JP6481657B2 - Electrophotographic photoreceptor - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

  The electrophotographic photosensitive member is used as an image carrier in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus (for example, a printer or a multifunction machine). The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a photosensitive layer. As the electrophotographic photosensitive member, for example, a single layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member or a laminated type electrophotographic photosensitive member is used. The single layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport function. In the multilayer electrophotographic photosensitive member, the photosensitive layer includes a charge generation layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport layer having a charge transport function.

  Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 describe a polyarylate resin represented by the chemical formula (PAR-A) (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as polyarylate resin (PAR-A)). An electrophotographic photoreceptor containing a polyarylate resin (PAR-A) is also described.

  Patent Document 3 describes a polyarylate resin represented by the general formula (PAR-B) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as polyarylate resin (PAR-B)). In addition, an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing a polyarylate resin (PAR-B) is described.

  In general formula (PAR-B), e represents an integer of 10 or more and 1000 or less.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-288845 JP 2007-121751 A JP 05-341539 A

  The polyarylate resins described in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 have good solubility in solvents. Further, the polyarylate resin described in Patent Document 3 can impart good electrical characteristics to the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor. However, with the recent increase in image formation speed in image forming apparatuses, the level of wear resistance required for the photosensitive layer has increased, and the polyarylate resins described in Patent Documents 1 to 3 have the required level. The abrasion resistance cannot be imparted to the photosensitive layer.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a photosensitive layer that not only has excellent electrical characteristics but also has excellent wear resistance.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generator, a charge transport agent, and a binder resin. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin. The polyarylate resin is represented by the general formula (1). The polycarbonate resin is represented by the general formula (2). The ratio of the m _PAR to the total of the content m _{PAR of the} polyarylate resin and the content m _PC of the polycarbonate resin (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )) is 0.10 or more and 0.90 or less. .

In the general formula (1), R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Two R ¹¹ may be the same as or different from each other.

In the general formula (2), R ²¹ , R ²² , R ²³ , and R ²⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an aryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Represents a group. Two R ²¹ may be the same as or different from each other. Two R ^{22 s} may be the same as or different from each other. R ²³ and R ²⁴ may be bonded to each other to form a ring, and may represent a cycloalkylidene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Each of r and s represents a positive integer. r + s = 100. r / (r + s) is not less than 0.00 and less than 1.00.

  According to the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, the photosensitive layer can exhibit excellent electrical characteristics and excellent wear resistance.

(A) And (b) is a schematic sectional drawing which respectively shows the structure of the laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor which concerns on embodiment of this invention.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. However, the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and can be implemented with appropriate modifications within the scope of the object of the present invention. In addition, although description may be abbreviate | omitted suitably about the location where description overlaps, the summary of invention is not limited. In the present specification, a compound and its derivatives may be generically named by adding “system” after the compound name. When the name of a polymer is expressed by adding “system” after the compound name, it means that the repeating unit of the polymer is derived from the compound or a derivative thereof.

  Hereinafter, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms An aryl group having 10 to 10 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylidene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and a cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms each have the following meanings: .

  The alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms is linear or branched and unsubstituted. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, s-butyl group, t-butyl group, pentyl group, isopentyl group, and neopentyl group. Hexyl group, heptyl group, or octyl group.

  The alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is linear or branched and unsubstituted. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, s-butyl group, t-butyl group, pentyl group, isopentyl group, and neopentyl group. Or a hexyl group.

  The alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is linear or branched and unsubstituted. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, s-butyl group, and t-butyl group.

  The alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms is linear or branched and unsubstituted. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and an isopropyl group.

  An aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms is unsubstituted. Examples of the aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group.

  A cycloalkylidene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms is unsubstituted. Examples of the cycloalkylidene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms include cyclopropylidene group, cyclobutylidene group, cyclopentylidene group, cyclohexylidene group, cycloheptylidene group, and cyclooctylidene group. .

  The alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms is linear or branched and unsubstituted. Examples of the alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentyloxy, iso Examples include a pentyloxy group, a neopentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, a heptyloxy group, and an octyloxy group.

  A cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms is unsubstituted. Examples of the cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cycloheptane.

<Photoconductor>
The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a photoreceptor) includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. Examples of the photoreceptor include a multilayer electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a multilayer photoreceptor) or a single layer electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as a single layer photoreceptor). ).

  The photosensitive layer of the multilayer photoreceptor includes a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. Hereinafter, the structure of the multilayer photoreceptor 10 according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of the multilayer photoreceptor 10. As shown in FIG. 1A, the multilayer photoreceptor 10 includes, for example, a conductive substrate 11 and a photosensitive layer 12. The photosensitive layer 12 includes a charge generation layer 13 and a charge transport layer 14. As shown in FIG. 1A, the charge transport layer 14 may be disposed as the outermost surface layer of the photoreceptor 10. The charge transport layer 14 may be a single layer (single layer).

  As shown in FIG. 1A, the photosensitive layer 12 may be disposed directly on the conductive substrate 11. As shown in FIG. 1B, the photoreceptor 10 includes, for example, a conductive substrate 11, an intermediate layer 15 (undercoat layer), and a photosensitive layer 12. As shown in FIG. 1B, the photosensitive layer 12 may be indirectly disposed on the conductive substrate 11. As shown in FIG. 1B, the intermediate layer 15 may be provided between the conductive substrate 11 and the charge generation layer 13. For example, the intermediate layer 15 may be provided between the charge generation layer 13 and the charge transport layer 14. The charge generation layer 13 may be a single layer or a plurality of layers.

  The single layer type photoreceptor includes a single photosensitive layer. The single layer type photoreceptor includes, for example, a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, similarly to the multilayer type photoreceptor. The single layer type photoreceptor may include an intermediate layer. The photosensitive layer may be disposed as the outermost surface layer of the single layer type photoreceptor.

  The photoreceptor according to this embodiment is excellent in wear resistance. The reason is presumed as follows.

The photoreceptor according to this embodiment includes a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin as a binder resin. The polyarylate resin is represented by the general formula (1) (hereinafter, such polyarylate resin is referred to as polyarylate resin (1)). The polyarylate resin (1) has a phenyl group in the structure derived from the aromatic diol. The polycarbonate resin is represented by the general formula (2) (hereinafter, such a polycarbonate resin is referred to as a polycarbonate resin (2)). Two kinds of the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2) having such a structure are mixed to inhibit the hardness of the polyarylate resin (1) and the toughness of the polycarbonate resin (2). However, it tends to improve the high hardness and toughness of the photoreceptor and to improve the compatibility with the charge transfer agent. Therefore, it is considered that the wear resistance of the photoreceptor is improved. Further, the ratio of m _PAR to the total of the content m _PAR of the polyarylate resin (1) and the content m _PC of the polycarbonate resin (2) (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )) is 0.90 or less. . Thus, since polyarylate resin (1) is not excessive with respect to polycarbonate resin (2), the abrasion resistance of a photoreceptor improves because hardness and toughness are compatible. Furthermore, since the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2) have high solubility in a solvent, it is easy to prepare a coating solution for forming a photosensitive layer, and it is easy to obtain a photosensitive layer having a high layer density. For these reasons, the photoreceptor according to this embodiment is excellent in wear resistance.

