JP6379565B2 - Non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode carbon material and non-aqueous secondary battery - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode carbon material used for a non-aqueous secondary battery and a non-aqueous secondary battery including a negative electrode formed using the carbon material.

In recent years, demand for high-capacity secondary batteries has increased with the downsizing of electronic devices. In particular, lithium ion secondary batteries having higher energy density and excellent large current charge / discharge characteristics have attracted attention as compared to nickel / cadmium batteries and nickel / hydrogen batteries.
In recent years, with the increase in capacity for consumer applications such as notebook computers, mobile communication devices, portable cameras, portable game machines, and large batteries such as electric vehicles and stationary storage batteries, higher electrode densities (for example, , 1.6 g / cm ³ or more), carbon materials for negative electrodes of non-aqueous secondary batteries having both rapid charge / discharge characteristics and high cycle characteristics have been reported.
For example, in Patent Document 1, even if the active material layer is densified by mixing natural graphite and composite graphite particles in which carbonaceous or graphite is combined with natural graphite, initial charge and discharge irreversible It has been reported that a negative electrode with sufficiently small capacity and excellent charge / discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics can be produced.

In Patent Document 2, high density is obtained by mixing materials having different aspect ratios such as spheroidized or ellipsoidal natural graphite having an average aspect ratio of less than 2.0 and scale-like graphite having an average aspect ratio of 5 or more. Have reported carbon materials for lithium ion secondary batteries having excellent discharge characteristics and cycle characteristics.
In Patent Document 3, spherical graphite particles having fine protrusions on the surface are used as a carbon material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, so that the fine protrusions on the surface secure a flow path even in a press and exhibit excellent discharge characteristics. Has been reported.

JP 2013-179101 PR JP 2012-133981 A JP 2008-027664 A

  However, according to the study by the present inventors, the technique described in Patent Document 1 has high cycle characteristics, but the acceptability of Li is poor, so that rapid charge / discharge characteristics need to be improved. In the technique described in Patent Document 2, a material having a high aspect ratio is deformed at the time of pressing, and as a result, the electrolyte solution diffusion in the electrode plate is inhibited. It was. In the technique described in Patent Document 3, while the electrolyte solution diffusion in the electrode plate is improved by the minute protrusions, the high specific surface area derived from carbon black increases the irreversible capacity, resulting in a decrease in the capacity. It was confirmed that it was difficult to use.

  The present invention has been made in view of such a problem. A carbon material, a composite carbon material in which at least one of a carbonaceous material and a graphite material is composited with the carbon material, and a carbonaceous material and carbonaceous particles are composited with the carbon material. It has been found that a non-aqueous secondary battery having excellent discharge rate characteristics and cycle characteristics can be obtained even when the density of the active material layer of the negative electrode is increased by mixing with the composite carbon material obtained. did.

  As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the inventors of the present invention are carbon materials (A) that are graphite particles, and particles obtained by combining a carbonaceous material (d) with carbon materials (c). And a composite carbon material (B) having an aspect ratio of 1.0 or more and less than 4.0, and a composite of the carbon material (f), the carbonaceous material (g), and the carbonaceous particles (h). Even when the anode active material layer is densified by mixing the composite carbon material (E) having an aspect ratio of 4.0 or more, it has high input / output characteristics and high cycle characteristics. The inventors have found that a lithium ion secondary battery can be obtained, and have reached the present invention.

The gist of the present invention is
<1> A carbon material for a nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode containing a carbon material (A), a composite carbon material (B), and a composite carbon material (E), wherein the carbon material (A) is graphite particles. The composite carbon material (B) is a particle obtained by compounding at least a carbonaceous material (d) with respect to the carbon material (c), and has an aspect ratio of 1.0 or more and less than 4.0, The composite carbon material (E) is a particle obtained by combining the carbon material (f), the carbonaceous material (g), and the carbonaceous particles (h), and has an aspect ratio of 4.0 or more. A carbon material for a negative electrode of a non-aqueous secondary battery,
<2> The carbon material for a nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode according to <1>, wherein the aspect ratio of the carbon material is 1 or more and 4 or less,
<3> The nonaqueous secondary battery according to <1> or <2>, wherein at least one of the carbon material (A), the carbon material (c), and the carbon material (f) is natural graphite. The carbon material for the negative electrode,
<4> The carbonaceous material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode according to any one of <1> to <3>, wherein the carbonaceous particles (h) are carbon black,
<5> A nonaqueous secondary battery including a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode includes a current collector and an active material layer formed on the current collector, and the active material The non-aqueous secondary battery is characterized in that the layer contains the carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode according to any one of <1> to <4>.

By using the carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode including the carbon material (A), the composite carbon material (B), and the composite carbon material (E) of the present invention, diffusion of the electrolytic solution is maintained even at high density. A nonaqueous secondary battery having excellent discharge rate characteristics and cycle characteristics can be provided.
Here, the details of the effect are unknown, but the carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B) ensure large voids and improve liquid diffusion. Furthermore, by mixing the composite carbon material (E) in which the carbonaceous particles are combined, the carbonaceous particles maintain the liquid diffusion of the particle contacts, which leads to further improvement of the liquid diffusion. Furthermore, the composite carbon material (E) having a relatively large aspect ratio has an effect of an electron conduction path between the carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B). As a result, it is considered that excellent battery characteristics can be obtained.

  Hereinafter, the contents of the present invention will be described in detail. In addition, description of the invention structural requirements described below is an example (representative example) of the embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to these forms unless it exceeds the gist. Further, “weight%” and “mass%” are synonymous.

<Carbon material (c) which is a raw material for the carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B)>
Although it shows below as an example regarding the carbon material (c) which is a raw material of the carbon material (A) and composite carbon material (B) of this invention, it does not restrict | limit in particular. Further, the carbon materials (A) and (c) may be the same, or the types and physical properties may be different.
The carbonaceous material referred to here means that the carbonaceous material is attached to the surface or inside of the carbon material, and the carbonaceous material is coated with the carbon material or taken into the carbon material. Or a carbon material in which a granulated body is formed via a carbonaceous material.

-Kind of carbon material Examples of the carbon material include carbon materials having various degrees of graphitization from graphite to amorphous materials. In addition, graphite or a raw material carbon (amorphous carbon) material having a low degree of graphitization is particularly preferable in that it can be easily obtained commercially. Use of graphite as a carbon material is preferable in that a capacity close to the theoretical value can be taken out compared to the case of using other negative electrode active materials.
Here, the carbon material (A) is graphite particles, and examples of the carbon material (c) include carbon materials having various graphitization degrees described above.
As the graphite, either natural graphite or artificial graphite may be used. As graphite, those with few impurities are preferable, and they are used after being subjected to various purification treatments as necessary.

  Specific examples of natural graphite include scaly graphite, scaly graphite, and soil graphite. Examples of artificial graphite include graphite particles such as coke, needle coke, and high-density carbon material produced by high-temperature heat treatment of pitch raw materials. Natural graphite made spherical is preferable in terms of low cost and ease of electrode production. Further, from the viewpoint of safety, a highly purified carbon material or spherical natural graphite with few impurities is preferable. The purity of the highly purified natural graphite is usually 98.0% by mass or more, preferably 99.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.6% by mass or more. When the purity is within this range, the battery capacity is more preferable when used as a carbon material for a negative electrode.

High purification in the present invention means a state in which ash, metals, and the like are removed. Usually, ash and metals contained in low-purity natural graphite are dissolved and removed by treatment in acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, or by combining one or more of these acid treatment steps. Yes (high purity treatment process). And after the said acid treatment process, a water washing process etc. are normally performed and the acid content used at the high purification process is removed.
By treating at a high temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher instead of the acid treatment step, ash, metal, etc. may be evaporated and removed. Further, ash and metals may be removed by treatment in a halogen gas atmosphere such as chlorine gas during high-temperature heat treatment. Furthermore, these high purification techniques may be used in any combination.

  Specific examples of artificial graphite include coal tar pitch, coal heavy oil, atmospheric residue, petroleum heavy oil, aromatic hydrocarbon, nitrogen-containing cyclic compound, sulfur-containing cyclic compound, polyphenylene, polyvinyl chloride, Organic substances such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl butyral, natural polymer, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, furfuryl alcohol resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, imide resin are usually used at a temperature in the range of 2500 ° C. to 3200 ° C. Examples thereof include those fired and graphitized.

  As the carbon material, particles such as metal particles and metal oxide particles may be appropriately mixed and used in an arbitrary combination with the carbon material. Further, a plurality of materials may be mixed in each particle. For example, carbonaceous particles having a structure in which the surface of graphite is coated with a carbon material having a low degree of graphitization, or particles obtained by re-graphitizing a carbon material with an appropriate organic substance may be used. Furthermore, the composite particles may contain a metal that can be alloyed with Li, such as Sn, Si, Al, Bi.

-Physical properties of carbon materials (A) and (c) The carbon materials in the present invention exhibit the following physical properties. In addition, there is no restriction | limiting in particular in the measuring method in this invention, According to the measuring method as described in an Example, unless there is a special situation.

(1) d _{002 of} carbon material
The d value (interlayer distance) of the lattice plane (002) obtained by X-ray diffraction by the Gakushin method of carbon materials is usually 0.335 nm or more and less than 0.340 nm. Here, the d value is preferably 0.339 nm or less, more preferably 0.337 nm or less. If the d value is too large, the crystallinity may decrease and the initial irreversible capacity may increase. On the other hand, the lower limit of 0.335 nm is a theoretical value of graphite.

(2) Surface functional group amount of carbon material (O / C value)
The carbon material generally has a surface functional group amount (O / C value) of 0.01% to 4%, preferably 1% to 3%, and more preferably 2% to 3%. When this O / C value is too small, the affinity with the binder is lowered, the interaction between the negative electrode surface and the coating material is weakened, and the coating material tends to be peeled off. On the other hand, if the surface functional group amount O / C value is too large, it becomes difficult to adjust the O / C value, and there is a tendency that the manufacturing process needs to be performed for a long time or the number of steps needs to be increased. There is a risk of lowering the property and increasing the cost.
The amount of surface functional groups (O / C value) in the present invention can be measured as follows using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). An X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is used as an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, the measurement object is placed on a sample stage so that the surface is flat, an aluminum Kα ray is used as an X-ray source, and C1s (280 to 300 eV) is obtained by multiplex measurement. ) And O1s (525-545 eV). The obtained C1s peak top is charged and corrected to 284.3 eV, and the peak areas of the C1s and O1s spectra are obtained and calculated from the equation (1).

Formula (1)
O / C value (%) = {O atom concentration obtained based on the peak area of the O1s spectrum in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis / C atom obtained based on the peak area of the C1s spectrum in the XPS analysis Density} × 100

(3) Volume-based average particle diameter of carbon material (d50)
Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular about the particle size of a carbon material, As a range used, a volume reference | standard average particle diameter (d50) is 50 micrometers or less normally, Preferably it is 30 micrometers or less, More preferably, it is 25 micrometers or less. Moreover, it is 1 micrometer or more normally, Preferably it is 4 micrometers or more, More preferably, it is 10 micrometers or more. If this particle size is too large, inconveniences such as striping tend to occur when it is made into a plate, and if the particle size is too small, the surface area becomes too large and the activity against the electrolyte is suppressed. Tend to be difficult to do.

  The particle diameter is measured by suspending 0.01 g of a carbon material in 10 mL of a 0.2% by weight aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, which is a surfactant, and a commercially available laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring apparatus. The volume-based average particle diameter (d50) in the present invention is defined as the volume-based d50 measured in the measurement apparatus after being irradiated with an ultrasonic wave of 28 kHz for 1 minute at an output of 60 W.

(4) BET specific surface area (SA) of carbon material
About the specific surface area measured by BET method of the carbon material, it is 4 m < ² > / g or more normally, Preferably it is 5 m < ² > / g or more. Moreover, it is 11 m < ² > / g or less normally, Preferably it is 9 m < ² > / g or less, More preferably, it is 8 m < ² > / g or less.
If the specific surface area is too small, there are few sites where Li enters and exits, and the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics and output characteristics are inferior. On the other hand, if the specific surface area is too large, the activity of the active material with respect to the electrolyte becomes excessive and the initial irreversible capacity is low. Since it becomes large, there exists a tendency which cannot manufacture a high capacity | capacitance battery.
In addition, the measuring method of a BET specific surface area is measured by a BET 1 point method by a nitrogen gas adsorption circulation method using a specific surface area measuring device.

(5) X-ray diffraction structure analysis (XRD) of carbon materials
The abundance ratio (3R / 2H) of hexagonal crystals to rhombohedral crystals (3R / 2H) obtained from X-ray diffraction structure analysis (XRD) of carbon materials is usually preferably 0.20 or more and preferably 0.25 or more. 0.30 or more is more preferable. If 3R / 2H is too small, the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics tend to be reduced.
In the X-ray diffraction structure analysis (XRD) measurement method, a 0.2 mm sample plate is filled so that the carbon material is not oriented, and is measured with an X-ray diffractometer at an output of 30 kV and 200 mA with CuKα rays. After subtracting the background from the obtained 3R (101) near 43.4 ° and 2H (101) near 44.5 °, the intensity ratio 3R (101) / 2H (101) can be calculated. .

