明細書に記載の他の材料の混合物を含む材料を放射線照射するために、電子より重い粒子を使用することができる。例えば、プロトン、ヘリウム核、アルゴンイオン、ケイ素イオン、ネオンイオン、炭素イオン、リンイオン、酸素イオン、または窒素イオンを利用することができる。いくつかの態様において、電子より重い粒子は多量の鎖の切断を誘導することができる。場合によっては、正に荷電した粒子が、その酸性度により、負に荷電した粒子より多量の鎖の切断を誘導することができる。
電磁放射線の照射が行われる態様では、電磁放射線は、例えば、102eVを超えるエネルギー/光子(電子ボルト)、例えば、103eV、104eV、105eV、106eV、さらには107eVを超えるエネルギー/光子(電子ボルト)を有してもよい。いくつかの態様において、電磁放射線は、104〜107eV、例えば、105〜106eVのエネルギー/光子を有する。電磁放射線は、例えば、1016hz、1017hz、1018hz、1019hz、1020hz、さらには1021hzを超える周波数を有してもよい。いくつかの態様において、電磁放射線は、1018〜1022hz、例えば、1019〜1021hzの周波数を有する。
いくつかの態様では、2種類またはそれ以上の放射線源、例えば、2種類またはそれ以上の電離放射線が用いられる。例えば、試料は、電子線の次に、γ線および約100nm〜約280nmの波長を有するUV光によって任意の順番で処理することができる。いくつかの態様では、試料は、電離放射線源、例えば、電子線、γ線、およびエネルギーの高いUV光によって処理される。
1種類または複数の種類の電離放射線、例えば、光量子放射線(photonic radiation)(例えば、X線もしくはγ線)、eビーム放射線、または正もしくは負に荷電した、電子より重い粒子(例えば、プロトンもしくは炭素イオン)による処理後に、本明細書に記載の糖質含有材料および無機材料の混合物は全てイオン化している。すなわち、混合物は、電子スピン共鳴分光計で検出可能なレベルでラジカルを含む。現行の実際のラジカル検出限界は、室温で約1014スピンである。イオン化後に、イオン化された任意のバイオマス材料をクエンチングして、例えば、ラジカルが電子スピン共鳴分光計によって検出できなくなるように、イオン化されたバイオマスの中のラジカルのレベルを下げることができる。例えば、十分な圧力をバイオマスに加えることによって、および/またはラジカルと相互作用する(クエンチングする)、イオン化されたバイオマスと接触する流体、例えば、気体または液体を利用することによって、ラジカルをクエンチングすることができる。少なくともラジカルのクエンチングの助けとなる気体または液体を用いると、操作者は、望ましい量および種類の官能基、例えば、カルボン酸基、エノール基、アルデヒド基、ニトロ基、ニトリル基、アミノ基、アルキルアミノ基、アルキル基、クロロアルキル基、またはクロロフルオロアルキル基による、イオン化されたバイオマスの官能基化を制御することもできる。場合によっては、このようなクエンチングによって、イオン化されたバイオマス材料の一部の安定性を改善することができる。例えば、クエンチングによって、バイオマスの耐酸化性を改善することができる。クエンチングによる官能基化によって、本明細書に記載の任意のバイオマスの溶解度を改善することもでき、複合体の製造において重要であり得る熱安定性を改善することができ、様々な微生物による材料利用を改善することができる。例えば、クエンチングによりバイオマス材料に付与される官能基は、微生物が取り付くための受容部位として、例えば、様々な微生物によるセルロース加水分解を強化するように働くことができる。
多種多様な供給源に由来する未加工の供給材料を加工して、供給材料から有用な物質を抽出するために、ならびにさらなる加工工程および/またはシーケンスへのインプットとして機能する、部分的に分解された有機材料を得るために、1つまたは複数の超音波処理、熱分解、および/または酸化加工シーケンスを使用することができる。このような加工は、供給材料およびバイオマス、例えば、セルロース材料もしくはリグノセルロース材料またはデンプン質材料などの1種類または複数の種類の糖質供給源の分子量および/または結晶化度を小さくすることができる。これらのプロセスは、米国特許出願第12/429,045号に詳述されている。
水蒸気爆砕を、本明細書に記載のどのプロセスも用いることなく単独で、本明細書に記載の任意のプロセスと組み合わせて使用することができる。
次いで、本明細書に記載の任意のプロセスを用いて処理された材料は、他のプロセス、例えば、発酵およびガス化などの一次プロセス、ならびに/または蒸留、廃水処理、廃棄物燃焼などの後処理工程に供することができる。このようなプロセスは、参照として本明細書に組み入れられている特許出願、例えば、12/429,045に詳述されている。
このような一次プロセスおよび/または後処理を用いると、処理されたバイオマスは、1種類または複数の種類の産物、例えば、アルコール、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、例えば、n-、sec-、もしくはt-ブタノール、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、1,4-ブタンジオール、グリセリン、またはこれらのアルコールの混合物;有機酸、例えば、蟻酸、酢酸、プロピオン酸、酪酸、吉草酸、カプロン酸、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、シュウ酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、グルタル酸、オレイン酸、リノール酸、グリコール酸、乳酸、γ-ヒドロキシ酪酸、もしくはこれらの酸の混合物;食品;動物用飼料;薬;あるいは栄養補助食品(nutriceutical)に変換することができる。産生され得る副産物には、リグニン残基が含まれる。
無機材料
いくつかの態様において、無機材料は金属もしくは金属合金であるか、または金属もしくは金属合金を含む。例えば、金属は、卑金属、例えば、鉄、ニッケル、鉛、銅、もしくは亜鉛、鉄金属、例えば、錬鉄もしくは銑鉄、貴金属(noble metal)、例えば、タンタル、金、白金、もしくはロジウム、貴金属(precious metal)、例えば、ルテニウム、ロジウム、パラジウム、オスミウム、イリジウム、もしくは白金、または遷移金属、例えば、元素周期表の元素21から30まで(両端を含む)、39から48まで(両端を含む)、71から80まで(両端を含む)、および103から112までを含んでもよい。
一般的に、1つもしくは複数の糖単位から完全になる糖質である、または1つもしくは複数の糖単位から完全になる糖質を含む、あるいは1つもしくは複数の糖単位を含む、任意のバイオマス材料を、本明細書に記載の任意の方法によって加工することができる。例えば、バイオマス材料は、セルロース、リグノセルロース、デンプン、または糖でもよい。
低線量照射および複合体
主に、バイオマスの分子量および結晶化度の低下に関して放射線照射が考察されたが、いくつかの態様では、比較的低い線量の放射線によって、糖質含有材料を架橋、グラフトすることができ、他の方法で糖質含有材料の分子量を増やすことができる。分子量が増えた、このような材料は、例えば、耐摩耗性、圧縮強さ、破壊応力、衝撃強さ、曲げ強さ、引張弾性率、曲げ弾性率、および破断点伸びなどの機械的特性が改善した複合体の作製において有用であり得る。分子量が増えた、このような材料は、組成物の作製において有用であり得る。複合体の形成は、WO2006/102543ならびに米国特許出願第12/417,720号および同第12/429,045号に記載されている。
いくつかの態様では、本明細書において開示される方法およびシステムは、炭化水素含有材料、例えば、タールまたはオイルサンド、オイルシェール、原油(例えば、重原油および/または軽原油)、ビチューメン、石炭、例えば、泥炭、褐炭、亜瀝青炭、瀝青炭および無煙炭、石油ガス(例えば、メタン、エタン、プロパン、ブタン、イソブタン)、液化天然ガスおよび/または合成ガス、アスファルト、ならびに様々なタイプの炭化水素を含む他の天然の材料を加工するのに使用することができる。例えば、炭化水素含有材料の加工施設が原材料の供給品を受け取る。原材料は、鉱山から、例えば、コンベヤーベルトおよび/または鉄道車両システムによって直接送られてもよく、ある特定の態様では、加工施設は、鉱山の比較的近くに、さらには鉱山の頂上に建設することができる。いくつかの態様において、原材料は、鉄道貨物列車を介して、もしくは別の電動式輸送システムを介して加工施設に輸送されてもよく、および/またはパイプラインを介して加工施設にポンプで送られてもよい。
原油を加工するために、従来の製油技術に加えて、または従来の製油技術の代わりとして、本明細書において開示される方法およびシステムを使用することができる。特に、低温油分解、改質、官能基化、および他のプロセスのために、イオンビーム処理法を単独で、または本明細書において開示される他の任意の方法と組み合わせて使用することができる。
Claims (22)
- タールサンド、オイルサンド、オイルシェール、原油、ビチューメン、石炭、石油ガス、液化天然ガス、合成ガス、およびアスファルトからなる群より選択される炭化水素含有材料と、無機材料とを組み合わせることによって形成された組み合わせを加速粒子で放射線照射して、放射線照射された組み合わせを産生する工程を含み、
前記加速粒子が、光速の75パーセント超の速度まで加速された電子を含み、
