JP6515434B2 - Crust-like composition - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a crust-like composition capable of reducing the concentration of radioactive substances to a level below the safety standard defined by international or national standards.

  In Japan, there has been an accident at a nuclear power plant after the March 11, 2011 earthquake, and as shown in Figure 44, it is believed that radioactive substances of 850,000 terabecquerel or more have been scattered. Since then, not only high-level radioactive wastes, but also low-level radioactive wastes and wastes associated with decontamination have been generated in large quantities, and are still increasing. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 45, radioactive contaminants are recognized as radioactive contaminants in the incineration ash of waste incineration plants accumulated daily and sludge in sewage treatment plants, and radioactive contaminants are also detected from rubble in the affected areas. Has been confirmed. In addition, radioactive contaminants have been identified in rivers and the ocean.

  Regarding radioactive waste disposal, as shown in FIG. 46, there is a nuclear policy outline established before the earthquake, and the Reactor Regulation Act and the Radiation Hazard Prevention Act have been enacted. Internationally, Japan is a member of the London Convention, which prohibits ocean dumping of radioactive materials. In addition, a clearance system has been introduced, in which clearance levels for radioactive waste are set.

  At the time of final disposal of radioactive wastes, high-level radioactive wastes are currently to be subjected to geological disposal of vitrified wastes, and low-level radioactive wastes are to be treated by shallow depth disposal, shallow pit disposal or shallow underground. I am to dispose of the trench. For geological disposal, the management period is more than several tens of thousands of years, several hundred years for surplus depth disposal, about 300 years for shallow pit disposal, and about 50 years for shallow underground trench disposal. Such disposal methods require very high technology, are costly, and must be managed for a very long time. It is very difficult to dispose of radioactive wastes that will increase in the future in this way.

  The present invention has been made based on the background as described above, and provides the idea that the radiation intensity does not exceed a certain value regardless of the size, to use radioactive waste efficiently. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a crust-like composition which can be easily used in secondary applications.

The crust-like composition according to the present invention is characterized in that the radiation intensity is below the legal standard value, and the density (radioactive concentration) of the radioactive substance is a layer gradually decreasing from the central part to the outside. The radiation intensity is provided to satisfy the following equation. Here, ρ is approximated by 式 (D) = kD or ρ (D) = sin (gD).

I _η : Reference radiation intensity D: Depth (distance) from one end of crust-like composition
D _max : depth (distance) from one end to the center (or to the other end) of the crust-like composition
κ: Proportional constant specific to substance (intensity factor)
ρ (D): activity concentration at depth D from one end of crust-like composition to depth (distance) D _max , and in the case of ρ (D) = sin (gD), origin D Up to _max , a half-wavelength distribution should be provided μ _D : Attenuation coefficient for radiation specific to the material constituting the crust-like composition k: proportional constant g: proportional constant

The radioactivity concentration ρ (D) is the depth (distance) from one end of the crust-like composition D, and the depth or distance from one end to the center or the other end of the crust-like composition D _Let D _{0 be} the depth to a certain depth point of 0 or more and D _max or less, where 0 ≦ D ≦ D _max , and for all D satisfying D ₀ <D,

Set to meet

  The crust-like composition satisfying the above conditions is a solid phase composition in which radioactive substances are dispersed throughout, and the activity concentration of the whole solid phase composition is set to a predetermined value or less. In addition, the radioactivity concentration in the inside is set relatively high, the radioactivity concentration in the outer layer is set below the measurement lower limit or relatively low, and the radioactivity concentration in the inside is set below the predetermined value. In addition, the activity concentration is set relatively high inside, the activity concentration is set lower than the measurement lower limit or relatively low in the outer layer, the activity concentration inside the above is greater than a predetermined value, and the whole radioactive substance The density is set to the predetermined value or less.

  In the present invention, the number 1 makes it possible to provide a crust-like composition whose radiation intensity does not exceed a certain value regardless of the size. Specifically, it is possible to provide a crust-like composition in which radioactive substances are dispersed throughout, or a crust-like composition in which the density of radioactive substances is lower in the outer layer than in the inside.

It is a figure showing composition of the present invention. It is a figure showing composition of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of a crust-like composition. It is a figure which shows the relationship between shielding wall pressure, radiation intensity, and activity concentration at the time of making radioactive substance mass constant. (A) is a cross-sectional view of a crust-like composition in which radioactive substances are uniformly dispersed, and (B) is a cross-sectional view of an example in which an outer layer is provided. It is sectional drawing of the crust-like composition which distribute | arranged the radioactive substance inside so that the inside might satisfy | fill a predetermined value. It is sectional drawing of the crust-like composition which distribute | arranged radioactive material inside and was made to satisfy | fill predetermined value as a whole. It is sectional drawing of the crust-like composition which made the layer which contains radioactive material the multilayer structure. It is a cross-sectional view of a crust-like composition provided with an outer layer, in which the density gradually decreases as the radioactive substance goes to the outside. It is a cross-sectional view of a crust-like composition in which the density gradually decreases as the radioactive substance goes to the outside. It is a manufacturing-process figure of the composition containing the radioactive material used for crust-like composition. It is a figure which shows the raw material process of the composition containing the radioactive material used for crust-like composition. It is a figure which shows a baking process by continuation of FIG. It is a figure which shows a finishing process by continuation of FIG. It is a figure which shows the calcination process process of a contamination material. It is a figure which shows the mixing process of a contamination material and a low melting point substance. It is a figure which shows the treatment process of a contaminated water. It is sectional drawing which shows the manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which radioactive material disperse | distributed uniformly. (A)-(E) is a manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which arranged radioactive material inside, and is a sectional view showing the example which starts manufacture from the outer layer side. (A)-(E) is a manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which arranged radioactive material inside, and is sectional drawing which shows the other example which starts manufacture from the outer-layer side. (A) and (B) is sectional drawing which shows the molded object arrange | positioned inside a crust-like composition. (A)-(C) is a manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which arranged radioactive material inside, and is a sectional view showing the example which starts manufacture from the inside. (A) and (B) are the manufacturing methods of the crust-like composition which arranged the radioactive substance inside, Comprising: The example which installs an internal-forming body in the temporary base in an outer frame and starts manufacture from an inside It is a sectional view showing. (A) and (B) are the manufacturing methods of the crust-like composition which arranged the radioactive substance inside, suspend the inner compact with the wire, install in the outer form and start the production from inside It is a sectional view showing an example. (A) and (B) are the manufacturing methods of the crust-like composition which distribute | arranged the radioactive substance inside, Comprising: It is sectional drawing which shows the example which makes the paste-like composition which pours the internal molded object into the outer mold frame settle. It is. (A) is a bottom view of a hopper, and (B)-(E) is a manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which arranged the radioactive substance inside, and shows the example which manufactures an outer layer and the inside simultaneously FIG. (A)-(E) is a manufacturing method of a crust-like composition which arranged radioactive material inside, and is a sectional view showing other examples which do not use an inner formwork which manufactures an outer layer and an inside simultaneously . It is sectional drawing which shows a centrifugation apparatus, (A) shows the state after applying a centrifugal force before rotation and (B). It is a sectional view showing a form pressurization device, and (A) shows the state after pressurization and (B) before pressurization. It is sectional drawing which shows the modification of a formwork pressurization apparatus, (A) shows the state after pressurization and (B) before pressurization. (A) and (B) is a figure which shows the process process of an aggregate, (C) is a figure which shows the state which provided the coating layer in the aggregate. It is sectional drawing of a general road. It is sectional drawing which shows the state which provides a pavement in the steep ground. It is a perspective view of a ballast track. It is a figure which shows the transoceanic crustal reduction method. (A)-(C) is a figure which shows the shape of the crust-like composition used for the transoceanic crustal reduction method. It is a figure which shows the ship which conveys crust-like composition. FIG. 1 shows a catamaran carrying crust-like compositions. It is a figure which shows the barge which conveys crust-like composition. It is sectional drawing which shows the installation state of a caisson. It is sectional drawing of the crust-like composition in which the impermeable layer was provided outside. It is a figure which shows the backfilling process of a tunnel. It is a figure which shows the usage method of a crust-like composition. It is a figure explaining the background of the present invention. It is a figure explaining the background of the present invention. It is a figure explaining the background of the present invention.

  Hereinafter, a crust-like composition and a method of manufacturing the crust-like composition according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Hereinafter, the description of the present invention will proceed in the following order.

1. About radiation inactivation processing system 2. About predetermined value of concentration (density) of radioactive substance and radioactive substance 3. About density distribution of radioactive substances 4. Composition of crust-like composition 4-1. Example of radioactive substance is entirely uniform 4-2. Example where a radioactive substance is disposed inside and the inside satisfies a predetermined value 4-3. Example where a radioactive substance is disposed inside to satisfy a predetermined value as a whole 4-4. Example in which a layer containing a radioactive substance is formed into a multilayer structure and the overall value is satisfied as a whole 4-5. An example where the radioactive substance concentration (density) becomes lower toward the outside 5. Method of producing crust-like composition 5-1. Description of Entire Manufacturing Process 5-2. Description of Pretreatment Step 5-2-1. Description of firing treatment of the contaminant 5-2-2. Description of chemical fixation (lapping process) of radioactive substance 5-2-3. Description of pretreatment of polluted water 5-3. Description of Other Processing 5-4. Description of Forming Method 5-4-1. Description of the manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which the radioactive substance is entirely uniform 5-4-2. Description of the manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which arranged the radioactive substance inside (1) The example which starts from an outer layer (2) The example which starts from an inside (3) The example which starts simultaneously 5-4-3. Description of the manufacturing method of the crust-like composition using centrifugal force 5-4-4. Description of the manufacturing method of crust-like composition using pressure 5-5. Description of grinding process step 5-6. Description of utilization process 5-6-1. Explanation of transsea crust reduction method 5-6-2. Explanation of trans-crustal reduction method 5-6-3. Description of other usage

[1. About radiation incapacitation processing system]
As shown in FIG. 1, according to the present invention, the radioactive incapacitating treatment system 10 incapacitates radioactive contaminants to make the concentration of radioactive substances within the reference value of the domestic and international standard 20 according to the present invention. Manufacture. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, the radioactive incapacitation treatment system 10 is, for example, an organic substance contained together with radioactive substances by incinerating etc. debris, radioactive contaminants, sludge, sand, sludge etc. The mineralized radioactive substance is mixed with other substances, for example, simultaneously, and diluted, thereby producing the crust-like composition 20 having the concentration of the radioactive substance within the reference value. The crust-like composition 20 can shield radiation from being released to the outside by immobilizing, confining and containing radioactive substances. That is, it is possible to effectively attenuate the radiation emitted from the radioactive substance by using an inorganic substance having radiation attenuation property as the mixing substance to be mixed for dilution, and this mixing substance Furthermore, it is desirable that the substance be solidified physically and chemically stably to be a stable solid phase body, whereby the radioactive substance can be trapped in a long term and the radioactivity can be substantially disabled. It will be.

  Thus, the crust-like composition 20 manufactured by the radioactive incapacitation processing system 10 physically confines and fixes the radioactive substance and / or chemically confines and fixes the radioactive substance. It is possible to prevent migration and elution of radioactive substances, and further, by ultra-densifying the radioactive substances, the absolute amount of radiation can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, shielding the radiation can reduce the radiation level, and further reducing the heat density can prevent overheating. In addition, if overheating is not prevented, the controllability of the hydraulic reaction which is one reaction for obtaining the crustal composition of the solid phase is deteriorated, and there is a possibility that the solidified body may become embrittled by the progress of the excessive hydraulic reaction.

