JP6451827B2 - Image display apparatus, moving body and scanned surface element - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an image display device, a movable body, and a scanned surface element .

The surface to be scanned element of the invention can be used automobiles, trains, ships, helicopters, the "head-up display device" to be mounted on various OPERATION enabled mobile body such as an airplane.

  2. Description of the Related Art A two-dimensional image display device that scans a light beam and displays a two-dimensional image has been proposed as a head-up display device or the like and is being put into practical use (Patent Documents 1 and 2).

In such a two-dimensional image display device, a light beam whose intensity is modulated by an image signal is deflected two-dimensionally by a two-dimensional deflection means.
Then, the scanned surface element is scanned two-dimensionally with the deflected light beam, and a two-dimensional image is formed on the scanned surface element.
The formed two-dimensional image is formed as an enlarged virtual image by a virtual image imaging optical system.

  Then, the imaging light flux is reflected to the observation unit side by the reflecting surface element provided in front of the imaging position of the enlarged virtual image and observed.

  As a light beam used for two-dimensional image formation, as described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, a laser beam having high light energy density and high directivity is suitable.

However, since the laser beam is coherent, noise due to interference such as speckle is likely to appear in the observation image.
Such noise is hereinafter referred to as “coherent noise”. Typical coherent noise is “interference fringes”.

  “Coherent noise” impairs the image quality of an observed image and deteriorates its visibility.

Patent Document 1 discloses the following method as a method for removing coherent noise.
That is, microlenses (convex cylindrical lenses) are arrayed on the surface to be scanned, and the beam diameter of the coherent light beam for optical scanning is made smaller than the array pitch of the microlenses.

  Then, in order not to irradiate the light beam across the boundary portion of the minute lens, the light beam is pulsed in synchronization with the scanning of the light beam so that the light beam is incident only on the minute lens.

  Alternatively, a light shielding layer is formed at the boundary so that the light beam does not irradiate the boundary of the microlens.

These methods are effective for removing coherent noise. However, in synchronization with the scanning of the luminous flux, the luminous flux is pulsed so that the luminous flux is incident only on the minute lens. The configuration of is complicated.

  In the method of forming a light shielding layer at the boundary, continuous scanning with a light beam is possible. However, the light shielding by the light shielding part causes a decrease in the brightness (luminance) of the displayed two-dimensional image.

The present invention has been made in view of the above-described circumstances.
That is, the present invention, it is an object to realize a novel image display device capable of reducing the interference noise.

The image display device of the present invention includes a light source unit, a deflecting unit that scans the light by deflecting the light from the light source unit, and a scanned surface element that is scanned by the light, and the scanned image In the image display device that displays an image using light irradiated to a surface element, the scanned surface element has a plurality of fine optical surfaces that convert light from the light source unit into a divergent light beam close to each other. And the curvature radius of the surface that forms the boundary portion between adjacent fine optical surfaces is smaller than the wavelength of the light .

According to the present invention , a novel image display device capable of reducing coherent noise can be realized .

Since the radius of curvature of the surface forming the boundary portion of the optical surface (for example, microlens) of the fine optical surface structure is smaller than the wavelength of the pixel display beam, the pixel display light is not diffused at this boundary portion.

Therefore, the interference between the coherent light transmitted through the boundary portion and the light beam diffused by the fine optical surface is effectively reduced, and the coherent noise can be effectively reduced.

It is a figure for demonstrating one Embodiment of the image display apparatus which uses a microlens array as a to- be-scanned surface element . It is a figure for demonstrating the spreading | diffusion and interference noise generation by a micro convex lens. It is a figure for demonstrating the removal of a coherent noise. It is a figure which shows three examples of the arrangement | sequence form example of a micro convex lens. It is a figure which shows the 5 other examples of the arrangement | sequence form of a micro convex lens. It is a figure for demonstrating an anamorphic micro convex lens. It is a figure explaining the example of a to-be-scanned surface element.

Hereinafter, embodiments will be described.
FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of an image display apparatus (hereinafter also referred to as “two-dimensional image display apparatus”) using a microlens array as a scanning surface element .

  A two-dimensional image display device described with reference to FIG. 1 is a head-up display device that displays a two-dimensional color image, and FIG. 1A schematically illustrates the entire device.

  In FIG. 1A, a portion denoted by reference numeral 100 is a “light source unit”, and a pixel display beam LC for color image display is emitted from the light source unit 100.

  The pixel display beam LC is a beam of three colors of red (hereinafter referred to as “R”), green (hereinafter referred to as “G”), and blue (hereinafter referred to as “B”). It is a beam synthesized into a book.

  That is, the light source unit 100 has a configuration as shown in FIG.

  In FIG. 1B, “semiconductor lasers as light sources” denoted by reference signs RS, GS, and BS emit R, G, and B laser beams, respectively.

  Coupling lenses indicated by reference characters RCP, GCP, and BCP suppress the divergence of laser light of each color emitted from the semiconductor lasers RS, GS, and BS.

  The laser beam diameter of each color, whose divergence is suppressed by the coupling lenses RCP, GCP, and BCP, is regulated by the aperture RAP, GAP, and BAP.

Each color laser beam whose beam diameter is regulated is incident on the beam combining prism 101.
The beam combining prism 101 includes a dichroic film D1 that transmits R light and reflects G light, and a dichroic film D2 that transmits R and G light and reflects B light.