(6) Carbon material tap density The carbon material tap density is usually 0.7 g / cm ³ or more, preferably 0.8 g / cm ³ or more, and more preferably 1 g / cm ³ or more. Moreover, 1.3 g / cm ³ or less and 1.2 g / cm ³ or less are usually preferable, and 1.1 g / cm ³ or less is more preferable. If the tap density is too low, the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics are inferior. If the tap density is too high, the intra-particle carbon density increases, the rollability is insufficient, and it may be difficult to form a high-density negative electrode sheet.
In the present invention, the tap density is filled with a powder density measuring device by dropping a carbon material through a sieve having a diameter of 1.6 cm and a volume capacity of 20 cm ³ through a sieve having an opening of 300 μm to fill the cell. After that, a tap having a stroke length of 10 mm is performed 1000 times, and the density obtained from the volume at that time and the weight of the sample is defined as the tap density.

(7) Raman R value of Raman spectrum (Raman) spectrum carbon material a carbon material is measured and the intensity _{I A} of the peak _{P A} in the vicinity of 1580 cm ^-1, and an intensity _{I B} of a peak _{P B} in the vicinity of 1360 cm ^-1 The intensity ratio R (R = I _B / I _A ) is calculated and defined. The value is usually 0.15 or more, preferably 0.4 or less, and more preferably 0.3 or less. When the Raman R value is less than this range, the crystallinity of the particle surface becomes too high, and when the density is increased, the crystals tend to be oriented in the direction parallel to the electrode plate, and the load characteristics tend to be lowered. On the other hand, if it exceeds this range, the crystallinity of the particle surface will be disturbed, the reactivity with the electrolyte will increase, and the charge / discharge efficiency will tend to decrease and the gas generation will increase.
The Raman spectrum can be measured with a Raman spectrometer. Specifically, the sample particles are naturally dropped into the measurement cell to fill the sample, and the measurement cell is rotated in a plane perpendicular to the laser beam while irradiating the measurement cell with an argon ion laser beam. Measure.
Argon ion laser light wavelength: 514.5 nm
Laser power on sample: 25 mW
Resolution: 4cm ^-1
Measurement ^range: 1100cm ^-1 ~1730cm -1 peak intensity measurement, peak half-width measurement: background processing, smoothing processing (convolution 5 points by a simple average)

(8) Aspect ratio of carbon material The aspect ratio of the carbon material is preferably 1 or more and less than 4, more preferably less than 3, and still more preferably less than 2. There is no problem with a small aspect ratio, but too large indicates that the particles are flat. If it is within the above range, streaking is difficult to occur during coating.
In the present invention, the aspect ratio is the ratio of the length of the major axis to the minor axis of the particle, and the minimum value is 1, so the lower limit of the aspect ratio is usually 1. The aspect ratio was measured as follows. The carbon material is photographed with an electron microscope, and for 20 particles in an arbitrarily selected region, α / β is obtained by setting the longest diameter of each particle to α (μm) and the shortest diameter to β (μm). An average value of 20 particles of β is defined as an aspect ratio.

(9) Carbon material production method The carbon material is not particularly limited as long as it is graphitized carbon particles, but as described above, graphite such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, coke powder, needle coke powder, and resin. Chemical powders and the like can be used. Of these, natural graphite is preferable, and spheroidized natural graphite subjected to spheronization treatment is particularly preferable because it does not inhibit liquid diffusion even at high density. Below, the manufacturing method of spherical natural graphite is described as an example.

  For the spheronization treatment, for example, an apparatus that spheroidizes by repeatedly applying mechanical actions such as compression, friction, shearing force, etc., including the interaction of particles mainly with impact force, to the carbon particles can be used. Specifically, it has a rotor with a large number of blades installed inside the casing, and mechanical action such as impact compression, friction, shearing force, etc. on the carbon material introduced inside the rotor by rotating at high speed. An apparatus that provides a surface treatment is preferable.

Moreover, it is preferable to have a mechanism that repeatedly gives mechanical action by circulating the carbon material. Preferred devices include, for example, a hybridization system (manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.), a kryptron (manufactured by Earth Technica), a CF mill (manufactured by Ube Industries), a mechano-fusion system (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron), and a theta composer (Tokuju Kosakusho). Etc.). Among these, a hybridization system manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd. is preferable.
For example, when the carbon material used in the present invention is scaly graphite, the scaly natural graphite is folded into a spherical shape by performing the spheroidizing step by the surface treatment. Alternatively, the peripheral edge portion of the carbon material is spherically pulverized into a spherical shape, and fine particles of 5 μm or less generated by the pulverization adhere to the base particles.

It is preferable that the carbon material after the surface treatment is produced by performing spheronization treatment under the condition that the O / C value of the carbon material is usually 1% or more and 4% or less. In this case, it is preferable to carry out in an active atmosphere so that the oxidation reaction of the graphite surface can be advanced by the energy of mechanical treatment and acidic functional groups can be introduced into the graphite surface.
For example, when processing using the above-mentioned apparatus, the peripheral speed of the rotating rotor is preferably 30 to 100 m / sec, 40 to 100 m / sec, and more preferably 50 to 100 m / sec. The spheroidizing treatment can be performed by simply passing the carbonaceous material, but it is preferable to circulate or stay in the apparatus for 30 seconds or more, and to circulate or stay in the apparatus for 1 minute or more. Is more preferable.

<Carbon material (f) as raw material for composite carbon material (E)>
Although it shows below as an example regarding the carbon material (f) which is a raw material of the composite carbon material (E) of this invention, it does not restrict | limit in particular.

-Type of carbon material (f) The carbon material (f) is preferably scaly graphite having an aspect ratio of 4 or more. As the scaly graphite, either natural graphite or artificial graphite may be used. . Further, graphite with few impurities is preferable, and it is used after being subjected to various purification treatments as necessary.
Specific examples of natural graphite include scaly graphite, scaly graphite, and soil graphite. Examples of artificial graphite include graphite particles such as coke, needle coke, and high-density carbon material produced by heat-treating pitch raw materials. Further, from the viewpoint of safety, a highly purified carbon material with few impurities is preferable. The purity of the highly purified natural graphite is usually 98.0% by mass or more, preferably 99.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.6% by mass or more. When the purity is within this range, the battery capacity is more preferable when used as a negative electrode material.

  The carbon material (f) may be used by appropriately mixing particles such as metal particles and metal oxide particles in an arbitrary combination with the carbon material. Further, a plurality of materials may be mixed in each particle. For example, carbonaceous particles having a structure in which the surface of graphite is coated with a carbon material having a low degree of graphitization, or particles obtained by re-graphitizing a carbon material with an appropriate organic substance may be used. Furthermore, the composite particles may contain a metal that can be alloyed with Li, such as Sn, Si, Al, Bi.

-Physical property of carbon material (f) The carbon material in this invention shows the following physical properties. In addition, there is no restriction | limiting in particular in the measuring method in this invention, According to the measuring method as described in an Example, unless there is a special situation.

(1) The d value of the lattice plane (002) of the carbon material (f) The preferred range of the d value (interlayer distance) of the lattice plane (002) obtained by X-ray diffraction by the Gakushin method of the carbon material (f) is The same as in the case of the carbon materials (a) and (c) described above.

(2) Surface functional group amount O / C of carbon material (f)
The preferred range of the surface functional group amount O / C of the carbon material (f) is the same as that of the carbon materials (a) and (c).

(3) Volume-based average particle diameter (d50) of carbon material (f)
The preferable range of d50 of the carbon material (f) is the same as that of the carbon materials (a) and (c).

(4) BET specific surface area (SA) of carbon material (f)
About the specific surface area measured by BET method of carbon material (f), Preferably it is 0.5 m < ² > / g or more, More preferably, it is 1 m < ² > / g or more. Moreover, Preferably it is 20 m < ² > / g or less, More preferably, it is 15 m < ² > / g or less, More preferably, it is 10 m < ² > / g or less. When the specific surface area is too high, it means that the carbon material (f) having an aspect ratio of 4 or more exists as fine powder and does not contribute to securing a conductive path. Too low means that the carbon material (f) has a very long scale shape, and tends to cause deterioration in processability such as streaking during electrode application.

(5) Tap density of carbon material (f) The tap density of the carbon material (f) is usually preferably 0.2 g / cm ³ or more and preferably 0.25 g / cm ³ or more. Moreover, normally 0.8 g / cm < ³ > or less and 0.7 g / cm < ³ > or less are preferable. When the tap density of the carbon material (f) is within the above range, the strength of the electrode of the carbon material mixed with the composite carbon material (E) combined with the graphite is difficult to be weakened. Further, the expansion and contraction of the particles during charging / discharging is difficult to increase, and the contact between the particles can be maintained.

(6) Raman spectrum (Raman) spectrum of carbon material (f) The fact that it is scaly graphite means that it has not been subjected to spheroidization treatment, and the Raman R value is small. In the spheroidizing treatment, the scaly graphite is mechanically processed so that the scaly graphite is spheroidized by bending, shaving, particle entrainment, bonding, or the like. Therefore, the entire spheroidized graphite particles maintain high crystallinity derived from scaly graphite, but the surface of the spheroidized graphite particles is disturbed in crystallinity, and as a result, the crystallinity from the particle surface to a depth of about 10 nm is obtained. The expressed Raman R value is a large value. In other words, a small Raman R value indicates that the graphite is in the form of a plate that has not undergone the spheroidization treatment. The Raman R value is preferably 0.21 or less, more preferably 0.15 or less, further preferably 0.14 or less, even more preferably 0.13 or less, particularly preferably 0.1 or less, and most preferably 0.09. It is as follows. Since the Raman R value of perfectly crystalline graphite is theoretically 0, the lower limit of the Raman R value is 0 or more, preferably 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.05 or more.

(7) Aspect ratio of carbon material (f) The aspect ratio of the carbon material (f) is preferably 4 or more, more preferably 5 or more, and even more preferably 6 or more. Moreover, Preferably it is 50 or less, More preferably, it is 40 or less, More preferably, it is 20 or less. When the aspect ratio is within the above range, the contact between the particles can be effectively taken.

(8) Manufacturing method of carbon material (f) The carbon material (f) can be produced by any manufacturing method as long as it has the above-described properties, and is disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Patent No. 3534391 (Patent Document 1). It can also be produced using the proposed method. For example, naturally produced scale, scale-like, plate-like, massive graphite, or artificial graphite produced by heating petroleum coke, coal pitch coke, coal needle coke, mesophase pitch, etc. to 2500 ° C. or higher is necessary. Thus, it can be obtained by performing impurity removal, pulverization, sieving and classification.

<Carbonaceous materials (c) and (d) which are raw materials for composite carbon materials (B) and (E)>
The organic compounds which are precursors of the carbonaceous materials (c) and (d) which are the other raw materials of the composite carbon materials (B) and (E) of the present invention are shown below as an example, but are not particularly limited. The organic compounds may be the same, or may differ in type and physical properties. Moreover, it is preferable to satisfy | fill the physical property shown below.

-Kind of organic compound The organic compound in this invention is a raw material used as a carbonaceous material by baking. Here, the carbonaceous material is an amorphous carbonaceous material having a d value of usually 0.340 nm or more and a graphite material having a d value of less than 0.340 nm.

  Specifically, petroleum heavy oil such as impregnated pitch, coal tar pitch, coal heavy oil such as coal liquefied oil, straight run heavy oil such as asphalten, and cracked heavy oil such as ethylene heavy end tar. Graphitizable organic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds, sulfur-containing cyclic compounds, polyphenylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl butyral, natural furfuryl alcohol polymers , Polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, imide resin, and the like. Among these, graphitizable organic compounds that can be graphitized or carbonized by firing are preferable.

-Physical properties of organic compounds (1) X-ray parameters (d ₀₀₂ values)
<Physical properties of amorphous carbonaceous material fired organic compound>
The interplanar spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of the (002) plane according to the X-ray wide angle diffraction method of the carbonaceous material powder obtained by baking only the organic compound is usually 0.340 nm or more, preferably 0.342 nm or more. Moreover, it is less than 0.380 nm normally, Preferably it is 0.370 nm or less, More preferably, it is 0.360 nm or less. If the d ₀₀₂ value is too large, it indicates that the crystallinity is low, and the composite carbon material (B) / (E) may become particles with low crystallinity and the irreversible capacity may increase, and the d ₀₀₂ value is small. If the amount is too large, it is difficult to obtain the effect of combining amorphous carbonaceous materials.

<Physical Properties in Graphite Materials Firing Organic Compounds>
The (002) plane spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of the graphite powder obtained by graphitizing only the organic compound by X-ray wide angle diffraction method is usually 0.3354 nm or more, preferably 0.3357 nm or more, more preferably It is 0.3359 nm or more. Moreover, it is less than 0.340 nm normally, Preferably it is 0.338 nm or less, More preferably, it is 0.337 nm or less. If the d ₀₀₂ value is too large, it indicates that the crystallinity is low, and the composite carbon material (B) / (E) becomes particles with low crystallinity and it is difficult to obtain the effect of combining the graphite. If the d ₀₀₂ value is too small, the charge / discharge reactivity decreases, and there is a risk of increased gas generation during high-temperature storage and reduced large current charge / discharge characteristics.

(2) Crystallite size (Lc (002))
<Physical properties of amorphous carbonaceous material fired organic compound>
The crystallite size (Lc (002)) of the carbon material obtained by X-ray diffraction of the amorphous carbonaceous material powder obtained by baking the organic compound is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more. More preferably, it is 20 nm or more. Moreover, it is 300 nm or less normally, Preferably it is 200 nm or less, More preferably, it is 100 nm or less. If the crystallite size is too large, the composite carbon material (A) tends to increase the irreversible capacity as particles having low crystallinity. If the crystallite size is too small, the effect of compounding the carbonaceous material is obtained. It ’s hard to be.

<Physical Properties in Graphite Materials Firing Organic Compounds>
The crystallite size (Lc (002)) of the carbon material obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis based on the Gakushin method of graphitic powder obtained by graphitizing an organic compound is usually 300 nm or more, preferably 400 nm or more. Preferably it is 500 nm or more. Moreover, it is 1000 nm or less normally, Preferably it is 800 nm or less, More preferably, it is 600 nm or less. If the crystallite size is too large, the composite carbon materials (B) and (E) may become particles having low crystallinity and it may be difficult to obtain the effect of combining the graphite material. If the crystallite size is too small, The charge / discharge reactivity is reduced, and there is a tendency for increased gas generation during high-temperature storage and reduced large current charge / discharge characteristics.

(3) Softening point The softening point of the organic compound is usually 400 ° C or lower, preferably 300 ° C or lower, more preferably 200 ° C or lower, and further preferably 150 ° C or lower. When the softening point is too high, it is difficult to uniformly mix or combine with the carbon material, and it may be necessary to handle at a high temperature, resulting in poor productivity. Although a minimum in particular is not restrict | limited, Usually, it is 40 degreeC or more.

(4) Quinoline insoluble matter (QI), toluene insoluble matter (TI)
The quinoline insoluble content (QI) of the organic compound is usually 0% or more, preferably 1% or more, more preferably 5% or more, still more preferably 6% or more, and particularly preferably 8% or more. Further, it is usually 30% or less, preferably 25% or less, more preferably 20% or less, still more preferably 15% or less, and particularly preferably 12% or less.
QI is submicron carbon particles or ultrafine sludge contained in a small amount in coal tar. If this amount is too large, improvement in crystallinity during the graphitization process is remarkably inhibited, and discharge after graphitization. It causes a significant decrease in capacity.

The toluene insoluble content (TI) is usually 16% or more, preferably 20% or more, more preferably 25% or more. Moreover, it is 60% or less normally, Preferably it is 50% or less, More preferably, it is 40% or less. TI means a condensed polycyclic aromatic having an average molecular weight of 300 to 2000 and a ratio H / C (hydrogen / carbon) of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms in one molecule of about 0.5 to 0.8. Say. When QI or TI is within this range, the crystallinity of the carbon material for the nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode becomes a preferable range, so that the charge / discharge reactivity becomes a preferable range. There is a tendency of reducing the amount of gas generated, improving large current charge / discharge characteristics, and improving cycle characteristics. As a method for measuring QI and TI, for example, a method defined in JIS K2425 can be used.

-Graphitization catalyst To increase charge / discharge capacity and improve pressability, when mixing carbonaceous particles and organic compounds,
A graphitization catalyst may be added. Examples of the graphitization catalyst include metals such as iron, nickel, titanium, silicon, and boron, and compounds such as carbides, oxides, and nitrides thereof. Of these, silicon, silicon compounds, iron, and iron compounds are preferable, and silicon carbide is particularly preferable among silicon compounds, and iron oxide is particularly preferable among iron compounds. The addition amount of these graphitization catalysts is usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 5% by mass or less with respect to the carbonaceous primary particles as a raw material. . When there are too many graphitization catalysts, graphitization will advance too much and the characteristic at the time of lithium ion secondary battery manufacture, especially the problem that immersion property may not be enough may arise. At the same time, the strength of the particles may decrease because of the formation of pores in the graphite composite particles, and as a result, the surface may be smoothed during the pressing process during electrode plate production, and ion migration may be inhibited. On the other hand, if there is too little graphitization catalyst, graphitization is insufficient and there is a problem of reduction in charge / discharge capacity when a non-aqueous secondary battery is made, and high pressure is required in the pressing process during electrode plate production. It may be difficult to increase the density. Furthermore, because the graphite composite particles do not have an appropriate amount of pores, the strength of the particles becomes too high, and a high pressure is applied when the active material layer applied to the current collector is pressed to a predetermined bulk density. And it may be difficult to increase the density of the negative electrode active material layer.

<Carbonaceous particles (h) that are raw materials for composite carbon material (E)>
The type of carbonaceous particles (h) to be a material constituting the composite carbon material (E) of the present invention is not particularly limited, but coal fine powder, vapor phase carbon powder, carbon black, ketjen black, carbon nanofiber, etc. Is mentioned. Among these, carbon black is particularly preferable. Carbon black has the advantage that the input / output characteristics are improved even at low temperatures, and at the same time, it can be obtained inexpensively and easily.
The shape is not particularly limited, and may be any of granular, spherical, chain-like, needle-like, fibrous, plate-like, and scale-like shapes.

-Physical property of carbonaceous particle (h) It is preferable that the carbonaceous particle (h) in this invention satisfy | fills any one or more of the physical property shown next. In the present invention, one kind of carbonaceous particles (h) exhibiting such physical properties may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in any combination.

(1) Primary particle size of carbonaceous particles (h) The primary particle size of the carbonaceous particles (h) in the present invention is usually 3 nm or more and 500 nm or less. The primary particle size is preferably 3 nm or more, more preferably 15 nm or more, still more preferably 30 nm or more, particularly preferably 40 nm or more, preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 200 nm or less, still more preferably 100 nm. Hereinafter, it is particularly preferably 70 nm or less. The primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous particles can be measured by observation with an electron microscope such as SEM or a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer.
When the primary particle size is too large, the specific surface area becomes small, and the input / output characteristics at low temperatures tend to deteriorate. Also, if the primary particle size is too small, the specific surface area becomes large and the capacity tends to decrease.

(2) BET specific surface area (SA) of carbonaceous particles (h)
BET specific surface area of the carbonaceous particles is usually ^{1 m} 2 / g or more, preferably ^{10 m} 2 / g or more, more preferably ^{30 m} 2 / g or more, usually 1000 m ² / g or less, preferably 500 meters ² / g or less, more preferably 100 m ² / g or less, and still more preferably 70 m ² / g or less. If the specific surface area is too large, the reactivity between the portion exposed to the electrolyte and the electrolyte when used as the negative electrode active material is increased, which tends to cause a decrease in initial efficiency and an increase in the amount of gas generated, making it difficult to obtain a preferable battery. Tend. When the specific surface area is too small, there are few sites where lithium ions enter and exit, and the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics and output characteristics tend to be inferior.

(3) Bulk density of carbonaceous particles (h) The bulk density of the carbonaceous particles (h) is usually 0.01 g / cm ³ or more, preferably 0.1 g / cm ³ or more, more preferably 0.15 g / cm. ³ or more, more preferably 0.17 g / cm ³ or more, and usually 1 g / cm ³ or less, preferably 0.8 g / cm ³ or less, more preferably 0.6 g / cm ³ or less.

When the bulk density is too large, the low-temperature input / output characteristics tend to deteriorate. Moreover, when the bulk density is too small, the battery capacity tends to decrease. The bulk density was measured by dropping a carbon material into a cylindrical tap cell having a diameter of 1.6 cm and a volume capacity of 20 cm ³ through a sieve having a mesh opening of 300 μm, and filling the cell to a full density. It can be measured by determining the density from the volume of the sample and the weight of the sample.

(4) Tap density of carbonaceous particles (h) The tap density of carbonaceous particles (h) is usually 0.1 g / cm ³ or more, preferably 0.15 g / cm ³ or more, more preferably 0.2 g / cm. ³ or more, usually 2 g / cm ³ or less, preferably 1 g / cm ³ or less, more preferably 0.8 g / cm ³ or less. If the tap density is too high, the low-temperature input / output characteristics tend to be reduced, and if it is too low, the battery capacity tends to be reduced.

(5) DBP oil absorption of carbonaceous particles (h) The DBP oil absorption of carbonaceous particles (h) is usually 10 ml / 100 g or more, preferably 50 ml / 100 g or more, more preferably 60 ml / 100 g or more, usually 1000 ml / 100 g. Hereinafter, it is preferably 500 ml / 100 g or less, more preferably 200 ml / 100 g or less, still more preferably 100 ml / 100 g or less. When the DBP oil absorption is too large, the capacity tends to decrease, and when it is too small, the low temperature input / output characteristics tend to decrease.

<Carbon material (A)>
The carbon material (A) is graphite particles, preferably natural graphite particles. More preferred embodiments include the following physical properties.

(1) Volume-based average particle diameter of carbon material (d50)
Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular about the particle size of a carbon material, As a range used, a volume reference | standard average particle diameter (d50) is 50 micrometers or less normally, Preferably it is 30 micrometers or less, More preferably, it is 25 micrometers or less. Moreover, it is 1 micrometer or more normally, Preferably it is 4 micrometers or more, More preferably, it is 10 micrometers or more. If this particle size is too large, inconveniences such as striping tend to occur when it is made into a plate, and if the particle size is too small, the surface area becomes too large and the activity against the electrolyte is suppressed. Tend to be difficult to do.

(2) BET specific surface area (SA) of carbon material
About the specific surface area measured by BET method of the carbon material, it is 4 m < ² > / g or more normally, Preferably it is 5 m < ² > / g or more. Moreover, it is 11 m < ² > / g or less normally, Preferably it is 9 m < ² > / g or less, More preferably, it is 8 m < ² > / g or less.
If the specific surface area is too small, there are few sites where Li enters and exits, and the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics and output characteristics are inferior. On the other hand, if the specific surface area is too large, the activity of the active material with respect to the electrolyte becomes excessive and the initial irreversible capacity is low. Since it becomes large, there exists a tendency which cannot manufacture a high capacity | capacitance battery.

(3) Tap density of carbon material The tap density of the carbon material is usually preferably 0.7 g / cm ³ or more, more preferably 0.8 g / cm ³ or more, and more preferably 1 g / cm ³ or more. Moreover, 1.3 g / cm ³ or less and 1.2 g / cm ³ or less are usually preferable, and 1.1 g / cm ³ or less is more preferable. If the tap density is too low, the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics are inferior. If the tap density is too high, the intra-particle carbon density increases, the rollability is insufficient, and it may be difficult to form a high-density negative electrode sheet.

(4) Aspect ratio of carbon material The aspect ratio of the carbon material is preferably 1 or more and less than 4, more preferably less than 3, and still more preferably less than 2. There is no problem with a small aspect ratio, but if it is too large, it indicates that the particles are flat, and the diffusion of the liquid in the electrode plate deteriorates.

<Composite carbon material (B)>
<Method for producing composite carbon material (B)>
The composite carbon material (B) is not particularly limited as long as the carbon material (c) and the carbonaceous material (d) are combined and the aspect ratio is 1.0 or more and less than 4.0. For example, when obtaining a composite particle material in which the carbonaceous material (c) is coated with the carbonaceous material (d), an organic compound and a carbonaceous material (c) for obtaining a coating portion of the carbonaceous material (d) are mixed. The composite carbon material (B) of the present invention can be produced in the step of firing and pulverizing the obtained mixture.
The carbon material (c) as a raw material may be subjected to pressure treatment, but it is obtained after mixing with the organic compound for obtaining the carbon material (c) and the carbonaceous material (d) and pressure treatment. A method for producing the mixture by baking and pulverization is more preferable from the viewpoint that the number of pulverization steps is small.

-The process of mixing a carbon material and an organic compound The mixing of a carbon material and an organic compound can be performed by a conventional method. The mixing temperature is usually from room temperature to 150 ° C., more preferably from 50 to 150 ° C., and more preferably from 100 to 130 ° C. from the viewpoint that the carbon material and the organic compound are easily mixed uniformly.
When mixing with the carbon material, the organic compound is preferably diluted with an organic solvent. The reason for diluting is that by diluting with an organic solvent, the viscosity of the organic compound to be mixed is lowered, and the carbon material can be coated more efficiently and uniformly.

Organic solvents include pentane, hexane, isohexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, decane, dimethylbutane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and other hydrocarbons; ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, diisoamyl ether, methylphenyl ether, amylphenyl ether Ethers such as ethyl benzyl ether; ketones such as acetone, methyl acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diethyl ketone; methyl formate, ethyl formate, isobutyl formate, methyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, methoxybutyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, methyl butyrate, Esters such as ethyl butyrate, butyl benzoate, isoamyl benzoate; benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, isopropylben Aromatic hydrocarbons such as but not limited to benzene, amylbenzene, diamylbenzene, triamylbenzene, tetraamylbenzene, dodecylbenzene, didodecylbenzene, amyltoluene, tetralin, cyclohexylbenzene, etc. .
Moreover, what mixed these 2 or more types may be used. Among these, benzene, toluene, and xylene are organic solvents having a relatively high boiling point and a low viscosity, and are particularly preferable in that the concentration change due to volatilization hardly occurs and the viscosity of the organic compound can be lowered.

The dilution ratio with an organic solvent is usually 5% or more, preferably 25% or more, more preferably 40% or more, still more preferably 50% or more, and usually 90%, based on the mass of the organic solvent. % Or less, preferably 80% or less, more preferably 70% or less, and still more preferably 60% or less. If the dilution ratio is too large, the concentration of the organic compound tends to decrease, and the carbon material tends not to be coated efficiently. If the dilution ratio is too small, the concentration of the organic compound is not sufficiently lowered and the carbon material tends not to be coated efficiently.
Mixing is usually carried out under normal pressure, but if desired, it can also be carried out under reduced pressure or under pressure. Mixing can be carried out either batchwise or continuously. In any case, mixing efficiency can be improved by using a combination of an apparatus suitable for rough mixing and an apparatus suitable for fine mixing.

  As a batch type mixing device, a mixer with a structure in which two frame molds rotate and revolve; a single plate such as a dissolver that is a high-speed, high-shear mixer and a butterfly mixer for high viscosity is contained in the tank. A device having a structure for stirring and dispersing; a so-called kneader-type device having a structure in which a stirring blade such as a sigma type rotates along the side surface of a semi-cylindrical mixing tank; a trimix type device having three stirring blades A so-called bead mill type apparatus having a rotating disk and a dispersion medium in a container is used.

  It also has a container with a paddle that is rotated by a shaft, and the inner wall surface of the container is formed substantially along the outermost line of rotation of the paddle, preferably in a long twin cylinder shape, and the paddle has side surfaces facing each other. A device having a structure in which many pairs are arranged in the axial direction of the shaft so as to be slidably engaged (for example, KRC reactor manufactured by Kurimoto Iron Works, SC processor, TEM manufactured by Toshiba Machine Celmac, TEX-K manufactured by Nippon Steel Works) Furthermore, it has a container in which a single inner shaft and a plurality of pavement or sawtooth paddles fixed to the shaft are arranged in different phases, and the inner wall surface is the outermost line of rotation of the paddle (External heat type) apparatus (for example, a Redige mixer manufactured by Redige Co., Ltd., a flow share mixer manufactured by Taiyo Koki Co., Ltd., and Tsukishima Kikai Co., Ltd.) DT dryers, etc.) can also be used. In order to perform mixing in a continuous manner, a pipeline mixer, a continuous bead mill, or the like may be used.

  The viscosity of the mixture or diluted mixture obtained in this step is usually 100 cP or less, preferably 70 cP or less, more preferably 50 cP or less. Moreover, it is 1 cP or more, preferably 10 cP or more. If the viscosity is too high, deterioration during cycling tends to occur, and cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate.

-The process of pressurizing the carbon material The carbon material (c) used in the composite carbon material (B) in the present invention can be a pressure-treated material, and the organic compound and the carbon material (c). After mixing, the carbon material can be pressurized.
The method of pressing and molding is not particularly limited, and a roll compactor, a roll press, a rivet machine, a cold isostatic pressing device (CIP), a uniaxial molding machine, a tablet machine, and the like can be used. By pressurizing the carbon material, the internal voids of the carbon material are compressed. As a result, the density of the carbon material crushed after the pressure treatment is increased.

Further, if necessary, the carbon material can be molded simultaneously with the press according to the pattern carved in the roll. Moreover, the method of exhausting the air which exists between carbon material particles and vacuum-pressing can also be applied.
The pressure treatment may be a pressure treatment by pressing from one direction or an isotropic pressure treatment, but it is difficult to flatten the particles, can maintain a spherical shape, and is made into a paint. It is preferable to apply an isotropic pressure treatment in terms of preventing a decrease in fluidity.

Although the pressure which pressurizes a carbon material is not specifically limited, Usually, it is 50 kgf / cm < ² > or more, Preferably it is 100 kgf / cm < ² > or more. The upper limit of the pressure treatment is not particularly limited, but is usually 2000 kgf / cm ² or less, preferably 1500 kgf / cm ² or less. When the pressure is too low, strong granulation is not achieved and the internal voids tend not to decrease, and when the pressure is too high, the cost of the process tends to increase. In particular, when the pressure is too high, the intra-particle porosity decreases, but a large amount of energy is required when the molded body is crushed, leading to an increase in specific surface area. From the above, it is considered that both the reduction of the void ratio within the particle and the suppression of the increase of the specific surface area can be achieved by the pressurizing treatment at a low pressure.

The pressurizing time is usually 0.1 seconds or longer, preferably 3 seconds or longer, more preferably 1 minute or longer. Moreover, it is 30 minutes or less normally, Preferably it is 10 minutes or less, More preferably, it is 3 minutes or less. If the time is too long, it adversely affects the manufacturing process. On the other hand, if the time is too short, strong granulation is not achieved and the internal voids tend not to decrease.
The carbon material obtained by the pressure treatment preferably exhibits the following physical properties.

-The process of baking a mixture Specifically, it is the process of carbonizing thru | or graphitizing an organic compound by heating a mixture under non-oxidizing atmosphere, Preferably circulation, such as nitrogen, argon, and a carbon dioxide.
The calcination temperature varies depending on the organic compound used for the preparation of the mixture, but in the case of carbonization, it is usually heated to 600 ° C. or higher, preferably 700 ° C. or higher, more preferably 800 ° C. or higher, and usually 1500 ° C. or lower, preferably 1400 ° C or lower, more preferably 1200 ° C or lower.

When graphitizing, it is usually heated to 2500 ° C. or higher, preferably 2700 ° C. or higher, more preferably 2900 ° C. or higher. The upper limit of the heating temperature is usually 3500 ° C. or less, preferably 3200 ° C. or less, more preferably 3100 ° C. or less.
In the firing treatment conditions, the heat history temperature condition, the temperature rise rate, the cooling rate, the heat treatment time, etc. are appropriately set. Further, after heat treatment in a relatively low temperature region, the temperature can be raised to a predetermined temperature. In addition, the reactor used for this process may be a batch type or a continuous type, and may be one or more.

In the firing treatment conditions, the heat history temperature condition, the temperature rise rate, the cooling rate, the heat treatment time, etc. are appropriately set. Further, after heat treatment in a relatively low temperature region, the temperature can be raised to a predetermined temperature. In addition, the reactor used for this process may be a batch type or a continuous type, and may be one or more.
The furnace used for firing is not particularly limited as long as the above requirements are satisfied. For example, a reactor such as a shuttle furnace, a tunnel furnace, a lead hammer furnace, a rotary kiln, an autoclave, a coker (heat treatment tank for coke production), a Tamman furnace, As the Atchison furnace and heating method, a high-frequency induction heating furnace, direct resistance heating, indirect resistance heating, direct combustion heating, radiant heat heating, or the like can be used. During the treatment, stirring may be performed as necessary.

  The material that has undergone the above-described steps is subjected to powder processing such as pulverization, pulverization, and classification treatment as necessary to obtain a composite carbon material. Examples of the coarse pulverizer used in the pulverization process include a jaw crusher, an impact crusher, and a cone crusher. Examples of the intermediate pulverizer include a roll crusher and a hammer mill. Examples of the fine pulverizer include a ball mill and vibration. Examples thereof include a mill, a pin mill, a stirring mill, and a jet mill.

  Among these, a ball mill, a vibration mill and the like are preferable from the viewpoint of processing speed because of a short grinding time. The grinding speed is appropriately set depending on the type and size of the apparatus. For example, in the case of a ball mill, it is usually 50 rpm or more, preferably 100 rpm or more, more preferably 150 rpm or more, and further preferably 200 rpm or more. Moreover, it is 2500 rpm or less normally, Preferably it is 2300 rpm or less, More preferably, it is 2000 rpm or less. If the speed is too high, control of the particle size tends to be difficult, and if the speed is too low, the processing speed tends to be slow.

The grinding time is usually 30 seconds or longer, preferably 1 minute or longer, more preferably 1 minute 30 seconds or longer, and still more preferably 2 minutes or longer. Moreover, it is usually 3 hours or less, preferably 2.5 hours or less, more preferably 2 hours or less. If the pulverization time is too short, the particle size control tends to be difficult, and if the pulverization time is too long, the productivity tends to decrease. In the case of a vibration mill, the grinding speed is usually 50 rpm or more, preferably 100 rpm or more, more preferably 150 rpm or more, and still more preferably 200 rpm or more. Moreover, it is 2500 rpm or less normally, Preferably it is 2300 rpm or less, More preferably, it is 2000 rpm or less. If the speed is too high, control of the particle size tends to be difficult, and if the speed is too low, the processing speed tends to be slow.

  The grinding time is usually 30 seconds or longer, preferably 1 minute or longer, more preferably 1 minute 30 seconds or longer, and further preferably 2 minutes or longer. Moreover, it is usually 3 hours or less, preferably 2.5 hours or less, more preferably 2 hours or less. If the pulverization time is too short, the particle size control tends to be difficult, and if the pulverization time is too long, the productivity tends to decrease. Further, the composite particles obtained by the above-described production method may be subjected to a particle size classification treatment.

  As classification treatment conditions, the opening is usually 53 μm or less, preferably 45 μm or less, more preferably 38 μm or less. There are no particular restrictions on the equipment used for classification, but for example, when dry sieving: rotary sieving, oscillating sieving, rotating sieving, vibrating sieving, etc. can be used. : Gravity classifier, inertial classifier, centrifugal classifier (classifier, cyclone, etc.) can be used. For wet sieving: mechanical wet classifier, hydraulic classifier, settling classifier, A centrifugal wet classifier or the like can be used.

<Physical properties of composite carbon material (B)>
The composite carbon material (B) obtained by the above production method is a particle obtained by combining the carbonaceous material (d) with the carbonaceous material (d), and preferably has the following characteristics.

(1) 002 plane spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of composite carbon material (B)
The interplanar spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of the 002 plane obtained by X-ray diffraction by the Gakushin method of the composite carbon material (B) is usually 0.337 nm or less, preferably 0.3365 nm or less, more preferably 0.336 nm or less, Lc Is preferably 90 nm or more. The fact that the interplanar spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of the 002 plane by X-ray wide angle diffraction method is 0.337 nm or less and Lc is 90 nm or more means that most of the crystallinity excluding the surface of the composite carbon material (B) particles is high. This indicates that the carbon material is a high-capacity electrode that does not cause a reduction in capacity due to the large irreversible capacity found in amorphous carbon materials.

(2) The tap density of the tap density composite carbon material of the composite carbon material (B) (B) is usually 0.7 g / cm ³ or more, 1.50 g / cm ³ or less.
If the tap density is too small, sufficient continuous voids are not secured especially in the electrode rolled to a high density, and the mobility of Li ions in the electrolyte that is not retained in the voids is reduced, resulting in large current charge / discharge characteristics. Tends to decrease. When the tap density is too high, the carbon density in the particle increases, the rollability is insufficient, and it may be difficult to form a high-density negative electrode sheet.

(3) Raman R value is the peak intensity ratio in the vicinity of 1360 cm ^-1 to the peak intensity near 1580 cm ^-1 in the argon ion laser Raman spectrum of the Raman R value composite carbon material (B) of the composite carbon material (B) is generally 0 0.01 or more, preferably 0.05 or more, and usually 0.5 or less, preferably 0.45 or less, more preferably 0.4 or less. If the Raman R value is too large, the crystal on the particle surface is disturbed, and the reactivity with the electrolytic solution tends to increase, leading to a decrease in efficiency. If the Raman value is too small, the charge / discharge reactivity is lowered and stored at high temperatures. There is a tendency to increase gas generation at the time and to reduce large current charge / discharge characteristics.

(4) Specific surface area by BET method of composite carbon material (B) The specific surface area by BET method of composite carbon material (B) is usually 0.5 m ² / g or more, preferably 1
. It is 0 m ² / g or more, preferably 8 m ² / g or less, more preferably 7 m ² / g or less. If the specific surface area is too large, the reactivity with the electrolyte may increase, leading to a decrease in charge / discharge efficiency. If the specific surface area is too small, the charge / discharge reactivity will decrease, resulting in increased gas generation during high-temperature storage. There is a tendency for the current charge / discharge characteristics to decrease.

(5) Pore volume of composite carbon material (B) The pore volume of composite carbon material (B) in the range of 10 nm to 100000 nm by mercury porosimetry is usually 5 ml / g or less, preferably 3 ml / g or less. Preferably it is 2 ml / g or less, usually 0.01 ml / g or more, preferably 0.05 ml / g or more, more preferably 0.1 ml / g or more, and the pore volume in the range of 250 to 2500 nm is Usually 0.001
ml / g or more, preferably 0.002 ml / g or more, more preferably 0.005 ml / g or more, usually 1 ml / g or less, preferably 0.9 ml / g or less, more preferably 0.7
ml / g or less. If the amount of pores is too large, the specific surface area resulting from the pores will increase, and excessive reaction with the electrolyte will tend to increase the irreversible capacity. There is a tendency to decrease.

(6) Volume-based average particle diameter (d50) of composite carbon material (B)
In the particle size of the composite carbon material (B), d50 is usually 40 μm or less, preferably 30 μm or less, more preferably 25 μm or less, and usually 3 μm or more, preferably 4 μm or more, more preferably 5 μm or more. If the average particle size is too large, exceeding this particle size range will often cause inconveniences in the process of striping, etc., and if it falls below this particle size range, the surface area will become too large. It tends to be difficult to suppress the activity with the electrolytic solution.

(7) Surface functional group amount O / C of composite carbon material (B)
The O / C value of the surface layer of the composite carbon material (B) is usually 0.1% or more, preferably 0.3% or more, more preferably 0.5% or more. Further, it is usually 3% or less, preferably 2.5% or less, more preferably 2% or less. If the O / C value is too small, the desolvation reactivity between the Li ions and the electrolyte solvent on the negative electrode active material surface may be reduced, and the large current charge / discharge characteristics may be reduced. There is a possibility that the reactivity increases and the charge / discharge efficiency decreases.

(8) Graphite crystal orientation ratio of composite carbon material (B) (I (110) / I (004))
The peak intensity ratio R (= I (110) / I (004)) corresponding to the lattice planes (110) and (004) of the composite carbon material (B) obtained by wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement is usually 0.50. Hereinafter, it is preferably 0.40 or less, more preferably 0.30 or less, and usually 0.05 or more, preferably 0.10 or more, more preferably 0.15 or more. When the powder orientation ratio is less than the above range, the expansion of the electrode at the time of charging the battery tends to increase, and the cycle characteristics tend to be deteriorated due to the dropping of the active material due to the expansion and contraction during the cycle test. On the other hand, when the powder orientation ratio exceeds the above range, it may be difficult to increase the active material filling density of the electrode by pressing.

(9) Aspect ratio of composite carbon material (B) The aspect ratio of the composite carbon material (B) is preferably 1 or more and less than 4, more preferably less than 3, and still more preferably less than 2. There is no problem with a small aspect ratio, but if it is too large, it indicates that the particles are flat, and the diffusion of the liquid in the electrode plate deteriorates.

(10) Covering rate of carbonaceous material (d) in composite carbon material (B) The carbonaceous material (d) content in the composite carbon material (B) of the present invention is usually 0. 01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% or more, particularly preferably 0.7% by mass or more, and the content is usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 25%. % By mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, particularly preferably 10% by mass or less, and most preferably 5% by mass or less. If the content is too high, the carbon material will be damaged and material destruction will occur when rolling at a sufficient pressure to achieve a high capacity in a non-aqueous secondary battery. There is a tendency to increase capacity and decrease initial efficiency. On the other hand, if the content is too small, the effect of coating tends to be difficult to obtain. That is, the side reaction with the electrolytic solution in the battery cannot be sufficiently suppressed, and the charge / discharge irreversible capacity during the initial cycle tends to increase and the initial efficiency tends to decrease.

  Moreover, content of carbonaceous material (d) is computable from the sample mass before and behind material baking. At this time, it is calculated that there is no mass change before and after firing of the carbon material (c). When w1 is the mass (kg) of the carbon material (f) and w2 is the composite carbon material (E) mass (kg) after firing, the content (% by mass) of the carbonaceous material = [(w2-w1) / w1] × Calculated as 100.

<Composite carbon material (E)>
<Method for producing composite carbon material (E)>
The composite carbon material (E) is not particularly limited as long as the carbon material (f), the carbonaceous material (g), and the carbonaceous particles (h) are composited. For example, the following (1) and (2) It is preferable to employ a production method that takes into account the above point of view.

(1) Adopting an apparatus equipped with a crushing mechanism for crushing the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h), a so-called crushing mixer, and mixing them.
By mixing the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h) using such a pulverization mixer, the aggregates of the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h) are crushed and uniformly formed. Can be mixed. Aggregation of carbonaceous particles (h) generated in the subsequent steps by sufficiently crushing and uniformly mixing the aggregates of carbonaceous material (f) and carbonaceous particles (h) before compounding Can also be suppressed. For example, a carbon material in which many aggregates of carbonaceous particles (h) remain has a tendency that the ratio between the total pore volume and the Raman R value measured by a microscopic Raman spectroscopic device tends to increase, and the storage characteristics tend to deteriorate.

(2) A mixed powder of the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h) and an organic compound for obtaining a coating part of the carbonaceous material (f) are mixed and heat-treated in an inert gas. about.
By adopting such a production method, the carbonaceous material (g) and the carbonaceous particles (h) cover a part or the entire surface of the composite particles (E), which is a preferred form of the composite particles (E) of the present invention. There exists an advantage which becomes easy to produce the produced composite carbon material.

As a manufacturing method considering the above viewpoints (1) and (2), a manufacturing method characterized by including the following steps (i) to (iii) can be mentioned.
Step (i): Step of mixing and stirring the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h) Step (ii): Coating the carbonaceous material (g) on the powder obtained in the step (a) Step (iii) of mixing organic compound for obtaining part: Step of heat-treating mixture obtained in step (b) in inert gas. Carbon material (f), carbonaceous particles (h) and One organic compound may be used alone, or two or more organic compounds may be used in combination.

<Process (i)>
The method of mixing and stirring the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h) while crushing can be performed by a conventional method. An example is shown below.

(1) Mixing ratio of carbon material (f) and carbonaceous particles (h) The mixing ratio of carbon material (f) and carbonaceous particles (h) should be appropriately selected based on the composition of the target composite particles. However, the carbonaceous particles (h) are usually 0% relative to the carbon material (f).
. 01% by mass, preferably 0.1% by mass, more preferably 0.15% by mass, usually 20% by mass, preferably 10% by mass, more preferably 5% by mass or less, still more preferably 2.9% by mass. It is as follows. Within the above range, there are advantages that the input / output characteristics are enhanced even at low temperatures while satisfying various characteristics required for the lithium ion secondary battery such as the charge / discharge efficiency and discharge capacity of the battery.

(2) Mixing device When a crushing mixer is used as a device for mixing the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h), the specific device is not particularly limited, and a commercially available device is appropriately adopted. Examples thereof include a rocking mixer, a Laedige mixer, and a Henschel mixer. Moreover, although the crushing and mixing conditions are not particularly limited, the rotation speed of the crushing blade (chopper) is usually 100 rpm or more, preferably 1000 rpm or more, more preferably 2000 rpm or more, and usually 100,000 rpm or less, preferably 30000 rpm or less, preferably Is 10,000 rpm or less. Furthermore, the crushing and mixing time is usually 30 seconds or longer, preferably 1 minute or longer, more preferably 10 minutes or longer, and is usually 24 hours or shorter, preferably 3 hours or shorter, more preferably 1 hour or shorter. Within the above range, aggregation of the carbon material (f) and the carbonaceous particles (h) can be effectively prevented.

<Process (ii)>
The mixing of the powder obtained in the step (i) and the organic compound for obtaining the coating part of the carbonaceous material (g) can be performed by the same method as the method for producing the composite carbon material (B).

<Process (iii)>
(1) Firing temperature Although the firing temperature varies depending on the organic compound used for the preparation of the mixture, in the case of carbonization, it is usually heated to 600 ° C or higher, preferably 700 ° C or higher, more preferably 800 ° C or higher, and usually 1500 ° C. Hereinafter, it is preferably 1400 ° C. or lower, more preferably 1200 ° C. or lower.
In the firing treatment conditions, the heat history temperature condition, the temperature rise rate, the cooling rate, the heat treatment time, etc. are appropriately set. Further, after heat treatment in a relatively low temperature region, the temperature can be raised to a predetermined temperature. In addition, the reactor used for this process may be a batch type or a continuous type, and may be one or more.

(2) Furnace used for firing The furnace used for firing is not particularly limited as long as the above requirements are satisfied. A heat treatment tank), a Tamman furnace, an Atchison furnace, a high-frequency induction heating furnace, or the like can be used, and a direct resistance heating, an indirect resistance heating, a direct combustion heating, a radiant heat heating or the like can also be used as a heating method. During the heat treatment, stirring may be performed as necessary.

  The composite carbon material that has undergone the above-described steps may be subjected to powder processing such as pulverization, pulverization, and classification treatment again as necessary. A processing method can be performed by the method similar to the method described by the composite carbon material (B).

-Content of carbonaceous particle (h) Content of the carbonaceous particle (h) in the composite carbon material (E) of this invention is taken as the addition amount at the time of mixing of a carbon material (f).
The content of the carbonaceous particles (h) of the present invention is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% or more, and particularly preferably 0.7% by mass or more. The content is usually 20% by mass or less, preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, particularly preferably 7% by mass or less, and most preferably 5% by mass or less.
When there is too much content, the reactivity with electrolyte solution will increase and there exists a tendency for the cycling characteristics of a battery to fall. On the other hand, if the content is too small, the effect of improving the liquid diffusion between particles using the irregularities on the particle surface tends to be difficult to obtain at high density.

<Physical properties of composite carbon material (E)>
The composite carbon material (E) is a material in which the carbon material (f), the carbonaceous material (g), and the carbonaceous particles (h) are combined. The carbonaceous material is preferably amorphous carbon, and this aspect can be confirmed by the physical properties and SEM photographs shown below.

(1) Interplanar spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of (002) plane of composite carbon material (E)
The interplanar spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of the (002) plane according to the X-ray wide angle diffraction method of the composite carbon material (E) is 3.37 mm or less, and the crystallite size Lc is 900 mm or more. The interplanar spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of (002) plane by X-ray wide angle diffraction method is 3.37 mm or less and Lc is 900 mm or more. This means that most of the crystallinity excluding the surface of the composite carbon material (E) particles. This is a high-capacity composite electrode that does not cause a reduction in capacity due to the irreversible capacity seen in amorphous carbon materials when used as a negative electrode material for non-aqueous secondary batteries. Indicates a carbon material.

(2) The tap density of the tap density composite carbon material of the composite carbon material (E) (E) is usually less than ^{0.8g / cm 3, 0.75g / cm} 3 or less. That the tap density of the composite carbon material (E) is 0.8 g / cm ³ or less is one of the indices indicating that the composite carbon material (E) has a scaly shape. The fact that the tap density is smaller than 0.8 g / cm ³ is one of indices indicating that the spherical carbon material, which is the raw material of the composite carbon material (E), does not have sufficient spherical particles. When the tap density is greater than 0.8 g / cm ³ , the contact area between the particles cannot be improved, and the cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate.

(3) Raman R value is the peak intensity ratio in the vicinity of 1360 cm ^-1 to the peak intensity near 1580 cm ^-1 in the argon ion laser Raman spectrum of the Raman R value composite carbon material (E) of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 0 .45 or less, preferably 0.40 or less, more preferably 0.35 or less, and usually 0.20 or more, preferably 0.23 or more, more preferably 0.25 or more. If the Raman value is within this range, the crystallinity of the surface of the negative electrode active material is in an appropriate range, which is preferable because high output can be easily obtained.

(4) Specific surface area by BET method of composite carbon material (E) The specific surface area by BET method of composite carbon material (E) is usually 10 m ² / g or less, preferably 8 m ² / g or less, more preferably 6 m ² / g. Or less, usually 0.1 m ² / g or more, preferably 0.7 m ² / g or more, more preferably 1 m ² / g or more. When the specific surface area is too large, the reactivity between the portion exposed to the electrolytic solution when used as the negative electrode active material and the electrolytic solution increases, gas generation tends to increase, and a preferable battery tends to be difficult to obtain. If the specific surface area is too small, the lithium ion acceptability tends to deteriorate during charging when used as a negative electrode active material.

(5) Pore volume of composite carbon material (E) The pore volume of composite carbon material (E) in the range of 10 nm to 100000 nm by mercury porosimetry is usually 1.2 mL / g or less, preferably 0.8 mL / g or less, more preferably 0.6 mL / g or less, usually 0.01 mL / g or more, preferably 0.05 mL / g or more, more preferably 0.1 mL / g or more. If the pore volume is too large, there is a tendency to require a large amount of binder during electrode plate formation. If the pore volume is too small, the high current density charge / discharge characteristics deteriorate, and the expansion / contraction of the electrode during charge / discharge is alleviated. There is a tendency that the effect cannot be obtained.

(6) Volume-based average particle diameter (d50) of composite carbon material (E)
In the particle diameter of the composite carbon material (E), d50 is usually 50 μm or less, preferably 40 μm or less, more preferably 30 μm or less, and usually 1 μm or more, preferably 4 μm or more, more preferably 10 μm or more. If the average particle size is too large, the amount of binder required per carbon particle tends to be large, and if the average particle size is too small, the high current density charge / discharge characteristics tend to decrease.

(7) Average particle diameter d10 of composite carbon material (E)
The particle diameter (d10) corresponding to the cumulative 10% from the small particle side of the particle diameter measured on the volume basis of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 1 μm or more, preferably 3 μm or more, more preferably 5 μm or more. Usually, it is 50 μm or less, preferably 30 μm or less, more preferably 20 μm or less.
If d10 is too small, the tendency of the particles to agglomerate tends to increase, resulting in process inconveniences such as an increase in slurry viscosity, a decrease in electrode strength in a non-aqueous secondary battery, and a decrease in initial charge / discharge efficiency. If d10 is too large, high current density charge / discharge characteristics and low temperature input / output characteristics tend to deteriorate.

(8) Average particle diameter d90 of composite carbon material (E)
The particle diameter (d90) corresponding to 90% cumulative from the small particle side of the particle diameter measured on the volume basis of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 5 μm or more, preferably 10 μm or more, more preferably 15 μm or more. Usually, it is 300 μm or less, preferably 200 μm or less, more preferably 100 μm or less.
If d90 is too small, the electrode strength and initial charge / discharge efficiency of the non-aqueous secondary battery may be reduced. If it is too large, process inconveniences such as striping during the application of slurry will occur, and high current density charge may occur. In some cases, the discharge characteristics and the low-temperature input / output characteristics may deteriorate.

(9) Coverage rate of composite carbon material (E) The composite carbon material (E) of the present invention is coated with a carbonaceous material or a graphite material. Among these, it is preferable that it is coated with an amorphous carbonaceous material from the viewpoint of lithium ion acceptability, and this coverage is usually 0.5% to 10.0%, preferably 1.0% to 9. It is 0% or less, more preferably 2.0% or more and 8.0% or less. If this content is too large, the amorphous carbon portion of the negative electrode material increases, and the reversible capacity when the battery is assembled tends to be small. If the content is too small, amorphous carbon sites are not uniformly coated on the carbon material (f) and strong granulation is not performed, and when pulverized after firing, the particle size tends to be too small.

(10) Internal porosity of composite carbon material (E) The internal porosity of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 1% or more, preferably 3% or more, more preferably 5% or more, and even more preferably 7% or more. Moreover, it is less than 40%, Preferably it is 35% or less, More preferably, it is 30% or less, More preferably, it is 25% or less. If the internal porosity is too small, the amount of liquid in the particles tends to decrease, and charge / discharge characteristics tend to deteriorate. If the internal porosity is too large, there are few interparticle voids in the case of an electrode, and the electrolyte diffuses. Tend to be insufficient.

(11) Aspect ratio of composite carbon material (E) The aspect ratio of the composite carbon material (E) is 4 or more, preferably 5 or more, more preferably 6 or more. Further, it is preferably 50 or less, more preferably 40 or less, and still more preferably 20 or less. When the aspect ratio is too small, the contact between the particles cannot be obtained, so that the electron conduction path in the electrode plate cannot be maintained, and as a result, the cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate. Moreover, when it exists in the said preferable range, when apply | coating a slurry, it becomes difficult to draw a stripe on an electrode.

<Mixing of carbon material (A), composite carbon material (B), composite carbon material (E)>
The carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention is characterized by including at least the carbon material (A), the composite carbon material (B), and the composite carbon material (E) described above.
When mixing the carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B), the mixing ratio of the carbon material (A) to the total amount of the carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B) is not particularly limited. It is usually 5% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or more, and usually 95% by mass or less, preferably 90% by mass or less. The mixing ratio of the composite carbon material (B) and the composite carbon material (E) to the total amount of the carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B) is usually 5% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or more, Usually, it is 95 mass% or less, Preferably it is the range of 90 mass% or less.

When the mixing ratio of the composite carbon material (B) is less than the above range, the carbon material (A) is excessively deformed during the step of forming a negative electrode (particularly, the electrode density is set to a predetermined value), and the carbon material (A) is transformed into the electrode. There is a tendency for liquid diffusion to worsen. On the other hand, if it exceeds the above range, the electrode plate cannot be pressed due to the hardness of the particles, and it becomes difficult to increase the electrode density.
Moreover, when mixing a composite carbon material (E) with respect to a carbon material (A) and a composite carbon material (B), of a composite carbon material (A), a composite carbon material (B), and a composite carbon material (E). The mixing ratio of the composite carbon material (E) with respect to the total amount is not particularly limited, but is usually 5% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or more, and usually 95% by mass or less, preferably 90% by mass or less. .

  When the mixing ratio of the composite carbon material (E) is less than the above range, the unevenness of the surface of the composite carbon material (E) cannot be utilized, the liquid diffusion into the electrode is deteriorated, and the effect of the electron conduction path between particles is reduced. Tends to be difficult to obtain. On the other hand, if it exceeds the above range, the electrode plate cannot be pressed due to the hardness of the particles, and it becomes difficult to increase the electrode density.

  An apparatus used for mixing the composite carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B) is not particularly limited. For example, in the case of a rotary mixer: a cylindrical mixer, a twin cylindrical mixer, a double Conical mixers, regular cubic mixers, vertical mixers, and the like can be used. In the case of stationary mixers: spiral mixers, ribbon mixers, Muller mixers, Helical Flight mixers, Pugmill A mold mixer, a fluidized mixer, or the like can be used. In addition, when mixing the composite carbon material (E), it may be mixed with the composite carbon material (A) or the composite carbon material (B) first, or may be mixed with either composite carbon material first. It doesn't matter.

<Carbon material for negative electrode of non-aqueous secondary battery>
The carbon material for a nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention is a mixture of a carbon material (A), a composite carbon material (B), and a composite carbon material (E). The physical properties of the carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode of the invention are preferably the following physical properties.

(1) X-ray parameters The interplanar spacing (d ₀₀₂ ) of the 002 plane according to the X-ray wide angle diffraction method is usually 0.337 nm or less, preferably 0.336 nm or less. If the d ₀₀₂ value is too large, it indicates that the crystallinity is low, and the initial irreversible capacity may increase when a non-aqueous secondary battery is used. On the other hand, since the theoretical value of the surface spacing of the 002 plane of graphite is 0.3356 nm, the d value is usually 0.3356 nm or more.
The crystallite size (Lc) of the composite carbon material (E) is usually in the range of 30 nm or more, preferably 50 nm or more, more preferably 100 nm or more. Below this range, the crystallinity decreases and the discharge capacity of the battery tends to decrease. The lower limit of Lc is the theoretical value of graphite.

(2) Volume-based average particle diameter (d50)
The average particle diameter d50 is usually 50 μm or less, preferably 40 μm or less, more preferably 30 μm or less, still more preferably 20 μm or less, and usually 5 μm or more, preferably 7 μm or more, more preferably 10 μm or more. If the average particle diameter d50 is too small, the specific surface area increases, so that the decomposition of the electrolyte increases, and the initial efficiency tends to decrease. If the average particle diameter d50 is too large, the rapid charge / discharge characteristics tend to decrease. . Further, the average particle diameter d50 of the composite carbon material (E) usually tends to be equal to or smaller than the average particle diameter d50 of the graphite particles (C).

(3) Aspect ratio The aspect ratio is preferably 1 or more and less than 4, more preferably less than 3, and still more preferably less than 2. There is no problem with a small aspect ratio, but if it is too large, it indicates that the particles are flat, and the diffusion of the liquid in the electrode plate deteriorates.

(4) Average particle diameter d10
The particle diameter (d10) corresponding to the cumulative 10% from the small particle side of the particle diameter measured on the volume basis of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 1 μm or more, preferably 3 μm or more, more preferably 5 μm or more. Usually, it is 50 μm or less, preferably 30 μm or less, more preferably 20 μm or less.
If d10 is too small, the tendency of the particles to agglomerate tends to increase, resulting in process inconveniences such as an increase in slurry viscosity, a decrease in electrode strength in a non-aqueous secondary battery, and a decrease in initial charge / discharge efficiency. If d10 is too large, high current density charge / discharge characteristics and low temperature input / output characteristics tend to deteriorate.

(5) Average particle diameter d90
The particle diameter (d90) corresponding to 90% cumulative from the small particle side of the particle diameter measured on the volume basis of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 5 μm or more, preferably 10 μm or more, more preferably 15 μm or more. Usually, it is 100 μm or less, preferably 50 μm or less, more preferably 40 μm or less.
If d90 is too small, the electrode strength and initial charge / discharge efficiency of the non-aqueous secondary battery may be reduced. If it is too large, process inconveniences such as striping during the application of slurry will occur, and high current density charge may occur. In some cases, the discharge characteristics and the low-temperature input / output characteristics may deteriorate.

(6) BET specific surface area (SA)
The specific surface area according to the BET method of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 0.5 m ² / g or more, preferably 1 m ² / g or more, more preferably 2 m ² / g or more, and further preferably 3 m ² / g or more. Moreover, it is 15 m < ² > / g or less normally, Preferably it is 12 m < ² > / g or less, More preferably, it is 10 m < ² > / g or less, More preferably, it is 8 m < ² > / g or less, Most preferably, it is 6 m < ² > / g or less. If the specific surface area is too large, the reactivity between the portion exposed to the electrolyte and the electrolyte when used as the negative electrode active material is increased, which tends to cause a decrease in initial efficiency and an increase in the amount of gas generated, making it difficult to obtain a preferable battery. Tend. When the specific surface area is too small, there are few sites where lithium ions enter and exit, and the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics and output characteristics tend to be inferior.

(7) The tap density of the tap density composite carbon material (E) is usually 0.8 g / cm ³ or more, 0.85 g / cm ³ or more preferably, 0.9 g / cm ³ or more, more preferably, 0.95 g / More preferably, it is cm ³ or more. Moreover, 1.8 g / cm ³ or less is usually preferable and 1.5 g / cm ³ or less is preferable, and 1.3 g / cm ³ or less is more preferable.
That the tap density is 0.8 g / cm ³ or more is one of indices indicating that the composite carbon material (E) has a spherical shape. The fact that the tap density is smaller than 0.8 g / cm ³ is one of indices indicating that the carbon material (C) which is a raw material of the composite carbon material (E) is not sufficiently spherical particles. If the tap density is less than 0.8 g / cm ³ , sufficient continuous voids are not secured in the electrode, and the mobility of lithium ions in the electrolyte held in the voids is reduced, resulting in reduced rapid charge / discharge characteristics. Tend to.

(8) Raman R value The Raman R value of the composite carbon material (E) is usually 1 or less, preferably 0.8 or less, more preferably 0.6 or less, still more preferably 0.5 or less, and usually 0.05. As mentioned above, Preferably it is 0.1 or more, More preferably, it is 0.2 or more, More preferably, it is 0.25 or more. When the Raman R value is less than this range, the crystallinity of the particle surface becomes too high, the number of Li insertion sites decreases, and rapid charge / discharge characteristics tend to be deteriorated. On the other hand, if it exceeds this range, the crystallinity of the particle surface will be disturbed, the reactivity with the electrolyte will increase, and the charge / discharge efficiency will tend to decrease and the gas generation will increase.

(9) Pore volume The pore volume of the composite carbon material (E) in the range of 10 nm to 100,000 nm by the mercury intrusion method is usually 1.0 mL / g or less, preferably 0.9 mL / g or less, more preferably 0. 0.8 mL / g or less, usually 0.05 mL / g or more, preferably 0.1 mL / g or more, more preferably 0.15 mL / g or more. If the total pore volume is below the above range, the number of voids that can be infiltrated by the non-aqueous electrolyte solution tends to be small, and when lithium ions are rapidly charged and discharged, lithium ions are not inserted and released in time, and lithium metal is deposited accordingly. Characteristics tend to deteriorate. On the other hand, when the above range is exceeded, the binder is easily absorbed into the gap during electrode plate production, and accordingly, the electrode plate strength tends to be lowered.

(10) Fine pore volume of composite carbon material (E) in pore diameter range of 80 nm to 900 nm by mercury intrusion method The fine pore volume of composite carbon material (E) in pore diameter range of 80 nm to 900 nm is determined by mercury intrusion method (mercury (Porosimetry), usually 0.08 mL / g or more, preferably 0.1 mL / g or more, more preferably 0.15 mL / g or more, still more preferably 0.3 mL / g or more. . Moreover, it is 1 mL / g or less normally, Preferably it is 0.8 mL / g or less, More preferably, it is 0.5 mL / g or less.

  When the fine pore volume in the range of the pore diameter of 80 nm to 900 nm is less than the above range, the electrolyte solution does not move sufficiently smoothly during charging / discharging of the non-aqueous secondary battery, and lithium ions are not charged when rapidly charging / discharging. There is a tendency that the insertion / desorption is not in time, and lithium metal is deposited accordingly, and the cycle characteristics are deteriorated. On the other hand, if it exceeds the above range, the binder is easily absorbed into the gap during electrode plate production, and accordingly, the electrode plate strength and initial efficiency tend to be reduced.

<Other carbon materials>
If the carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention is a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention, in addition to the composite carbon material (A), the composite carbon material (B), and the composite carbon material (E), A known carbon material may be mixed. When mixing other carbon materials with the above-mentioned non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode carbon material, the mixing ratio of the non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode carbon material to the total amount of the non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode carbon material and other carbon materials is: It is usually 10% by mass or more, preferably 20% by mass or more, and usually 90% by mass or less, preferably 80% by mass or less. When the mixing ratio of other carbon materials is less than the above range, the added effect tends to hardly appear. On the other hand, when the above range is exceeded, the characteristics of the carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention tend to hardly appear.

As other materials, materials selected from natural graphite, artificial graphite, amorphous-coated graphite, amorphous carbon, metal particles, and metal compounds are used. Any one of these materials may be used alone, or two or more of these materials may be used in any combination and composition. As the natural graphite, for example, highly purified scaly graphite particles or scaly graphite can be used. The volume-based average particle diameter of natural graphite is usually 8 μm or more, preferably 12 μm or more, and usually 60 μm or less, preferably 40 μm or less. The BET specific surface area of natural graphite is usually 3.5 m ² / g or more, preferably 4.5 m ² / g or more, and usually 8 m ² / g or less, preferably 6
The range is m ² / g or less.

  Examples of the artificial graphite include particles obtained by graphitizing a carbon material. For example, particles obtained by firing and graphitizing a single graphite precursor particle while it is powdered can be used. As amorphous-coated graphite, for example, natural graphite or artificial graphite coated with an amorphous precursor pair and fired, or natural graphite or artificial graphite coated with amorphous by CVD can be used.

As the amorphous carbon, for example, particles obtained by firing a bulk mesophase, or particles obtained by firing an infusible carbonized pitch or the like can be used. There is no particular limitation on the apparatus used for mixing the carbon material for the nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode and other carbon materials. For example, in the case of a rotary mixer: a cylindrical mixer, a twin cylinder mixer, a double Conical mixer, regular cubic mixer, vertical mixer, stationary mixer: spiral mixer, ribbon mixer, Muller mixer, Helical Flyt mixer, Pugmill mixer, fluidization A type mixer or the like can be used.

  Examples of metal particles include Fe, Co, Sb, Bi, Pb, Ni, Ag, Si, Sn, Al, Zr, Cr, P, S, V, Mn, Nb, Mo, Cu, Zn, Ge, In A metal selected from the group consisting of Ti and the like or a compound thereof is preferable. Further, an alloy composed of two or more kinds of metals may be used, and the metal particles may be alloy particles formed of two or more kinds of metal elements. Among these, a metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, As, Sb, Al, Zn, and W or a compound thereof is preferable.

Examples of the metal compound include metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, and the like. Moreover, you may use the alloy which consists of 2 or more types of metals. Among these, Si or Si compound is preferable in terms of increasing capacity. Specific examples of the Si compound include SiOx, SiNx, SiCx, SiZxOy (Z = C, N) and the like, and preferably SiOx when expressed by a general formula. The general formula SiOx is obtained using Si dioxide (SiO ₂ ) and metal Si (Si) as raw materials, and the value of x is usually 0 ≦ x <2. SiOx has a larger theoretical capacity than graphite. Furthermore, amorphous Si or nano-sized Si crystals easily allow alkali ions such as lithium ions to enter and exit, so that a high capacity can be obtained.

Specifically, it is expressed as SiOx, and x is usually 0 ≦ x <2, more preferably 0.2 or more and 1.8 or less, and still more preferably 0.4 or more. 6 or less, particularly preferably 0.6 or more and 1,4 or less. Within this range, the capacity is high and at the same time Li
It becomes possible to reduce the irreversible capacity due to the bond between oxygen and oxygen.

<Negative electrode for non-aqueous secondary battery>
The negative electrode for a non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter also referred to as “electrode sheet” as appropriate) includes a current collector and an active material layer formed on the current collector, and the active material layer is at least the present material layer. The composite carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to the invention is contained. More preferably, the active material layer contains a binder.

As the binder, one having an olefinically unsaturated bond in the molecule is used. The type is not particularly limited, and specific examples include styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene / isoprene / styrene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, and ethylene / propylene / diene copolymer. By using such a binder having an olefinically unsaturated bond, the swellability of the active material layer with respect to the electrolytic solution can be reduced. Of these, styrene-butadiene rubber is preferred because of its availability.

  By using a binder having such an olefinically unsaturated bond in combination with the above active material, the strength of the negative electrode plate can be increased. When the strength of the negative electrode plate is high, deterioration of the negative electrode due to charge / discharge is suppressed, and the cycle life can be extended. In addition, since the negative electrode according to the present invention has high adhesive strength between the active material layer and the current collector, even when the binder content in the active material layer is reduced, the negative electrode is wound to produce a battery. It is assumed that the active material layer does not peel from the current collector.

As the binder having an olefinically unsaturated bond in the molecule, a binder having a high molecular weight or a high proportion of unsaturated bonds is desirable.
Specifically, in the case of a binder having a large molecular weight, it is desirable that the weight average molecular weight is usually 10,000 or more, preferably 50,000 or more, and usually 1,000,000 or less, preferably 300,000 or less. In the case of a binder having a high ratio of unsaturated bonds, the number of moles of olefinically unsaturated bonds per gram of all binders is usually 2.5 × 10 ⁻⁷ or more, preferably 8 × 10 ⁻⁷ or more, Further, it is usually 5 × 10 ⁻⁶ or less, preferably 1 × 10 ⁻⁶ or less.

The binder only needs to satisfy at least one of these regulations regarding molecular weight and regulations regarding the proportion of unsaturated bonds, but it is more preferable to satisfy both regulations simultaneously. When the molecular weight of the binder having an olefinically unsaturated bond is too small, the mechanical strength is inferior, and when it is too large, the flexibility is inferior. Moreover, when the ratio of the olefinically unsaturated bond in the binder is too low, the effect of improving the strength is reduced, and when it is too high, the flexibility is inferior.
The binder having an olefinically unsaturated bond has a degree of unsaturation of usually 15% or more, preferably 20% or more, more preferably 40% or more, and usually 90% or less, preferably 80% or less. Is desirable. The degree of unsaturation represents the ratio (%) of the double bond to the repeating unit of the polymer.

In the present invention, a binder that does not have an olefinically unsaturated bond can also be used in combination with the above-described binder that has an olefinically unsaturated bond as long as the effects of the present invention are not lost. The mixing ratio of the binder not having an olefinically unsaturated bond to the amount of the binder having an olefinically unsaturated bond is usually 150% by mass or less, preferably 120% by mass or less.
By using a binder that does not have an olefinically unsaturated bond, the coatability can be improved. However, if the combined amount is too large, the strength of the active material layer is lowered.

  Examples of binders having no olefinically unsaturated bond include polysaccharides such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and starch; thickening polysaccharides such as carrageenan, pullulan, guar gum, and xanthan gum; polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and the like. Polyethers; vinyl alcohols such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl butyral; polyacids such as polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid; or metal salts of these polymers; fluorine-containing polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride; alkanes such as polyethylene and polypropylene Examples thereof include polymers and copolymers thereof.

When the carbon material of the present invention is used in combination with the above-mentioned binder having an olefinically unsaturated bond, the ratio of the binder used in the active material layer can be reduced as compared with the conventional material. Specifically, the mass ratio between the carbon material for a negative electrode of the present invention and a binder (may be a mixture of a binder having an unsaturated bond and a binder having no unsaturated bond as described above). (Carbon material for negative electrode / binder) is usually 90/10 or more, preferably 95/5 or more, and usually 99.9 / 0.1 or less, preferably 99.5 / 0. The range is 5 or less.
If the binder ratio is too high, the capacity tends to decrease and the resistance tends to increase. If the binder ratio is too small, the strength of the negative electrode plate is inferior.

  The negative electrode of the present invention is formed by dispersing the above-described carbon material for a negative electrode of the present invention and a binder in a dispersion medium to form a slurry, which is applied to a current collector. As the dispersion medium, an organic solvent such as alcohol or water can be used. If necessary, a conductive agent may be added to the slurry. Examples of the conductive agent include carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, and furnace black, and fine powder made of Cu, Ni having an average particle diameter of 1 μm or less, or an alloy thereof. The addition amount of the conductive agent is usually about 10% by mass or less with respect to the carbon material for negative electrode of the present invention.

A conventionally well-known thing can be used for the electrical power collector which apply | coats a slurry. Specific examples include metal thin films such as rolled copper foil, electrolytic copper foil, and stainless steel foil. The thickness of the current collector is usually 4 μm or more, preferably 6 μm or more, and usually 30 μm or less, preferably 20 μm or less.
The slurry is applied to a width of 5 cm by using a doctor blade so that the negative electrode carbon material adheres to 5 to 15 mg / cm ² on a copper foil as a current collector, and air-dried at room temperature. Furthermore, after drying at 110 degreeC for 30 minutes, a preferable electrode sheet can be obtained by adjusting so that the density of an active material layer may be set to 1.7 g / cm < ³ > with a roll press.

After applying the slurry on the current collector, the slurry is usually dried at a temperature of 60 ° C. or higher, preferably 80 ° C. or higher, and usually 200 ° C. or lower, preferably 195 ° C. or lower, in dry air or an inert atmosphere. A physical layer is formed.
The thickness of the active material layer obtained by applying and drying the slurry is usually 5 μm or more, preferably 20 μm or more, more preferably 30 μm or more, and usually 200 μm or less, preferably after roll pressing. It is 100 μm or less, more preferably 75 μm or less. If the active material layer is too thin, practicality as a negative electrode is lacking due to the balance with the particle size of the active material, and if it is too thick, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient Li ion occlusion / release function for a high-density current value.

The density of the carbon material in the active material layer varies depending on the application, the application that emphasizes capacity, preferably 1.55 g / cm ³ or more, especially 1.6 g / cm ³ or more, further 1.65 g / cm ³ or more, In particular, 1.7 g / cm ³ or more is preferable. If the density is too low, the capacity of the battery per unit volume is not always sufficient. Moreover, since a rate characteristic will fall when a density is too high, 1.9 g / cm < ³ > or less is preferable.

When producing the negative electrode for non-aqueous secondary batteries using the composite carbon material for non-aqueous secondary batteries of the present invention described above, the method and selection of other materials are not particularly limited. Moreover, when producing a lithium ion secondary battery using this negative electrode, there is no particular limitation on the selection of members necessary for the battery configuration such as the positive electrode and the electrolytic solution constituting the lithium ion secondary battery.
Hereinafter, the details of the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery and the lithium ion secondary battery using the carbon material for a negative electrode of the present invention will be exemplified, but usable materials, production methods, and the like are limited to the following specific examples. It is not a thing.

<Non-aqueous secondary battery>
The basic configuration of the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention, particularly the lithium ion secondary battery, is the same as that of a conventionally known lithium ion secondary battery, and usually includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and an electrolyte. Is provided. The negative electrode of the present invention described above is used as the negative electrode.
The positive electrode is obtained by forming a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a binder on a current collector.

Examples of the positive electrode active material include metal chalcogen compounds that can occlude and release alkali metal cations such as lithium ions during charge and discharge. Examples of metal chalcogen compounds include vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, manganese oxide, chromium oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, and other transition metal oxides; vanadium sulfide, molybdenum sulfide things, sulfides of titanium, transition metal sulfides such as _CuS; NiPS _3, FePS 3 phosphate of a transition metal such as - sulfur _compounds; VSe 2, selenium compounds of transition metals such as NbSe _{3; Fe 0.25} V _0. Examples thereof include composite oxides of transition metals such as ₇₅ S ₂ and Na _0.1 CrS ₂ ; composite sulfides of transition metals such as LiCoS ₂ and LiNiS ₂ .

Among _{these, V 2 O 5, V 5} O 13, VO 2, Cr 2 O 5, MnO 2, TiO, MoV 2 O 8, LiCoO 2, LiNiO 2, LiMn 2 O 4, TiS 2, V 2 S 5 , Cr _0.25 V _0.75 S ₂ , Cr _0.5 V _0.5 S _{2 and the} like are preferable, and LiCoO ₂ , LiNiO ₂ , LiMn ₂ O ₄ and some of these transition metals are particularly preferable. It is a lithium transition metal composite oxide substituted with another metal. These positive electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination.

  A known binder can be arbitrarily selected and used as the binder for binding the positive electrode active material. Examples include inorganic compounds such as silicate and water glass, and resins having no unsaturated bond such as Teflon (registered trademark) and polyvinylidene fluoride. Among these, a resin having no unsaturated bond is preferable. If a resin having an unsaturated bond is used as the resin for binding the positive electrode active material, there is a risk of decomposition during the oxidation reaction (during charging). The weight average molecular weight of these resins is usually 10,000 or more, preferably 100,000 or more, and usually 3 million or less, preferably 1 million or less.

The positive electrode active material layer may contain a conductive material in order to improve the conductivity of the electrode. The conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it can be mixed with an active material in an appropriate amount to impart conductivity, but is usually carbon powder such as acetylene black, carbon black, and graphite, various metal fibers, powder, and foil. Etc.
The positive electrode plate is formed by slurrying a positive electrode active material or a binder with a solvent in the same manner as in the production of the negative electrode as described above, and applying and drying on a current collector. As the positive electrode current collector, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel (SUS), or the like is used, but is not limited at all.

As the electrolyte, a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent, or a gel, rubber, or solid sheet obtained by using an organic polymer compound or the like from the non-aqueous electrolyte is used.
The non-aqueous solvent used in the non-aqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from known non-aqueous solvents that have been conventionally proposed as solvents for non-aqueous electrolytes. For example, chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate; cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate; chain ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane; tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl Examples include cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, and 1,3-dioxolane; chain esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, and methyl propionate; and cyclic esters such as γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone.

Any one of these non-aqueous solvents may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be mixed and used. In the case of a mixed solvent, a combination of a mixed solvent containing a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate is preferable, and the cyclic carbonate is a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. This is particularly preferable in that load characteristics are improved.

  Among them, propylene carbonate is preferably in the range of 2% by weight to 80% by weight, more preferably in the range of 5% by weight to 70% by weight, and more preferably in the range of 10% by weight to 60% by weight with respect to the whole non-aqueous solvent. preferable. When the proportion of propylene carbonate is lower than the above, the ionic conductivity at low temperature decreases, and when the proportion of propylene carbonate is higher than the above, when a graphite-based electrode is used for the negative electrode, propylene carbonate solvated with Li ions is graphite. By co-inserting between the phases, delamination degradation of the graphite-based negative electrode active material occurs, and there is a problem that sufficient capacity cannot be obtained.

The lithium salt used in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from known lithium salts that can be used for this purpose. For example, halides such as LiCl and LiBr; perhalogenates such as LiClO ₄ , LiBrO ₄ and LiClO ₄ ; inorganic lithium salts such as inorganic fluoride salts such as LiPF ₆ , LiBF ₄ and LiAsF ₆ ; LiCF ₃ SO ₃ , Examples include perfluoroalkane sulfonates such as LiC ₄ F ₉ SO ₃ ; fluorine-containing organic lithium salts such as perfluoroalkane sulfonic acid imide salts such as Li trifluorosulfonimide ((CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ NLi), and the like. Of these, LiClO ₄ , LiPF ₆ , and LiBF ₄ are preferable.
Lithium salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The concentration of the lithium salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is usually in the range of 0.5 mol / L or more and 2.0 mol / L or less.

  In addition, when an organic polymer compound is included in the above non-aqueous electrolyte and the electrolyte is used in the form of a gel, rubber, or solid sheet, specific examples of the organic polymer compound include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide. Polyether polymer compounds such as: cross-linked polymers of polyether polymer compounds; vinyl alcohol polymer compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl butyral; insolubilized vinyl alcohol polymer compounds; polyepichlorohydrin; polyphosphazene Polysiloxane; polyvinyl polymer compounds such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylidene carbonate and polyacrylonitrile; poly (ω-methoxyoligooxyethylene methacrylate), poly (ω-methoxyoligooxyethylene methacrylate-co-methyl); Methacrylate) and polymer copolymers such as poly (hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride).

The non-aqueous electrolyte solution described above may further contain a film forming agent. Specific examples of the film forming agent include carbonate compounds such as vinylene carbonate, vinylethyl carbonate, and methylphenyl carbonate; alkene sulfides such as ethylene sulfide and propylene sulfide; and sultone compounds such as 1,3-propane sultone and 1,4-butane sultone. And acid anhydrides such as maleic acid anhydride and succinic acid anhydride.
Furthermore, an overcharge inhibitor such as diphenyl ether or cyclohexylbenzene may be added. When the above additives are used, the content is usually 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 2% by mass or less. If the content of the additive is too large, other battery characteristics such as an increase in initial irreversible capacity, low temperature characteristics, and deterioration in rate characteristics may be adversely affected.

Further, as the electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte which is a conductor of an alkali metal cation such as lithium ion can be used. Examples of the polymer solid electrolyte include a polymer in which a salt of Li is dissolved in the aforementioned polyether polymer compound, and a polymer in which the terminal hydroxyl group of the polyether is substituted with an alkoxide.
In order to prevent a short circuit between the electrodes, a porous separator such as a porous film or a nonwoven fabric is usually interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. In this case, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is used by impregnating a porous separator. As a material for the separator, polyolefin such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyethersulfone, and the like are used, and polyolefin is preferable.

  The form of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited. Examples include a cylinder type in which a sheet electrode and a separator are spiral, a cylinder type having an inside-out structure in which a pellet electrode and a separator are combined, a coin type in which a pellet electrode and a separator are stacked, and the like. In addition, by storing batteries of these forms in an optional outer case, the battery can be used in an arbitrary shape such as a coin shape, a cylindrical shape, or a square shape.

  The procedure for assembling the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be assembled by an appropriate procedure according to the structure of the battery. For example, the negative electrode is placed on the outer case, and the electrolytic solution is placed thereon. A separator is provided, and a positive electrode is placed so as to face the negative electrode, and it is caulked together with a gasket and a sealing plate to form a battery.

<Battery performance>
The battery produced as described above exhibits the following performance.
As for the discharge C rate characteristic, the discharge capacity at 1 C / discharge capacity at 0.2 C is preferably 85% or more, more preferably 88% or more, and still more preferably 90% or more. If the discharge C rate is poor, it indicates that there is little energy that can be taken out of the battery in a short time.
The cycle maintenance ratio is usually 70% or more, preferably 75% or more, more preferably 80% or more. If the cycle maintenance ratio is too low, it is not suitable for applications in which charging and discharging are repeated and used for a long period of time. Here, the cycle maintenance ratio represents the discharge capacity at the 200th cycle relative to the discharge capacity at the first cycle.

  EXAMPLES Next, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

<Measurement method>
(1) Volume-based average particle diameter (d50)
The particle diameter is measured by suspending 0.01 g of a carbon material in 10 mL of a 0.2% by mass aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (for example, Tween 20 (registered trademark)) as a surfactant. What was measured as a volume-based median diameter in a measuring apparatus after being introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction / scattering type particle size distribution measuring apparatus “LA-920 made by HORIBA” and irradiated with an ultrasonic wave at 28 kHz for 1 minute, It is defined as a volume-based average particle diameter d50 in the present invention.

(2) BET specific surface area (SA)
The BET specific surface area is measured by, for example, using a specific surface area measuring device “AMS8000” manufactured by Okura Riken Co., Ltd., by the nitrogen gas adsorption flow method, using the BET one-point method. Specifically, 0.4 g of sample (carbon material) is filled in a cell, heated to 350 ° C., pretreated, cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature, and saturated with 30% nitrogen and 70% He gas. The amount of gas adsorbed and then heated to room temperature and desorbed was measured, and the specific surface area was calculated from the obtained results by a normal BET method.

<Example 1>
-Preparation of carbon material for negative electrode As the carbon material (A), spheroidized natural graphite having an average particle diameter (d50) and a BET specific surface area shown in Table 1 was used. This is designated as carbon material A1.
Using the spheroidized natural graphite having an average particle diameter (d50) and a BET specific surface area described in Table 1 as the carbon material (c), the spheroidized natural graphite and the binder pitch are mixed at a mass ratio of 100: 20, It was put into a kneader and mixed for 20 minutes. The obtained mixture was heat-treated in an inert gas at 700 ° C. for 2 hours and further at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour, and a composite carbon material (d) coated with a carbonaceous material (d) having different crystallinity on the surface of a spheroidized natural carbon material ( B1) was obtained. Table 1 shows the powder physical properties of the obtained carbon material for a negative electrode.

The carbon material (f) has an average particle size (d50) and a BET specific surface area of scale-like natural graphite as shown in Table 1. Carbonaceous particles (h) have carbon black (primary particle size = 40 nm, BET specific surface area (SA). = 62 m ² / g) was added, and the mixture was stirred at a chopper rotation speed of 3000 rpm for 20 minutes by a rotary mixer having a crushing mechanism of carbon black aggregates by a chopper and a powder mixing and stirring mechanism by rotation of a shovel. . The mixed powder and binder pitch were mixed at a mass ratio of 100: 20. The resulting mixture was heat-treated in an inert gas at 700 ° C. for 2 hours and further at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour, and a spherical composite in which carbon black fine particles and carbonaceous material (g) were composited on the surface of the carbon material particles. Particles (E1) were obtained. Table 1 shows the powder physical properties of the obtained carbon material for a negative electrode.

  Composite carbon material (A1): Composite carbon material (B1): Composite carbon material (E1) = 60: 30: 10 Weighed and mixed for 20 minutes using a twin-cylinder mixer. Obtained. Table 2 shows the powder physical properties of the obtained carbon material.

-Production of negative electrode A carbon material for a negative electrode of Example 1 with 10% of a conductive additive added was used as a negative electrode active material. To 98% by mass of the negative electrode active material, 1 mass of sodium carboxymethylcellulose was added as a thickener and a binder, respectively. % And an aqueous dispersion of styrene-butadiene rubber (concentration of styrene-butadiene rubber: 40% by mass) were added and mixed by biaxial kneading to form a slurry. The obtained slurry was applied on one side to a 10 μm rolled copper foil, dried, and rolled with a press. The active material layer size was 32 mm in width, 42 mm in length, and the uncoated part as a current collector tab welded part. It cut out in the shape which has and was set as the negative electrode. At this time, the density of the active material of the negative electrode was 1.75 g / cm ³ .

-Production of positive electrode The positive electrode active material is a lithium transition metal composite oxide synthesized by the method described below, and is represented by the composition formula LiMn _0.33 Ni _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ . Mn ₃ O ₄ as a manganese raw material, NiO as a nickel raw material, and Co (OH) ₂ as a cobalt raw material are weighed so as to have a molar ratio of Mn: Ni: Co = 1: 1: 1, and pure water is added thereto. In addition, a slurry was added, and while stirring, the solid content in the slurry was wet-ground using a circulating medium stirring wet bead mill so that the volume-based average particle diameter d50 was 0.2 μm.

The obtained slurry was spray-dried with a spray drier to obtain substantially spherical granulated particles having a particle size of about 5 μm and consisting only of manganese raw material, nickel raw material and cobalt raw material. To the obtained granulated particles, LiOH powder having a volume-based average particle diameter d50 of 3 μm was added so that the ratio of the number of moles of Li to the total number of moles of Mn, Ni, and Co was 1.05. Mixing with a speed mixer gave a mixed powder of nickel raw material, cobalt raw material, granulated particles of manganese raw material and lithium raw material. This mixed powder was calcined at 950 ° C. for 12 hours under air flow (climbing temperature 5 ° C./min), then crushed and passed through a sieve having an opening of 45 μm to obtain a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material had a BET specific surface area of 1 m ² / g, an average primary particle size of 1 μm, a volume-based average particle size d50 of 8 μm, and a tap density of 1.7 g / cm ³ .

90% by mass of the positive electrode active material described above, 7% by mass of acetylene black as a conductive material, and 3% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder were mixed in an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent, Slurried. The obtained slurry was applied to a 15 μm aluminum foil, dried, and rolled to a thickness of 100 μm with a press machine. The positive electrode active material layer had a width of 30 mm, a length of 40 mm, and an uncoated part for current collection. It was cut out into a shape having a positive electrode. The density of the positive electrode active material layer was 2.6 g / cm ³ .

Preparation of electrolyte solution Lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mol / L) sufficiently dried at a concentration of 1 mol / L in a mixture (volume ratio 3: 7) of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) under an inert atmosphere LiPF ₆ ) was dissolved. Furthermore, what added 1 mass% of vinylene carbonate (VC) to the electrolyte solution was used.

-Production of Battery One positive electrode and one negative electrode were arranged so that the active material surfaces face each other, and a porous polyethylene sheet separator (thickness 25 μm) was sandwiched between the electrodes. At this time, the positive electrode active material surface was faced so as not to deviate from the negative electrode active material surface. A current collector tab is welded to the uncoated portion of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode body, and a laminate sheet (total thickness) in which a polypropylene film, an aluminum foil having a thickness of 0.04 mm, and a nylon film are laminated in this order. 0.1 mm) was sandwiched with a laminate sheet so that the polypropylene film was on the inner surface side, and the area without electrodes was heat-sealed except for one piece for injecting the electrolyte solution. Thereafter, 200 μL of the non-aqueous electrolyte was injected into the active material layer, sufficiently infiltrated into the electrode, and sealed to prepare a laminate cell. The rated capacity of this battery is 40 mAh.

  Initially in a voltage range of 4.35 to 3.0 V and a current value of 0.2 C in a 25 ° C. environment (the rated capacity due to the discharge capacity at 1 hour rate is 1 C, and the same applies hereinafter). Conditioning was performed. Furthermore, after performing aging at 60 degreeC, it discharged to 3.0V.

(Discharge C rate characteristics)
The discharge capacity at each C rate was confirmed by the following method. After charging to 4.35 V at 0.5 C, the battery was discharged at 0.2 C, and the discharge capacity at that time was determined. