JP6395574B2 - tofu - Google Patents

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JP6395574B2
JP6395574B2 JP2014239199A JP2014239199A JP6395574B2 JP 6395574 B2 JP6395574 B2 JP 6395574B2 JP 2014239199 A JP2014239199 A JP 2014239199A JP 2014239199 A JP2014239199 A JP 2014239199A JP 6395574 B2 JP6395574 B2 JP 6395574B2
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JP2016096811A (en
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高橋 秀和
秀和 高橋
後藤 健
健 後藤
敬章 田所
敬章 田所
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Kao Corp
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Description

本発明は、豆腐に関する。   The present invention relates to tofu.

豆腐は豆乳を原料として製造され、良質な植物性のタンパク質や脂質を豊富に含有し、消化も良く、また、生活習慣病の予防、改善効果も報告され、体にやさしい機能性食品として知られている。
また、ミネラル分を補ったり、栄養価をより高めたり、淡泊な風味を改善したりするために、豆乳と牛乳とを混合し、これを凝固して豆腐を製造することも提案されている(例えば特許文献1〜3)。
Tofu is made from soy milk and contains abundant high-quality plant proteins and lipids. It is well digested and has been reported to prevent and improve lifestyle-related diseases. ing.
It has also been proposed that tofu is produced by mixing soymilk and milk and coagulating them in order to supplement minerals, increase nutritional value, and improve the light flavor. For example, Patent Documents 1 to 3).

特開昭63−44862号公報JP-A 63-44862 特開昭64−71452号公報JP-A-64-71452 特開2005−58088号公報JP 2005-58088 A

豆腐は、豆乳に苦汁等の凝固剤を加えてタンパク質を架橋し、ゲル化させることで製造される。タンパク質が架橋されて形成される網目構造中には多数の水分子が保持され、豆腐特有の弾力とみずみずしさが発現する。
また、豆腐は基本的に淡泊な食味を有するため、大豆の風味が引き立ち風味豊かな味わいを有するものが好まれる。
Tofu is produced by adding a coagulant such as bitter juice to soy milk to crosslink and gel the protein. Many water molecules are retained in the network structure formed by cross-linking proteins, and the elasticity and freshness peculiar to tofu are expressed.
In addition, since tofu basically has a light taste, it is preferred that the tofu has a rich flavor.

本発明は、良好な硬さと弾力を有し、且つ、大豆風味の豊かな豆腐を提供することを課題とする。   An object of the present invention is to provide a tofu having good hardness and elasticity and rich in soybean flavor.

本発明者らは、上記課題に鑑み鋭意検討を重ねた。その結果、豆腐の製造において、スフィンゴミエリンを特定量配合すると、耐破断性が高まり、良好な硬さと弾力を有する豆腐が得られることを見い出した。また、この豆腐は大豆の風味が引き立ち、風味豊かな味わいを有していた。本発明はこれらの知見に基づき完成されるに至った。   The inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies in view of the above problems. As a result, in the production of tofu, it was found that when a specific amount of sphingomyelin is blended, rupture resistance is improved and a tofu having good hardness and elasticity can be obtained. In addition, this tofu had a flavor rich in soy and a rich flavor. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.

本発明は、豆腐固形分中にスフィンゴミエリンを0.12〜1.6質量%含有する豆腐を提供するものである。   The present invention provides a tofu containing 0.12 to 1.6% by mass of sphingomyelin in the tofu solid content.

本発明の豆腐は、適度な硬さと弾力を有し、且つ、大豆の風味が引き立ち風味豊かな味わいを有する。   The tofu of the present invention has a moderate hardness and elasticity, and has a flavor rich in soy and with a rich flavor.

本発明の豆腐はスフィンゴミエリン(以下、スフィンゴミエリンを「SM」と称す。)を特定量含有する。このスフィンゴミエリンは、本発明の豆腐全体に均質に含有される。   The tofu of the present invention contains a specific amount of sphingomyelin (hereinafter, sphingomyelin is referred to as “SM”). This sphingomyelin is homogeneously contained throughout the tofu of the present invention.