  Accordingly, the R, G, and B color laser beams are combined into one beam and emitted from the beam combining prism 101.

The emitted light beam is converted into a “parallel beam” having a predetermined light beam diameter by the lens 102.
This “parallel beam” is the pixel display beam LC.

  The R, G, and B color laser beams constituting the pixel display beam LC are intensity-modulated by an image signal of a “two-dimensional color image” to be displayed.

  That is, the emission intensity of the semiconductor lasers RS, GS, and BS is modulated by image signals of R, G, and B color components by a driving unit (not shown).

The pixel display beam LC emitted from the light source unit 100 enters the two-dimensional deflection unit 6 and is two-dimensionally deflected.
In this embodiment, the two-dimensional deflection unit 6 is configured to swing a minute mirror with “two axes orthogonal to each other” as a swing axis.

  That is, the two-dimensional deflection means 6 is specifically a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) manufactured as a micro oscillating mirror element by a semiconductor process or the like.

  The two-dimensional deflecting means is not limited to this example, but may be of another configuration, for example, a combination of two micro mirrors that swing around one axis so that the swing directions are orthogonal to each other.

The pixel display beam LC deflected two-dimensionally as described above enters the concave mirror 7 and is reflected toward the scanned surface element 8 which is a “microlens array”.

The optical action of the concave mirror 7 is to reflect the incident pixel display beam LC which is deflected two-dimensionally, and to align the direction of the reflected pixel display beam LC in a certain direction.
That is, the pixel display beam LC reflected by the concave mirror 7 is incident on the scanned surface element 8 while being translated along with the deflection by the two-dimensional deflecting means 6, and scans the scanned surface element two-dimensionally.

  By this two-dimensional scanning, a “color two-dimensional image” is formed on the scanned surface element 8.

  Of course, what is displayed at each moment is “only the pixel irradiated with the pixel display beam LC at that moment”.

A color two-dimensional image is formed as a “collection of pixels displayed at each moment” by two-dimensional scanning with a pixel display beam LC.
The light constituting the “color two-dimensional image” formed on the scanned surface element 8 as described above enters the concave mirror 9 and is reflected.

  Although not shown in FIG. 1, the scanned surface element 8 has a “fine convex lens structure” to be described later. The fine convex lens structure and the concave mirror 9 constitute a virtual image imaging optical system.

The “virtual image imaging optical system” forms an enlarged virtual image 12 of the color two-dimensional image.
A reflective surface element 10 is provided on the front side of the imaging position of the magnified virtual image 12, and the light beam that forms the magnified virtual image 12 is reflected toward the viewer 11 (the viewer's eyes are shown in the figure). To do.

  The observer 11 can visually recognize the magnified virtual image 12 by the reflected light.

  As shown in FIG. 1 (a), the vertical direction in the figure is the “Y direction”, and the direction orthogonal to the drawing is the “X direction”.

  In the case shown in FIG. 1A, the Y direction is usually the vertical direction for the observer 11, and this direction is referred to as the “vertical direction”.

  The X direction is usually the left-right direction for the observer 11, and this direction is referred to as the “lateral direction”.

As described above, the scanned surface element 8 has a fine convex lens structure.
As will be described later, the micro-convex lens structure is “the micro-convex lenses are closely arranged at a pitch close to the pixel pitch”.

Each fine convex lens has a function of diffusing a pixel display beam.
The diffusion function will be briefly described below.

  In FIG. 1C, reference symbols L <b> 1 to L <b> 4 indicate four pixel display beams incident on the scanned surface element 8.

  These four pixel display beams L <b> 1 to L <b> 4 are pixel display beams incident on the four corners of the two-dimensional image formed on the scanned surface element 8.

  These four pixel display beams L1 to L4 are converted into beams L11 to L14 after passing through the scanned surface element 8.

  If a quadrilateral light beam surrounded by the pixel display beams L1 to L4 is incident on the scanned surface element 8, the light beam becomes a "divergent light beam surrounded by the beams L11 to L14".

  Actually, the pixel display beam is incident on a specific portion of the scanned surface element 8 at a certain moment, and is converted into a “divergent light beam” by the fine convex lens.

  This function of the micro-convex lens is a “diffusion function”.

  The “divergent light beam surrounded by the beams L11 to L14” is a result of temporally collecting the pixel display beams thus converted into the divergent light beam.

  The pixel display beam is diffused so that “the light beam reflected by the reflecting surface element 10 irradiates a wide area near the eyes of the observer 11”.

  When there is no diffusing function, only the “narrow region near the eyes of the observer 11” is irradiated with the light beam reflected by the reflecting surface element 10.

  For this reason, when the observer 11 moves his / her head and the position of the eyes deviates from the “narrow area”, the observer 11 cannot visually recognize the magnified virtual image 12.

  As described above, the light beam reflected by the reflecting surface element 10 irradiates a wide area near the eyes of the observer 11 by diffusing the pixel display beam LC.

  Therefore, even if the observer “moves his head a little”, the magnified virtual image 12 can be reliably recognized.

  As described above, in the embodiment described, the pixel display beam LC incident on the scanned surface element 8 is a parallel beam, but after passing through the scanned surface element 8, it becomes a divergent beam.