  In addition, the photoreceptor according to the present embodiment maintains excellent electrical characteristics. The reason is presumed as follows.

The above ratio (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )) is 0.10 or more. Thus, since polyarylate resin (1) is not excessive with respect to polycarbonate resin (2), it is thought that it is excellent in the interlayer adhesiveness of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, and an electrical property improves. As a result, the photoreceptor according to the present embodiment maintains excellent electrical characteristics.

  Hereinafter, the elements (conductive substrate, photosensitive layer, and intermediate layer) of the photoreceptor according to this embodiment will be described. Further, a method for producing a photoreceptor will be described.

[1. Conductive substrate]
The conductive substrate is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as the conductive substrate of the photoreceptor. As the conductive substrate, a conductive substrate formed of a material having at least a surface portion having conductivity can be used. Examples of the conductive substrate include a conductive material composed of a conductive material; and a conductive substrate coated with a conductive material. Examples of the conductive material include aluminum, iron, copper, tin, platinum, silver, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, cadmium, titanium, nickel, palladium, and indium. Among these materials having conductivity, one kind may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination. Examples of combinations of two or more include alloys (more specifically, stainless steel, brass, etc.).

  Among these materials having conductivity, aluminum or an alloy is preferable because charge transfer from the photosensitive layer to the conductive substrate is good.

  The shape of the conductive substrate can be appropriately selected according to the structure of the image forming apparatus to be used. For example, a sheet-like conductive substrate or a drum-shaped conductive substrate can be used. Further, the thickness of the conductive substrate can be appropriately selected according to the shape of the conductive substrate.

[2. Photosensitive layer]
The photosensitive layer of the single layer type photoreceptor contains at least a charge generating agent, a charge transporting agent, and a binder resin. The photosensitive layer may contain an additive. The thickness of the photosensitive layer is not particularly limited as long as the function as the photosensitive layer can be sufficiently expressed. Specifically, the thickness of the photosensitive layer may be 5 μm or more and 100 μm or less, and is preferably 10 μm or more and 50 μm or less.

  The photosensitive layer of the multilayer photoreceptor includes a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The photosensitive layer may contain an additive. The charge generation layer contains at least a charge generation agent. The charge transport layer contains at least a charge transport agent and a binder resin. The thickness of the charge generation layer is not particularly limited as long as it can sufficiently function as the charge generation layer. Specifically, the thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 0.01 μm or more and 5 μm or less, and more preferably 0.1 μm or more and 3 μm or less. The thickness of the charge transport layer is not particularly limited as long as it can sufficiently function as the charge transport layer. Specifically, the thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 2 μm or more and 100 μm or less, and more preferably 5 μm or more and 50 μm or less.

[2-1. Common components]
Hereinafter, the charge generator, the charge transport agent, and the binder resin will be described. Furthermore, an additive is demonstrated.

[2-1-1. Charge generator]
The charge generator is not particularly limited as long as it is a charge generator for a photoreceptor. Examples of the charge generator include phthalocyanine pigments, perylene pigments, bisazo pigments, dithioketopyrrolopyrrole pigments, metal-free naphthalocyanine pigments, metal naphthalocyanine pigments, squaraine pigments, trisazo pigments, indigo pigments, azurenium pigments, cyanine Pigments, powders of inorganic photoconductive materials such as selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-arsenic, cadmium sulfide, amorphous silicon, pyrylium salts, ansanthrone pigments, triphenylmethane pigments, selenium pigments, toluidine pigments, pyrazolines Pigments or quinacridone pigments. Examples of the phthalocyanine pigment include phthalocyanine or phthalocyanine derivatives. Examples of phthalocyanines include metal-free phthalocyanine pigments (more specifically, X-type metal-free phthalocyanine (x-H ₂ Pc) and the like). Examples of the phthalocyanine derivative include metal phthalocyanine pigments (more specifically, titanyl phthalocyanine or V-type hydroxygallium phthalocyanine). The crystal shape of the phthalocyanine pigment is not particularly limited, and phthalocyanine pigments having various crystal shapes are used. Examples of the crystal shape of the phthalocyanine pigment include α-type, β-type, and Y-type. A charge generating agent may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

  A charge generator having an absorption wavelength in a desired region may be used alone, or two or more charge generators may be used in combination. Further, for example, in a digital optical image forming apparatus (for example, a laser beam printer using a light source such as a semiconductor laser or a facsimile), it is preferable to use a photoconductor having sensitivity in a wavelength region of 700 nm or more. Therefore, for example, phthalocyanine pigments are preferable, and Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine (Y-TiOPc) is more preferable. Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine may have one peak at a Bragg angle of 2θ ± 0.2 ° = 27.2 ° in a Cu-Kα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum.

  For a photoreceptor applied to an image forming apparatus using a short wavelength laser light source (for example, a laser light source having a wavelength of about 350 nm or more and 550 nm or less), an ansanthrone pigment or a perylene pigment is suitable as a charge generator. Used for.

  Examples of the charge generator include phthalocyanine pigments represented by chemical formulas (CGM-1) to (CGM-4) (hereinafter referred to as charge generators (CGM-1) to (CGM-4)). There).

  The content of the charge generating agent is preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 1000 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin for charge generation layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a base resin), and 30 parts by mass. The amount is more preferably 500 parts by mass or less.

[2-1-2. Charge transport agent]
The charge transfer agent (particularly, hole transfer agent) preferably contains a compound having two or more styryl groups and one or more aryl groups. Examples of such a hole transporting agent include compounds represented by general formula (3), (4), or (5). By including the compounds represented by the general formulas (3) to (5) in the charge transport layer, it is possible to further improve the wear resistance and electrical characteristics of the photoreceptor. The compounds represented by the general formulas (3) to (5) are excellent in compatibility with the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2). Therefore, it is considered that the compounds represented by the general formulas (3) to (5), which are charge transfer agents, are easily dispersed uniformly in the photosensitive layer and can increase the layer density of the photosensitive layer.

In general formula (3), Q ¹ is substituted with a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Represents an optionally substituted phenyl group. Q ² each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group. Q ³ , Q ⁴ , Q ⁵ , Q ⁶ and Q ⁷ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group. Represent. Two adjacent ones of Q ³ , Q ⁴ , Q ⁵ , Q ⁶ , and Q ⁷ may be bonded to each other to form a ring. a represents an integer of 0 or more and 5 or less. When a represents an integer of 2 or more and 5 or less, a plurality of Q ² bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other.

In the general formula (4), Q ⁸ , Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , Q ¹³ , and Q ¹⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or 1 or more carbon atoms. It represents an alkoxy group of 8 or less or a phenyl group. Q ⁹ and Q ¹⁵ each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group. b represents an integer of 0 or more and 5 or less. When b represents an integer of 2 or more and 5 or less, a plurality of Q ⁹ bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same as or different from each other. c represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less. When c represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, the plurality of Q ¹⁵ bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same as or different from each other. k represents 0 or 1.

In general formula (5), R ^a , R ^b and R ^c each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. q represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less. When q represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ^c bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other. m and n each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 5 or less. When m represents an integer of 2 or more and 5 or less, a plurality of R ^b bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other. When n represents an integer of 2 or more and 5 or less, a plurality of R ^a bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other.

In general formula (3), the phenyl group represented by Q ¹ is preferably a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably a phenyl group substituted with a methyl group. preferable.