[2. Regarding the Specified Values of the Concentration (Density) of Radioactive Substances and Radioactive Substances]
Here, the reference value for the concentration (density) of radioactive materials is given by the Ministry of the Environment on October 29, 2011, “Intermediate storage required for coping with environmental pollution due to radioactive materials associated with the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident. According to the document on the basic concept of facilities etc, it is 8,000 Bq / kg or less. Therefore, it is preferable to make the crustal structure to comply with it, which is suitable for domestic law. In addition, this standard also becomes the legal standard value set legally. In addition, according to the written document “About the clearance system under the Reactor Regulation Act” of the Nuclear Safety and Safety Agency's Radioactive Waste Regulations Division, it is the following standard. Therefore, it is preferable to produce the crustal composition to comply with this, because it is suitable also under the international rules. The predetermined value of the present invention is a value that meets this legal standard value and / or clearance level.

  Specifically, the clearance level is the ratio of the concentration (density) of the evaluation target radionuclide contained in the object to the clearance level of the radionuclide in consideration of superposition when multiple radionuclides are present in the object. It is based on the fact that the sum is 1 or less. The formula is as follows.

i: Radionuclides to be evaluated i
D (i): Concentration (density) of nuclide i contained in the object
C (i): Clearance level of nuclide i (see Table 1 below)

  By the way, as shown in FIG. 3, the radioactive contamination material typically includes fish shellfish, vegetables, incineration ash (derived from a waste incineration plant or a thermal power plant, etc.), sludge sludge, marine mud sand, river mud sand, etc. Lake mud sand, street trees, debris (conkly, wood, glass, metal, plastic), polluted water, earth and sand etc. are included. These contaminants can be classified as shown in Table 2 below.

[3. About the density distribution of radioactive materials]
Here, the relationship between the density distribution of radioactive materials and the radiation intensity will be discussed. Here, first, the radiation emitted by all radioactive substances in a distributed system in which radioactive substances are dispersed in a medium having an attenuation coefficient μ which is uniquely determined for the attenuation of radiation Consider the radiation intensity created at the measurement point or origin.

First, consider a one-dimensional medium system. Here, it is assumed that the medium is uniformly homogeneous, the distance (position) from the origin to a certain point in the medium is x _j, and the density distribution of radioactive materials distributed in the medium is a one-dimensional density distribution function ρ Let (x _j ) be. That is, ρ (x _j ) represents the density of radioactive material at position x _j .

Than this, the radiation intensity [Delta] _0j at position _{x j} emanating from the radioactive material present in the micro area [Delta] x _j typified point position _{x j} in the medium is expressed as _{ΔI 0j αρ (x j) Δ} xj Ru. This is evident from the fact that the radiation intensity depends on the amount of radioactive material and the inherent radiation intensity it emits, so

It is expressed as Here, κ is a constant of proportionality inherent to radioactive substances, and is an intensity coefficient. The influence of radiation emitted from the radioactive substance present in the minute region Δx _j on the measurement point, that is, when the minute radiation intensity is ΔI _j , the minute radiation intensity ΔI _j is

It is expressed as If this distribution system is divided into n minute regions, the radiation intensity I as a total with respect to the measurement points of the radiation emitted from the entire distribution system is a superposition of j over the small radiation intensity ΔI _j. . Therefore,

If the small region Δx _j is reduced as far as possible, that is, if 定義 can be defined in the positive limit of n,

  And from this

  You can get

  The above was a discussion of a one-dimensional model, but expanding it to a three-dimensional model, the three-dimensional density distribution function is expanded to ρ (r) using the position r on the three-dimensional coordinates . That is, the density distribution function ρ is defined as a function of coordinates. Also, the distance of the straight line path in the medium from the position r to the measurement point is given by the norm ‖ r 位置 of the position vector r. Therefore, the radiation intensity at the measurement point in the two-dimensional distribution system can be integrated with the minute volume dv over the entire area of the two-dimensional distribution system.

Here, for the sake of simplicity, specific radioactive substance density distribution functions ρ (x) for the following four cases in a one-dimensional model are given to obtain respective radiation intensities.
(Case I: See crust-like composition 20a in FIG. 1)
ρ (x) = c: const
An example in which radioactive substances are uniformly dispersed as a whole.
(Case II: See crust-like composition 20b in FIG. 1)
ρ (x) = kx: k = proportional constant An example in which the density of the radioactive substance increases proportionally to the center.
(Case III: see crust-like composition 20b in FIG. 1)
ρ (x) = sin (gx): g = proportional constant An example in which the density of the radioactive substance increases like a sin curve toward the central part.
(Case IV: see crust-like composition 20c in FIG. 1)
ρ (x) = 0: 0 ≦ x ≦ a
c (const): a <x X X-a
0: X−a <x ≦ X
Example where radioactive substance exists only in the central part

  However, the activity concentration distribution function ρ (x), where N is the total amount of radioactive materials in the distribution system and the length of the distribution system is X,

  Shall meet

(Case I: See crust-like composition 20a in FIG. 1)

  Therefore, the above equation is

It becomes. Here, if X is made sufficiently large, from the definition c = N / X = const because the radiation intensity I _I is

Will converge. That is, if the distribution system exceeds a certain size, the radiation intensity I _{I at the} end point is independent of the size and the total amount of radioactive materials, the nature of the medium, the type of radioactive material contained in the medium and the radioactivity It shows that it becomes a fixed value determined only by the concentration.

(Case II: See the crust-like composition 20b in FIG. 1)

By definition, k = 2 N / X ² , so the radiation intensity I _II is

It becomes. Here, if X is sufficiently large, radiation intensity I _II is

Will converge. That is, if the distribution system exceeds a certain size, it indicates that the radiation intensity I _{II at the} end point becomes constant regardless of the size and the total amount of radioactive materials. Furthermore, the results show that for the same size and the same total mass, Case II has lower levels of radiation intensity at the surface of the distributed system than Case I.

(Case III: See the crust-like composition 20b in FIG. 1)

Get Here, it is assumed that the sin curve as the density distribution function ρ of the radioactive substance has a half-wavelength distribution from the origin to X in a one-dimensional distribution system. That is, the amount of radioactive material present at both ends is 0, gradually increases toward the center of the distribution system, and is distributed so as to be the largest amount at the center. Then, from this condition, g = π / X (where π is the circular constant). According to this, the radiation intensity I _III is

It becomes. Here, if X is sufficiently large, radiation intensity I _III is

  Converge on Here, if μ and π / X are comparable, this convergence value is

And the convergence value is the same degree expressed as μ ^{2 2} (π / X) ² .

It becomes. In any case, if X is made sufficiently large, the radiation intensity I _III means that it converges to a constant value, and in particular, since the constant g is set in proportion to the reciprocal of the magnitude X, the magnitude of X The radiation intensity I _III decreases in inverse proportion to.

(Case IV: See the crust-like composition 20c in FIG. 1)

It is assumed that the measurement point is at the end point of one radioactive substance 0 distribution area. Then, assuming that the radiation intensity from the c distribution region side at the boundary point between the 0 distribution region and the region of the uniform homogeneous distribution c adjacent thereto is I ′ _IV , the radiation intensity I _IV is

It is expressed as Here, μ is an attenuation coefficient of the medium constituting the zero distribution region. The radiation intensity I ' _IV is given as an integral form for x between a and Xa. That is,

It becomes. Since c = N / (X-2a) by definition, the radiation intensity I _IV is

It is expressed as This indicates that monotonically decreasing with respect to a satisfying 0 <a <X / 2 no matter what size X is set. In addition, the behavior of the radiation intensity I _Iv with respect to the increase of X when X is sufficiently large relative to a also decreases monotonously. Therefore, at the limit of X at this time, the value of the radiation intensity _Iv converges to zero.

This indicates that in Case IV, when the size X is fixed, the intensity of the radiation intensity I _Iv can be decreased as the size of the wall thickness a is made closer to X / 2 and thicker. ing. However, when the wall thickness a is increased, the activity concentration ρ is

 The value of ρ increases without limit as a approaches X / 2. In other words, the radioactivity concentration can not be reduced below a predetermined value. Therefore, the surface radiation intensity is set while setting the density c of the c distribution region below the clearance level or government standard value (also referred to as a legal standard value or a predetermined value including the clearance level or government standard value) as described above. Is preferably set to a value below the desired value, preferably below the natural radiation level, and the trade-off between the minimization of the radiation intensity as possible on the equation and the legal standard defining the activity concentration It is preferable to take.

  For example, with the total amount of radioactive substances contained in the distribution system being constant, the radiation intensity at the corresponding measurement points is plotted while continuously changing the thickness a (shield wall thickness) of the 0 distribution region in FIG. Then, this graph is overlaid with a graph that takes the activity concentration, which changes with the thickness a of the 0 distribution region, to the second vertical axis and is gradually increased, and the wall thickness a, radiation intensity and radiation The relationship of concentration is shown.

  As shown by line A in FIG. 4, it can be seen that the radiation intensity becomes weaker as the wall thickness a becomes thicker and monotonously decreases toward a = X / 2 to gradually decrease the radiation intensity level. On the other hand, as indicated by the line B, as the thickness a of the zero distribution region becomes thicker, the radioactivity concentration is first gradually increased gradually and then gradually increased from a certain point to a high concentration rapidly. Can be seen. Here, with respect to the concentration curve shown by the line B, the law reference concentration, which is an element that can be varied depending on the needs of the times and the social situation, is crossed by a line C parallel to the horizontal axis, and the vertical axis from the intersection point to the horizontal axis Draw a parallel line D to get an intersection with the horizontal axis.

Then, the point of intersection with this horizontal axis is the thickness a _max of the maximum 0 distribution area where the legal standard concentration can be achieved, and becomes the legal standard concentration conforming thickness. Further, the line D is extended upward to intersect with the intensity curve indicated by the line A, and a line E is drawn parallel to the horizontal axis from the intersection toward the vertical axis to obtain an intersection with the vertical axis. Then, the intersection point of the line E and the vertical axis is the radiation intensity corresponding to the legal standard density matching thickness a _max , that is, the legal standard density matching thickness corresponding strength. The strength corresponding to the legally required concentration conforms to the thickness corresponding to the minimum value, the minimum value, or a value near the minimum value in the intensity curve, but rather a value higher than the minimal value. The corresponding intensity does not necessarily meet the natural radiation level or the desired radiation level. Therefore, in such a case, the radioactivity concentration of the whole system is diluted by reducing the total amount of radioactive substances contained in the above distribution system or increasing the size of the whole distribution system, surface radiation It is desirable to reduce the strength.

  By the way, thinking about what kind of distribution system can be used to minimize the radiation intensity appearing to the outside is of great significance in safely and effectively performing the invalidation processing. Therefore, in the following, it will be examined what kind of density distribution function ρ the radiation intensity emitted from the surface of the distribution system becomes a fixed value or less.

First, the depth (distance) from one end of the distribution system is D, and the depth (distance) from one end to the center (or the other end) of the distribution system is D _max , that is,

Let D _{0 be} the depth to a certain depth point of 0 or more and D _max or less. At this time, for all D that satisfy D ₀ <D,

  It is preferable in terms of efficient distribution theory that This is because the thicker the medium, the more effective it is to attenuate the radiation intensity, and as a comparison it is possible to reduce the radiation intensity by making the high concentration distribution on the deep side rather than the high concentration distribution to the near side. It is.

Here, we introduce an arbitrary function f (D) with the limit of D _max bounded upward at integral values from 0 to D _{max for} D. In other words,

I assume. However, K is a constant value. Then, assuming that the radiation attenuation coefficient of this medium is μ _D , the density distribution function ρ (D) which makes it possible to suppress the surface radiation intensity I _D to a certain radiation intensity I _η (reference intensity) or less. The condition to be satisfied is for all D,

  It becomes.