  The to-be-scanned surface element 8 that is a microlens array has a “microconvex lens structure” in which microconvex lenses that diffuse the pixel display beam LC are closely arranged at a pitch close to the pixel pitch.

  The fine convex lens is larger than “the beam diameter of the pixel display beam LC”.

  The reason why the fine convex lens is made larger than “the beam diameter of the pixel display beam LC” is to reduce coherent noise, and this will be described below with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

In FIG. 2A, reference numeral 802 denotes a scanned surface element.
The scanned surface element 802 has a fine convex lens structure in which fine convex lenses 801 are arranged.

  The beam diameter 807 of the “pixel display beam” indicated by reference numeral 803 is smaller than the size of the fine convex lens 801.

That is, the size of the fine convex lens 801 is larger than the beam diameter 807.
In the present embodiment, the pixel display beam 803 is a laser beam, and forms a Gaussian light intensity distribution around the center of the beam.
Therefore, the light beam diameter 807 is a distance in the radial direction of the light beam at which the light intensity in the light intensity distribution decreases to “1 / e ² ”.
In FIG. 2A, the light beam diameter 807 is drawn equal to the size of the fine convex lens 801, but the light beam diameter 807 does not have to be equal to “the size of the fine convex lens 801”.
It is sufficient that the size of the fine convex lens 801 is not taken out.

  In FIG. 2A, the entire pixel display beam 803 is incident on one fine convex lens 801 and converted into a diffused light beam 804 having a divergence angle 805.

  The “divergence angle” may be referred to as “diffusion angle” below.

  In the state of FIG. 2A, there is only one diffused light beam 804 and no interfering light beam, so that no coherent noise is generated.

  The size of the diffusion angle 805 can be set as appropriate depending on the shape of the fine convex lens 801.

  In FIG. 2B, the pixel display beam 811 has a light beam diameter that is twice the arrangement pitch 812 of the fine convex lenses and is incident across the two fine convex lenses 813 and 814.

  In this case, the pixel display beam 811 is diffused as two divergent light beams 815 and 816 by the two incident micro convex lenses 813 and 814.

  The two divergent light beams 815 and 816 overlap in a region 817 and interfere with each other in this portion to generate coherent noise.

  FIG. 3A shows a state in which the pixel display beam 824 is incident across the two fine convex lenses 822 and 823 of the scanned surface element 821.

The beam diameter of the pixel display beam 824 is equal to the size of the fine convex lens 822 and the like.
In this case, the beam portion incident on the fine convex lens 822 becomes a divergent light beam 826, and the beam portion incident on the fine convex lens 823 is diffused as a divergent light beam 827.

  Since divergent light beams 826 and 827 are diffused away from each other, they do not overlap each other, and therefore no coherent noise is generated in this state.

  That is, the coherent noise due to the interference of the light beam diffused by the fine convex lens is not generated if the beam diameter of the pixel display beam 824 is set to “the size of the fine convex lens 822 or less”.

  Specific numerical examples of the diameter of the fine convex lens and the beam diameter of the pixel display beam incident on the scanned surface element will be exemplified.

  It is easy to set the beam diameter of the pixel display beam to, for example, about 150 μm.

  In this case, the size of the fine convex lens constituting the fine convex lens structure may be set to the size of 150 μm or more, for example, 160 μm or 200 μm.

  In the scanned surface element 821 shown in FIG. 3A, the fine convex lenses 822, 823,... Are arranged without a gap.

Therefore, the “boundary width (hereinafter also referred to as“ boundary width ”)” of the adjacent fine convex lens surfaces is 0.
Therefore, the divergent light beams generated from the pixel display beam 824 that enters the fine convex lenses 822 and 823 as shown in the figure are only the divergent light beams 826 and 827.

  However, in the actually formed fine convex lens structure, “the boundary width between adjacent fine convex lenses is not zero”.

  That is, in the actually formed fine convex lens structure as in the scanned surface element 831 shown in FIG. 3B, the boundary portion 835 of the fine convex lenses 833 and 834 is not “width: 0”.

  The boundary portion 835 of the micro convex lenses 833 and 834 has a curved surface that is smoothly continuous microscopically, and a curved surface is formed at the boundary portion 835.

  The curved surface formed in the boundary portion 835 in this way acts as a “micro lens surface” with respect to the incident light portion when the pixel display beam is incident on this portion.

  Accordingly, the pixel display beam 832 incident across the fine convex lenses 833 and 834 generates a divergent light beam 838 together with the divergent light beams 836 and 837.

  The divergent light beam 838 is generated by the lens action of the curved surface of the boundary portion 835 and overlaps and interferes with the divergent light beams 836 and 837 in the regions 839 and 840 to generate coherent noise.

  FIG. 3C is a diagram for explaining “reduction or prevention of coherent noise” in the fine convex lens structure.

  In the micro-convex lens structure, the curved surface shape of the boundary portion 843 where the lens surfaces of the micro-convex lenses 841 and 842 are gently connected itself forms a “micro lens surface”.

  The curvature radius of the curved surface shape of the boundary portion 843 is “r” as shown in the figure.

  Here, for simplicity of explanation, the pixel display beam incident on the fine convex lens structure is referred to as a “monochromatic laser beam having a wavelength of λ”.

