JP6467683B2 - Windmill lightning protection device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention mainly relates to wind turbines for wind power generation and other lightning protection devices for wind turbines used as a power source.

  In order to obtain wind power, wind turbines used for wind power generation, etc. are generally installed protruding above the ground, and their blades are made of non-conductive material such as FRP. Susceptible to damage. Particularly in winter coastal areas, etc., the temperature difference between the cold air above the sea and the sea level is large, so strong lightning is generated and the damage is increased.

  As a countermeasure, there is a lightning protection device for a windmill shown in Patent Document 1 in which a lightning receiving portion (receptor) made of a conductor is exposed on the blade surface of the windmill, and this lightning receiving portion is connected to a down conductor (down conductor). It is known.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the above document, a metal block grounded (GND connection) is accommodated inside the blade, and a metal bolt serving as a receptor is exposed on the surface of the blade and fixed to the metal block. In this case, the exposed metal bolt may be melted by a lightning current.

  In order to prevent this, in this document, as shown in FIG. 5, the tip of the rod-shaped receptor rod is exposed from the surface of the blade so that it is exposed to the blade surface, and is inserted and projected while being guided by the rod pipe. The mechanism is arranged at multiple locations and can be replaced without working at high places, and can receive lightning at multiple positions on the blade.

  Also, a receptor is installed in the form of a dot at the tip of the blade, and when lightning strikes at a position other than the receptor on the blade, it extends toward the receptor on the surface of the blade in order to guide it to the receptor side. A windmill lightning protection device shown in Patent Document 2 in which a guide tape is attached or a guide groove is formed is also known.

  However, although it is possible for the thing of patent document 1 to realize lightning protection in a wide range by interposing lightning receiving parts, or to facilitate the replacement work of the receptor, it does not prevent the melting of the receptor itself. Patent Document 2 discloses a wide range of lightning protection with few receptors, but does not prevent melting of the receptor itself, and such an effect cannot be expected.

JP 2009-250040 A JP 2012-149469 A

  The present invention prevents lightning damage by preventing the receptor itself from melting due to a lightning strike. In particular, the present invention effectively disperses and dissipates this heat against the heat generation of the receptor during a lightning strike. And to prevent damage near the receptor.

  The present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems is as follows. First, a receptor 7 constituting at least a part of the lightning receiving portion is provided on the surface of the blade 6 of the windmill in an exposed state, and the receptor 7 is lowered. In a lightning protection device for a windmill connected to a conductor 11, a plate made of a composite material obtained by sintering a metal and a carbon material is used as the receptor 7, and the back surface of the plate is fixed along the surface of the blade 6. The heat generated by lightning is radiated along the planar spreading direction of the plate.

  Second, the carbon material contained in the composite material is contained in an amount of 20 to 80% by volume based on the total volume of the composite material, and the composite material is sintered to 95% or more of the ideal density. It is said.

Third, the carbon material includes scaly graphite powder, and the scaly graphite powder is parallel to a graphite structure composed of carbon atoms and has a heat conduction easy surface that is a surface of a plate that conducts heat easily. A first scaly graphite powder having a scaly surface defined by a normal vector having an inclination of 20 ° or more, and a scaly surface defined by a normal vector having an inclination of 10 ° or less. The second scaly graphite powder has at least two types, the content of the first scaly graphite powder is 12% or less of the whole scaly graphite powder, and the second scaly graphite powder is a scaly graphite powder. It is characterized by a content rate of 55% or more based on the whole.

  Fourth, the core member 8 is accommodated in the blade 6 and the plate is fastened and fixed to the core member 8 by a bolt 9 made of a conductive material that also serves as a lightning-receiving portion.

  Fifth, the peripheral portion 12 of the receptor 7 is formed by filling putty into the corner of the step portion formed between the outer peripheral surface of the plate and the surface of the blade 6.

Since the present invention is configured as described above, when light is received by a receptor consisting of a plate, the heat generated in the plate spreads planarly along the surface of the plate due to the high thermal conductivity of the plate itself, Dissipating and radiating heat in a short time can prevent damage to the receptor due to melting and sparking, can prevent the blade from being affected by heat generation, and can also prevent damage to the blade.
In addition, since the plate is fixed along the blade surface, the blade itself generates heat and the heat receiving area is large, and even if it receives heat, the effect of the cover by the plate is combined, and partial melting, deformation and burning, etc. In addition, there is an advantage that the mechanical strength can be increased by fixing the blade itself to the core material.