本発明の豆腐に含まれるSMは、リン脂質の一種であり、スフィンゴシンと脂肪酸からなるセラミド骨格にホスホリルコリンが結合した構造を有する。SMを構成する脂肪酸としては、飽和又は不飽和の直鎖脂肪酸が好ましい。当該直鎖脂肪酸の炭素数は12〜30が好ましく、14〜26がより好ましい。
SMは豆腐の保水性の観点から、SMを構成する全脂肪酸における炭素数16以上の脂肪酸の割合が50質量%以上が好ましく、60質量%以上がより好ましく、70質量%以上がさらに好ましく、80質量%以上がさらに好ましく、100質量%であってもよい。
SM contained in the tofu of the present invention is a kind of phospholipid and has a structure in which phosphorylcholine is bound to a ceramide skeleton composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid. As the fatty acid constituting SM, saturated or unsaturated linear fatty acid is preferable. 12-30 are preferable and, as for carbon number of the said linear fatty acid, 14-26 are more preferable.
From the viewpoint of water retention of tofu, SM is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or more, still more preferably 70% by mass or more, of the total fatty acids constituting SM. More preferably, it is more than 100% by mass.

本発明の豆腐に含まれるSMは、水中油型乳化状態の分散相(すなわち乳化粒子)を構成した状態にないことが好ましい。つまり、本発明の豆腐に含まれるSMは、保護膠質作用を発揮した状態にはなく、牛乳の脂肪球膜を構成しているSMや、卵黄中で低密度リポタンパク質(リポタンパク質は卵黄中で水中油型乳化状態における乳化粒子の形態で存在する)を構成しているSMとは存在形態が異なることが好ましい。水中油型乳化状態の分散相を構成した状態にないSMを用いることで、豆腐の保水性を向上させることができる。   The SM contained in the tofu of the present invention is preferably not in a state of constituting a dispersed phase (that is, emulsified particles) in an oil-in-water emulsified state. In other words, the SM contained in the tofu of the present invention is not in a state of exerting a protective colloid action, and SM constituting the milk fat globule membrane or low density lipoprotein in the yolk (the lipoprotein is in the yolk). The presence form is preferably different from the SM constituting the emulsion particles in the oil-in-water emulsified state. By using SM that is not in the state of constituting a dispersed phase in an oil-in-water emulsified state, the water retention of tofu can be improved.

本発明に用いるSMは、化学的に合成されたもの、天然由来のもののいずれも用いることができる。例えば、SMの化学的合成法として、1)ホスホロアミダイトを経由する方法(Weis、Chem Phys Lip、3、1999)、2)環状ホスフェートを経由する方法(Dong、Tetrahedron Lett、5291、1991)、3)環状ホスファイトを経由する方法(Byun、J Org Chem、6495、1994)により、セラミドの1位水酸基にホスホコリンを導入してSMに変換する方法が知られている。
また、牛乳から得られる脂質成分を、透析、硫安分画、ゲルろ過、等電点沈殿、イオン交換クロマトグラフィー、溶媒分画等の手法により精製することで、高純度のSMを得ることができる(Sanchez−Juanes、Int Dairy J、273、2009)。
The SM used in the present invention can be either chemically synthesized or naturally derived. For example, as a chemical synthesis method of SM, 1) a method via phosphoramidite (Weis, Chem Phys Lip, 3, 1999), 2) a method via cyclic phosphate (Dong, Tetrahedron Lett, 5291, 1991), 3) A method in which phosphocholine is introduced into the 1-position hydroxyl group of ceramide and converted to SM by a method via a cyclic phosphite (Byun, J Org Chem, 6495, 1994) is known.
Moreover, high purity SM can be obtained by purifying lipid components obtained from milk by techniques such as dialysis, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, isoelectric precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, solvent fractionation and the like. (Sanchez-Juanes, Int Dairy J, 273, 2009).