  Therefore, when the density distribution satisfies the above condition, it is realized that the intensity of radiation emitted from the surface does not exceed a certain value no matter what size the distribution system is constructed. Therefore, as long as this condition is satisfied, it is theoretically possible to process infinite radioactive materials while suppressing the surface radiation intensity to a constant value. Of course, in that case, it should be noted that the size of the distribution system is also infinite.

By the way, if the half-lives of j types of radioactive substances (nuclides) R _j distributed in the distribution system and the abundance ratios of the nuclide in the distribution system are respectively taken as τ _j and σ _j , the total of all radioactive substances R _j The half-life τ _ζ (which is not constant with respect to the elapsed time t) can be expressed as follows. That is,

However, since σ _j is the abundance ratio of nuclide,

  It is. If this is used, the total remaining amount N (t) of radioactive substances after t hours is

  It is expressed as Here, assuming that the intensity of radiation such as γ-ray emitted from each nuclide is substantially constant, the surface radiation intensity I (t) of the distribution system after t time is

  It will be expressed as

[4. On the composition of crust-like composition]
[4-1. Example of overall uniformity]
The crust-like composition 20 can be configured as shown in FIG. 5 according to the example of Case I above. That is, the crust-like composition 20a shown in FIG. 5A is formed in a block shape, and the radioactive substance 19 is uniformly dispersed and solidified throughout. Here, the shape and the like of the block-shaped material are not particularly limited. This crust-like composition 20a is a solidifying binder obtained by adding a reaction rate modifier such as gypsum for adjusting the curing rate and / or hydration reaction rate of the primary composition to the primary composition shown in Table 1 above. The block may be a block which is a tertiary composition obtained by appropriately adding water to the next composition, kneading, forming and solidifying, and further adding fine aggregate (sand) and appropriately adding water and kneading It may be a block which is a quaternary composition which has been molded and solidified, or it is a block which is a fifth composition which is additionally kneaded, shaped and solidified by adding water and adding a coarse aggregate (sand) as appropriate. It is good. In the case of these compositions, radioactive substance 19 may be contained in the primary composition, contaminated water of radioactive substance 19 may be used as water, or radioactive substance in fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. Although 19 may be contained, it adjusts so that the density | concentration (density) of the radioactive material 19 of the molded article as a finished product may become below in the above-mentioned predetermined value. Here, the predetermined value means a reference value that the society is determined from time to time depending on social condition, economic condition, radiological knowledge, radiobiology, radiology, radiology knowledge, and knowledge of radiation environmental knowledge. In the present Japan, it is 8,000 Bq / kg or less, and the clearance level described in Table 1 is adopted as the clearance system.

  In addition, the crust-like composition 20a is a molded article obtained by kneading the radioactive substance 19 with resin, tar, pitch, heat treated with polyacrylonitrile, asphalt, etc. and uniformly dispersing the radioactive substance 19 as a whole. Also good. Furthermore, the radioactive substance 19 may be uniformly dispersed in a block which is a finished product that is chemically or physically coated. In addition, the radioactive substance 19 is preferably uniformly dispersed throughout, but may be a nonuniform part in which the radioactive substance 19 is unevenly distributed. In this case, the density of the radioactive substance 19 may be higher than a predetermined value at the location where the radioactive substance 19 is unevenly distributed, but it is preferable that the radioactive substance 19 is not exposed to the surface. Further, as shown in FIG. 5B, the crust-like composition 20a may be provided with an outer layer 17 so that the outer layer 17 does not contain a radiation concentration lower than a predetermined value, for example, radioactive substance 19. .

  The crust-like composition 20a shown in FIGS. 5 (A) and 5 (B) can use the molded product as a fish reef or a coastal marine structure, or can sink to the ocean. Also, the crust-like composition 20a can be made to sink to the ocean as a paste-like crust-like composition in a paste-like state. It can also be arranged in a tunnel and used as a floor and / or wall and / or a ceiling of a tunnel. Furthermore, it can also serve as a material for backfilling the tunnel. Also, the crust-like composition 20a may be formed into a crushed aggregate (crusher orchid) by crushing a block-shaped molded product. This abrasive can be used, for example, as described later in detail, as a substitute for roadbed materials, soft grounds, earth materials, and ballasts used for ballast tracks.

[4-2. Example of placing radioactive material inside and the inside fulfilling a predetermined value]
The crust-like composition 20 can be configured as shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 according to the example of the case 4. From the example of FIG. 6, in this crust-like composition 20 c-1, the activity 18 is set to a finite activity concentration (density), and the outer layer 17 has a activity lower than the activity concentration (density) of the interior 18 The concentration (density) is set, and the radioactivity concentration (density) of the inside 18 is set to a predetermined value or less. Specifically, the crust-like composition 20c-1 is formed into a block shape, the radioactive substance 19 is disposed in the inside 18, and the outer layer 17 is a barrier layer not containing the radioactive substance 19. Here, the predetermined value means a reference value that the society is determined from time to time depending on social condition, economic condition, radiological knowledge, radiobiology, radiology, radiology knowledge, and knowledge of radiation environmental knowledge. In the present Japan, it is 8,000 Bq / kg or less, and the clearance level described in Table 1 is adopted as the clearance system. In addition, the outer layer 17 may have at least the radioactivity concentration set to the measurement lower limit value or less. The crust-like composition 20c-1 can shield radiation by the outer layer 17 serving as a barrier layer, and even if the outer layer 17 is damaged due to age-related deterioration and the inside 18 is exposed, the predetermined value is exceeded. Can be prevented, and adverse effects on the surrounding environment can be prevented.

  This crust-like composition 20c-1 can be manufactured, for example, as follows, although the details will be omitted. For example, first, water is further appropriately added to the secondary composition which becomes the solidifying binder obtained by adding the reaction rate regulator such as gypsum to the primary composition shown in Table 1 to the inside 18 as appropriate, and knead It can be molded and solidified to produce a tertiary composition. Furthermore, a fine aggregate (sand) may be added, and water may be added as appropriate, and the mixture is kneaded, shaped and solidified to produce a quaternary composition. Furthermore, coarse aggregate (sand) may be added, and water may be added as appropriate, and the mixture is kneaded and formed to be solidified to produce a fifth composition. In these cases, radioactive substance 19 may be contained in the primary composition, contaminated water containing radioactive substance 19 may be used as water, or radioactive substance 19 may be used for fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. However, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 of the molded product as a finished product is adjusted to be equal to or less than the above-mentioned predetermined value.

  The inside 18 including the radioactive substance 19 manufactured as described above is disposed in, for example, the central portion of the mold, and the quaternary composition or the fifth order kneaded with, for example, water free of the radioactive substance 19 around the inside 18 It can be produced by pouring the composition and solidifying it.

  In the crust-like composition 20c-1 as described above, the molded product can be used as a fish reef or a coastal marine structure, or can be made to sink to the ocean. It can also be located in a tunnel and be used on the floor and / or walls and / or the ceiling of a tunnel. The crust-like composition 20c-1 is a block that does not exceed the predetermined value even if the outer layer 17 serving as the barrier layer is damaged due to aging or the like. Therefore, like the crust-like composition 20 a, the crust-like composition 20 c-1 can be used as crushed aggregate (crusher orchid) by crushing a block-like molded article.

[4-3. Example of placing radioactive material inside and satisfying the predetermined value as a whole]
Also, according to the example of Case 4, the crust-like composition 20 can be configured as shown in FIG. In this crust-like composition 20 c-2, the inside 18 is set to a finite activity concentration, the outer layer 17 is set to a radioactivity concentration (density) lower than the activity concentration (density) of the inside 18, The radioactive concentration (density) is set larger than the predetermined value. Specifically, the crust-like composition 20c-2 is formed into a block shape, the radioactive substance 19 is disposed in the inside 18, and the outer layer 17 is a barrier layer not containing the radioactive substance 19. In the outer layer 17, at least the radioactivity concentration may be set to the measurement lower limit value or less. Here, the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the inner portion 18 is set to the predetermined value or more, and the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the entire area including the inner portion 18 and the outer layer 17 is set to a predetermined value or less. In the crust-like composition 20c-2, rubble and the like in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 is relatively higher than a predetermined value can be efficiently used as the material of the inside 18.

  This crust-like composition 20c-2 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing method as the crust-like composition 20c-1 shown in FIG. In the crust-like composition 20c-2 as described above, the molded product can be used as a fish reef or a coastal marine structure, and can be made to sink to the ocean. It can also be located in a tunnel and be used on the floor and / or walls and / or the ceiling of a tunnel. Furthermore, it can also serve as a material for backfilling the tunnel.

[4-4. An example in which a layer containing a radioactive substance is formed into a multi-layer structure, and the predetermined value is satisfied as a whole]
Furthermore, the crust-like composition 20 can be configured as shown in FIG. 8 with reference to the above cases 2 and 3. That is, in the crust-like composition 20b-1 shown in FIG. 8, the interior 18 forms a multilayer structure. The inner portion 18 is a layer containing the radioactive substance 19. For example, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 in the central portion 18a is larger or smaller than the above-described predetermined value, and travels outward from the central portion 18a. The concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 in the intermediate layer 18 b is configured to be lowered stepwise. In this example, the number of intermediate layers 18 b is not particularly limited. Here, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 may be proportionally decreased as in the case 2 as going from the central portion 18a to the outer layer 17, or may be a distribution such as a sin curve. The outer layer 17 outside the intermediate layer 18 b is a barrier layer that does not contain the radioactive substance 19. At least the radioactivity concentration (density) of the outer layer 17 may be set to the measurement lower limit value or less.

  This crust-like composition 20b-1 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing method as the crust-like composition 20c-1 and 2c shown in FIGS. That is, after the central portion 18a is formed, a multilayer structure can be obtained by sequentially forming the inner intermediate layer 18b sequentially. In the crust-like composition 20b-1 as described above, the molded product can be used as a fish reef or a coastal marine structure, or can be made to sink to the ocean. It can also be located in a tunnel and be used on the floor and / or walls and / or the ceiling of a tunnel. Furthermore, it can also serve as a material for backfilling the tunnel. When the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 in the central part of the inner part 18 where the density of the radioactive substance 19 is the highest is set to a predetermined value or less, the block-shaped molded product is crushed as in the crust-like composition 20a. It can be used as an aggregate (crusher run).

[4-5. An example where the density gradually decreases as the radioactive substance goes outside]
Furthermore, the crust-like composition 20 can be configured as shown in FIG. 9 with reference to the above cases 2 and 3. In the crust-like composition 20b-2 shown in FIG. 9, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 in the central portion of the interior 18 is equal to or higher than or equal to the predetermined value described above. The density of the substance 19 is configured to be gradually lower. Here, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 may be proportionally reduced as in the case 2 as going from the central portion 18 to the outer layer 17 or may be a distribution such as a sin curve. The outer layer 17 outside the inner portion 18 is a barrier layer that does not contain the radioactive substance 19. At least the radioactivity concentration (density) of the outer layer 17 may be set to the measurement lower limit value or less.

  Although this crust-like composition 20b-2 will be described in detail later, the radioactive substance 19 is adsorbed to a plurality of substances having a relatively low specific gravity, the paste-like composition is accommodated and rotated, and the central portion is obtained by centrifugal force. It can be manufactured by distributing low specific gravity substance containing radioactive substance 19 on the side and distributing low density substance of radioactive substance 19 on the outside. The outer layer 17 to be the barrier layer may be molded using a mold after molding the inside 18, for example.

  In the crust-like composition 20b-2 as described above, the molded product can be used as a fish reef or a coastal marine structure, or can be made to sink to the ocean. In addition, it can be disposed in a tunnel and can be used as a floor material and / or a wall material of the tunnel. Furthermore, when the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the central part of the inner part 18 where the density of the radioactive substance 19 is the highest is made equal to or less than a predetermined value, the block-shaped molded product is crushed and crushed as in the crust-like composition 20a. It can be used as (crusher run).