In general formula (3), the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms represented by Q ² is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, it is more preferably a methyl group. It is preferable that a represents 0 or 1.

In general formula (3), the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms represented by Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, or n. -It is more preferable that it is a butyl group. In general formula (3), the alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms represented by Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ is preferably a methoxy group. In general formula (3), Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ preferably each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, More preferably, it represents an atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a methoxy group.

In general formula (3), two adjacent Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ are bonded to each other to form a ring (more specifically, a benzene ring or a cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms). May be. For example, Q ⁶ and Q ⁷ adjacent to each other among Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ may be bonded to each other to form a benzene ring or a cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms. When two adjacent Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ are bonded to each other to form a benzene ring, this benzene ring is condensed with a phenyl group to which Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ are bonded to form a bicyclic condensed ring group (naphthyl group). Form. When two adjacent Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ are bonded to each other to form a cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms, Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ are bonded to the cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms. To form a bicyclic fused ring group. In this case, the condensation site between the cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms and the phenyl group may contain a double bond. Two adjacent Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ are preferably bonded to each other to form a cycloalkane having 5 to 7 carbon atoms, more preferably cyclohexane.

In general formula (3), Q ¹ preferably represents a phenyl group substituted with a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Q ² preferably represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ preferably each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. It is preferable that two adjacent Q ^{3 to} Q ⁷ are bonded to each other to form a ring. It is preferable that a represents 0 or 1.

In general formula (4), the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms represented by Q ⁸ and Q ^{10 to} Q ¹⁴ is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and may be a methyl group or an ethyl group. It is more preferable that In General Formula (4), Q ⁸ and Q ^{10 to} Q ¹⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group, and b and c represent 0. Is preferred.

  The photosensitive layer contains a compound represented by the general formula (4) among the compounds represented by the general formulas (3) to (5) as a charge transfer agent, and comprises a polyarylate resin (1) and a polycarbonate resin (2). By including it as a binder resin, the electrical characteristics (sensitivity) of the photoreceptor can be further improved.

In particular, in the photosensitive layer, in formula (4), Q ⁸ and Q ^{10 to} Q ¹⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and b and c are 0. The electrical properties (sensitivity) of the photoreceptor can be further improved by including the compound to be represented as a charge transport agent and including the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2) as a binder resin.

In general formula (5), the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms represented by R ^a and R ^b is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and represents a methyl group or an ethyl group. Is more preferable. In General Formula (5), R ^a and R ^b each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, m and n each independently represent an integer of 0 to 2, q Preferably represents 0.

  Specifically, the hole transport agent is a charge transport agent represented by chemical formulas (CTM-1) to (CTM-9) (hereinafter referred to as charge transport agents (CTM-1) to (CTM-9)). May be described). The charge transfer agents (CTM-1) to (CTM-4) are specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (3). The charge transfer agents (CTM-5) to (CTM-7) are specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (4). The charge transfer agents (CTM-8) to (CTM-9) are specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (5).

  The hole transport agent may contain a compound other than the compounds represented by the general formulas (3) to (5). As such a hole transport agent, for example, a nitrogen-containing cyclic compound or a condensed polycyclic compound can be used. Examples of the nitrogen-containing cyclic compound and the condensed polycyclic compound include diamine derivatives (for example, N, N, N ′, N′-tetraphenylphenylenediamine derivatives, N, N, N ′, N′-tetraphenylnaphthyl). Range amine derivatives or N, N, N ′, N′-tetraphenylphenanthrylenediamine derivatives); oxadiazole compounds (for example, 2,5-di (4-methylaminophenyl) -1,3,4 -Oxadiazole); styryl compounds (for example, 9- (4-diethylaminostyryl) anthracene); carbazole compounds (for example, polyvinylcarbazole); organic polysilane compounds; pyrazoline compounds (for example, 1-phenyl-3- ( p-dimethylaminophenyl) pyrazoline); hydrazone compounds; indole compounds; oxa Lumpur-based compounds; isoxazole compounds; thiazole compounds; thiadiazole compounds; imidazole compounds; pyrazole compound; triazole compounds.

  In the multilayer photoreceptor, the content of the hole transport agent is preferably 10 parts by mass or more and 200 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 20 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. More preferred.

[2-1-3. Binder resin]
The binder resin is used for a charge transport layer of a multilayer photoreceptor or a photosensitive layer of a single-layer photoreceptor. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin (1) and a polycarbonate resin (2). The polyarylate resin (1) is represented by the general formula (1). The polycarbonate resin (2) is represented by the general formula (2). Since the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor contains the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2), the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor is improved.

In general formula (1), R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Two R ¹¹ may be the same as or different from each other.

In General Formula (2), R ²¹ , R ²² , R ²³ , and R ²⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Represents. Two R ²¹ may be the same as or different from each other. Two R ^{22 s} may be the same as or different from each other. R ²³ and R ²⁴ may be bonded to each other to form a ring, and may represent a cycloalkylidene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Each of r and s represents a positive integer. r + s = 100. r / (r + s) is not less than 0.00 and less than 1.00.

  The polyarylate resin (1) is represented by the repeating unit represented by the general formula (1-1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the repeating unit (1-1)), the general formula (1-2). Repeating unit (hereinafter sometimes referred to as repeating unit (1-2)) and repeating unit represented by general formula (1-3) (hereinafter referred to as repeating unit (1-3)). ).

Formula (1-1), R ¹¹ in the general formula (1-2) and the general formula (1-3) has the same definition as R ¹¹ in general formula (1).

  Among the polyarylate resins (1), polyarylate resins having the repeating units (1-2) and (1-3) are preferable because they are easily available.

  As long as the effect of improving the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor is sufficiently exhibited by the combined use with the polycarbonate resin (2), the substances of the repeating units (1-1) to (1-3) in the polyarylate resin (1) The amount ratio is not particularly limited. For example, when the polyarylate resin (1) has repeating units (1-2) and (1-3), the amount of the repeating unit (1-2) in the polyarylate resin (1) and the repeating unit (1-3 ) The ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of the repeating unit (1-2) to the total amount of the substance is preferably from 0.10 to 0.90, more preferably from 0.20 to 0.80.

  The polyarylate resin (1) may have a repeating unit other than the repeating units (1-1) to (1-3). The ratio (molar ratio) of the total mass of the repeating units (1-1) to (1-3) to the total mass of the repeating units in the polyarylate resin (1) is preferably 0.80 or more, 0 .90 or more is more preferable, and 1.00 is still more preferable.

In general formula (1), two R ¹¹ are preferably the same as each other, and R ¹¹ preferably represents a hydrogen atom.

  Examples of the polyarylate resin (1) include a polyarylate resin represented by the chemical formula (PAR-1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as polyarylate resin (PAR-1)).

  The viscosity average molecular weight of the polyarylate resin (1) is preferably 20000 or more and 30000 or less. When the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyarylate resin (1) is 20000 or more, the wear resistance of the photoreceptor can be increased, and the photosensitive layer is less likely to be worn. On the other hand, when the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyarylate resin (1) is 30000 or less, the polyarylate resin (1) is easily dissolved in a solvent during the formation of the photosensitive layer, and the formation of the photosensitive layer tends to be facilitated. .