なかでもバターミルク由来のSMは本発明のSMとして特に好適である。バターミルクは生乳から分離したクリームをチャーニングしてバターを作った後に残る液体である。生乳中においてSMの大部分は脂肪球膜を形成して存在している(すなわち、水中油型乳化状態の分散相を構成した状態にある)。バターミルク中においては脂肪球は破壊されており、SMはもはや水中油型乳化状態の分散相を構成した状態にはない。バターミルク由来のSM製剤として、PL−20(Arla Foods社製、SM純度3.72質量%)や、高純度SM製剤であるCOATSOME NM−70(日油社製、SM純度98.0質量%)が商業的に入手可能であり、本発明に好適に用いることができる。
また、卵黄由来のSM製剤も好適に用いることができる。卵黄由来のSM製剤としては、COATSOME NM−10(日油社製、SM純度98.0質量%)が商業的に入手可能である。COATSOME NM−10は高純度SM製剤であり、SMは水中油型乳化状態の分散相を構成した状態にはない。
Among these, SM derived from buttermilk is particularly suitable as the SM of the present invention. Buttermilk is a liquid that remains after the cream separated from raw milk is charred to make butter. Most of SM is present in raw milk in the form of a fat globule membrane (that is, in a state of constituting a dispersed phase in an oil-in-water emulsified state). In buttermilk, fat globules are destroyed, and SM is no longer in the state of constituting a dispersed phase in an oil-in-water emulsified state. As an SM preparation derived from buttermilk, PL-20 (manufactured by Ala Foods, SM purity 3.72% by mass) and COATSOME NM-70 (manufactured by NOF Corporation, SM purity 98.0% by mass) which is a high purity SM preparation ) Are commercially available and can be suitably used in the present invention.
In addition, an egg yolk-derived SM preparation can also be suitably used. As an egg yolk-derived SM preparation, COATSOME NM-10 (manufactured by NOF Corporation, SM purity 98.0% by mass) is commercially available. COATSOME NM-10 is a high-purity SM formulation, and SM is not in the state of constituting a dispersed phase in an oil-in-water emulsified state.

本発明の豆腐は、その固形分中にSMを0.12〜1.6質量%含有する。保水性及び食感の観点から、本発明の豆腐はその固形分中のSMの含有量が0.25質量%以上が好ましく、0.5質量%以上がより好ましく、0.7質量%以上がさらに好ましい。また、風味及び食感の観点から、本発明の豆腐はその固形分中のSMの含有量が1.5質量%以下が好ましく、1.3質量%以下がより好ましく、1.1質量%以下がさらに好ましい。
本発明において、豆腐固形分の質量は、豆腐を常圧下、105℃で乾燥し、水分が蒸発して質量が変化しなくなった状態における質量とする。豆腐固形分中のSM含有量は、例えば、豆腐中のSM含有量を測定し、これを豆腐固形分中の含有量に換算することで算出することができる。
The tofu of this invention contains 0.12-1.6 mass% of SM in the solid content. From the viewpoint of water retention and texture, the tofu of the present invention preferably has an SM content of 0.25% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.7% by mass or more. Further preferred. In addition, from the viewpoint of flavor and texture, the tofu of the present invention preferably has an SM content of 1.5% by mass or less, more preferably 1.3% by mass or less, and 1.1% by mass or less. Is more preferable.
In the present invention, the mass of tofu solids is defined as the mass in a state where the tofu is dried at 105 ° C. under normal pressure and the mass is not changed due to evaporation of moisture. The SM content in the tofu solid can be calculated, for example, by measuring the SM content in the tofu and converting this to the content in the tofu solid.

本発明の豆腐に含有されるSMの量は、例えば、Bligh−Dyer法等の脂質抽出法により豆腐から脂質を抽出し、Sphingomyelin Assay Kit(CELL BIOLABS,INC.製)を用いることで測定できる。   The amount of SM contained in the tofu of the present invention can be measured, for example, by extracting lipids from tofu by a lipid extraction method such as the Bligh-Dyer method and using Sphingomyelin Assay Kit (CELL BIOLABS, INC.).

本発明の豆腐は豆乳由来のタンパク質を含有する。タンパク質は苦汁等の凝固剤の作用で架橋構造を形成し、これにより豆乳がゲル化して豆腐が得られる。豆腐中のタンパク質量は、一般的な豆腐に含まれるタンパク質量であれば特に制限はない。本発明の豆腐は通常、その固形分中にタンパク質を40〜60質量%含有し、40〜55質量%含有することが好ましく、42〜53質量%含有することがさらに好ましい。上記好ましいタンパク質含有量とすることにより、弾力と保水性をより高めることができる。本発明の豆腐に含まれるタンパク質は、豆乳以外に由来するタンパク質を含んでもよいが、豆乳由来のタンパク質であることが好ましい。
本発明の豆腐の種類に特に制限はなく、絹豆腐であってもよく木綿豆腐であってもよい。また、本発明の豆腐は、通常はパックされた形態で(パック入り豆腐として)市場に流通するものである。
The tofu of the present invention contains a protein derived from soy milk. Proteins form a cross-linked structure by the action of a coagulant such as bitter juice, soy milk gels and tofu is obtained. The amount of protein in tofu is not particularly limited as long as it is the amount of protein contained in general tofu. The tofu of the present invention usually contains 40 to 60% by mass of protein in its solid content, preferably 40 to 55% by mass, and more preferably 42 to 53% by mass. By setting it as the said preferable protein content, elasticity and water retention can be improved more. The protein contained in the tofu of the present invention may include a protein derived from other than soymilk, but is preferably a protein derived from soymilk.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the kind of tofu of this invention, Silk tofu or cotton tofu may be sufficient. In addition, the tofu of the present invention is usually distributed in the market in a packed form (as packed tofu).

本発明の豆腐は、豆乳に特定量のSMを配合したものを原料とすること以外は、常法により製造することができる。すなわち、豆乳に特定量のSMを配合したものを、凝固剤を用いて凝固させる工程を経て得ることができる。
上記凝固剤としては、塩化マグネシウム(苦汁)、グルコノデルタラクトン、硫酸カルシウム、塩化カルシウム等を用いることができる。また、凝固剤の使用量は、豆乳が凝固すれば特に制限はない。通常は豆乳100質量部に対して凝固剤を0.05〜0.5質量部、好ましくは0.05〜0.2質量部、さらに好ましくは0.05〜0.1質量部となるように用いる。上記凝固剤としては、苦汁の甘味を引き出す観点から、塩化マグネシウムが好適に用いられる。本発明の豆腐は、凝固剤として塩化マグネシウムを用いた場合、苦汁の甘味が引き立ち、より香り高くなる。
The tofu of the present invention can be produced by a conventional method except that soy milk is blended with a specific amount of SM. That is, it can be obtained through a step of coagulating a soymilk containing a specific amount of SM using a coagulant.
As the coagulant, magnesium chloride (bitter juice), glucono delta lactone, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride and the like can be used. Further, the amount of the coagulant used is not particularly limited as long as the soymilk is coagulated. Usually, the coagulant is 0.05 to 0.5 parts by mass, preferably 0.05 to 0.2 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.05 to 0.1 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of soy milk. Use. As the coagulant, magnesium chloride is preferably used from the viewpoint of extracting the sweetness of bitter juice. In the tofu of the present invention, when magnesium chloride is used as a coagulant, the sweetness of bitter juice is enhanced and the scent becomes higher.

以下、本発明を実施例に基づきさらに詳細に説明するが、本発明は下記の実施例に限定されるものではない。   EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although this invention is demonstrated further in detail based on an Example, this invention is not limited to the following Example.

[調製例] SM含有豆腐の調製
カナダ産白目大豆を原料として得たBrix12の豆乳を使用し、これにSM製剤、大豆レシチン製剤、又は牛乳を配合し、豆腐用凝固剤として塩化マグネシウムを用いて豆腐を製造した。
具体的には、60℃に調整した豆乳500gに、SM製剤、大豆レシチン製剤、又は牛乳を下記表1に示す量加えて均質な混合液を調製し、次いでこの混合液に凝固剤を、塩化マグネシウム濃度が0.3質量%になるように添加し、TKアジホモミクサー(プライミクス社製、2M-03型)を用いて6000rpmで20秒間攪拌して分散処理液とした。前記分散処理液を豆腐容器(第一パック製、型式C−150、83×83×H34mm)に150g充填し、80℃にて20分間熟成した。熟成後の豆腐を用いて、後述の方法により硬さ、保水性、風味及び食感を評価した。結果を下記表1に示す。
[Preparation Example] Preparation of SM-containing tofu Using a soy milk of Brix12 obtained from Canadian white-eyed soybean as a raw material, an SM preparation, a soybean lecithin preparation, or milk is added thereto, and magnesium chloride is used as a coagulant for tofu. Tofu was produced.
Specifically, to 500 g of soy milk adjusted to 60 ° C., an SM preparation, soybean lecithin preparation, or milk is added in the amount shown in Table 1 below to prepare a homogeneous mixed solution, and then a coagulant is added to the mixed solution with a chloride. It added so that magnesium concentration might be 0.3 mass%, and it stirred at 6000 rpm for 20 seconds using TK Ajihomomixer (the Primex company make, 2M-03 type | mold), and was set as the dispersion processing liquid. 150 g of the dispersion treatment liquid was filled in a tofu container (manufactured by First Pack, model C-150, 83 × 83 × H 34 mm), and aged at 80 ° C. for 20 minutes. Using the tofu after aging, hardness, water retention, flavor and texture were evaluated by the methods described below. The results are shown in Table 1 below.

−豆腐の硬さ(弾力)評価−
豆腐を5℃で一晩保存後、豆腐を直径28mm、高さ15mmの円柱に切り出し、小型卓上試験機Ez−TEST(島津製作所社製)を用い圧縮破断試験を行った。
-Evaluation of tofu hardness (elasticity)-
After storing the tofu overnight at 5 ° C., the tofu was cut into a cylinder having a diameter of 28 mm and a height of 15 mm, and subjected to a compression fracture test using a small desktop tester Ez-TEST (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).

−保水性試験−
豆腐を、カッターナイフでさいの目に16分割(1片 18×18×H33)にし、ステンレスふるい(目開き850μm)上に前記豆腐を乗せて室温にて40分間静置した。静置前後の豆腐重量を測定し、下記計算式により保水率を算出した。
保水率(%)=(静置後の豆腐重量/静置前の豆腐重量)×100
-Water retention test-
Tofu was diced into 16 pieces (1 piece 18 × 18 × H33) with a cutter knife, placed on a stainless steel sieve (mesh opening 850 μm), and allowed to stand at room temperature for 40 minutes. The weight of tofu before and after standing was measured, and the water retention rate was calculated by the following formula.
Water retention rate (%) = (weight of tofu after standing / weight of tofu before standing) × 100

−豆腐の風味評価−
豆腐を5℃で一晩保存後、豆腐の風味を下記評価基準により点数化し、専門パネル5名の平均点を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
(風味評価基準)
4点:大豆の風味がより豊かで、且つ、苦汁の甘味も感じる。
3点:大豆の風味が豊かで、且つ、苦汁の甘味もやや感じる。
2点:大豆の風味及び苦汁の甘味が弱い。
1点:異味を感じる。
-Tofu flavor evaluation-
After storing the tofu overnight at 5 ° C., the flavor of the tofu was scored according to the following evaluation criteria, and the average score of five professional panels was obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
(Flavor evaluation standard)
4 points: The flavor of soybean is richer and the sweetness of bitter juice is also felt.
3 points: The flavor of soybean is rich and the sweetness of bitter juice is somewhat felt.
2 points: Soy flavor and bitter sweetness are weak.
1 point: I feel a strange taste.