  In addition, as the crust-like composition 20, as shown in FIG. 10, the outer layer 17 which is a barrier layer is not provided in the outermost layer, and the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases gradually from the central portion to the outside. In addition, it may be a crust-like composition 20e having a total value not more than a predetermined value.

[5. Method of producing crust-like composition]
[5-1. Description of the entire manufacturing process]
The raw material containing the radioactive substance 19 used for the crust-like composition 20 shown in FIG. 5-10 as described above is specifically manufactured through the process shown in FIG. As shown in Table 2 above, radioactive contamination materials include fish shellfish, vegetables, incineration ash, sludge sludge, marine mud sand, river mud sand, lake mud sand, street trees, gravel (concrete, wood, glass, metal, plastic ), Contaminated water, earth and sand, and road surface materials. In the pre-processing step 1001, for example, baking and the like of these contaminants are performed to mineralize the contaminants. The details of the pre-processing step 1001 will be described later.

  In the raw material process 1002, as shown in FIG. 12, calcium carbonate compositions and radioactive contaminants are produced from fish and shellfish that have become radioactive contaminants, animal carcasses, meat and bones, animals and plants such as vegetables, etc. Predetermined components, mainly incineration ash, sludge sludge, fine-grained geological compositions such as lake mud sand, marine mud sand becoming radioactive contaminants, siliceous compositions such as river mud sand, lake mud sand, and iron oxide raw materials The ingredients are ground, dried and mixed to produce a powdery material with stable ingredients. In addition, you may use the incineration ash etc. of a thermal power plant for a fine-grain geology composition and a siliceous composition, and use the rubble (concrete, wood, glass, metal, plastic) which became a radioactive contaminant. It is good.

  Next, in the baking step 1003, as shown in FIG. 13, the powder raw material obtained in the raw material step is heated to a predetermined temperature and baked so as to be a hydraulic compound. For example, after reaching a maximum temperature and completing a predetermined chemical reaction, the mixture is cooled in one go by an air quenching cooler to form a primary composition which is a solid phase composition. At the time of firing, any of radioactive contaminants and non-radioactively contaminated materials may be used, but fuel materials such as waste plastic, waste oil, waste white earth, wood waste, meat-and-bone powder, recycled oil and the like are added and the powder raw materials are fired.

  In addition, the primary composition which is this solid phase composition adjusts the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance beforehand about each of a calcium carbonate composition, a fine grain geological composition, a siliceous composition, an iron oxide raw material, and a combustion raw material. By using these, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole can be adjusted to a predetermined value or less. In addition, the primary composition which is a solid phase composition uses radioactive contaminants for one or more of calcium carbonate composition, fine grain geological composition, siliceous composition, iron oxide raw material, and fuel raw material, The concentration (density) of the radioactive substance can also be set to a predetermined value which is less than or equal to the above-described predetermined value by setting the amount of the non-radioactive contamination material as the non-radioactive contamination material. These primary compositions may be those which do not contain radioactive substances.

  Furthermore, in the finishing step 1004, as shown in FIG. 14, for adjusting the curing rate and / or hydration reaction rate of the primary composition to the primary composition which is the solid phase composition obtained in the firing step. Reaction rate modifiers, such as gypsum, are added and these are ground to a fine powder, which completes the secondary composition to be a solidifiable binder. The concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole can be adjusted to a predetermined value which is equal to or less than a predetermined value by using the above-mentioned primary composition as the secondary composition to be the solidifying binder. .

  The secondary composition to be the solidifying binder is mixed with an appropriate amount of water to become a paste-like composition or a tertiary composition which is a solid phase. The tertiary composition hydrates and / or polymerizes and solidifies by kneading with water. The water used here may be tap water, river water, fresh water such as lake water, water other than fresh water such as seawater, or contaminated water which is a radioactive contaminant, It may be water of radioactive contamination material. In particular, when seawater is used and the treatment by transsea crust reduction is performed, osmotic pressure adjustment between the crustal composition and the seawater in contact with the ocean at that time can be performed in advance, which is preferable. In the tertiary composition, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole can be adjusted to a predetermined value less than or equal to a predetermined value depending on what kind of water is used. In such a tertiary composition, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole is made equal to or less than or equal to a predetermined value in the state of a paste-like composition or in the state of a hardened crust-like composition.

  Furthermore, the secondary composition to be a solidifying binder is added with a fine aggregate (sand) and kneaded with an appropriate amount of water to become a paste-like composition or a quaternary composition as a solidified product thereof. . The quaternary composition hydrates and / or polymerizes and solidifies by kneading with water. The water used here may be seawater other than fresh water, contaminated water which is a radioactive contaminant, or water of non-radioactive contaminated material. In particular, in the case of using seawater and performing transsea crust reduction, osmotic pressure adjustment can be performed in advance between the crust composition and the seawater in contact with the ocean at that time, which is preferable. In addition, as fine aggregate (sand), radioactive contaminants such as sediment, lake mud sand, marine mud sand, river mud sand may be used, or sand of non-radioactive polluting material may be used. In the quaternary composition, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole can be adjusted to a predetermined value which is equal to or less than a predetermined value, depending on what kind of water or fine aggregate (sand) is used. In such a quaternary composition, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole is brought to a predetermined value which is lower than or higher than a predetermined value in the state of a paste-like composition or in the state of a hardened crust-like composition. .

  Furthermore, the secondary composition to be a solidifying binder is a fifth composition which is a paste-like composition by adding fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel) and kneading with an appropriate amount of water. It becomes. The fifth composition hydrates and / or polymerizes and solidifies by kneading with water. As water used here, as water used here, it may be seawater other than fresh water, it may be contaminated water which is a radioactive contaminant, or water of non-radioactive contaminated material may be used. It may be. In particular, in the case of using seawater and performing transsea crust reduction, osmotic pressure adjustment can be performed in advance between the crust composition and the seawater in contact with the ocean at that time, which is preferable. In addition, as fine aggregate (sand), radioactive contaminants such as sediment, lake mud sand, marine mud sand, river mud sand may be used, or sand of non-radioactive polluting material may be used. In the quaternary composition, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole can be adjusted to a predetermined value which is equal to or less than a predetermined value, depending on what kind of water or fine aggregate (sand) is used. In such a fifth-order composition, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole is set to a predetermined value which is equal to or less than a predetermined value in the state of a paste-like composition or in the state of a hardened crust-like composition. .

  The tertiary composition, the quaternary composition, and the quaternary composition as described above are formed into a block shape by pouring the paste-like composition into a mold, which will be described later in the forming step 1005. The block-shaped tertiary composition, quaternary composition, and quaternary composition form the construction as shown in FIG. 5 to FIG. 10 in the utilization step 1007, and the molded article is It can be used as a structure or it can sink to the ocean. In addition, when the concentration (density) of radioactive substances is less than a predetermined value, a tertiary composition, a quaternary composition or a quaternary composition should be allowed to settle in the ocean as a paste-like crust-like composition in the paste state. Can do. In addition, the formed crust-like composition 20 can be disposed in a tunnel and can be used on the floor and / or the wall and / or the ceiling of the tunnel. Also, even if it is a paste-like crust-like composition, it can be poured or sprayed on the floor and / or the wall and / or the ceiling. Furthermore, it can be used as a material for backfilling a floor and / or a wall and / or a ceiling or a tunnel. Furthermore, when the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance is equal to or less than a predetermined value, the crust-like composition 20 may crush the block-shaped formed article into crusher run (crusher run) in the crush processing step 1006. This abrasive can be used, for example, as a substitute for a roadbed material, a soft ground, a soil material, or a ballast used for a ballast track, which will be described in detail later, in the utilization step 1007.

5-2. Description of pretreatment process]
[5-2-1. Explanation of the firing process of the contaminated material]
As shown in Table 2 above, radioactive contaminants are fish shellfish, vegetables, incineration ash, sludge sludge, marine mud sand, river mud sand, lake mud sand, street trees, gravel (concrete, wood, glass, metal, plastic) , Contaminated water, earth and sand, road surface material, etc. In addition, although the radioactive contamination material used here may be a measurement lower limit for the radioactivity concentration (density), a contamination material containing radioactive substances at a radioactivity concentration (density) exceeding the measurement lower limit can also be used. . When organic substances are contained in such a pollutant, after the crust-like composition 20 is formed, the organic material swells, rots or generates gas with the passage of time, and the crust-like composition 20 There is a risk of weakening. Therefore, in the pretreatment step 1001, as shown in FIG. 15, before using the contaminant as a raw material of the crust-like composition 20, the contaminant is fired. The baking temperature here is lower than the vaporization temperature of the radioactive substance, so that the radioactive substance or ash remains as a residue and the radioactive substance is prevented from being vaporized and released to the atmosphere. Thus, the contaminant can be vaporized or mineralized by being subjected to a baking treatment.

  Table 3 above is a boiling point table of representative radioactive substances. Cesium-134 has a boiling point of 671 ° C. Therefore, for example, when the baking temperature is less than 671 ° C., it is possible to prevent the vaporization of most of the radioactive substances. In addition, when performing a calcination process of a polluting material in enclosed space, it can be changed into gas, such as a carbon dioxide gas, and inorganic substances, such as water | moisture content and ash content, by supplying oxygen.

  For example, in the raw material process step 1002, the calcined contaminated material and incinerated ash obtained by the calcination treatment of the contaminated material as described above are introduced into the raw material crusher together with the calcium carbonate composition, the siliceous composition, the iron oxide composition, etc. It is also possible to obtain crushed raw materials. Moreover, when baking contamination material and incineration ash knead | mix a tertiary composition, a quaternary composition, and a quaternary composition with water or contaminated water, and make it a paste-form composition, hardening speed and / or water as an additive material It may be mixed with a reaction rate adjusting material for adjusting the sum reaction rate, fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. Thus, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 as the whole of the crust-like composition 20 can be adjusted also by adding the burnt-contaminating material and the incineration ash.

5-2-2. Description of chemical fixation (lapping process) of radioactive substances]
In addition, radioactive contamination materials such as mud, soil, sand, debris, incinerated ash and sludge containing radioactive material 19 exceeding the lower limit of measurement as shown in Table 2 above are chemically stable as shown in FIG. Is preferred. Therefore, the contaminant is solidified or solidified by being dissolved or mixed in a low melting substance that melts at a temperature lower than the boiling point of the radioactive substance 19 after being pulverized and / or after being fired and / or dried. It is good to crush the body and use as an aggregate. The paste-like melting point substance mixed with the contamination material is preferably kneaded so that the contamination material is uniformly dispersed in the low melting point material. This abrasive is mixed with the secondary composition as a fine aggregate or coarse aggregate, for example, when producing a quaternary composition or a quaternary composition which is a paste-like composition in a finishing step 1004. I can do it. Moreover, it can mix with the baking contamination material and incineration ash which were mentioned above. Also by adding the aggregate, it is possible to adjust the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 as a whole of the crust-like composition 20. In addition, although it is possible to treat the solidified body which has been solidified by the lapping treatment as an incapacitated composition without crushing thereafter, in the case of the composition at this stage, although chemical stability is obtained. There is a possibility that the shielding ability to attenuate the radiation may be insufficient.

  As the low melting point substance, for example, a low melting point glass lower than the boiling point of cesium-134 (boiling point 671 ° C.) can be used. In another example, for example, the chemical structure of borosilicate glass forms a structural network structure in which silicon and boron, which are main components, are arranged in the form of a network through oxygen, and in the vitrified body, radioactive substances 19 Can be uniformly and stably incorporated into the network structure. By grinding the vitrified body into which the radioactive substance 19 is taken in as described above, it is possible to obtain an aggregate.