  The polycarbonate resin (2) is a repeating unit represented by the general formula (2-1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a repeating unit (2-1)) and a repeating unit represented by the general formula (2-2). Unit (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a repeating unit (2-2)).

R ²¹ in the general formula (2-1) has the same definition as R ²¹ in the general formula (2). R ^22, R ²³ in the general formula (2-2), and R ²⁴ are R ^22, R ^23, respectively in the general formula (2), and the R ²⁴ synonymous.

  The polycarbonate resin (2) may have a repeating unit other than the repeating units (2-1) and (2-2). The ratio (molar ratio) of the total amount of the substance of the repeating unit (2-1) and the amount of the substance of the repeating unit (2-2) to the total amount of the substances of the repeating unit in the polycarbonate resin (2) is 0.80. The above is preferable, 0.90 or more is more preferable, and 1.00 is still more preferable.

  The arrangement of the repeating units (2-1) and (2-2) in the polycarbonate resin (2) is an arrangement in which the repeating unit (2-1) and the repeating unit (2-2) are adjacent to each other and bonded to each other. .

  In the general formula (2), r + s = 100. r / (r + s) is 0.00 or more and less than 1.00, preferably 0.35 or more and 0.70 or less, and more preferably 0.40 or more and 0.60 or less. r / (r + s) is the ratio of the amount of the repeating unit (2-1) to the total amount of the repeating unit (2-1) and the repeating unit (2-2) in the polycarbonate resin (2). (Molar ratio). Since r / (r + s) is not less than 0.00 and less than 1.00, the wear resistance of the photoreceptor is sufficiently improved.

In general formula (2), it is preferable that two R <^22> are mutually the same and R < ²² > represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. In general formula (2), R ²³ and R ²⁴ preferably combine with each other to form a ring and represent a cyclohexylidene group.

In the general formula (2), when r / (r + s) is 0.35 or more and 0.70 or less, two R ^{21 s} are the same as each other, R ²¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and two R ²² Are the same as each other, R ²² represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ²³ and R ²⁴ combine with each other to form a ring and represent a cyclohexylidene group, thereby improving the wear resistance of the photoreceptor. It is preferable in that the effect to be increased is greater.

  The polycarbonate resin (2) may be described as, for example, polycarbonate resins represented by chemical formulas (PC-1) to (PC-8) (hereinafter, polycarbonate resins (PC-1) to (PC-8)). ).

  Among the polycarbonate resins (PC-1) to (PC-8), r / (r + s) is 0.35 or more and 0 in the general formula (2) because the effect of improving the wear resistance of the photoreceptor is greater. Polycarbonate resins (PC-2) to (PC-6) that are .70 or less are particularly preferred.

  The viscosity average molecular weight of the polycarbonate resin (2) is preferably 46000 or more and 51000 or less. When the polycarbonate resin (2) has a viscosity average molecular weight of 46000 or more, the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor can be increased, and the photosensitive layer is less likely to be worn. On the other hand, when the viscosity average molecular weight of the polycarbonate resin (2) is 51000 or less, the polycarbonate resin (2) is easily dissolved in a solvent during the formation of the photosensitive layer, and the formation of the photosensitive layer tends to be facilitated.

  As the binder resin used in this embodiment, only the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2) may be used alone, or a resin other than the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2) (others) In the range which does not impair the effects of the present invention. Examples of the other resin include a thermoplastic resin, a thermosetting resin, and a photocurable resin. Examples of the thermoplastic resin include polyarylate resins other than polyarylate resin (1), polycarbonate resins other than polycarbonate resin (2), styrene resins, styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, styrene- Maleic acid copolymer, styrene-acrylic acid copolymer, acrylic copolymer, polyethylene resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polypropylene resin, ionomer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate Examples include a copolymer, a polyester resin, an alkyd resin, a polyamide resin, a polyurethane resin, a polysulfone resin, a diallyl phthalate resin, a ketone resin, a polyvinyl butyral resin, a polyether resin, or a polyester resin. Examples of the thermosetting resin include silicone resins, epoxy resins, phenol resins, urea resins, melamine resins, and other crosslinkable thermosetting resins. Examples of the photocurable resin include epoxy-acrylic acid resins and urethane-acrylic acid copolymers. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The production method of the polyarylate resin (1) is not particularly limited as long as the polyarylate resin (1) can be produced. Examples of these production methods include a method of polycondensing an aromatic diol and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid for constituting a repeating unit of the polyarylate resin (1). The synthesis method of the polyarylate resin (1) is not particularly limited, and a known synthesis method (more specifically, solution polymerization, melt polymerization, interfacial polymerization, or the like) can be employed.

The aromatic diol has two phenolic hydroxyl groups and includes an aromatic diol represented by the general formula (1-4). R ¹¹ in the general formula (1-4) has the same definition as R ¹¹ in general formula (1).

  Examples of the aromatic diol represented by the general formula (1-4) include bisphenols (specifically, bisphenol AP and the like). In synthesizing the polyarylate resin (1), the aromatic diol can be used as a derivative such as diacetate. The aromatic diol may contain other aromatic diols (for example, bisphenol A, bisphenol B, or bisphenol C) in addition to the aromatic diol represented by the general formula (1-4).

  The aromatic dicarboxylic acid has two carboxyl groups and is represented by chemical formula (1-5).

  An aromatic dicarboxylic acid represented by the chemical formula (1-5) (benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, or benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) is bonded onto the aromatic ring. An aromatic dicarboxylic acid having two carboxyl groups. In addition, when synthesizing the polyarylate resin (1), the aromatic dicarboxylic acid can be used as a derivative such as diacid chloride, dimethyl ester, or diethyl ester. The aromatic dicarboxylic acid may contain other aromatic dicarboxylic acids in addition to the aromatic dicarboxylic acid represented by the chemical formula (1-5).

  The method for producing the polycarbonate resin (2) is not particularly limited as long as the polycarbonate resin (2) can be produced. Examples of these production methods include a phosgene method, a method of transesterification, and other known methods. The phosgene method is a method in which a diol compound for forming a repeating unit of the polycarbonate resin (2) and carbonyl dihalide are subjected to interfacial condensation polymerization. The method of transesterification is a method of transesterifying a diol compound and diphenyl carbonate.

  Hereinafter, the case where the polycarbonate resin (2) is produced using the phosgene method will be described as an example.

The polycarbonate resin (2) is produced by interfacial polycondensation of a diol compound represented by the general formula (2-3) and a diol compound represented by the general formula (2-4). The interfacial polycondensation reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid binder and a solvent using, for example, dicarbonyl halide (more specifically, phosgene or the like). R ²¹ in the general formula (2-3) has the same meaning as R ²¹ in the general formula (2). R ^22, R ²³ in the general formula (2-4), and R ²⁴ are R ^22, R ^23, respectively in the general formula (2), and the R ²⁴ synonymous.

The ratio of m _PAR to the total of the content m _PAR of the polyarylate resin (1) and the content m _PC of the polycarbonate resin (2) (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )) is 0.10 in mass ratio. It is 0.90 or less, preferably 0.15 or more and 0.88 or less, more preferably 0.45 or more and 0.85 or less. Since m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC ) is 0.10 or more, excellent electrical characteristics (sensitivity) are imparted to the photoreceptor. Further, since m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC ) is 0.90 or less, excellent abrasion resistance is imparted to the photoreceptor.

