JP6503158B2 - Lifting pressure reduction structure for offshore structures - Google Patents

Lifting pressure reduction structure for offshore structures Download PDF

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JP6503158B2
JP6503158B2 JP2014077757A JP2014077757A JP6503158B2 JP 6503158 B2 JP6503158 B2 JP 6503158B2 JP 2014077757 A JP2014077757 A JP 2014077757A JP 2014077757 A JP2014077757 A JP 2014077757A JP 6503158 B2 JP6503158 B2 JP 6503158B2
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lifting pressure
wall
floor plate
water
floor
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JP2015200068A (en
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知行 高畠
知行 高畠
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Taisei Corp
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin

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  • Aerodynamic Tests, Hydrodynamic Tests, Wind Tunnels, And Water Tanks (AREA)
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Description

本発明は、水面から上方に離れて存する構造物に対し、津波や高潮などの水位上昇に伴って、該構造物に作用する揚圧力を低減するための構造に関する。   The present invention relates to a structure for reducing the lifting pressure acting on a structure existing upward from the water surface as the water level rises such as a tsunami or a storm surge.

水面から上方に離れて存する構造物（水上構造物）の一つとして、臨海部の発電施設や、該発電施設の立坑天端に存在するポンプ室がある。
図８（ａ）に、従来の発電施設の構造を示す。
この発電施設は、海に連通した取放水路ａと、該取放水路ａに連通したポンプ室ｂとを少なくとも含む。そして、前記ポンプ室ｂは、海水が流入する水槽部ｃと、該水槽部ｃの天井に相当する床板ｄとを少なくとも備える。
このような発電施設に津波が来襲すると（図８（ｂ））、前記取放水路ａを介して海水が逆流し、ポンプ室ｂの水槽部ｃ内の水位が上昇する。そして、水位が前記床板ｄまで達すると、当該床板ｄに揚圧力が発生する。
As one of the structures (surface structures) located above the water surface, there are a power generation facility in a waterfront area and a pump room located at the vertical top end of the power generation facility.
FIG. 8A shows the structure of a conventional power generation facility.
The power generation facility includes at least a receiving and discharging channel a in communication with the sea and a pump chamber b in communication with the receiving and drain channel a. And the said pump chamber b is provided with the water tank part c into which seawater flows in, and the floor board d corresponded to the ceiling of this water tank part c at least.
When a tsunami strikes such a power generation facility (FIG. 8 (b)), the seawater flows backward through the receiving and discharging channel a, and the water level in the water tank portion c of the pump chamber b rises. When the water level reaches the floor plate d, lifting pressure is generated on the floor plate d.

この揚圧力の大きさについては、これまで十分な検討がなされていないのが実情であった。   The magnitude of this lifting pressure has not been sufficiently studied so far.

出願人は、この揚圧力に着目し、水理実験によって前記揚圧力の大きさについて検証を行った。
その結果、水面がポンプ室ｂの床板ｄに着水する際、衝撃力として床板ｄに大きな揚圧力が作用することが判明した。 The applicant paid attention to this lifting pressure and verified the magnitude of the lifting pressure by a hydraulic experiment.
As a result, it was found that when the water surface lands on the floor plate d of the pump chamber b, a large lifting pressure acts on the floor plate d as an impact force.

この床板ｄへの揚圧力によって、以下のような問題が懸念される。
（1）床板の破損
津波来襲時に発生する揚圧力の衝撃により床板ｄが破損し、ポンプ室内の機能に影響を及ぼす危険性がある。
（２）天端蓋の飛散
発電施設を構成するポンプ室ｂには、点検用に床板ｄに開口部を設けており、その上に天端蓋ｅをして閉塞している箇所がある。
津波来襲時に発生する揚圧力の衝撃により天端蓋ｅが飛散してしまうと、閉塞していた開口部が開放されてしまうとため、この部分から海水が発電施設敷地内にへ溢水する危険性がある。 The following problems are concerned by the lifting pressure on the floor plate d.
(1) Damage to floor plate There is a risk that the floor plate d may be damaged by the impact of lifting pressure generated at the time of a tsunami, which may affect the function of the pump chamber.
(2) Scattering of the top end lid In the pump chamber b constituting the power generation facility, an opening is provided in the floor plate d for inspection, and there is a portion closed on the floor plate d by the top end lid e.
If the top cover e is scattered due to the impact of the lifting pressure generated at the time of the tsunami, the closed opening will be opened, so there is a risk that seawater will overflow into the power generation facility site from this part There is.

本願発明は、津波等による水面の水位上昇に伴い水上構造物が受ける揚圧力を低減するための構造の提供を、少なくとも目的の一つとするものである。   An object of the present invention is to at least provide a structure for reducing the lifting pressure to which a floating structure is subjected as the water level rises due to a tsunami or the like.

上記の課題を解決すべくなされた、本願の第１発明は、水面から上方に離れて存する構造物に対し、津波や高潮などの水位上昇に伴って作用する揚圧力を低減するための構造であって、前記構造物は、海に連通する取放水路と、取放水路に連通する水槽部を有するポンプ室と、を含んでなる発電施設であり、前記発電施設の床板が、前記水槽部の天井を兼用しており、前記床板から下方に延伸する壁部を、少なくとも一箇所以上設け、前記床板、前記壁部、および前記水面によって囲まれてなる空気室が、前記床板に対する前記揚圧力の緩衝部となり、前記緩衝部が、前記床板において前記水槽部に繋がる開口部を閉塞するための天端蓋を設けた箇所の下方に形成されていることを特徴とする、水上構造物に対する揚圧力の低減構造を提供するものである。
また、本願の第２発明は、前記第１発明において、前記床板の底面のうち少なくとも一部の領域を、前記壁部で連続的または間欠的に取り囲んだことを特徴とするものである。
The first invention of the present application, which was made to solve the above-mentioned problems, is a structure for reducing the lifting pressure acting on a structure existing upward from the water surface as the water level rises such as a tsunami or a high tide. The structure is a power generation facility including an intake and drainage channel communicating with the sea, and a pump chamber having a water tank portion communicating with the intake and drainage channel, and a floor plate of the power generation facility is the water tank portion. Of the floor plate , at least one wall extending downward from the floor plate is provided, and an air chamber formed by the floor plate, the wall portion, and the water surface is the lifting pressure against the floor plate . of the buffer section and Do Ri, the buffer unit, characterized in that formed below the portion having a top end closure for closing an opening leading to the water tank unit in the floor, water structure Provide a structure to reduce the lifting pressure It is intended.
Further, according to a second invention of the present application, in the first invention, at least a partial region of the bottom surface of the floor plate is continuously or intermittently surrounded by the wall portion.

本願発明によれば、以下に記載する効果のうち、少なくとも何れか１つの効果を得ることができる。
（１）揚圧力の低減効果
水上構造物に設けた壁部により、水上構造物に作用する揚圧力を低減することができる。よって、揚圧力に起因する問題を予め抑制することができる。
また、前記水上構造物のうち、特に揚圧力を低減したい領域を、前記壁部で連続的或いは間欠的に取り囲むようにすると、さらに効果的である。
（２）様々な波形形状への対応性
壁部の長さ、位置、設置数を適宜変更することで、揚圧力の調整や、水面勾配の大きい水位変動への対応が可能となり、様々な波形に対応が可能である。 According to the present invention, at least any one of the effects described below can be obtained.
(1) Lifting pressure reducing effect The lifting wall acting on the floating structure can reduce the lifting pressure acting on the floating structure. Therefore, the problem resulting from the lifting pressure can be suppressed in advance.
Further, it is more effective to surround the area on the surface of the floating structure where the lifting pressure is particularly desired to be reduced, continuously or intermittently by the wall portion.
(2) Correspondence to various waveform shapes By adjusting the length, position and number of installation of the wall appropriately, it is possible to adjust the lifting pressure and cope with the water level fluctuation with a large water surface slope, and various waveforms. It is possible to cope with

本発明の第１実施例に係る構造の概略図。BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The schematic of the structure which concerns on 1st Example of this invention. 本実験に用いた水路模型の基本モデル図。Basic model of water channel model used in this experiment. 図２において条件を変更した各ＣＡＳＥを示すモデル図。The model figure which shows each CASE which changed conditions in FIG. 造波装置による波の波形形状を示す図。The figure which shows the waveform shape of the wave by a wave-making apparatus. ＣＡＳＥ１Ａ，１Ｂでの実験結果を示す図。The figure which shows the experimental result in CASE1A and 1B. ＣＡＳＥ２Ａ，２Ｂでの実験結果を示す図。The figure which shows the experimental result in CASE2A and 2B. ＣＡＳＥ３Ａ，３Ｂでの実験結果を示す図。The figure which shows the experimental result in CASE3A and 3B. ＣＡＳＥ４Ａ，４Ｂでの実験結果を示す図。The figure which shows the experimental result in CASE4A and 4B. 図５Ａ〜５Ｄの実験結果をまとめた比較図。The comparison figure which put together the experimental result of FIGS. 5A-5D. 本発明の第２実施例に係る構造の概略図。The schematic of the structure which concerns on 2nd Example of this invention. 従来の発電施設に対する揚圧力の発生過程を示す概略図。Schematic which shows the generation process of the pumping pressure with respect to the conventional power generation facility.

以下、各図面を参照しながら、本発明の実施形態について説明する。   Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

＜１＞全体構成（図１（ａ））
図１（ａ）は、本発明に係る、水上構造物に対する揚圧力の低減構造（以下、単に「本構造」という。）の第１実施例の構造を示す概略図である。
本構造は、水面から上方に離れて存する構造物に対し、津波や高潮などの水位上昇に伴って、前記構造物に作用する揚圧力を低減するための構造である。
当該揚圧力の低減効果を得るために、本構造では、水上構造物の底面から下方に延伸する壁部を、少なくとも一箇所以上設けたことを特徴とする。
以下、各構成要素の詳細について説明する。 <1> Overall configuration (FIG. 1 (a))
FIG. 1 (a) is a schematic view showing the structure of a first embodiment of the structure for reducing the lifting pressure (hereinafter simply referred to as "the present structure") according to the present invention.
This structure is a structure for reducing the lifting pressure acting on the above-mentioned structure with the rise of the water level such as a tsunami or a storm surge, with respect to the structure existing upward from the water surface.
In order to obtain the effect of reducing the lifting pressure, the present structure is characterized in that at least one or more wall portions extending downward from the bottom surface of the floating structure are provided.
The details of each component will be described below.

＜２＞水上構造物
水上構造物とは、水面から上方に離れて存する構造物であり、臨海部に設けた発電施設、製油所、プラント施設の立坑天端などがある。
本実施例では、水上構造物として発電施設を想定している。
この発電施設は、海に連通した取放水路１と、該取放水路１に連通したポンプ室２を少なくとも含む。そしてポンプ室２は、海水が流入する水槽部２１と、該水槽部２１の天井板に相当する床板２２を少なくとも備える。
床板２２には、メンテナンス用途などのために、適宜水槽部２１と連通する開口部２２１を設けてある。この開口部２２１は、通常時には天端蓋３によって閉塞されている。 <2> Floating Structure A floating structure refers to a structure that exists above the water surface, and includes a power generation facility, a refinery, and a shaft top end of a plant facility located in the waterfront.
In the present embodiment, a power generation facility is assumed as the floating structure.
The power generation facility includes at least a receiving and discharging channel 1 in communication with the sea and a pump chamber 2 in communication with the receiving and drain channel 1. The pump chamber 2 at least includes a water tank portion 21 into which seawater flows, and a floor plate 22 corresponding to a ceiling plate of the water tank portion 21.
The floor plate 22 is provided with an opening 221 which communicates with the water tank 21 as appropriate for maintenance purposes and the like. The opening 221 is normally closed by the ceiling lid 3.

＜３＞壁部
壁部４は、水上構造物の底面に、大きな揚圧力が発生しない為の部材である。
本実施例では、前記「水上構造物の底面」とは、発電施設を構成する要素である「床板２２の底面」を指す。 <3> Wall Portion The wall portion 4 is a member for preventing generation of a large lifting pressure on the bottom surface of the floating structure.
In the present embodiment, the “bottom surface of the floating structure” refers to the “bottom surface of the floor plate 22” which is an element of the power generation facility.