  When the curvature radius r of the boundary portion 843 is larger than the wavelength λ of the pixel display beam (r> λ), the curved surface having the curvature radius r has a lens effect on the incident pixel display beam.

  Therefore, in this case, the beam component passing through the boundary portion 843 is diverged and overlaps and interferes with the light beam diffused by the fine convex lenses 841 and 842 to generate coherent noise.

On the other hand, when the radius of curvature r of the boundary portion 843 is smaller than the wavelength λ of the pixel display beam, the boundary portion 843 has a “sub-wavelength structure” with respect to the pixel display beam.
As is well known, the sub-wavelength structure does not cause a lens action for “light having a wavelength larger than that of the sub-wavelength structure”.
Therefore, the boundary portion 843 having a radius of curvature “r” smaller than the wavelength “λ” does not act as a “lens”, and does not allow the pixel display beam to pass straight through and diverge.

  For this reason, the beam portion transmitted straight through the boundary portion 843 and the divergent light beam diffused by the fine convex lenses 841 and 842 do not overlap with each other, and no coherent noise is generated due to interference.

That is, the size relationship between the beam diameter of the pixel display beam: d, the wavelength: λ, the size of the fine convex lens: D, and the radius of curvature of the surface forming the boundary portion: r is preferably determined as follows.
D> d, λ> r

When the two-dimensional enlarged virtual image to be displayed is a monochrome image, a pixel display beam is formed by monochromatic coherent light having a wavelength of λ.
Therefore, coherent noise can be suppressed by satisfying the above magnitude relationship.

  When displaying a two-dimensional color image (enlarged virtual image) as in the embodiment being described, the pixel display beam LC is a combination of R, G, and B beams.

  Assuming that the wavelengths of these three beams are λR (= 640 nm), λG (= 510 nm), and λB (= 445 nm), the magnitude relationship between them is “λR> λG> λB”.

  Therefore, from the viewpoint of preventing coherent noise, the curvature radius r of the surface forming the boundary may be smaller than the shortest wavelength λB, for example, 400 nm.

  However, if a curvature radius: r (for example, 600 nm) smaller than the longest wavelength: λR is set, coherent noise due to the R component of the image display beam can be prevented.

  That is, coherent noise can be effectively reduced.

If “r (for example, 500 nm) <λG”, coherent noise due to the R component and G component light of the image display beam can be prevented.
When the pixel display beam LC is “combined beam of three colors R, G and B”,
Coherent noise is generated independently for these three color components.
Then, the “total” of these three independent colors of coherent noise becomes the visually recognized coherent noise.
Therefore, if no interference noise is detected even in one of the three colors of interference noise, the visually recognized interference noise is greatly improved, contributing to an improvement in the image quality of the observation image.
Therefore, the effect of preventing the coherent noise is effective only with the R component having the longest wavelength among the three colors, and then the “reduction effect” is improved in the order of the G component and the B component.
Therefore, if a radius of curvature: r (for example, 600 nm) smaller than the longest wavelength: λR is set, a certain effect can be achieved in reducing coherent noise.
The visibility of the coherent noise is generally higher in the order of R≈G> B, although the noise intensity varies depending on the wavelength, beam diameter, multi / single mode, and the like.
That is, the light of wavelength λB has low visibility of human eyes, and coherent noise is not noticeable.
Therefore, if the radius of curvature: r (for example, 500 nm) smaller than the wavelength: λG is set, the coherent noise due to the light with relatively high visibility: λR and λG can be reduced.
Even if coherent noise is generated by light having a wavelength of low visibility: λB, it is not so noticeable.
Of course, if the curvature radius: r (for example, 400 nm) smaller than the wavelength: λB is set, the coherent noise can be further effectively reduced as described above.

  As described above, the size of the fine convex lens constituting the fine convex lens structure is on the order of 100 μm, and this can be realized as a normal “micro lens”.

  Further, a micro convex lens structure in which micro convex lenses are arranged can be realized as a “micro lens array”.

  Therefore, hereinafter, the fine convex lens is also referred to as “micro lens”, and the fine convex lens structure is also referred to as “micro lens array”.

In general, the microlens array is manufactured by manufacturing a mold having a transfer surface of the lens surface array of the microlens array and transferring the mold surface to a resin material using the mold.
As a method for forming a transfer surface in a mold, a method of forming by using cutting or photolithography is known.

  The transfer surface can be transferred to the resin material by, for example, “injection molding”.

Reducing the radius of curvature at the boundary between adjacent microlenses can be achieved by reducing the boundary width.
A small boundary width can be realized by “sharpening” the boundary formed by the adjacent microlens surfaces.

  Various methods are known for reducing the size of the “border width between adjacent microlenses” to the order of wavelengths in a mold for a microlens array.

  For example, Patent Document 3 discloses a method of increasing the radius of curvature of each microlens by anisotropic etching and ion processing and removing a non-lens portion at the boundary.

  Patent Document 4 discloses a method of removing a flat surface between adjacent microlenses by using isotropic dry etching.