  The total content of the polyarylate resin (1) and the content of the polycarbonate resin (2) is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, based on the binder resin. More preferably, it is mass%.

  In the present embodiment, the content ratio of the binder resin is preferably 40% by mass or more based on the total mass of all the components (for example, the charge transport agent or the binder resin) included in the charge transport layer, The mass% or more is more preferable.

[2-1-4. Additive]
At least one of the charge generation layer, the charge transport layer, the photosensitive layer of the single layer type photoreceptor and the intermediate layer may contain various additives as long as the electrophotographic characteristics are not adversely affected. Examples of the additive include a deterioration inhibitor (more specifically, an antioxidant, a radical scavenger, a quencher, or an ultraviolet absorber), a softener, a surface modifier, a bulking agent, a thickener, Examples thereof include a dispersion stabilizer, wax, an electron acceptor compound, a donor, a surfactant, a leveling agent, and a sensitizer. Among these additives, an antioxidant and a sensitizer will be described.

  Examples of the antioxidant include a hindered phenol compound, a hindered amine compound, a thioether compound, or a phosphite compound. Among these antioxidants, hindered phenol compounds and hindered amine compounds are preferred.

  The addition amount of the antioxidant in the charge transport layer is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. When the addition amount of the antioxidant is within such a range, it is easy to suppress deterioration of electrical characteristics due to oxidation of the photoreceptor.

  Examples of the sensitizer include terphenyl, halonaphthoquinones, and acenaphthylene. Of these sensitizers, terphenyl is preferred.

  The addition amount of the sensitizer in the charge transport layer is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. When the addition amount of the sensitizer is within such a range, the electrical characteristics (sensitivity) of the photoreceptor are easily improved.

[2-2. Non-common components]
In the multilayer photoreceptor, the charge generation layer may contain a charge generation layer binder resin (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a base resin). The base resin is not particularly limited as long as it is a base resin that can be applied to the photoreceptor. Examples of the base resin include a thermoplastic resin, a thermosetting resin, and a photocurable resin. Examples of thermoplastic resins include styrene resins, styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, styrene-maleic acid copolymers, styrene-acrylic acid copolymers, acrylic copolymers, and polyethylene resins. , Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polypropylene resin, ionomer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, alkyd resin, polyamide resin, urethane resin, polycarbonate resin, polyarylate resin, polysulfone Examples of the resin include diallyl phthalate resin, ketone resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyether resin, and polyester resin. Examples of the thermosetting resin include silicone resins, epoxy resins, phenol resins, urea resins, melamine resins, and other crosslinkable thermosetting resins. Examples of the photocurable resin include an epoxy acrylic acid resin or a urethane-acrylic acid resin. These may be used individually by 1 type and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

  As the base resin, the same resin as the above-described binder resin is also exemplified. However, in the same laminated photoreceptor, a resin different from the binder resin is usually selected. This is due to the following. When manufacturing a multilayer photoreceptor, usually, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are formed in this order, and therefore a charge transport layer coating solution is applied to the charge generation layer. This is because the charge generation layer is required not to be dissolved in the solvent of the charge transport layer coating solution when the charge transport layer is formed. Therefore, as the base resin, a resin different from the binder resin is usually selected in the same laminated photoreceptor.

[3. Middle layer]
The photoreceptor according to the exemplary embodiment may include an intermediate layer (for example, an undercoat layer). An intermediate | middle layer contains the resin (resin for intermediate | middle layers) used for an inorganic particle and an intermediate | middle layer, for example. When the intermediate layer is interposed, an increase in electrical resistance can be suppressed by smoothing the flow of current generated when the photosensitive member is exposed while maintaining an insulating state capable of suppressing the occurrence of leakage.

  Examples of inorganic particles include metals (more specifically, aluminum, iron, copper, etc.), metal oxides (more specifically, titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, etc.). Or particles of a non-metal oxide (more specifically, silica or the like). These inorganic particles may be used individually by 1 type, or may use 2 or more types together.

  The intermediate layer resin is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as a resin for forming the intermediate layer.

[4. Photoconductor manufacturing method]
A method for manufacturing the photoreceptor will be described. The method for producing a photoreceptor includes, for example, a photosensitive layer forming step.

[4-1. Method for producing laminated photoreceptor]
In the method for producing a multilayer photoreceptor, the photosensitive layer forming step includes a charge generation layer forming step and a charge transport layer forming step. In the charge generation layer forming step, first, a coating liquid for forming the charge generation layer (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a charge generation layer coating liquid) is prepared. A charge generation layer coating solution is applied onto the conductive substrate. Next, by drying by an appropriate method, at least a part of the solvent contained in the applied charge generation layer coating solution is removed to form a charge generation layer. The charge generation layer coating solution includes, for example, a charge generation agent, a base resin, and a solvent. Such a coating solution for charge generation layer is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a charge generation agent in a solvent. Various additives may be added to the charge generation layer coating solution as necessary.

  In the charge transport layer forming step, first, a coating liquid for forming the charge transport layer (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a charge transport layer coating liquid) is prepared. A charge transport layer coating solution is applied onto the charge generation layer. Next, by drying by an appropriate method, at least a part of the solvent contained in the applied charge transport layer coating solution is removed to form a charge transport layer. The coating solution for charge transport layer contains a charge transport agent, polyarylate resin (1) and polycarbonate resin (2) as binder resins, and a solvent. The coating solution for the charge transport layer can be prepared by dissolving or dispersing the charge transport agent, the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2) in a solvent. Various additives may be added to the charge transport layer forming coating solution as necessary.

[4-2. Manufacturing method of single layer type photoreceptor]
In the method for producing a single-layer type photoreceptor, in the photosensitive layer forming step, a coating solution for forming a photosensitive layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a photosensitive layer coating solution) is prepared. A photosensitive layer coating solution is applied onto the conductive substrate. Next, by drying by an appropriate method, at least a part of the solvent contained in the applied photosensitive layer coating solution is removed to form a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer coating solution includes, for example, a charge generating agent, a charge transporting agent, a binder resin, and a solvent. Such a coating solution for a photosensitive layer is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a charge generator, a charge transport agent, and a binder resin in a solvent. Various additives may be added to the photosensitive layer coating solution as necessary.

  Hereinafter, details of the photosensitive layer forming step will be described. Solvents contained in the charge generation layer coating solution, the charge transport layer coating solution, and the photosensitive layer coating solution are included in the charge generation layer coating solution, the charge transport layer coating solution, and the photosensitive layer coating solution, respectively. There is no particular limitation as long as each component can be dissolved or dispersed. Specifically, examples of the solvent include alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or butanol), aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-hexane, octane, or cyclohexane), and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, or xylene). , Halogenated hydrocarbons (dichloromethane, dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, or chlorobenzene), ethers (dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether), ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or cyclohexanone), esters (Ethyl acetate or methyl acetate), dimethylformaldehyde, dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these solvents, non-halogen solvents are preferably used.

  Furthermore, the solvent contained in the charge transport layer coating solution is preferably different from the solvent contained in the charge generation layer coating solution. When manufacturing a laminated photoreceptor, usually, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are formed in this order, and therefore a charge transport layer coating solution is applied on the charge generation layer. This is because the charge generation layer is required not to be dissolved in the solvent of the charge transport layer coating solution when the charge transport layer is formed.

  The charge generation layer coating solution, the charge transport layer coating solution, and the photosensitive layer coating solution are prepared by mixing each component and dispersing in a solvent. For mixing or dispersing, for example, a bead mill, a roll mill, a ball mill, an attritor, a paint shaker, or an ultrasonic disperser can be used.

  The charge generation layer coating solution, the charge transport layer coating solution, and the photosensitive layer coating solution are prepared by using, for example, a surfactant in order to improve the dispersibility of each component or the surface smoothness of each formed layer. Or you may contain a leveling agent.

  As a method for applying the charge generation layer coating solution, the charge transport layer coating solution, and the photosensitive layer coating solution, the charge generation layer coating solution, the charge transport layer coating solution, and the photosensitive layer coating solution are uniformly used. If it is the method which can apply | coat, it will not specifically limit. Examples of the coating method include a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a spin coating method, and a bar coating method.

  As a method of removing at least a part of the solvent contained in the coating solution for charge generation layer, the coating solution for charge transport layer, and the coating solution for photosensitive layer, the coating solution for charge generation layer and the coating solution for charge transport layer Any method that can evaporate the solvent is not particularly limited. Examples of the removal method include heating, pressurization, or combined use of heating and decompression. More specifically, a method of performing heat treatment (hot air drying) using a high-temperature dryer or a vacuum dryer can be mentioned. The heat treatment conditions are, for example, a temperature of 40 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower and a time of 3 minutes or longer and 120 minutes or shorter.

  Note that the method for manufacturing a photoreceptor may further include a step of forming an intermediate layer as necessary. A known method can be selected as appropriate for the step of forming the intermediate layer.

  The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention described above is excellent not only in electrical characteristics but also in abrasion resistance, and thus can be suitably used in various image forming apparatuses.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. The present invention is not limited to the scope of the examples.

Manufacture of photoreceptor [Manufacture of photoreceptor (A-1)]
Hereinafter, the production of the photoreceptor (A-1) according to Example 1 will be described.

(Formation of intermediate layer)
First, surface-treated titanium oxide (“Prototype SMT-A” manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd., average primary particle size 10 nm) was prepared. Specifically, titanium oxide was surface-treated with alumina and silica, and further, surface-treated with methyl hydrogen polysiloxane was prepared while wet-dispersing the surface-treated titanium oxide. Next, the surface-treated titanium oxide (2 parts by mass) and a polyamide resin, Amilan (registered trademark) (“CM8000” manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) (polyamide 6, polyamide 12, polyamide 66, and polyamide 610 are quaternary. Polymerized polyamide resin) (1 part by mass) was added to a solvent containing methanol (10 parts by mass), butanol (1 part by mass) and toluene (1 part by mass). These were mixed in a bead mill for 5 hours to disperse the material in the solvent. This prepared the coating liquid for intermediate | middle layers.

  The obtained intermediate layer coating solution was filtered using a filter having an opening of 5 μm. Thereafter, an intermediate layer coating solution was applied by dip coating on the surface of an aluminum drum-like support (diameter 30 mm, total length 246 mm) as a conductive substrate. Subsequently, the applied intermediate layer coating solution was dried at 130 ° C. for 30 minutes to form an intermediate layer (film thickness: 2 μm) on the conductive substrate (drum-shaped support).

(Formation of charge generation layer)
Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine (1.5 parts by mass) as a charge generating agent and polyvinyl acetal resin (“S-REC KS-6Z” manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) (1 part by mass) as a base resin are mixed with propylene glycol monomethyl. It added with respect to the solvent containing ether (40 mass parts) and tetrahydrofuran (40 mass parts). These were mixed in a bead mill for 2 hours, and the materials were dispersed in a solvent to prepare a charge generation layer coating solution. Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine is represented by the chemical formula (CGM-2), and has one peak at a Bragg angle 2θ ± 0.2 ° = 27.2 ° in a Cu-Kα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum.

  The obtained coating solution for charge generation layer was filtered using a filter having an opening of 3 μm. Next, the obtained filtrate was applied on the intermediate layer formed as described above by a dip coating method and dried at 50 ° C. for 5 minutes. As a result, a charge generation layer (thickness: 0.3 μm) was formed on the intermediate layer.

(Formation of charge transport layer)
Charge transport agent (CTM-1) (45 parts by mass) as a hole transport agent, m-terphenyl (13 parts by mass) as an additive (sensitizer), and polyarylate resin (PAR) as a binder resin -1) 25 parts by mass of (viscosity average molecular weight 26000) and 75 parts by mass of polycarbonate resin (PC-1) (viscosity average molecular weight 50000) with respect to a solvent containing tetrahydrofuran (420 parts by mass) and toluene (210 parts by mass) Added. These were mixed for 12 hours with a circulating ultrasonic dispersion device, and the material was dispersed in a solvent to prepare a coating solution for a charge transport layer.

  The charge transport layer coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer in the same manner as the charge generation layer coating solution. Then, it was dried at 110 ° C. for 60 minutes to form a charge transport layer (film thickness 20 μm) on the charge generation layer. As a result, a photoreceptor (A-1) was obtained. The photoreceptor (A-1) had a configuration in which an intermediate layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer were laminated in this order on a conductive substrate.

[Photoreceptor (A-2)]
The photoconductor (A-2) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transport agent (CTM-2) was used instead of the charge transport agent (CTM-1) as the hole transport agent. ) Was produced.

[Photoreceptor (A-3)]
The photoconductor (A-3) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transport agent (CTM-3) was used instead of the charge transport agent (CTM-1) as the hole transport agent. ) Was produced.

[Photoreceptor (A-4)]
The photoconductor (A-4) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transport agent (CTM-4) was used instead of the charge transport agent (CTM-1) as the hole transport agent. ) Was produced.

[Photoreceptor (A-5)]
The photoconductor (A-5) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transport agent (CTM-5) was used instead of the charge transport agent (CTM-1) as the hole transport agent. ) Was produced.

[Photosensitive member (A-6)]
The photoconductor (A-6) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transfer agent (CTM-6) was used instead of the charge transfer agent (CTM-1) as the hole transfer agent. ) Was produced.

[Photosensitive member (A-7)]
The photoconductor (A-7) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transfer agent (CTM-7) was used instead of the charge transfer agent (CTM-1) as the hole transfer agent. ) Was produced.

[Photoreceptor (A-8)]
The photoconductor (A-8) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transfer agent (CTM-8) was used instead of the charge transfer agent (CTM-1) as the hole transfer agent. ) Was produced.

[Photosensitive member (A-9)]
The photoconductor (A-9) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the charge transport agent (CTM-9) was used instead of the charge transport agent (CTM-1) as the hole transport agent. ) Was produced.

[Photosensitive member (A-10)]
A photoconductor (A-10) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that the polycarbonate resin (PC-2) was used instead of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as the binder resin. .

[Photoreceptor (A-11)]
A photoconductor (A-11) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that the polycarbonate resin (PC-3) was used instead of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as the binder resin. .

[Photosensitive member (A-12)]
A photoconductor (A-12) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that the polycarbonate resin (PC-4) was used instead of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as the binder resin. .

[Photosensitive member (A-13)]
A photoconductor (A-13) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that polycarbonate resin (PC-5) was used instead of polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as the binder resin. .

[Photosensitive member (A-14)]
A photoconductor (A-14) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that polycarbonate resin (PC-6) was used instead of polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as the binder resin. .

[Photosensitive member (A-15)]
A photoconductor (A-15) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that the polycarbonate resin (PC-7) was used instead of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as the binder resin. .

[Photosensitive member (A-16)]
A photoconductor (A-16) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that polycarbonate resin (PC-8) was used instead of polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as the binder resin. .

[Photosensitive member (A-17)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 80 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) from 75 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass, the photosensitive member ( A photoconductor (A-17) was produced by the same method as in A-9).

[Photosensitive member (A-18)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 50 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) from 75 parts by mass to 50 parts by mass, the photoconductor ( A photoreceptor (A-18) was produced in the same manner as in A-9).

[Photosensitive member (A-19)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) from 75 parts by mass to 80 parts by mass, the photoconductor ( A photoconductor (A-19) was produced by the same method as in A-9).

[Photosensitive member (A-20)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 80 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-2) from 75 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass, the photosensitive member ( A photoconductor (A-20) was produced in the same manner as in A-10).

[Photosensitive member (A-21)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 50 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-2) from 75 parts by mass to 50 parts by mass, the photoconductor ( A photoconductor (A-21) was produced in the same manner as in A-10).

[Photosensitive member (A-22)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-2) from 75 parts by mass to 80 parts by mass, the photoconductor ( A photoconductor (A-22) was produced in the same manner as in A-10).

[Photoreceptor (B-1)]
The photoconductor (B-1) was prepared in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-9) except that the polyarylate resin (PAR-A) was used instead of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) as the binder resin. Produced.

[Photoreceptor (B-2)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 5 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) from 75 parts by mass to 95 parts by mass, the photoconductor ( A photoreceptor (B-2) was produced by the same method as in A-9).

[Photoreceptor (B-3)]
Except for changing the content of the polyarylate resin (PAR-1) from 25 parts by mass to 95 parts by mass and changing the content of the polycarbonate resin (PC-1) from 75 parts by mass to 5 parts by mass, the photoconductor ( A photoreceptor (B-3) was produced in the same manner as in A-9).

[Photosensitive member (B-4)]
Except for using 25 parts by mass of polyarylate resin (PAR-1) and 75 parts by mass of polycarbonate resin (PC-1) as binder resin, 100 parts by mass of polyarylate resin (PAR-1) was used. A photoconductor (B-4) was produced in the same manner as in −9).

[Performance evaluation of photoconductor]
(Electrical characteristic evaluation: measurement of sensitivity potential V _L )
Using any of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-22) and the photoconductors (B-1) to (B-4) with a drum sensitivity tester (manufactured by Gentec Corporation), the number of rotations is changed. Charging was performed at 31 rpm and −450V. Next, monochromatic light (exposure wavelength: 780 nm, exposure amount: 0.20 μJ / cm ² ) was taken out from the light of the halogen lamp using a bandpass filter and irradiated on the surface of the photoreceptor. The surface potential after 40 milliseconds had elapsed after irradiation with monochromatic light was measured. The measured surface potential was defined as the sensitivity potential (V _L ). The measurement environment was a temperature of 10 ° C. and a humidity of 15% RH.

(Abrasion resistance evaluation)
The charge transport layer coating solution prepared in the production of any of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-22) and the photoconductors (B-1) to (B-4) was prepared using an aluminum pipe (diameter: 78 mm). It was applied to a polypropylene sheet (thickness: 0.3 mm) wound around. This was dried at 110 ° C. for 60 minutes to produce a wear evaluation test sheet on which a charge transport layer having a thickness of 30 μm was formed.

  The charge transport layer was peeled off from this polypropylene sheet and attached to Wheel S-36 (manufactured by Taber) to prepare a sample. The prepared sample is set in a rotary abrasion tester (manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), and wear wear test CS-10 (manufactured by Taber) is rotated 1000 times under conditions of a load of 500 gf and a rotation speed of 60 rpm, and a wear evaluation test is performed. did. Wear loss (mg / 1000 rotations), which is a change in mass of the sample before and after the wear evaluation test, was measured. The wear resistance of the photoreceptor was evaluated based on the obtained wear loss.

Table 1 shows the configurations of the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-22) and the photoreceptors (B-1) to (B-4). In Table 1, the molecular weight of the polyarylate resin and the molecular weight of the polycarbonate resin both represent the viscosity average molecular weight. In Table 1, the ratio of the binder resin represents the ratio (m _PAR : m _PC ) between the content (unit: mass) m _PAR of the polyarylate resin and the content (unit: mass) m _PC of the polycarbonate resin. In Table 1, the numerical value in parentheses attached to the ratio of the binder resin represents the ratio (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )). Table 2 shows the performance evaluation results of the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-22) and the photoreceptors (B-1) to (B-4).

  As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-22), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin (1) and a polycarbonate resin (2) as binder resins. Specifically, in the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-22), the charge transport layer is any one of polyarylate resin (PAR-1) and polycarbonate resins (PC-1) to (PC-8), respectively. 1 type. As shown in Table 2, in the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-22), the sensitivity potential is −99 V or more and −70 V or less, and the wear loss is 5.0 mg or more and 9.3 mg or less.

  As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptor (B-1), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin (2) as binder resins. However, the polyarylate resin is not the polyarylate resin (1). Specifically, in the photoreceptor (B-1), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin (PAR-A). Unlike the polyarylate resin (1), the polyarylate resin (PAR-A) does not have a phenyl group in the structure derived from the aromatic diol. As shown in Table 2, the photosensitive member (B-1) has a sensitivity potential of −91 V and a wear loss of 11.2 mg.

As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptor (B-2), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin (1) and a polycarbonate resin (2) as binder resins. However, the content of the polyarylate resin (1) is too small relative to the content of the polycarbonate resin (2). Specifically, the ratio (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )) is 0.05. As shown in Table 2, the photosensitive member (B-2) has a sensitivity potential of −115 V and a wear loss of 5.6 mg.

As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptor (B-3), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin (1) and a polycarbonate resin (2) as binder resins. However, the content of the polyarylate resin (1) is excessive with respect to the content of the polycarbonate resin (2). Specifically, the ratio (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )) is 0.95. As shown in Table 2, the photosensitive member (B-3) has a sensitivity potential of −85 V and a wear loss of 10.8 mg.

  As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptor (B-4), the charge transport layer contains the polyarylate resin (1) as the binder resin, but does not contain the polycarbonate resin (2). As shown in Table 2, the photosensitive member (B-4) has a sensitivity potential of −88 V and a wear loss of 12.5 mg.

  As is apparent from Table 2, the photoconductors (photoconductors (A-1) to (A-22)) according to this embodiment are photoconductors (B-1), (B-3), and (B- Compared to 4), there is less wear loss in the abrasion resistance test, and the sensitivity potential is higher in the electrical characteristic test than in the photoreceptor (B-2). In particular, compared with the photoconductor (B-4), the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-22) have much less wear loss. Thus, the photoreceptor according to the present invention is excellent in electrical characteristics (sensitivity) and wear resistance.

  As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptors (A-10) to (A-14), the charge transport layers are respectively polyarylate resin (PAR-1) and polycarbonate resins (PC-2) to (PC-6). Or any one of the above. The polycarbonate resins (PC-2) to (PC-6) have r / (r + s) of 0.35 or more and 0.70 or less. As shown in Table 2, in the photoreceptors (A-10) to (A-14), the wear loss is 5.0 mg or more and 6.1 mg or less.

  As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptor (A-9), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin (PAR-1) and a polycarbonate resin (PC-1). The polycarbonate resin (PC-1) has an r / (r + s) of 0.00. As shown in Table 2, in the photoreceptor (A-9), the wear loss is 7.9 mg.

  As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptor (A-15), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin (PAR-1) and a polycarbonate resin (PC-7). Polycarbonate resin (PC-7) has r / (r + s) of 0.20. As shown in Table 2, in the photoreceptor (A-15), the wear loss is 7.5 mg.

  As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptor (A-16), the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin (PAR-1) and a polycarbonate resin (PC-8). Polycarbonate resin (PC-8) has r / (r + s) of 0.75. As shown in Table 2, the photoreceptor (A-16) has a wear loss of 7.4 mg.

  As is apparent from Table 2, the photoreceptors (A-10) to (A-10) to (A) containing a polyarylate resin (1) and a polycarbonate resin (2) having r / (r + s) of 0.35 to 0.70. A-14) is a photoreceptor (A-9), (A-15), and (A-16) that does not contain a polycarbonate resin (2) whose r / (r + s) is 0.35 or more and 0.70 or less. Compared to, it has better wear resistance.

As shown in Table 1, in the photoreceptors (A-5) and (A-6), the charge transport layer contains charge transport agents (CTM-5) and (CTM-6), respectively. The charge transfer agents (CTM-5) and (CTM-6) are represented by the following general formula (4): Q ⁸ , Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , Q ¹³ , and Q ¹⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, Alternatively, it is a compound that represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and b and c are 0. As shown in Table 2, the photosensitive member (A-5) has a sensitivity potential of −70 V, and the photosensitive member (A-6) has a sensitivity potential of −75 V.

As is apparent from Table 1, in general formula (4), Q ⁸ , Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , Q ¹³ , and Q ¹⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. A compound in which b and c are 0 as a charge transfer agent, and a ratio of the polyarylate resin (1) and the polycarbonate resin (2) in a specific range (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC ) Are 0.10 or more and 0.90 or less) and the photoreceptors (A-5) and (A-6) which are contained as binder resins are particularly excellent in electrical characteristics (sensitivity).

  The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention can be used in an image forming apparatus such as a multifunction peripheral.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Laminated type electrophotographic photoreceptor 11 Conductive base | substrate 12 Photosensitive layer 13 Charge generation layer 14 Charge transport layer 15 Intermediate | middle layer

Claims (13)

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer,
The photosensitive layer includes a charge generation layer containing a charge generation agent, and a charge transport layer containing a charge transfer agent and a binder resin,
The charge transport layer is a single layer, the charge transport layer is disposed as an outermost layer,
The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin,
The polyarylate resin is represented by the general formula (1),
The polycarbonate resin is represented by the general formula (2),
The ratio of the m _PAR to the total of the content m _{PAR of the} polyarylate resin and the content m _PC of the polycarbonate resin (m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC )) is 0.10 or more and 0.90 or less. , Electrophotographic photoreceptor.

In the general formula (1),
R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and two R ¹¹ may be the same or different from each other.

In the general formula (2),
R ²¹ , R ²² , R ²³ , and R ²⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms,
Two R ^{21 s} may be the same or different from each other;
Two R ^{22 s} may be the same or different from each other,
R ²³ and R ²⁴ may combine with each other to form a ring and represent a cycloalkylidene group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms,
r and s each represent a positive integer;
r + s = 100,
r / (r + s) is 0.35 or more and 0.70 or less . The electrophotographic photosensitive resin according to claim 1, wherein the polyarylate resin is a polyarylate resin having a repeating unit represented by the general formula (1-2) and a repeating unit represented by the general formula (1-3). body.

In the general formula (1-2) and the general formula (1-3),
R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
Two R ¹¹ in the general formula (1-2) may be the same as or different from each other,
Two R ¹¹ in the general formula (1-3) may be the same as or different from each other. In the general formula (1),
The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein two R ¹¹ are the same as each other, and R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the polyarylate resin is a polyarylate resin represented by a chemical formula (PAR-1).

In the general formula (2),
Two R ^{22 's} are identical to each other, R ²² represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein R ²³ and R ²⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring and represent a cyclohexylidene group. In the general formula (2),
Two R ^{21 's} are the same as each other, R ²¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
Two R ^{22 's} are identical to each other, R ²² represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein R ²³ and R ²⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring and represent a cyclohexylidene group. The polycarbonate resin is a polycarbonate resin represented by a chemical formula (PC-2), a chemical formula (PC-3), a chemical formula (PC-4), a chemical formula (PC-5), or a chemical formula (PC-6). Item 7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to Item 1 or 6 .

Wherein _{m PAR / (m PAR + m} PC) is 0.15 or more 0.88 or less, the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1-7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 7 , wherein the m _PAR / (m _PAR + m _PC ) is 0.45 or more and 0.85 or less. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 9 , wherein the charge transfer agent comprises a compound represented by the general formula (3), (4), or (5).

In the general formula (3),
Q ¹ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group that may be substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. ,
Q ² each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group,
Q ³ , Q ⁴ , Q ⁵ , Q ⁶ , and Q ⁷ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group . And two adjacent ones of Q ³ , Q ⁴ , Q ⁵ , Q ⁶ , and Q ⁷ may be bonded to each other to form a ring,
a represents an integer of 0 to 5, and when a represents an integer of 2 to 5, a plurality of Q ² bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same as or different from each other.

In the general formula (4),
Q ⁸ , Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , Q ¹³ and Q ¹⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or Represents a phenyl group,
Q ⁹ and Q ¹⁵ each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group,
b represents an integer of 0 to 5, and when b represents an integer of 2 to 5, a plurality of Q ⁹ bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other;
c represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, and when c represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of Q ¹⁵ bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other;
k represents 0 or 1.

In the general formula (5),
R ^a , R ^b and R ^c each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
q represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, and when q represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ^c bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other;
m and n each independently represent an integer of 0 to 5, and when m represents an integer of 2 to 5, a plurality of R ^b bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other. In the case where n represents an integer of 2 or more and 5 or less, a plurality of R ^a bonded to the same phenyl group may be the same or different from each other. In the general formula (3),
Q ¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
Q ² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
Q ³ , Q ⁴ , Q ⁵ , Q ⁶ , and Q ⁷ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, ³ , Q ⁴ , Q ⁵ , Q ⁶ and Q ⁷ may be bonded to each other to form a ring,
a represents 0 or 1,
In the general formula (4),
Q ⁸ , Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , Q ¹³ , and Q ¹⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group,
b and c represent 0;
In the general formula (5),
R ^a and R ^b each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
m and n each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 2 or less,
The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 10 , wherein q represents 0. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 10 , wherein the charge transfer agent comprises a compound represented by the general formula (4). In the general formula (4),
Q ⁸ , Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , Q ¹³ , and Q ¹⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 12 , wherein b and c represent 0.

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