It is a whole front view which shows the installation state of a windmill. It is a partial enlarged front view which shows the front-end | tip part of a braid | blade. It is an AA expanded sectional view of FIG. 2 is a plane photograph of a sample made of a copper plate and a composite material before coating used in Experimental Example 1. It is explanatory drawing which shows the experimental method in Experimental example 1 which used the needle electrode and the flat plate (sample) electrode on the discharge side and the GND side. It is explanatory drawing which shows the measuring method by the thermography camera in the experiment shown in FIG. It is a sample figure of the thermal image by a thermography camera. It is a graph which shows the change characteristic of the temperature (To) with respect to the time change just under discharge of two types of flat plate samples with a diameter of 100 mm. It is a graph which shows the change characteristic of time-temperature (To) just under discharge of the flat plate sample of diameter 50mm similarly. It is a graph which shows the change characteristic of the temperature (T1) of the position 10 mm away from the discharge position of two types of flat plate samples of diameter 100mm similarly. It is a graph which similarly shows the temperature (To) -time characteristic in the case of 50 mm in diameter. It is the thermographic thermal image which shows the change of the cooling (heat dissipation) state after the discharge to two types of flat plate samples with a diameter of 100 mm. It is a graph which shows the comparison of the time-temperature characteristic of the temperature (To) just under discharge when the diameter of a composite material flat plate sample is changed. It is a graph which similarly shows the comparison of the time-temperature characteristic of the temperature (T ') for every diameter of a composite material flat plate sample. It is a thermographic thermal image which shows the change of the cooling (heat dissipation) state of the composite material flat plate sample of diameter 10mm and 100mm directly under the discharge position. It is a power approximate curve figure of the temperature (To) of the position just under discharge of two types of flat plate samples with a diameter of 100 mm. It is explanatory drawing of the analysis model of a 100 mm diameter receptor (flat plate sample) in Experimental example 2. FIG. It is a temperature distribution figure for every time progress of the copper flat plate sample in the example. It is a temperature distribution figure for every time progress of the composite material flat plate sample in the example.

  1 and 2 are an overall front view and a partially enlarged front view of a propeller-type wind power generator installed with a lightning protection device to which the present invention is applied, and FIG. 3 is an AA enlarged sectional view of FIG. A wind turbine used for wind power generation is installed on the foundation 1 on the ground and has a cavity 2 inside, and installed at the upper end of the tower 2 in the front-rear direction (here, for the sake of convenience, the nacelle 3 is formed in the front-rear direction). A box-shaped nacelle 3 (defined as a direction), and a plurality of blades 6 attached to the nacelle 3 radially about a hub (rotating shaft) 4 protruding forward from the front surface of the nacelle 3. ing.

  The plurality of blades 6 are arranged at predetermined intervals around the hub 4 formed in the entire length direction of the nacelle 3. Each blade 6 is made of a lightweight insulating material (for example, synthetic resin such as FRP), and the blade 6 has a convex lens-like cross-sectional shape that is crushed forward and backward, and a cavity is formed inside. Becomes an installation space 6a for installing various parts.

  The range from the base end portion of the blade 6 to the midway portion is formed into a shape in which the cross-sectional area is increased and the cross-sectional area is reduced from the midway portion toward the front end portion, and the cross-sectional area is set to the minimum at the tip end portion. ing.

  When each blade 6 is rotated about the rotation axis by wind power, a generator (not shown) in the nacelle 3 is generated by the power. This generator is connected to a battery or an external power transmission line via a power cable (not shown) wired from the nacelle 3 to the water 2.

  In order to prevent damage at the time of lightning strike, a wind power generator composed of such a windmill and a generator is provided with a lightning protection device.

  This lightning protection device for a windmill includes a receptor 7 composed of a plate-like plate installed in a state of being in contact with the front and rear surfaces (outer surfaces) of the front end portion of the blade 6 and a blade 6 (specifically, Includes a block-shaped and metallic core material 8 made of a conductive material housed in the installation space 6a), and a conductive material inserted at the tip of the blade 6 so as to fasten and fix the receptor 7 to the core material 8. And a down conductor 11 for grounding (earthing) the lightning receiving portion composed of the receptor 7, the bolt 9, and the like.

  The down conductor 11 is wired from the blade 6 through the nacelle 3 and the tower 2 to the ground, and discharges lightning currents from the lightning receiving portions 6 and 9 to the ground. Incidentally, the down conductor is made of a conductor that can safely discharge the lightning current from the lightning receiving portions 6 and 9 to the local area.

  The core material 8 is formed in a rectangular parallelepiped shape that can be installed in a fitted state at a portion near the tip of the blade 6 in the installation space 6a, and is electrically connected to the lightning receiving portions 6 and 9 and the pull-down conducting wire 11.