For example, by using these known methods, it is possible to produce a microlens array in which the radius of curvature of the surface forming the boundary between adjacent microlenses is sufficiently small.
That is, the scanned surface element described above can be configured as a microlens array having a structure in which a plurality of microlenses are arranged close to each other.
By forming the radius of curvature of the surface forming the boundary between adjacent microlenses as a microlens array having r smaller than 640 nm, coherent noise of R component light can be prevented.
Further, if the curvature radius r is formed as a microlens array smaller than 510 nm, coherent noise due to R component light and G component light can be prevented.
If the radius of curvature of the surface forming the boundary between adjacent microlenses is formed as a microlens array having r smaller than 445 nm, coherent noise of R, G, and B component light can be prevented.

The two-dimensional image display device (head-up display device) shown in FIG. 1 has been described above.
The two-dimensional image display device includes a light source unit, an image forming element for forming an image by light from the light source unit, and a scanned surface element to which light for forming the image is irradiated. An image display device that displays an image using light irradiated to a scanning surface element.
The to-be-scanned surface element has a microlens array structure in which a plurality of microlenses are arranged close to each other, and the curvature radius r of the surface that forms the boundary between adjacent microlenses is the wavelength of the light: smaller than λ.

The concave mirror 7 shown in FIG. 1 has a “function of reflecting the pixel display beam LC incident after being two-dimensionally deflected and aligning the direction of the reflected pixel display beam LC in a certain direction”.
That is, the concave mirror 7 functions as a “deflection range regulating means for regulating the scanning range of the scanned surface element by adjusting the deflection range of the two-dimensionally deflected pixel display beam”.

  Such a deflection range restricting means can be omitted when the deflection angle of the pixel display beam deflected two-dimensionally by the two-dimensional deflecting means 6 is not so large.

  Next, an example of the arrangement form of the micro convex lenses (micro lenses) in the micro convex lens structure (micro lens array) will be described.

  The conditions for the microlens array and the microlens are as described above.

  That is, “fine convex lenses larger than the beam diameter of the pixel display beam are closely arranged at a pitch close to the pixel pitch to form a fine convex lens structure”.

If this condition is satisfied, the arrangement of the microlenses may be appropriate. Three specific examples are shown in FIG.
4A is a microlens array 87 in which square-shaped microlenses 8711, 8712,... Are arranged in a square matrix.

  Such an arrangement is called a “square matrix arrangement”.

  The number of pixels of the two-dimensional image (enlarged virtual image) displayed in the head-up display device is determined by the arrangement period of the microlenses in the microlens array.

  In the case of the arrangement shown in FIG. 4A, the distance between the centers of the microlenses 8711 and 8712 adjacent in the X direction is X1.

  In the drawing, the distance between the centers of the microlenses 8711 and 8721 adjacent in the Y direction is Y1. These X1 and Y1 can be regarded as “effective size of one pixel”.

  The “effective size of one pixel” is hereinafter also referred to as “effective pitch of one pixel” or “effective pixel pitch”.

  4B is a microlens array 88 in which regular hexagonal microlenses 8811, 8821,... Are densely arranged.

  In the arrangement of the microlenses in this case, the arranged microlenses 8811 and the like do not have sides parallel to the X direction.

  That is, since the upper and lower sides of the microlenses arranged in the X direction are “zigzag”, such an arrangement is called “zigzag type arrangement”.

  The microlens array 89 shown in FIG. 4 (c) is an example in which regular hexagonal microlenses 8911, 8921,... Are densely arranged.

In the arrangement of the microlenses in this case, the arranged microlenses 8911 and the like have sides parallel to the X direction. This arrangement is called an “armchair arrangement”.
The zigzag array and the armchair array are collectively referred to as a “honeycomb array”.

The armchair arrangement shown in FIG. 4C is an arrangement obtained by rotating the zigzag arrangement shown in FIG. 4B by 90 degrees.
In the zigzag array, in the microlens array, X2 shown in the figure can be regarded as “an effective pixel pitch in the X direction” and Y2 as an “effective pixel pitch in the Y direction”.

  In the armchair type arrangement, X3 shown in the figure can be regarded as "effective pixel pitch in the X direction", and Y3 can be regarded as "effective pixel pitch in the Y direction".

  In FIG. 4B, the effective pixel pitch Y2 is the distance between the center of the microlens 8821 and the midpoint of the right side of the microlens 8811.

  In FIG. 4C, the effective pixel pitch: X3 is the distance between the midpoint of the sides of the two microlenses that are in contact with the right side of the microlens 8911 and the center of the microlens 8911.

  In the zigzag array, since the effective pixel pitch X2 in the X direction is small, the resolution in the X direction in image display can be improved.

  In the armchair type arrangement, the resolution in the Y direction can be improved.

  In this way, by arranging the microlenses in a honeycomb shape, pixels smaller than the actual lens diameter can be effectively expressed, and the number of effective pixels can be improved.

  As described above, in the fine convex lens structure (microlens array) of the surface element to be scanned, the boundary between adjacent microlenses has a radius of curvature: r.

  The radius of curvature r is smaller than the wavelength R of the R component of the pixel display beam, for example.

  Accordingly, as described above, coherent noise due to interference of R component coherent light is prevented.

  However, if the radius of curvature r is larger than the wavelength of the G component light: λG or the wavelength of the B component light: λB of the pixel display beam, these lights are diffused at the boundary and interfere with each other.

  Therefore, coherent noise due to this interference is generated.

  In this case, in the case of the “square matrix arrangement” in FIG. 4A, divergence (diffusion) at the boundary portion occurs in two directions of the Xa direction and the Ya direction in the figure, Become.

  On the other hand, in the arrangement of FIG. 4B, divergence at the boundary portion occurs in three directions 8A, 8B, and 8C. Further, in the case of FIG. 4C, diffusion is performed in three directions 9A, 9B, and 9C.

  That is, the divergence at the boundary occurs in two directions in the square matrix arrangement and in three directions in the honeycomb arrangement.

  Therefore, the occurrence of coherent noise occurs in two directions in the square matrix arrangement and in three directions in the honeycomb arrangement.

  That is, the generated coherent noise is “dispersed in two directions” in the square matrix arrangement, whereas “coherent noise is distributed in three directions” in the honeycomb arrangement.

  Since the maximum intensity of the coherent light that causes the coherent noise is constant, the greater the number of dispersed light, the weaker the contrast of the generated coherent noise and the less visible it becomes.

  Therefore, in the case where the generation of “coherent noise due to a component having a wavelength smaller than r at the boundary radius of curvature: r” is allowed, the arrangement of the microlenses is preferably a “honeycomb arrangement”.

  As described with reference to FIG. 1A, the virtual image imaging optical system that forms the two-dimensional enlarged virtual image 12 includes the concave mirror 9.

That is, when a light beam diffused by each microlens is referred to as a “pixel light beam” for convenience, the pixel light beam is formed as an enlarged virtual image of the pixel by the concave mirror 9.
The magnified virtual image 12 is a set of magnified pixel images formed as a virtual image by the concave mirror 9.

  If the microlens that is a fine convex lens has an “anamorphic function”, the divergence angle of the diffused pixel beam can be made different in two orthogonal directions.

Referring to FIG. 6, reference numeral 80 in FIG. 6 indicates each of the microlenses (fine convex lenses) formed on the scanned surface element 8 in an elliptical shape as an explanatory diagram.
Of course, since it is explanatory drawing, the magnitude | size of the boundary part between microlenses is overlooked.
The microlens 80 in FIG. 6 shows a case where the power in the X direction is larger than the power in the Y direction.
That is, the curvature of the microlens surface is larger in the X direction than in the Y direction.

  As shown in the figure, when the pixel display beam LC is incident on the microlens 80, the diverging beam (diffused beam) to be emitted has a light beam cross section FX having an “ellipse shape long in the X direction”.

  In other words, the diffusion angle of the pixel light beam diffused by the microlens 80 is larger in the X direction than in the Y direction.

That is, the magnified virtual image 12 viewed from the observer 11 has a large viewing angle in the X direction.
In FIG. 6, as an explanatory diagram, the microlens 80 is shown as a vertically long oval shape that is long in the Y direction.
The shape of the microlens may be, for example, a “long and long hexagonal shape that is long in the Y direction” such as a microlens 9211 shown in FIG. 5B described later.
In this case, if the power in the X direction is larger than the power in the Y direction, the light beam cross section of the diffused beam by the microlens 9211 becomes “a horizontally long hexagonal shape in the X direction”.

  The head-up display device described above can be used, for example, for in-vehicle use such as an automobile, and the X direction is “horizontal when viewed from the driver's seat” and the Y direction is “vertical”.

In this case, the reflecting surface element 10 is a windshield of an automobile.
In this case, for example, a “navigation image” can be displayed as the enlarged virtual image 12 in front of the windshield, and the driver who is the observer 11 can observe this image while being in the driver's seat.

  In such a case, it is generally preferable that the enlarged virtual image to be displayed is an image having a large angle of view in the X direction so that “the driver's eyes can be reliably recognized even if the eyes move in the X direction”.

This is because a large viewing angle is required in the horizontal direction compared to the vertical direction so that the driver who is an observer can recognize the display even when viewing the display image from the diagonal direction.
For this reason, a larger diffusion angle (isotropic diffusion) is required in the longitudinal direction (X direction) than in the lateral direction (Y direction).

  Therefore, it is preferable that the fine convex lens of the surface element to be scanned is an anamorphic lens, and the diffusion angle for diffusing the pixel display beam is "wider the horizontal direction of the two-dimensional image than the vertical direction".

  In this way, it is possible to diverge light within the minimum necessary range that satisfies the required angle of view of the head-up display, improve the light utilization efficiency, and improve the brightness of the display image.

  Of course, it is also possible to use “isotropic diffusion” in which the diffusion angles are equal in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, instead of the “isotropic diffusion” as described above.

  It has been conventionally known that a micro-convex lens (micro lens) can be formed as an “aspherical surface”.

  The anamorphic lens surface described immediately above is also “aspherical”, but the lens surface of the micro-convex lens can be formed as a more general aspherical surface, and aberration correction can also be performed.

  It is also possible to reduce “diffuse intensity unevenness” by correcting aberrations.

  Each micro convex lens (micro lens) in the micro convex lens structure (micro lens array) shown in FIG. 4 was a square or a regular hexagon.

  The shape of the micro-convex lens does not have to be a regular polygon in this way, and may be a shape obtained by extending the micro lens shape shown in FIG. 4 in one direction.

  In this case, a square shape is a “rectangular shape”, and a regular hexagonal shape is an elongated deformed hexagon.

The effective pixel pitch of the fine convex lens structure was X1 to X3 in the X direction and Y1 to Y3 in the Y direction in the arrangement of FIGS.
When the effective pixel pitch in the X direction thus determined is generally “SX” and the effective pixel pitch in the Y direction is generally “SY”, the ratio between the two: SY / SX is referred to as “aspect ratio”.

  In the case of FIG. 4A, the aspect ratio is “Y1 / X1”, and X1 = Y1, so the aspect ratio is 1.

  In the case of FIG. 4B, the aspect ratio is “Y2 / X2”, and Y2> X1, so the aspect ratio is greater than 1.

  In the case of FIG. 4C, the aspect ratio is “Y3 / X3”, and Y3 <X3. Therefore, the aspect ratio is smaller than 1.

  In the fine convex lens structure shown in FIGS. 5A to 5E, the effective pixel pitch is determined as follows in the same manner as in FIG.

  That is, the effective pixel pitches in the X direction and the Y direction are “X11, Y11”, “X12, Y12”, and “X13, Y13” in FIG.

  The micro-convex lens structure of FIG. 5A is a square matrix arrangement of rectangular micro-convex lenses 9111, 9112,... 9121, and the aspect ratio is greater than 1.

  The micro-convex lens structure shown in FIGS. 5B to 5E is a honeycomb type array.

  In the honeycomb arrangement shown in FIGS. 5B to 5E, the aspect ratios “Y12 / X12” and “Y13 / X13” are both larger than 1.

  In all the five examples of the fine convex lens structure shown in FIG. 5, the “fine convex lens” has a length in the Y direction larger than a length in the X direction.

  Thus, in the case of “a fine convex lens having a shape in which the length in the Y direction is larger than the length in the X direction”, it is easy to make the curvature in the X direction larger than the curvature in the Y direction as the shape of the fine convex lens.

  Therefore, it is easy to realize the “anamorphic optical function in which the power in the X direction is larger than the power in the Y direction”.

  For example, in the case of the example shown in FIG. 5A, specific examples include X11 = 150 μm, Y11 = 200 μm, and aspect ratio = 200/150 = 4/3> 1.

  Of course, in this case, the beam diameter of the pixel display beam is made smaller than 150 μm.

  The arrangement of the micro-convex lenses shown in FIGS. 5B to 5D is a honeycomb-type array, and each micro-convex lens has a “long shape in the Y direction”.

  The arrangement of FIG. 5B is a “zigzag arrangement”, and the arrangements of (c) to (e) are all “armchair arrangements”.

  Both the “zigzag vertical honeycomb arrangement” in FIG. 5B and the “armchair vertical honeycomb arrangement” in FIG. 5C can be used.

  However, the arrangement example of FIG. 5C has the following advantages over the arrangement example of FIG.

  That is, in the arrangement (c), the “difference in size in the X direction and the Y direction” in the micro-convex lens is small and the difference in effective pixel size in the vertical and horizontal directions is small in the arrangement (c).

List specific dimensions.
For example, in FIG. 5B, the lens diameter in the X direction of the fine convex lenses 9211 and 9212: R2x = 100 μm, and the lens diameter in the Y direction: R2y = 200 μm.

  At this time, the effective pixel pitch in the X direction (= X12) is 50 μm, and the effective pixel pitch in the Y direction (= Y12) is 150 μm.

  Similarly, in FIG. 5C, the lens diameter in the X direction: R3x = 100 μm and the lens diameter in the Y direction: R3y = 200 μm of the fine convex lenses 9311, 9312 and the like.

  At this time, the effective pixel pitch in the X direction (= X13) is 75 μm, and the effective pixel pitch in the Y direction (= Y13) = 100 μm.

  Therefore, the effective pixel pitches in the X and Y directions are closer to each other in the arrangement of FIG. 5C than in the arrangement of FIG. 5B.

Each of the honeycomb type arrays shown in FIGS. 5D and 5E has the same effective pixel pitch: X13 and Y13 as the array of FIG. 5C.
In FIG. 5D, the fine convex lenses 9411, 9421 and the like have short upper and lower sides parallel to the X direction and long oblique sides.
In FIG. 5E, the fine convex lenses 9511 and 9521 have long upper and lower sides parallel to the X direction and short hypotenuses.

Even in the arrangements shown in FIGS. 5D and 5E, the effective pixel pitch in the X and Y directions can be equalized because the fine convex lens structure is a vertically long structure.
The “shape of the fine convex lens” as shown in FIGS. 5C to 5E can be arbitrarily selected for controlling the divergence angle of the divergent light beam, for example.
As described above, the shape of the vertically long hexagon of the fine convex lens may be any side length.

  Therefore, the armchair-type vertically long honeycomb array can reduce the difference in effective pixel pitch between the X direction (horizontal direction) and the Y direction (vertical direction), in addition to the improvement in luminance and the number of effective pixels.

  In the head-up display device shown in FIG. 1A, the pixel display beam LC is orthogonally incident on the fine convex lens structure of the scanned surface element 8.

  However, the incident form of the pixel display beam to the scanned surface element is not limited to such “orthogonal incidence”.

  For example, in order to make the head-up display device compact by devising the arrangement of the optical elements from the light source unit to the reflective surface element, an incident form as shown in FIG.

  That is, in the example of FIG. 7A, the pixel display beam LC is incident on the scan surface element 8 with an inclination.

  When the lens surface of the fine convex lens is an “aspherical surface”, the pixel display beam LC is incident with an inclination relative to the optical axis of the aspherical surface, and the aspherical function may not be utilized.

  In such a case, as in the scanned surface element 8a in FIG. 7B, the lens surface optical axis AX of the fine convex lens ML is inclined from the orthogonal direction with respect to the reference surface of the scanned surface element 8a. good.

  In this way, the lens surface optical axis AX can be made parallel to or close to the incident direction of the pixel display beam LC.

  The reference surface of the scanned surface element 8a is a surface on which the micro convex lenses ML are arrayed.

  By doing so, the optical system can be downsized and the light utilization efficiency can be improved, and the “direction of divergence of the pixel display beam by the fine convex lens” can be made uniform.

  The head-up display device described above can be mounted not only on the above-described automobile but also on various movable mobile bodies such as trains, ships, helicopters, and airplanes.

  In this case, the windshield in front of the driver's seat may be a reflective surface element.

  Of course, it goes without saying that the head-up display device can be implemented as, for example, a “two-dimensional image display device for watching movies”.

  The micro-convex lens having the micro-convex lens structure diffuses the pixel display beam as described above. However, it may be considered that only one of the X and Y directions is diffused.

  In such a case, a “fine convex cylinder surface” can be used as the lens surface of the fine convex lens.

100 light source
LC pixel display beam
6 Two-dimensional deflection means 7 Concave mirror
8 Scanned surface element
9 concave mirror
10 Reflective surface element
11 Observer
12 Enlarged virtual image

JP 2009-128659 A JP 2010-145745 A Japanese Patent No. 4200323 Japanese Patent No. 5010445

Claims (14)

A light source unit;
Deflecting means for scanning the light by deflecting the light from the light source unit;
A scanned surface element that is scanned by the light,
In an image display device that displays an image using light irradiated to the scanned surface element,
The scanned surface element has a fine optical surface structure in which a plurality of fine optical surfaces that convert light from the light source unit into a divergent light beam are arranged in close proximity to each other, and An image display device, wherein a radius of curvature of a surface forming a boundary portion is smaller than a wavelength of the light . The image display device according to claim 1,
The light source unit has a plurality of light sources,
The plurality of light sources emit light having different wavelengths,
In the scanned surface element, an image display device characterized in that a radius of curvature of a boundary portion between adjacent optical surfaces in the fine optical surface structure is smaller than a longest wavelength among the wavelengths of the plurality of lights . The image display device according to claim 1 or 2,
The deflection means is a two-dimensional deflection means for two-dimensionally deflecting light from the light source unit as a pixel display beam,
An image display apparatus comprising: a deflection range regulating unit that regulates a deflection range of the beam for pixel display deflected two-dimensionally by the two-dimensional deflection unit and regulates a scanning range of the scanning surface element. . The image display device according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
Each of the plurality of fine optical surfaces of the fine optical surface structure formed on the scanned surface element is an anamorphic lens that diffuses an image display beam with a wider diffusion angle in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. An image display device characterized by the above . The image display device according to any one of claims 1 to 4 ,
The image display device, wherein each of the fine optical surfaces of the scanned surface element has a rectangular shape and is arranged in a square matrix . The image display device according to any one of claims 1 to 4 ,
An image display device, wherein each of the fine optical surfaces of the scanned surface element has a hexagonal shape and is arranged in a honeycomb shape . The image display device according to claim 6 .
The image display device, wherein the honeycomb-like arrangement of the fine optical surfaces is a zigzag arrangement . The image display device according to claim 6 .
The image display device, wherein the honeycomb-like arrangement of the fine optical surfaces is an armchair arrangement . The image display device according to any one of claims 5 to 8,
An image display apparatus, wherein an aspect ratio SY / SX, which is a ratio of an effective pixel pitch in the horizontal direction: SX and an effective pixel pitch in the vertical direction: SY in the arrangement of the fine optical surfaces, is greater than 1 . The image display device according to any one of claims 1 to 9 ,
The optical surface of the fine optical surface structure is a lens, and the lens surface optical axis of the lens is inclined from a direction orthogonal to the reference surface of the scanned surface element. The image display device according to any one of claims 1 to 10,
A virtual image imaging optical system that forms an enlarged virtual image by the diffused light of the light that has been converted into a divergent light beam by the scanned surface element and diffused;
An image display device, comprising: a reflecting surface element that is provided in front of an imaging position of the enlarged virtual image and reflects an imaging light beam that forms the enlarged virtual image toward the observation unit. The image display device according to claim 11,
It is mounted on a moving body with a transparent member in front of the driver's seat,
An image display device, wherein the transparent member is used as a reflecting surface element, and an enlarged virtual image is formed in front of the transparent member and at a position that can be observed from the driver's seat. An image display device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, comprising:
The movable body, wherein the enlarged virtual image is formed at a position that can be observed from the driver seat, with the transparent member provided in front of the driver seat as the reflective surface element. A scanned surface element used in an image display device that displays a visible image converted into a divergent light beam by irradiating the scanned surface element with light from a light source,
A plurality of fine optical surfaces that convert light from the light source into divergent light beams have a fine optical surface structure arranged close to each other, and a curvature radius of a surface that forms a boundary portion between the adjacent optical surfaces is A scanned surface element that is smaller than the wavelength of the irradiated light.

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