前記無機材料が、(i)アルミニウムを含む金属または金属合金、(ii)耐火材料、及び(iii)セラミックからなる群より選択される、炭化水素含有材料を加工する方法。 - 前記炭化水素含有材料が、固体、粒子、粉末、液体、気体、またはその組み合わせを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記炭化水素含有材料が、ビチューメンを含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記耐火材料が、ジルコン、耐火粘土、シリカ、アルミナ、クロマイト、炭化ケイ素、炭素、マリタイト(mulitite)、ドロマイト、およびマグネサイトからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記セラミックが、酸化物、炭化物、ホウ化物、窒化物、ケイ化物、およびカオリンからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記無機材料が、無機材料を高温で維持することができる水を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記無機材料が、融点を有さない、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記無機材料が、400℃を超える融点を有する、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記無機材料が、1.5未満の比熱容量Cpを有する、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記無機材料が、0.004〜450W/mKの伝導率を有する、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記無機材料が、1.5g/cm3を超える密度を有する、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記組み合わせが、0.05〜35重量パーセントの無機材料を含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 放射線照射された組み合わせから前記無機材料を除去する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記炭化水素含有材料を精製する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 放射線照射された組み合わせから炭化水素を抽出して、抽出された炭化水素を産生する工程さらに含む、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 抽出された炭化水素が、メタン、エタン、プロパン、ペンタン、n-ヘキサン、およびその組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 炭化水素含有材料を接触分解に供する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 炭化水素含有材料をアルキル化に供する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 放射線照射された組み合わせを精製する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 放射線照射された組み合わせを接触分解に供する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- より低い分子量の炭化水素成分が、炭化水素含有材料中のより高い分子量の炭化水素成分から放射線照射された組み合わせにおいて産生される、請求項1〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- タールサンド、オイルサンド、オイルシェール、原油、ビチューメン、石炭、石油ガス、液化天然ガス、合成ガス、およびアスファルトからなる群より選択される炭化水素含有材料と、無機材料とを組み合わせることによって形成された組み合わせを加速粒子で放射線照射して、放射線照射された組み合わせを産生する工程、および
組み合わせに放射線照射する工程の後に、放射線照射された組み合わせ中の放射線照射された炭化水素含有材料を、酵素および/または微生物を用いて産物に変換する工程を含み、
前記無機材料が、0.1ミクロン〜100ミクロンの平均粒径を有する粒子を含み、
前記無機材料が、(i)アルミニウムを含む金属または金属合金、(ii)耐火材料、及び(iii)セラミックからなる群より選択される、炭化水素含有材料を加工する方法。
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