  Further, as the low melting point substance, at least one of tar, pitch, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt and the like may be used. In this case, the polluting material containing the radioactive substance 19 can be used as an aggregate, mixed with tar, pitch, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or the like, and crushed to produce an aggregate material. Even in such an aggregate, as described above, when producing the quaternary composition or the fifth composition which is a paste-like composition, the secondary composition is used as a fine aggregate or a coarse aggregate. Can be mixed with Of course, the abrasive may be used as a road paving material as a mixture with asphalt or the like.

5-2-3. Description of pretreatment of pollutants]
Contaminating materials containing radioactive material 19 also include contaminated water contaminated with radioactive material 19. Contaminated water containing a radioactive substance is mixed with a support material that supports the radioactive substance to cause the support material to carry the radioactive substance, which is used as a single polluting material and used as a raw material of the crust-like composition 20 I can do it. That is, as shown in FIG. 17, the support material and the contaminated water contaminated with the radioactive substance 19 are mixed in the container.

  Examples of the support material to be used here include fine-grained soil having a layer structure having properties such as adsorption, cohesion, and cohesion such as vermiculite, bentonite and asbestos, alkali metals such as cesium, alkali earth such as strontium and the like. Included are substances having such properties as to react with cationic substances such as metalloids to form stable solid compounds.

  The inventors of the present invention classified the components of the topsoil and obtained the finding that most of cesium is found in fine-grained sand or extra-fine-grained sand of 0.075 mm or less in classification according to Wentworth particle size classification. The support material used here makes cesium adsorb | suck to the fine-grained soil of the layer structure which has a particle size of 0.075 mm or less. When the fine-grained soil having a layered structure and the contaminated water are mixed, the contaminant-supporting material holding the radioactive substance 19 adsorbed thereon forms a paste. The paste-like contaminant-supporting material can be used in the finishing step 1004 in producing the tertiary composition, the quaternary composition or the quaternary composition which is a paste-like composition, the above-mentioned fired contaminating material, incineration ash or fractured bone as described above. It can be mixed with wood, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, etc. Of course, it may be dried and used as a powder without being used as a paste.

  Moreover, it is also possible to use a porous material instead of the granular soil having a layered structure. For example, as a porous material, there is Shirasu porous glass. Since Silas porous glass can freely control the pore size in the range of 1 nm to 50 μm by adjusting the heat treatment conditions, the pore size can be adjusted according to the size of the target radioactive substance or the compound or mixture thereof. Can be adsorbed. Such a porous material serves as a filter medium and can separate water and the radioactive substance 19. The contaminant-supporting material can be mixed into the primary to fifth compositions, and can be used as a single contaminant, and the filtered water can also be used in the finishing step 1004 to form a tertiary composition or a quaternary composition which is a paste-like composition. It can be used when producing a composition or a fifth composition. That is, depending on the contamination concentration of the polluted water, the mixing amount of the support material is determined, mixed, and provided as a raw material of the crust component while the filtered water and the contaminant support material are mixed without separation. It can. In addition, as a porous material, an amorphous carbon material may be sufficient.

[5-3. Description of other processing]
When kneading the tertiary composition, quaternary composition or quaternary composition with water or contaminated water to make a paste-like composition, a high specific gravity substance with low reactivity is added as an additive to shield the radiation. Can be improved. Examples of the high specific gravity substance include barium and lead glass fragments. As shown in FIG. 6 to FIG. 10, these high specific gravity substances can enhance the barrier performance particularly by being distributed in the outer layer 17 of the crust-like composition 20. Furthermore, in the case of processing a contaminant-supporting material, a contaminated soil, or the like in which radioactive materials are supported on the above-described support material, these contaminants have a lower specific gravity than additives having a high specific gravity. When molding is performed using centrifugal force, the high specific gravity substance is distributed to the outside in a large amount, the contaminant is distributed on the inner side, and the radioactive substance is not distributed to the outer side. Can be enhanced.

  When the tertiary composition, quaternary composition or quaternary composition is kneaded with water or contaminated water to form a paste-like composition, resin fibers such as unsaturated polyester, unsaturated polyethylene or unsaturated polypropylene, The physical strength of the crust-like composition 20 can be enhanced by adding metal fibers as an additive.

  Furthermore, when the tertiary composition, quaternary composition or quaternary composition is kneaded with water or contaminated water to form a paste-like composition, an inexpensive, basic substance such as soda glass is pulverized and added. It is good. Also, glass fiber may be added. Thereby, the carbonation of the crust-like composition 20 can be prevented.

  Furthermore, when the tertiary composition, quaternary composition or quaternary composition is kneaded with water or contaminated water to form a paste-like composition, titanium oxide may be added. Titanium oxide has high hydrophilicity, enhances the water retention effect, and can prevent deterioration due to water shortage at the time of hydraulic reaction.

5-4. Description of molding method]
Next, the case where the crust-like composition 20 shown in FIG. 5-10 mentioned above is shape | molded using the tertiary composition, the quaternary composition, and the quaternary composition which were mentioned above is demonstrated.

[5-4-1. Description of the manufacturing method of the crust-like composition which the radioactive substance is entirely uniform]
In the crust-like composition 20a shown in FIG. 5, the radioactive substance 19 is uniformly dispersed throughout and solidified into a block shape. As shown in FIG. 18, in order to form the crust-like composition 20a, first, a tertiary composition or a quaternary composition may be formed on an outer mold frame 101 having a predetermined shape made of a material such as steel, wood, resin or glass. It is possible to knead the next composition or the fifth composition with water or contaminated water, drive in the paste-like composition 102, perform compaction with a vibrator or the like, and then remove and mold the outer mold frame 101. Here, the paste-like composition 102 is poured into the outer mold frame 101 in a state in which the radioactive substance 19 is uniformly dispersed. In the paste-like composition 102, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance is set to a predetermined value equal to or less than a predetermined value. Thus, the crust-like composition 20a is formed as a block in which the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance as a whole is a value equal to or less than a predetermined value.

  The outer form 101 may not be removed but may be left for use as a protective layer for the crust-like composition 20a or a barrier layer against radiation. Moreover, the radioactive substance 19 can disperse the radioactive substance 19 uniformly when the kneading time is increased and firmly kneaded, and when the kneading time is shortened, the place where the radioactive substance 19 is unevenly distributed in a part of the molded product Will be formed.

5-4-2. Description of the method for producing a crust-like composition having radioactive material disposed therein]
The crust-like composition 20c-1 shown in FIG. 6 is formed in a block shape, the radioactive substance 19 is disposed in the inside 18, and the activity concentration of the outer layer 17 is set lower than the measurement lower limit or relatively low. In the barrier layer, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 is set to the predetermined value or less. In the example here, the outer layer 17 is configured not to contain the radioactive substance 19. Further, the crust-like composition 20c-2 shown in FIG. 7 is formed in a block shape, the radioactive substance 19 is disposed in the inside 18, the outer layer 17 is a barrier layer not containing the radioactive substance 19, and the inside 18 and The concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 as a whole including the outer layer 17 is larger than the above-described predetermined value. The crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 may be molded from the outer layer 17 or molded from the interior 18, so these manufacturing methods will be described next.

(1) Example Starting from Outer Layer The crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 can be manufactured according to the procedure shown in FIG. 19 when formed from the outer layer 17 side. . Specifically, as shown in FIG. 19 (A), first, the outer frame 111 having a predetermined shape is formed of a material such as steel, wood, resin, glass, etc. An inner mold frame 112 for supporting is disposed at a predetermined distance from the bottom surface of the outer mold frame 111 by being supported by a mounting portion (not shown). Further, the height of the opening surface is set lower than the opening surface of the outer molding frame 111 so that the inner molding frame 112 can also inject the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance onto the inside 18. .

  For example, when the interior 18 is provided at the center of the block, the inner mold 112 is disposed at the center of the outer mold 111. That is, in FIG. 19A, the inner mold 112 has a space a1 between the side wall of the outer mold 111 and a side wall of the inner mold 112, and a space a2 between the bottom of the outer mold 111 and the bottom of the inner mold 112. , And the space a3 between the opening surface of the outer frame 111 and the opening surface of the inner frame 112 is equal to each other in the outer frame 111. In the space between the outer mold 111 and the inner mold 112, the paste-like composition 113, which is a non-radioactive substance such as mortar and concrete, is driven to the height of the opening of the inner mold 112. The paste-like composition 113 may be resin, tar, pitch, heat-treated polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or the like. Moreover, you may compact with a vibrator etc. here.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 19 (B), in the inner mold frame 112, the tertiary composition, the quaternary composition and the quaternary composition are kneaded with water or contaminated water, and the paste-like composition 114 is injected. Here, when the density of the radioactive substance 19 of the inside 18 shown in FIG. 6 shapes the crust-like composition 20c-1 below a predetermined value, the density of the radioactive substance 19 is adjusted below the predetermined value. Is used. Further, when forming the crust-like composition 20c-2 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 shown in FIG. 7 is larger than the predetermined value, the density of the radioactive substance 19 is larger than the predetermined value, preferably the outer layer 17 and the inside 18 The activity level with respect to the total mass of, that is, one whose activity concentration is adjusted to meet the standard value is used. Then, the paste-like composition 114 is driven to the opening surface of the inner mold frame 112. Also in this case, the paste-like composition 114 in the inner mold frame 112 may be compacted.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 19C, a paste-like composition 113 of a non-radioactive substance is injected to the entire opening including the upper side of the paste-like composition 114 poured into the inner mold 112 to the opening surface of the outer mold 111. Be Also in this case, the paste-like composition 114 in the inner mold frame 112 may be compacted. Thus, in the crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance in the interior 18 is set to a predetermined value or less, and the concentration of the radioactive substance as a whole ( The density is formed as a block having a predetermined value or less. The outer mold 111 may be used as a protective layer for the crust-like compositions 20 c-1 and 20 c-2 or a barrier layer against radiation, without removing the outer mold 111.

  As shown in FIGS. 19A and 19D, after the paste-like composition 113 of a non-radioactive substance is poured into the outer mold frame 111 and solidified in a state of being previously imaged, the inner mold frame 112 is removed. The paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 may be poured into the recessed portion 115 in which the inner mold frame 112 is released and molded. That is, in this example, the recess 115 is used as the inner mold 112. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 19E, the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance is driven to the entire opening including the upper side of the paste-like composition 114 poured into the recess 115 up to the opening face of the outer mold frame 111. Be As a result, as shown in FIG. 19E, the interface between the outer layer 17 and the inside 18 is in contact with the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance and the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19, The physical strength of the interface can be increased as compared to the case where there is a separator such as a mold.

  When forming from the outer layer 17 side, the crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 can be manufactured according to the procedure shown in FIG. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 20A, the outer mold frame 111 further includes an inner mold frame 112 a for molding the inner portion 18 including the radioactive substance 19 at a predetermined distance from the bottom surface of the outer mold frame 111. It is supported by a mounting portion (not shown) at the position of. The inner formwork 112 a is set so that the height of the opening face is aligned with the opening face of the outer formwork 111.