［壁部の設置態様］
壁部４は、水上構造物の底面から下方に延伸するように設ける。壁部４の延伸角度は特段限定されないが、本実施例では、壁部４を床板２２の底面から鉛直下方に延伸するように設けている。 [Installation mode of wall]
The wall 4 is provided to extend downward from the bottom surface of the floating structure. Although the extension angle of the wall 4 is not particularly limited, in the present embodiment, the wall 4 is provided so as to extend vertically downward from the bottom surface of the floor plate 22.

［壁部の形状、長さ、設置数、設置位置］
壁部４の形状、長さ、厚さ、設置数、設置位置についても、特段の限定事項は無く、後述する実験例や、今後の実験結果に基づいて、適宜設計すればよい。
本実施例では、壁部４を床板２２の開放側の先端部に一箇所設けている。 [Shape of wall, length, number of installation, installation position]
The shape, length, thickness, the number of installation, and the installation position of the wall 4 are not particularly limited, and may be appropriately designed based on experimental examples to be described later and future experimental results.
In the present embodiment, the wall 4 is provided at one end on the open side of the floor plate 22.

＜４＞壁部の作用効果（図１（ｂ））
壁部４の作用効果について図１（ｂ）を参照しながら説明する。
通常時から、津波や高潮の発生によって水面が水位上昇した際、床板２２の底面、水面、壁部４およびポンプ室２の側壁部分とで周囲を囲まれた空間は、空気が留まった空気室５を形成する。
この空気室５は、床板２２の底面側への水の流入を阻むように作用する。
よって、水面が水位上昇しても、空気室５によって床板２２の底面には水面が接近することなく、床板２２に生じ得る水面からの揚圧力の発生を低減することとなり、引いては床板２２の開口部２２１に設けた天端蓋３が飛散する危険性を回避することができる。 <4> Function and effect of wall (FIG. 1 (b))
The action and effect of the wall 4 will be described with reference to FIG. 1 (b).
From the normal time, when the water level rises due to the occurrence of a tsunami or storm surge, the space surrounded by the bottom surface of the floor plate 22, the water surface, the wall 4 and the side wall of the pump chamber 2 Form 5
The air chamber 5 acts to prevent the inflow of water to the bottom side of the floor plate 22.
Therefore, even if the water surface rises, the water surface does not approach the bottom surface of the floor plate 22 by the air chamber 5, and generation of lifting pressure from the water surface that can be generated on the floor plate 22 is reduced. It is possible to avoid the risk that the top end lid 3 provided in the opening 221 of the cover scatters.

＜５＞実験例（図２〜図６）
次に、本発明の構造についての水理実験について以下説明する。 <5> Experimental example (FIGS. 2 to 6)
Next, hydraulic experiments on the structure of the present invention will be described below.

＜５．１＞実験概要（図２、３）
図２は、本実験に用いた水路模型の基本モデル図である。
本実験では、取放水施設を模擬した１００分の１スケールの模型Ａへと津波を入射し、模型Ａ内のポンプ室の床板２２に相当する箇所に作用する揚圧力の大きさを計測する。
図３（ａ）は、床板２２に壁部の無い従来の構造を示す図である。床板２２の底面には間隔を空けて圧力計Ｐ１〜Ｐ３を設けている。
図３（ｂ）〜（ｄ）は床板２２に設けた壁部の長さをそれぞれ変更した構造を示す図である。圧力計Ｐ１〜Ｐ３を設ける位置は図３（ａ）と同様であり、図示を省略する。 <5.1> Outline of experiment (Figures 2 and 3)
FIG. 2 is a basic model diagram of the water channel model used in this experiment.
In this experiment, a tsunami is incident on a 1/100 scale model A simulating a water intake and discharge facility, and the magnitude of the lifting pressure acting on a portion corresponding to the floor plate 22 of the pump chamber in the model A is measured.
FIG. 3A is a view showing a conventional structure in which the floor plate 22 has no wall. Pressure gauges P1 to P3 are provided on the bottom of the floor plate 22 at intervals.
FIG.3 (b)-(d) is a figure which shows the structure which each changed the length of the wall part provided in the floor board 22. As shown in FIG. The positions at which the pressure gauges P1 to P3 are provided are the same as in FIG.

＜５．２＞実験条件
（１）造波装置
模型Ａに入力する波Ｂは、小型の二次元水槽に設置した造波装置Ｃによって造波する。造波装置Ｃは、特開２０１３−１８１８６９号公報に記載の造波装置などを用いることができる。 <5.2> Experimental conditions (1) Wave making apparatus Wave B input to the model A is made by the wave making apparatus C installed in a small two-dimensional water tank. As the wave making apparatus C, the wave making apparatus described in JP 2013-181869A can be used.

（２）入力津波の波形
本実験では、造波装置に設けてあるバルブを６個同時に開放して造波した波形と、３個同時に開放した時の波形を用い、各波形を出力したときに模型Ａの床板２２が受ける揚圧力を計測した工程を３回行った。これらの波形形状は図４に示す通りである。 (2) Waveforms of input tsunami In this experiment, when each waveform is output using waveforms created by opening six valves at the same time and using three waveforms opened simultaneously. The process which measured the lifting pressure which the floor board 22 of the model A receives was performed 3 times. These waveform shapes are as shown in FIG.

＜５．３＞まとめ
各ＣＡＳＥ１〜４の実験結果を下記の表１の通り示す。
表１ 実験ケース一覧
また、これらの結果のまとめを、図６に示す。 <5.3> Summary The experimental results of each of the CASEs 1 to 4 are shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1 List of test cases
Also, a summary of these results is shown in FIG.

本実験結果によって、以下の結論を導き出すことができる。
（１）壁部の有無
壁部４の有無による結果を対比すると、壁部４を設けたＣＡＳＥのほうが、床板２２に生じる最大揚圧力は小さくなる結果が得られた。
これは、壁部４の存在により、壁部４と床板２２とポンプ室２の側壁との間に空気室が形成されその空気室がクッション（緩衝）として働くことに起因するものと考えられる。
（２）壁部の長短
壁部４の長短を変化した結果を対比すると、壁部４の長さが長いＣＡＳＥのほうが、床板２２に生じる最大揚圧力が小さくなる結果が得られた。
これは、壁部４の長さが長ければ長いほど、壁部４と床板２２とポンプ室２の側壁との間の空間に形成された空気室の容積が増大するため、床板２２の底面に接近しようとする水面を、前記したクッション（緩衝）効果が、より大きく作用することに起因するものと考えられる。 The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of this experiment.
(1) Presence or absence of wall part When the result by the presence or absence of wall part 4 is contrasted, the result in which the maximum lifting pressure which arises in the floor plate 22 becomes smaller was obtained by CASE which provided the wall part 4.
This is considered to be due to the fact that an air chamber is formed between the wall 4 and the floor plate 22 and the side wall of the pump chamber 2 by the presence of the wall 4 and the air chamber acts as a cushion (buffer).
(2) Long and short sides of the wall When the results of changing the length of the wall 4 are compared, the result is shown that the maximum lifting pressure generated on the floor plate 22 is smaller in the case where the length of the wall 4 is longer.
This is because the volume of the air chamber formed in the space between the wall 4 and the floor plate 22 and the side wall of the pump chamber 2 increases as the length of the wall 4 is longer. It is considered that the cushioning effect described above is caused by the action of the above-mentioned cushioning (buffering) effect on the surface of the water to be approached.

図７は、本発明の第２実施例に関する説明図である。
（図７（ａ））に示す第１実施例のように、壁部４を床板２２の開放側の先端部に設けたのみでは、波の波形形状の変化によって、ポンプ室２の水槽部２１内の水面勾配が大きくなったときには、床板２２の底面に水面が接してしまって、揚圧力の低減効果が良好に発揮されない場合が考えられる。
この場合、図７（ｂ）のように、複数の壁部４を、所定間隔を設けて床板２２の底面に配置する構成とすれば、各壁部４間に空気室５が形成されやすくなり、水面勾配の大きい水位上昇の時にも、床板２２の底面への揚圧力の低減効果を期待することができる。 FIG. 7 is an explanatory view of a second embodiment of the present invention.
As in the first embodiment shown in FIG. 7 (a), only by providing the wall 4 at the open end of the floor plate 22, the water tank portion 21 of the pump chamber 2 is changed by the change of the wave shape of the wave. When the water surface gradient in the inside becomes large, the water surface may be in contact with the bottom surface of the floor plate 22, and the lifting pressure reduction effect may not be exhibited well.
In this case, as shown in FIG. 7B, if the plurality of wall portions 4 are arranged on the bottom surface of the floor plate 22 at predetermined intervals, the air chamber 5 is easily formed between the wall portions 4 Also in the case of a large rise in water level, the effect of reducing the lifting pressure on the bottom of the floor plate 22 can be expected.

本発明では、前記水上構造物のうち、特に揚圧力を低減したい領域を、前記壁部で連続的或いは間欠的に取り囲むこともできる（図示せず）。
前記領域には、例えば、天端蓋３で閉塞した開口部２２１付近などが考えられる。
本実施例によれば、平面視したときに、指定した領域が現実的或いは仮想的に壁部４で囲まれたような形状となるため、空気室５が形成されやすくなり、当該領域に作用する揚圧力の低減効果をより発揮しやすくなる点で有益である。 In the present invention, it is also possible to surround the area on the surface of the water structure where the lifting pressure is particularly desired to be reduced, continuously or intermittently by the wall (not shown).
For example, the vicinity of the opening 221 closed by the ceiling cover 3 may be considered as the region.
According to the present embodiment, when viewed in a plan view, the designated area has a shape that is virtually or virtually surrounded by the wall portion 4. Therefore, the air chamber 5 is easily formed, and the air chamber 5 acts on the area. This is advantageous in that the reduction effect of the lifting pressure can be more easily exhibited.

１ 取放水路
２ ポンプ室
２１ 水槽部
２２ 床板
２２１ 開口部
３ 天端蓋
４ 壁部
Ａ 模型
Ｂ 波
Ｃ 造波装置
Ｄ 水面勾配の大きい波
Ｐ 圧力計 Reference Signs List 1 intake and discharge channel 2 pump chamber 21 water tank portion 22 floor plate 221 opening 3 top end lid 4 wall portion A model B wave C wave making device D large wave surface pressure P pressure gauge

Claims (2)

水面から上方に離れて存する構造物に対し、津波や高潮などの水位上昇に伴って作用する揚圧力を低減するための構造であって、
前記構造物は、海に連通する取放水路と、取放水路に連通する水槽部を有するポンプ室と、を含んでなる発電施設であり、
前記発電施設の床板が、前記水槽部の天井を兼用しており、
前記床板から下方に延伸する壁部を、少なくとも一箇所以上設け、
前記床板、前記壁部、および前記水面によって囲まれてなる空気室が、前記床板に対する前記揚圧力の緩衝部となり、
前記緩衝部が、前記床板において前記水槽部に繋がる開口部を閉塞するための天端蓋を設けた箇所の下方に形成されていることを特徴とする、
揚圧力の低減構造。 A structure for reducing the lifting pressure acting on a structure located above the water surface as the water level rises, such as a tsunami or storm surge,
The structure is a power generation facility including a receiving and discharging channel communicating with the sea, and a pump chamber having a water tank portion communicating with the receiving and discharging channel.
The floor board of the power generation facility doubles as the ceiling of the water tank section,
Providing at least one or more wall portions extending downward from the floor plate ,
The floor, the wall, and the air chamber formed by being surrounded by the water surface, Ri Do a buffer portion of the lifting pressure on the floor,
The buffer portion is formed below the portion of the floor plate provided with a top end lid for closing an opening connected to the water tank portion .
Lifting pressure reduction structure. 前記床板の底面のうち少なくとも一部の領域を、前記壁部で連続的または間欠的に取り囲んだことを特徴とする、
請求項１に記載の揚圧力の低減構造。 Characterized in that at least a partial region of the bottom surface of the floor plate is continuously or intermittently surrounded by the wall;
The structure for reducing the lifting pressure according to claim 1.
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