−豆腐の食感評価−
豆腐を5℃で一晩保存後、豆腐の食感を下記評価基準により点数化し、専門パネル5名の平均点を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
(食感評価基準)
4点:適度な硬さがあり、より弾力がある。
3点:柔らかすぎず、弾力がある。
2点:やや柔らかすぎる、又は、やや硬すぎる。
1点:柔らかすぎる、又は、硬すぎる。
-Tofu texture evaluation-
After the tofu was stored at 5 ° C. overnight, the texture of the tofu was scored according to the following evaluation criteria, and the average score of 5 specialist panels was obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
(Food texture evaluation standard)
4 points: moderate hardness and more elasticity.
3 points: Not too soft and elastic.
2 points: A little too soft or a little too hard.
1 point: too soft or too hard.

Figure 0006395574
Figure 0006395574

表1に示されるように、SMを配合していない比較例1の豆腐、SMに代えてレシチンを配合した比較例3の豆腐は、硬さ、食感のいずれにおいても劣る結果となった。また、SM製剤を配合しても、その含有量が本発明で規定するよりも少ない比較例2及び5の豆腐は、硬さあるいは食感の評価で劣る結果となった。また、SM製剤に代えて牛乳を配合した比較例4の豆腐は、硬さ、風味、食感のいずれにおいても劣る結果となった。さらに、SMの含有量を本発明で規定するよりも高めた比較例6及び7の豆腐は、風味と食感の両方が悪化する結果となった。
これに対し、SMを本発明で規定する量含有する実施例1〜8の豆腐は、破断点の強度が600gf以上800gf未満となり、適度な硬さと弾力を有し、さらに豆腐本来の風味(大豆風味と苦汁の甘味)がより高められていた。また、豆腐中のSM含有量を特定の範囲に高めることにより、より保水性に優れた豆腐となることもわかった。
As shown in Table 1, the tofu of Comparative Example 1 in which SM was not blended, and the tofu of Comparative Example 3 in which lecithin was blended instead of SM resulted in inferior hardness and texture. Moreover, even if it mix | blended SM formulation, the tofu of the comparative examples 2 and 5 whose content is less than prescribed | regulated by this invention resulted in inferior in evaluation of hardness or food texture. Moreover, the tofu of the comparative example 4 which mix | blended milk instead of SM formulation was inferior in all in hardness, flavor, and food texture. Furthermore, the tofu of Comparative Examples 6 and 7 in which the SM content was higher than specified in the present invention resulted in deterioration of both flavor and texture.
On the other hand, the tofu of Examples 1 to 8 containing SM in an amount specified by the present invention has a strength at break of 600 gf or more and less than 800 gf, has an appropriate hardness and elasticity, and further has an original flavor of tofu (soybean Flavor and sweetness of bitter juice) were further enhanced. It was also found that by increasing the SM content in tofu to a specific range, it becomes tofu with better water retention.

Claims (5)

豆腐固形分中にスフィンゴミエリンを0.12〜1.6質量%含有する豆腐。   Tofu containing 0.12-1.6% by mass of sphingomyelin in tofu solids. 豆腐固形分中のタンパク質の含有量が40〜60質量%である請求項1に記載の豆腐。   The protein content in tofu solid content is 40-60 mass%, The tofu of Claim 1 characterized by the above-mentioned. 豆腐固形分中のタンパク質の含有量が40〜55質量%である請求項2に記載の豆腐。   The tofu according to claim 2, wherein the content of the protein in the tofu solid content is 40 to 55 mass%. 凝固剤として塩化マグネシウムを用いて製造された、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の豆腐。   The tofu according to any one of claims 1 to 3, produced using magnesium chloride as a coagulant. パック入り豆腐である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の豆腐。   The tofu according to any one of claims 1 to 4, which is a packed tofu.
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