  For example, in the case where the inside 18 is provided at the center of the block, the inner mold 112a is formed by the space a1 between the side wall of the outer mold 111 and the side wall of the inner mold 112a in FIG. And the bottom surface of the inner formwork 112a are arranged in the outer formwork 111 so as to be equal. Then, in the space between the outer mold 111 and the inner mold 112, the paste-like composition 113, which is a non-radioactive substance such as mortar or concrete, is driven to the height of the opening surface of the outer mold 111. The paste-like composition 113 may be resin, tar, pitch, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or the like. Moreover, you may compact with a vibrator etc. here.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 20 (B), in the inner mold frame 112, the tertiary composition, the quaternary composition or the quaternary composition is kneaded with water or contaminated water, and a paste-like composition 114 is driven. Here, when the density of the radioactive substance 19 of the inside 18 shown in FIG. 6 shapes the crust-like composition 20c-1 below a predetermined value, the density of the radioactive substance 19 is adjusted below the predetermined value. Is used. Further, when forming the crust-like composition 20c-2 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 shown in FIG. 7 is larger than the predetermined value, the density of the radioactive substance 19 is larger than the predetermined value, preferably the outer layer 17 and the inside 18 The activity level with respect to the total mass of, that is, one whose activity concentration is adjusted to meet the standard value is used. The paste-like composition 114 is then driven to a predetermined height of the inner mold frame 112. That is, the paste-like composition 114 is driven into the inner mold 112 to such a height that the intervals a1, a2 and the opening a of the outer mold frame 111, the opening surface of the inner mold frame 112a, and the upper surface of the paste composition 114 become equal. Be Also in this case, the paste-like composition 114 in the inner mold frame 112 may be compacted.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 20C, on the upper side of the paste-like composition 114 poured into the inner mold 112, the paste-like composition 113 of non-radioactive material is driven to the opening surface of the inner mold 112. In addition, you may compact the paste-form composition 113 in the inner formwork 112 also here. Thus, the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 will be blocked by the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance. In the crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance in the interior 18 is set to a predetermined value or less, and the concentration of the radioactive substance also as a whole The (density) is formed as a block having a predetermined value or less. The outer mold 111 may be used as a protective layer for the crust-like compositions 20 c-1 and 20 c-2 or a barrier layer against radiation, without removing the outer mold 111.

  As shown in FIGS. 20A and 20D, after the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance is poured into the outer mold frame 111 and solidified in a state of being previously imaged, the inner mold frame 112 is removed. The paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 may be poured into the recessed portion 116 in which the inner mold frame 112 is released and molded. That is, in this example, the recess 116 is used as the inner mold 112. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 20E, the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance is driven to the upper surface of the outer mold frame 111 above the paste-like composition 114 poured into the recess 115. As a result, as shown in FIG. 20E, the interface between the outer layer 17 and the inside 18 is in contact with the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance and the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19, The physical strength of the interface can be increased as compared to the case where there is a separator such as a mold.

  The crust-like composition 20b-1 having a multilayer structure as shown in FIG. 8 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the intermediate layer 18b gradually decreases from the central portion 18a to the outside as shown in FIG. 8 is formed. To do so, the inner mold frame 112 corresponding to the number of layers may be disposed in the outer mold frame 111, and the paste-like composition may be poured and molded in the inner mold frame 112 in the order of the center side empty.

(2) The example which starts from an inside Moreover, when it shape | molds from the inside 18 side, crust-like composition 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIG.6 and FIG.7 can be manufactured in the procedure shown in FIG. In this case, first, as shown in FIG. 21A, a paste containing radioactive substance 19 obtained by kneading the tertiary composition, the quaternary composition or the quaternary composition with the inner mold frame 112a with water or contaminated water. This is injected as a composition 114, compacted with a vibrator or the like, and molded. In the paste-like composition 114, the density of the radioactive substance 19 is adjusted to a predetermined value or less when the crust-like composition 20c-1 having a density of the radioactive substance 19 of the inside 18 shown in FIG. Is used. Further, when forming the crust-like composition 20c-2 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 shown in FIG. 7 is larger than the predetermined value, the density of the radioactive substance 19 is larger than the predetermined value, preferably the outer layer 17 and the inside 18 The activity level with respect to the total mass of, that is, one whose activity concentration is adjusted to meet the standard value is used. Then, the inner molded body 18c with the inner mold frame 112a shown in FIG. 21A and the inner molded body 18d from which the inner mold frame 112a shown in FIG. It will be installed in the frame 111. The inner formed body 18c with the inner formwork 112a can function as a protective layer for the inner form 18a or a barrier layer against radiation. In addition, the internal molded body 18d from which the inner mold frame 112a is removed can increase the physical strength with the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance. In the following example, the inner molded body 18c from which the inner mold frame 112a is removed will be described as an example.

  Specifically, as shown in FIG. 22A, a paste-like composition 113 which is a non-radioactive substance such as mortar and concrete before hardening is driven to a predetermined height in the outer mold frame 111. In addition, you may compact with a vibrator etc. here. Next, as shown in FIG. 22 (B), the internal molded body 18d is placed on the paste-like composition 113. After the internal shaped body 18 d is solidified to the extent that the internal shaped body 18 d does not precipitate in the paste-like composition 113, the internal shaped body 18 d is installed in the paste-like composition 113. At this time, the inner formed body 18d is installed at a position where the distance a1 between the side wall of the outer frame 111 and the side wall of the inner formed body 18d is the same. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 22C, the paste-like composition 113 which is a non-radioactive substance is poured into the outer mold frame 111 up to the opening surface. At this time, the inner molded body 18d is formed by the space a2 between the bottom surface of the outer mold frame 111 and the bottom surface of the inner molded body 18d, the opening surface of the outer mold frame 111, and the upper surface of the inner molded body 18d. The interval a3 is set to be equal. That is, the internal molded body 18 d is disposed in the outer mold frame 111 at a position where a1 = a2 = a3. Thus, in the crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance in the interior 18 is set to a predetermined value or less, and the concentration of the radioactive substance as a whole ( The density is formed as a block having a predetermined value or less. The outer mold 111 may be used as a protective layer for the crust-like compositions 20 c-1 and 20 c-2 or a barrier layer against radiation, without removing the outer mold 111. The paste-like composition 113 may be resin, tar, pitch, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or the like. Moreover, you may compact with a vibrator etc. here.

  Further, the outer mold frame 111 may be configured as shown in FIG. That is, as shown in FIG. 23A, a temporary base 111a of the first height is installed on the bottom of the outer frame 111, and an internal molded body 18d is installed on the temporary base 111a. Ru. The temporary base 111a is installed at a predetermined height by, for example, a plurality of support legs 111b, and the paste-like composition 113 flows in a cavity between the temporary base 111a and the bottom surface of the outer frame 111. When the inner molded body 18d is placed on the temporary base 111a, as shown in FIG. 23 (B), the outer mold 111 is an outer mold in which the paste-like composition 113, which is a non-radioactive substance, has a second height. The opening surface of the frame 111 is poured. At this time, the inner molded body 18d is formed by the space a2 between the bottom surface of the outer mold frame 111 and the bottom surface of the inner molded body 18d, the opening surface of the outer mold frame 111, and the upper surface of the inner molded body 18d. The interval a3 is set to be equal. In addition, the space a1 between the side surface of the outer frame 111 and the side surface of the inner molded body 18d is set to be equal to the space a2 or a3.

  Thus, in the crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance in the interior 18 is set to a predetermined value or less, and the concentration of the radioactive substance as a whole ( The density is formed as a block having a predetermined value or less. Such a forming method directly contacts the paste-like compositions 113 and 114 except for the portion of the temporary base 111a, and enhances the physical height at the interface as compared with the case where there is a separator such as a mold. I can do it. The outer mold 111 may be used as a protective layer for the crust-like compositions 20 c-1 and 20 c-2 or a barrier layer against radiation, without removing the outer mold 111. The paste-like composition 113 may be resin, tar, pitch, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or the like. Moreover, you may compact with a vibrator etc. here.

  Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 24A, the outer mold frame 111 is suspended by a wire 111c at a first height, and as shown in FIG. 24B, a paste-like composition which is a non-radioactive substance The object 113 may be poured to a second height which is the opening surface of the outer frame 111. At this time, the inner molded body 18d is installed so that the distance a1 between the side surface of the outer frame 111 and the side surface of the inner molded body 18d is equal to the distance a2 or a3. In the outer frame 111, the distance a2 between the bottom surface of the outer frame 111 and the bottom surface of the inner molded body 18d and the distance a3 between the opening surface of the outer frame 111 and the upper surface of the inner molded body 18d are equal. Set to Of course, these intervals a1, a2 and a3 are not necessarily equal to each other, as long as they can attenuate the radiation emitted from the inside sufficiently or to a desired value. As a result, the inner molded body 18 d is disposed at the central portion of the outer frame 111. Then, after the paste-like composition 113 is solidified, the exposed part of the wire 111 c is cut. Of course, the wire 111c does not necessarily have to be cut, and when the internal molded body 18d is embedded with the paste-like composition 113 to some extent, the wire 111c can be removed or embedded together with the internal molded body 18d.

  Thus, in the crust-like compositions 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance in the interior 18 is set to a value below or above the predetermined value, and the concentration of the radioactive substance as a whole is also The (density) is formed as a block having a predetermined value or less. Such a forming method does not require the temporary table 111a to be installed on the outer mold frame 111, and can simplify the manufacturing process. In addition, the pasty compositions 113 and 114 are in direct contact with each other, and the physical height at the interface can be increased as compared with the case where there is a separator such as a mold. The outer mold 111 may be used as a protective layer for the crust-like compositions 20 c-1 and 20 c-2 or a barrier layer against radiation, without removing the outer mold 111. The paste-like composition 113 may be resin, tar, pitch, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or the like. Moreover, you may compact with a vibrator etc. here.

  Furthermore, as shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B, the paste-like composition 113, which is a non-radioactive substance, is poured into the outer mold frame 111 to the opening surface of the outer mold frame 111, and then the paste composition 113 is Before being solidified and having an appropriate hardness, the inner formed body 18 d may be sunk to be positioned substantially at the center of the outer mold frame 111.

  In addition, the crust-like composition 20b-1 as shown in FIG. 8 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 of the intermediate layer 18b gradually decreases toward the outside from the central portion 18a is a radioactive substance on the surface of the inner formed body 18d. It can be shaped by providing an intermediate layer 18b having a low density (density) of 19, repeating this and finally providing an outer layer 17 not containing radioactive substance 19.

(3) The example started simultaneously The crust-like composition 20c-1 and 20c-2 shown in FIG.6 and FIG.7 can also manufacture the inside 18 and the outer layer 17 simultaneously. In this case, as shown in FIGS. 26A and 26B, the discharge port 113a for discharging the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance and the discharge port 114a for discharging the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 And a hopper 118 provided with Of course, although the discharge port 113a here is discharging the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance, it does not necessarily have to be the paste-like composition of the non-radioactive material. The discharge port 114a for discharging the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 is provided at the central portion to form the inside 18, and the discharge port 113a for discharging the paste-like composition 113 for non-radioactive substance is a discharge port. A plurality of layers are provided around the periphery 114 a to form the outer layer 17. An inner mold 112 for molding the inside 18 is located below the discharge port 114a, and an area between the outer mold 111 and the inner mold 112 is located below the discharge port 113a.

  Moreover, the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 discharged from the discharge port 114a is a case where the density of the radioactive substance 19 of the inside 18 shown in FIG. 6 is formed into the crust-like composition 20c-1 having a predetermined value or less. The density of the radioactive substance 19 is adjusted to a predetermined value or less. Further, when forming the crust-like composition 20c-2 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 shown in FIG. 7 is larger than the predetermined value, the density of the radioactive substance 19 is larger than the predetermined value, preferably the outer layer 17 and the inside 18 The activity level with respect to the total mass of, that is, one whose activity concentration is adjusted to meet the standard value is used.

  As shown in FIG. 26C, first, a paste-like composition 113 of a non-radioactive substance is poured into the outer mold frame 111 from the discharge port 113a. Next, as shown in FIG. 26D, a paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 is poured into the inner mold frame 112 from the outlet 114a, and as shown in FIG. The paste-like composition 114 is poured to the height of the opening surface of the frame 112. Then, the discharge from the discharge port 114 a is stopped, and the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance is poured from the discharge port 113 a to the height of the opening surface of the outer mold 111. The flow rate and the flow rate of the paste-like composition 114 containing the non-radioactive paste-like composition 113 discharged from the discharge port 113 a and the radioactive material 19 discharged from the discharge port 114 a It is preferable to adjust the paste-like composition 113 so as not to enter the inner mold 112 before being filled with Moreover, it is desirable to adjust so that the paste-form composition 114 may not overflow from the inner mold frame 112 and flow into the outer mold frame 111 side. According to such a forming method, since pouring of the paste-like composition 113 containing the non-radioactive substance and the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 can be performed in parallel, improvement of production efficiency can be achieved. It can.

  Moreover, when simultaneously pouring the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance discharged from the discharge port 113a and the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 discharged from the discharge port 114a, the inner mold frame 112 is not used. Also good. That is, as shown to FIG. 27 (A), the inner formwork 112 is not installed in the outer formwork 111. As shown in FIG. In this state, the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance is poured to the first height from the discharge port 113a. Next, as shown in FIG. 27 (B), the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 is also poured from the outlet 114a. Then, as shown in FIG. 27C, the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 is poured into the central portion of the outer mold frame 111 from the outlet 114a, and the paste of the non-radioactive substance is provided on the outside thereof. Composition 113 is poured. By aligning the rise of the water surface of the paste-like composition 113 of the non-radioactive substance from the discharge port 113a with the rise of the water surface of the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 from the discharge port 114a, FIG. The paste-like composition 114 can be distributed inside the external paste-like composition 113 as shown in FIG. Then, when the predetermined height is reached, the discharge of the paste-like composition 114 from the discharge port 114 a is stopped, and only the paste-like composition 113 is discharged from the discharge port 113 a. Like composition 113 can be distributed. Then, the paste-like composition 113 is poured to the opening surface of the outer mold frame 111.

  According to such a forming method, since pouring of the paste-like composition 113 containing the non-radioactive substance and the paste-like composition 114 containing the radioactive substance 19 can be performed in parallel, improvement of production efficiency can be achieved. It can. Moreover, since the inner mold 112 is not used, the production process can be simplified. Here, if the flowability and specific gravity of the paste-like composition 113 and the paste-like composition 114 are too much different, the distribution is disturbed, so it is preferable that these properties are not too different.

  In the crust-like composition 20b-1 as shown in FIG. 8 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 in the intermediate layer 18b gradually decreases as it goes outward from the central portion 18a, the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 is The paste-like composition 114 containing different radioactive substances 19 can be molded by being poured into the outer mold frame 111 so that the concentration (density) becomes lower toward the outer mold frame 111 side.

[5-4-3. Description of the manufacturing method of crust-like composition using centrifugal force]
The inside 18 of the crust-like composition 20b-2 shown in FIG. 9 is configured such that the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases from the center toward the outside. The crust-like composition 20e shown in FIG. 10 is also configured such that the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases from the center toward the outside as a whole. Here, the two crust-like compositions are simply referred to as "crust-like composition 20e etc.". Thus, the crust-like composition 20e etc. in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases from the central portion to the outside can be manufactured using centrifugal force.

  The centrifugal separator 121 is shown in FIG. The centrifugal separator 121 is provided with a mold 122 for molding the crust-like composition 20e and the like, and the mold 122 rotates at a high speed around the shaft 125. The centrifugal separator 121 is provided with a discharge port 123 and a discharge port 124 of the hopper. The substance 19 b corresponding to the high specific gravity substance is poured into the mold 122 from the discharge port 123, and the substance 19 a corresponding to the low specific gravity substance is poured into the mold 122 from the discharge port 124. Of course, the centrifugal separator does not necessarily have to be provided with a rotating mold, as long as the material contained in the mold can flow in a flowable state before solidification at a high speed. .

  The high specific gravity substance 19b is a substance having a high specific gravity set so that the activity concentration is lower than the measurement lower limit value or a relatively low value, and as described above, other than barium and lead glass fragments having high shielding effect of radioactivity, Aggregates and coarse aggregates can be mentioned. The low specific gravity substance 19a is a substance having a low specific gravity having a limited activity concentration, and soils containing radioactive substances, that is, polluted soils, in particular fine-grained soils having a layered structure, and other porous materials, As described above, it may be a contaminated matter supporting material or the like in which contaminated water and these are mixed (see FIG. 17). Specifically, as the fine-grained soil having a layered structure, for example, those having a main particle diameter of 0.075 mm or less, such as vermiculite, bentonite, asbestos, etc., and porous materials such as silas porous glass, amorphous carbon Materials etc. may be mentioned. Such high specific gravity substance 19b and low specific gravity substance 19a are mixed as additives and aggregates into the tertiary composition, the quaternary composition and the fifth composition, which are paste-like compositions, from the discharge ports 123 and 124 and kneaded. Do. Then, the low specific gravity substance 19 a containing the radioactive substance 19 and the high specific gravity substance 20 of the non-radioactive substance are uniformly dispersed. In addition, the centrifugal separator does not necessarily have to be provided with the discharge ports 123 and 124, and there is no need to discharge the high specific gravity substance and the low specific gravity substance separately in a separated state, and the high specific gravity substance in advance. And the low specific gravity substance may be mixed and accommodated in the mold.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 28 (B), when the mold 122 is rotated at high speed, the high specific gravity substance 19b is distributed largely in the outer side by the centrifugal force, and the low specific gravity substance 19a is distributed in the large inner side. Thereby, the crust-like composition 20e or the like in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases as it goes from the central portion to the outside can be easily manufactured. Moreover, the high specific gravity substance 19b has a high barrier effect of radioactivity. By distributing the high specific gravity substance 19b in large amounts on the outside, it is possible to form a crust-like composition having a high barrier effect of radioactivity. Further, as shown in FIG. 9, the outer layer 17 not containing the radioactive substance 19 can also be formed of a layer in which a large amount of high specific gravity substance is distributed. Also, the outer layer 17 can be as thin as the skin layer.

[5-4-4. Description of the manufacturing method of crust-like composition using pressure]
As shown in Table 2 and FIG. 3 above, the radioactive contaminants include fish shellfish, vegetables, incinerated ash, sludge sludge, marine mud sand, river mud sand, lake mud sand, street trees, gravel (concrete, wood, glass, Metal, plastic), polluted water, earth and sand, road surface material, etc. exist, and earth, sand, lake mud sand, marine mud sand, river mud sand, road surface material etc can be used as fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. Then, the above-mentioned tertiary composition, quaternary composition or fifth order composition is obtained by adding fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, etc. to the secondary composition as a solidifying binder obtained by adding gypsum etc. to the primary composition. The composition can be manufactured.

  Then, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, when producing the crust-like compositions 20b-2 and 20e in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases from the central portion to the outside, the paste form in the mold It can be produced by pressurizing the composition. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 29A, the outer mold pressing device 131 includes a mold 132 and a pressing member 133 for pressing the paste-like composition in the mold 132. For example, as the secondary composition 134 as the solidifying binder obtained by adding gypsum or the like to the primary composition, the mold 132 does not contain the radioactive substance 19, and as the fine aggregate and the coarse aggregate 135, Those containing radioactive substance 19 are mixed and contained. Then, after the secondary composition 134 and the fine aggregate or coarse aggregate 135 are previously kneaded, the paste-like composition 136 contained in the form 132 is pressed by the pressure member 133 in the form 132. It is pressurized. Then, as shown in FIG. 29B, the secondary composition 134 including fine particles having a smaller particle size and higher fluidity than the fine aggregate or the coarse aggregate 135 moves to the mold 132 side. As shown in FIG. 9, it is also possible to form a crust-like composition 20e in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases as the structure of the interior 18 is moved outward from the center while forming the outer layer 17.

  In the mold pressing device 131, when the applied pressure is low, the outer layer 17 is hardly formed, and the crust-like composition 20a in which the radioactive substance 19 is uniformly dispersed as shown in FIG. 5 is formed. It can also be done. In addition, when the applied pressure is increased, a high fluidity secondary composition 134 with a small particle size is distributed along the inner surface of the mold 132, and the outer layer 17 is thin on the surface of the crust-like composition 20a shown in FIG. Can also be formed. The outer layer 17 can increase the physical strength of the molded article by distributing a large amount of the highly fluid secondary composition 134. Furthermore, when the pressure is increased, as shown in FIG. 9, the crust-like composition 20b-in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases as the structure of the interior 18 moves outward from the central portion while forming the outer layer 17 It is also possible to mold 2. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 10, it is also possible to form a crust-like composition 20e in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 gradually decreases from the center where the outer layer 17 is hardly formed to the outside. That is, what kind of crust-like composition 20 is to be formed is determined by appropriately adjusting the composition of secondary composition 134 and water, the size of pressure, pressing time and the like.

  By the way, when air or the like is present between the mold 132, the paste-like composition 136, and the pressing member 137 during pressurization, the crust-like composition 20 to be formed becomes fragile. . Therefore, the pressing member 137 shown in FIG. 30A is formed in a mountain shape so that the pressing surface at the tip end is the highest. In this case, the pressing member 137 pushes the paste-like composition 136 away and enters the mold 132, thereby preventing air from entering the mold 132 when pressurized. You can do it.

[5-5. Description of grinding process]
The crust-like composition 20a in which the radioactive substance 19 shown in FIGS. 5 (A) and 5 (B) is uniformly dispersed in the whole, and the crust-like composition 20c-1 containing the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 shown in FIG. The density of the substance 19 is less than a predetermined value, and it no longer falls under the definition of radioactive waste, and becomes a general waste or simply a material that can be treated as a resource. Therefore, in the crushing process step 1006 shown in FIG. 11, as shown in FIGS. 31 (A) and (B), the crust-like composition 20a and the crust-like composition 20c-1 are crushed with a crusher etc. and crushed in a plant. It is possible to artificially make the aggregate 150 by crushing or grinding. Such an aggregate 150 may be coated with at least one covering layer 151 of resin, tar, pitch, heat treated polyacrylonitrile, or asphalt, as shown in FIG. 31 (C). Resin, tar, pitch, heat treated polyacrylonitrile, asphalt can not only function as a barrier layer against radiation emitted by radioactive substances contained in each aggregate, but also enhance chemical stability, acid rain and so on. It is possible to prevent neutralization and elution due to carbon dioxide and the like in the air.

  Such an aggregate material 150 can be used as a base material 201, for example, as shown in FIG. In a general road 202 such as a national road, a lower roadbed 204, an upper roadbed 205, a base layer 206, and a surface layer 207 are sequentially provided on the roadbed 203. For example, the base material 201 which is the aggregate material 150 can be used for the lower layer base 204 and the upper layer base 205. That is, the part using the roadbed material 201 is not the road surface but the roadbeds 204 and 205 under the base layer 206 and the surface layer 207. Accordingly, the base layer 206 and the surface layer 207 also serve as a barrier layer to radiation.

  In addition, the aggregate material 150 can be used as the filling material 211 as shown in FIG. When the original ground has a slope, generally, the upper side of the pavement 212 is cut and the lower side is filled. The embankment material 211, which is a crushed aggregate, can be used for the embankment portion. In the portion of the pavement 212, the roadbed material 201 can be used on the roadbed. Moreover, although not shown in figure, the aggregate material 150 can also be used as a substituted material of a soft ground. Furthermore, the aggregate 150 can be used as a ballast 216 used for a ballast track 217, as shown in FIG. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 40, it is possible to fill the inside of the caisson 310 to be used such as a breakwater, a quay, a revetment, etc. with an abrasive.

[5-6. Explanation of use process]
Furthermore, the block-like crust-like composition 20 shown in FIGS. 5-10 can be further reduced to the crust as follows. Specifically, there are a method of reducing the crust through the ocean and a method of reducing it directly to the ground.

[5-6. Explanation of transsea crust reduction method]
As shown in FIG. 35, the crust-like composition 20 formed in a block shape as shown in FIG. You can do it. The block-like crust-like composition 20 disposed on the seabed is transported to the ocean 302 by the ship 301 and is put into operation, thereby acting as a fish reef 303a etc. on the seabed 303, and also a continental plate or ocean plate However, when it sinks into the deep sea such as a subducted trench, it is possible to sink into the crust of the seabed and be annihilated as the plate 304 moves.

  In order to reduce the influence of the ocean current and the like and to place the crust-like composition 20 at a predetermined position when sinking in the deep sea, for example, as shown in FIGS. 36 (A)-(C), It is preferable to form an external shape such as a teardrop shape, a pyramidal shape, a bullet shape, a streamlined shape, and the like, and provide a weight portion 307 which is heavier on one end side than on the other end side. Thereby, the crust-like composition 20 can be placed on the bottom of the sea floor 303 in a stable posture.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 37, the ship 301 carrying the crust-like composition 20 to a predetermined place in the ocean is sequentially sedimented from the sea toward the sea floor 303 from the hatch 301a at the rear of the hull using a conveyor 301b. Can do. Of course, as shown in FIG. 35, the ship 301 may be made to land on the sea surface from the sea using a crane or the like. Further, FIG. 38 shows an example of a catamaran. In this catamaran, a large deck 301d can be provided between the two hulls 301c, and many crust-like compositions 20 can be loaded on the deck 301d. For example, the deck 301 d is openable, and when opened, the crust-like composition 20 a loaded at one time on the sea surface can be introduced. Moreover, FIG. 39 shows the example of a barge. In the case of a barge, the block-like crust-like composition 20 is loaded on a deck 301 or an internal storage, towed to a predetermined location, and settled at the predetermined location using a crane, conveyor, etc. It can be done. Further, in the case of a cruise ship not equipped with a propulsion unit, seawater may be injected into the cruise ship loaded with the crust-like composition 20 to be submerged and / or sink into the ocean as it is. The boat may have a propulsion system.

  In the case of a ship such as a charter, the crust-like composition 20 is formed into a ship-like, boat-like or floatable form, which is towed, and is submerged in the ocean as it is at a predetermined location. And / or may be allowed to settle. In addition, the crust-like composition 20 may be towed in a dive state and then separated from the towing vessel at desired locations and allowed to settle. In this case, in order to reduce water resistance, it is preferable to form in a streamlined shape such as a submersible or a submarine. Also, the crust-like composition 20 may be used for marine reclamation.

  Furthermore, the crust-like composition 20 can be used for coastal marine structures, as shown in FIG. For example, FIG. 40 shows a caisson 310 used as a breakwater, a quay, a revetment, etc., as one of the port / fishing port facilities. The caisson 310 is sunk, for example, on the seabed. After this, the crust-like composition 20 can be disposed in the caisson 310. Further, the caisson 310 may be filled with an aggregate obtained by crushing the crust-like composition 20, or a paste-like composition using this aggregate may be inserted into the gaps of the block-like crust-like composition 20. It may be packed or may be packed. Alternatively, the paste-like tertiary composition, quaternary composition or quaternary composition may be contained in a fluid state and solidified in the caisson. In addition, it can also be used as a floating marine structure, a floating breakwater, a floating breakwater that floats offshore to break waves, and a swash plate for the purpose of preventing beach erosion and multipurpose use of the coastal area. It can.

  By the way, as shown in FIG. 41, the crust-like composition 20 in which the fourth or fifth composition which is a paste-like composition is solidified has at least the surface selected from asphalt, tar and glass on its surface. The impermeable layer 21 may be provided by one or more substances. When the impermeable layer 21 is provided, it is possible to prevent the crust-like composition 20 from being weakened by being exposed to seawater or the like.

Furthermore, as a method for solidifying high-level radioactive substances and highly toxic radioactive substances, artificial ores are synthesized artificially using titanate-based minerals such as hollandite, perovskite, zirconolite, etc., and molybdenum, Fixing material 22 which colocalized and fixed transuranic element nuclides such as technetium, ruthenium, plutonium, etc. and colocalized fixed is combined and solidified with the primary to fifth compositions and impermeable layer 21 to have a high confinement effect. You may do so. For example, the fixing material 22 can be mixed before kneading with water. In the synthesis of the above-mentioned artificial ore, for example, rutile (TiO ₂ ) and zircon (ZnO ₂ ) among the precursors are prepared from titanium alkoxide and zirconium alkoxide. The remaining components are all coprecipitated by treatment with an alkaline solution as a mixture of nitrate solutions. These precursors are mixed with high-level radioactive and highly toxic radioactive waste liquids to form a slurry, which is dried and calcined under a reducing atmosphere at 800 ° C., and this is enclosed in a container with a titanium powder, and heated. It can also be pressed and fired.

  Note that the crust-like composition 20a in which the radioactive substance 19 shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B is uniformly dispersed in the whole or the crust-like composition 20c-1 containing the radioactive substance 19 in the inside 18 shown in FIG. If the concentration (density) of radioactive substance 19 is below the specified value and it no longer falls under the definition of radioactive waste, it becomes a general waste or simply a material or a resource that can be treated as a resource, and the transoceanic reduction is performed. Easy to use. Of course, the crust-like composition 20 as shown in FIG. 7 having a portion in which the concentration (density) of the radioactive substance 19 is higher than a predetermined value in the inside 18 may be used for transsea crust reduction when forming a block.

[5-6. Explanation of the method of reducing crustal crust]
The block-like crust-like composition 20 shown in FIG. 5-10 can be used for backfilling of the closed tunnel 401 and can be subjected to crustal reduction, as shown in FIG. For example, in the tunnel 401, invert concrete 403 is placed on a support pit 402 which prevents the collapse of the tunnel. The block-like crust-like composition 20 is disposed, for example, on the invert concrete 403. At this time, the quaternary composition or the quaternary composition described above whose density of the radioactive substance 19 is less than a predetermined value may be injected into the space between the crust-like compositions 20. In addition, the back end side can be filled with the backfill material 404. Even in the backfill material 404, for example, it is possible to use fluid-treated soil in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 in which the secondary composition serving as a solidifying binder is poorly mixed is equal to or less than a predetermined value. Thus, the closed tunnel 401 is backfilled efficiently using the paste-like composition or crust-like composition 20 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 is less than a predetermined value. Of course, the paste-like crust-like composition 20 can also be used for the support pit 402 and the invert concrete 403 for the floor and / or the wall and / or the ceiling of the tunnel 401.

  The paste-like composition having the density of the radioactive substance 19 equal to or less than a predetermined value may be sprayed on the floor surface or wall surface of the tunnel 401. The pasty composition for spraying may be used as invert concrete at the time of tunneling. In addition, in the currently used tunnel, backfilling as shown in FIG. 42 may be performed to prevent depression.

[5-6. Description of other usage methods]
The crust-like composition 20 as described above is, as shown in FIG. 43 (A), a block-like crust-like composition in the trench 501a in the shallow water 501 which is not provided with an artificial construct conventionally used as a radioactive material disposal method. 20 may be disposed, or a paste-like composition in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 is less than a predetermined value may be cast. The crust-like composition 20c-2 shown in FIG. 7 in which the density of the radioactive substance 19 is higher than the predetermined value is partially present in the shallow land 501, but as shown in FIG. 43 (B), It may be arranged in the pit 502a of the depth 502 (50 to 100 m below ground) 502 with a sufficient margin for the underground use. Also, the paste-like crust-like composition 20 can be used in place of ordinary concrete in order to create the trench 501a and the pit 502a.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 radioactive incapacitation processing system, 17 outer layer, 18 inside, 18a center part, 18b middle layer, 18c, 18d inner molded body, 19 radioactive substance, 19a low specific gravity substance, 19b high specific gravity substance, 20 (20a, 20b, 20c 20c-1, 20c-2, 20e) crust-like composition, 21 impermeable layer, 22 fixing material, 101 outer form, 102 paste-like composition, 111 outer form, 111a temporary base, 111b support leg, 111c Wire, 112 inner mold, 112 inner mold, 112a inner mold, 113, 114 paste-like composition, 113a discharge port, 114a discharge port, 115, 116 recess, 118 hopper, 121 centrifugal separator, 122 mold frame, 123, 124 discharge port, 125 axis, 131 form pressing device, 132 form, 133 pressing member, 134 secondary Composite, 135 coarse aggregate, 136 paste-like composition, 137 pressing member, 137 paste-like composition, 150 granular aggregate, 151 covering layer, 201 roadbed, 202 general road, 203 roadbed, 204 lower roadbed , 205 upper track, 206 base, 207 surface, 211 embankment, 212 pavement, 216 ballast, 217 ballast track, 301 ships, 301 deck, 301a hatch, 301a conveyor, 301b ship, 301c hull, 301d deck, 302 ocean, 303 seabed, 303a fish reef, 304 plate, 307 weight, 310 caisson, 401 closed tunnel, 401 tunnel, 401 closed tunnel, 402 support tunnel, 403 invert concrete, 404 backfill material, 1001 pretreatment process, 1002 raw material process, 1003 firing process, 1004 Upper process, 1005 molding process, 1006 grinding process process, 1007 utilization process

Claims (5)

A crust-like composition comprising a layer whose surface radiation intensity is below the legal standard value and the density (radioactive concentration) of radioactive material gradually decreases from the center toward the outside,
The following D _max , κ, ρ, μ _D which are determinants of the surface radiation intensity are set so as to satisfy the following equations,
The crust-like composition in which 近似 is approximated by 式 (D) = kD or ρ (D) = sin (gD).

I _η : Reference radiation intensity D: Depth (distance) from one end of crust-like composition
D _max : depth (distance) from one end to the center (or to the other end) of the crust-like composition
κ: Proportional constant specific to substance (intensity factor)
[rho (D): a radioactive concentration in the depth (distance) D of over from one end of the crust-like composition thereof to a depth _{(distance) D max,} in the case of ρ (D) = sin (gD ) is The amount of radioactive material at both ends is 0, gradually increases toward the center of the distribution system, and is distributed to become the largest amount in the central part μ _D : for radiation specific to the material that constitutes the crust-like composition Damping coefficient k: proportional constant g: proportional constant The activity concentration [rho (D), the depth of the depth from the one end of the crust-like composition body (distance) D, from one end of該地shell-like composition thereof to the center (or to the other side) (Distance) the _{D max,} i.e., 0 ≦ D ≦ _{D max} as 0 or _{D max} or less of a certain depth range point depth (distance) and _{D 0,} this _time, for all the D satisfying _D 0 <D ,

The crust-like composition according to claim 1, which is set to satisfy the following. A solid phase composition in which radioactive substances are dispersed throughout,
The crust-like composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the radioactivity concentration of the whole solid phase composition is set to a predetermined value or less. The activity concentration is set relatively high inside, the activity concentration is set lower than the measurement lower limit or relatively lower in the outer layer,
The crust-like composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the internal radioactivity concentration is set to a predetermined value or less. The activity concentration is set relatively high inside, the activity concentration is set lower than the measurement lower limit or relatively lower in the outer layer,
The internal radioactivity concentration is greater than a predetermined value,
The crust-like composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the density of the whole radioactive substance is equal to or less than a predetermined value.

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