  The receptor 7 is formed in a disc shape. As a material for the receptor 7, a composite material obtained by firing a metal and a carbon material is used. Specifically, it is obtained by pressure-sintering a metal such as copper, aluminum, or an alloy thereof, and graphite (specifically, graphite powder, more specifically scaly graphite powder).

  The scale-like graphite powder has an average aspect ratio of 10 to 100 (preferably 30 to 100) and an average particle size of 50 to 1000 (preferably 80 to 500) μm. Here, the average aspect ratio means the average ratio of the representative length of the scaly surface to the thickness of the particle, and the average particle diameter means the average representative length of the scaly surface of the particle.

  The pressurizing direction is set in the plate thickness direction of the plate constituting the receptor 7, so that the scaly graphite powder is aligned in the plane direction of the plate, and the plane of the plate is parallel to the graphite structure composed of carbon atoms. In addition, it becomes a heat conduction easy surface which conducts heat easily. If the normal vector of the scaly surface of the scaly graphite powder is tilted more than necessary with respect to the normal vector of this easy heat conduction surface, the thermal conductivity deteriorates, but the content of such scaly graphite powder is reduced. By reducing the thermal conductivity, it is possible to maintain good thermal conductivity.

  For this reason, the carbon material (specifically, countless scaly graphite powder) contained in the composite material is contained in an amount of 20 to 80% by volume based on the total volume of the composite material, and the composite material has an ideal density of 95%. Sintered to over%. In addition, the scaly graphite powder contained in the receptor 7 (plate) includes a first scaly graphite powder having a scaly surface whose normal vector is inclined by 20 ° or more with respect to the normal vector of the above-described easy heat conduction surface, and the above heat. There is a second scaly graphite powder having a scaly surface whose normal vector has an inclination of 10 ° or less with respect to the normal vector of the easy conduction surface, and the scaly graphite powder as a whole of the first scaly graphite powder. The content of the second scaly graphite powder is 55% or more with respect to the whole scaly graphite powder.

  In this example, the receptor 7 composed of the composite material is formed into a circular plate shape having a diameter of 50 to 100 mm and a thickness of about 2 mm. The size and thickness of the receptor are selected depending on the dimensions of the blade 6 and the like, but are basically set within a range of 20 to 300 mm in diameter and 0.5 to 40 mm in thickness.

  The receptor 7 is fastened and fixed to a built-in core material 8 made of a conductive material by a bolt 9 made of a conductive material such as a metal inserted in the center position. By closely contacting the core material 8 as much as possible by fastening, heat generated by lightning strikes on the receptor 7 can be radiated more efficiently, and the fixation of the receptor 7 can be secured. In order to improve heat dissipation, it is desirable to use materials having excellent thermal conductivity for the core material 8 and the bolt 9.

  The corners of the stepped portion between the outer peripheral surface of the receptor 7 and the surface of the blade 6 are filled with a putty having a high sealing property and coated to form a peripheral portion 12, and the putty of the peripheral portion 12 is made conductive and heat-resistant. It is also possible to use a highly conductive material or a plastic material used for FRP.

  Next, the heat dissipation characteristics of the receptor 7 by the composite material of the present invention are evaluated by the thermal conduction characteristic evaluation experiment (<Experimental example 1>) during discharge of the plate-shaped composite material and the copper plate, and the simulation by the numerical analysis using the heat conduction equation. (<Experimental example 2>) and these evaluation results are shown below. Incidentally, the composite material of the receptor 7 used in Experimental Examples 1 and 2, the graphite powder (scale-like graphite powder) is contained 70% by volume based on the total volume of the composite material, and the plate thickness is set to 2 mm. The thermal conductivity in the plane direction of the plate (the above-described easy heat conduction surface, hereinafter referred to as “XY direction”) is 630 W / m / K, and the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction (hereinafter referred to as “Z direction”). Is set to 35 W / m / K.

<Experimental example 1>
1. Sample As the sample of the receptor 7, two kinds of composite materials described above (indicated by the symbol “STC” in the drawing) and copper were used. The composite material is an alloy of copper and graphite.
Samples of the disk-shaped plate were molded by the same manufacturing method into four types of diameters of 10 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm, respectively. A representative sample is shown in FIG. Also, when taking a thermal image, the sample surface was painted black with a heat-resistant paint in order to eliminate the reflection of heat and see a more accurate temperature change. The thermal conductivity in the XY direction of copper used here is about 400 [W / m · K].

2. Experimental method In the receptor of an actual plate-shaped windmill, current flows from the outside due to creeping discharge, and heat spreads from there to the entire receptor. However, in this experiment, in order to examine the characteristics of the sample, a voltage is applied to the center of the sample as shown in FIG.
A needle-plate electrode system was used as the electrode system, the gap length was 1 mm, the needle electrode was the high voltage side, and the plate electrode was GND.

  In this experiment, AC voltage was applied at room temperature (about 20 ° C.), and images were continuously taken with a thermography camera (TVS-8500) in a measurement system as shown in FIG. 6 immediately before discharging. The time resolution of the camera can continuously take one thermal image every 1/120 second, and the temperature resolution can be measured in the range of -40 ° C to 900 ° C in increments of 0.025 ° C. The spatial resolution can measure the temperature in increments of 10 μm, and the photographed thermal image was read by thermal image analysis software (PE Professional), and the average and standard deviation of the temperature To at the discharged position were obtained. Moreover, the temperature T ′ at a position 5 mm away from the discharged position was determined, and the average and standard deviation of the temperatures T1, T2, T3, T4 at positions 10 mm apart were obtained.

  A sample thermal image from a thermographic camera is shown in FIG. The temperature of each point was measured in the lateral direction as shown in FIG. 7 because the heat of the needle reflected on the image capturing direction side of the sample and overlapped with the temperature of the sample, making it impossible to accurately measure the temperature.

3. Experimental Results 3.1 Thermal Diffusion Experiment FIG. 8 shows the temperature change characteristics with respect to time, and according to this, the temperature To immediately below the discharge of each sample decreased with time. At this time, it can be seen that the temperature change is greater in the composite material than in copper. This is presumably because the composite material is superior in ability to diffuse heat compared to copper. Further, similar results were obtained even when the diameters of the composite materials were different as shown in FIG.

3.2 Heat conduction experiment Figure 10 shows the temperature change characteristics with respect to time. As shown in FIG. 10, the temperature T1 at a position 10 mm away from the temperature To of each sample is higher in the composite material immediately after the discharge than in copper, and then decreases. The thermal conductivity of the composite material is greater than that of copper, so the temperature is conducted inside the metal and the surrounding temperature is considered to have increased. Further, similar results were obtained even when the diameters of the composite materials were different as shown in FIG.
This can also be confirmed from the thermal image of the thermographic camera shown in FIG. FIG. 12 shows a time series of 5 seconds in which the heat cools down after discharge, and is a diagram comparing copper and a composite material having a diameter of 100 mm with the temperatures To and T1 at the upper right. In order to make the diameter easy to understand, a line was drawn on the outer diameter of the sample.

3.3 Comparative experiment with the diameter of the composite material itself FIGS. 13 and 14 show temperature change characteristics when the diameter of the composite material is changed. As shown in FIG. 13, there was no significant difference in temperature immediately under the discharge. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 14, at a point 5 mm away, it was found that the larger the diameter, the smaller the increase in the surrounding temperature, and the lower the temperature. When the sample is small, it is considered that heat is trapped inside the sample and is saturated. This can be confirmed from the thermal image of the thermographic camera shown in FIG. FIG. 15 is a diagram comparing the diameters of 10 mm and 100 mm of the composite material, in which 5 seconds of cooling after discharge are arranged in time series every second. The respective temperatures To and T ′ are shown in the upper right, and a line is drawn on the outer diameter of the sample for easy understanding of the diameter.

4). 4. Consideration 4.1 Sample heat generation From the above results, the receptor heats up immediately under the momentary discharge, but the lightning effect is small due to differences in the material of the receptor such as composite material and copper, and the same discharge voltage and discharge time. Because of the discharge current, the difference in heat generation due to the difference between copper and composite material is considered to be an error level. In both cases of copper and composite materials, the receptor is a part of the conductive path leading to GND, and the influence of the conductive path is larger than that of the receptor. In addition, since the receptor does not melt unless the heat is saturated due to lightning discharge, it is considered that a substance having high heat diffusivity and conductivity is suitable.

4.2 Heat dissipation of sample Since it is considered that the spread of heat is not in a saturated state in a sample having a diameter of 100 mm, the result of power approximation of temperature To is shown in FIG. From this figure, the time required for the temperature to rise to 20 ° C., which is a room temperature state, was obtained after the discharge and temperature increase from the power approximation formula of each sample. Copper took 9.9 s while the composite was 7.5 s. It was found that the time required for the temperature to fall to this temperature was faster for the composite material than for copper.

5. Summary Since the temperature drop of the temperature To was larger in the composite material than in the copper, it was found that the composite material was superior in heat diffusion capability. It was also found that the temperature immediately after the discharge was higher in the composite material than in the copper at a point away from the discharge position. It can be said that the composite material is more excellent in heat conduction ability than this, and the composite material requires a shorter time for the temperature to drop than copper.
Further, when the difference in the diameter of the composite material was compared, it was found that the larger the diameter, the smaller the increase in the surrounding temperature, and the smaller the diameter, the larger the surrounding temperature. If the sample is small, it is considered that heat is accumulated inside the sample and is saturated. Therefore, it can be said that the larger the diameter of the composite material, the lower the temperature is.
From these results, it is considered that the composite material can reduce the temperature rise at the time of lightning compared to copper, and is suitable for use as a receptor from the viewpoint of temperature characteristics. Further, it is desirable that the receptor has a large surface area so that the spread of heat can be sufficiently absorbed when discharged.

<Experimental example 2>
1. Simulation method This simulation is effective when a composite material having a thermal conductivity 1.5 times that of copper (hereinafter referred to as “STC” in the drawing) is used for this receptor by numerical analysis of the heat conduction equation. The sex was examined. For the numerical analysis, a two-dimensional finite element method was used, and the results were expressed as temperature distribution at each time.
2. Heat conduction equation and finite element method analysis The two-dimensional heat conduction equation can be expressed by the following equation using the absolute temperature function u.

Here, k, c, and ρ are thermal conductivity (W / mK), specific heat (J / kg), and specific gravity (kg / m ³ ), respectively. In the finite element method, an analysis region is divided into triangular microregions, and the temperature in the element is interpolated using the temperature of the vertex (node) of the element under boundary conditions, and the time differential term uses a time difference. Applying equation (1) at each node and taking the difference between the left and right sides as the residual, so that the sum of the residuals is zero for the entire region, a multiple simultaneous equation for the temperature function of each node is established. Solving with Gaussian elimination gives the temperature at each node. The material constants k, c and ρ can be given for each element.

3. Analysis Model and Analysis Results FIG. 17 shows the receptor analysis model. Reinforced plastic (FRP) with a width of 10 mm is attached to a receptor with a diameter of 100 mm. The analysis was performed in the right half region due to symmetry. Since the heat conduction of FRP is smaller than that of the receptor, it was assumed that the outside air temperature was constant at 10 ° C., and 1000 ° C. (constant) was given to a part of the receptor.
FIG. 18 and FIG. 19 show the temperature distribution at each time when a part of the receptor is given from 10 ° C. to 1000 ° C. when the receptor is copper and a composite material. The material constants used in the analysis are as shown in Table 1.

4). Conclusion As a result of conducting a heat conduction analysis of the receptor, it was confirmed that the temperature of the composite material having a high heat conductivity increased faster than that of copper.

6 Blade 7 Receptor (plate, lightning receiver)
8 Core material 9 Bolt (lightning receiving part)
11 Down conductor
12 Perimeter

Claims (5)

  On the surface of the blade (6) of the windmill, a receptor (7) constituting at least a part of the lightning receiving portion is provided in an exposed state, and the receptor (7) is connected to the down conductor (11). In the lightning protection device, a plate made of a composite material obtained by sintering a metal and a carbon material is used as the receptor (7), and the back surface of the plate is fixed along the surface of the blade (6). A lightning protection device for a windmill that dissipates heat generated by the air along the planar spreading direction of the plate.   The wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein the carbon material contained in the composite material is contained in an amount of 20 to 80% by volume based on the total volume of the composite material, and the composite material is sintered to 95% or more of an ideal density. Lightning protection device. The carbon material includes scaly graphite powder, and the scaly graphite powder includes a normal vector of a heat conduction easy surface that is parallel to a graphite structure composed of carbon atoms and is a surface of a plate that easily conducts heat. On the other hand, the first scaly graphite powder having a scale-like surface defined by a normal vector having an inclination of 20 ° or more, and the second scale-like having a scale-like surface defined by a normal vector having an inclination of 10 ° or less. At least two types of graphite powder are included, the content ratio of the first scaly graphite powder to the whole scaly graphite powder is 12% or less, and the second scaly graphite powder is based on the whole scaly graphite powder. The content rate of all is 55% or more, The lightning-proof device of the windmill of Claim 2 characterized by the above-mentioned.   A core material (8) is housed inside a blade (6), and the plate is fastened and fixed to the core material (8) by a bolt (9) made of a conductive material that also serves as a lightning-receiving portion. The lightning protection device for a windmill according to any one of 1 to 3.   5. The peripheral portion (12) of the receptor (7) is formed by filling a putty into a corner of a step portion formed between the outer peripheral surface of the plate and the surface of the blade (6). The windmill lightning protection device described.

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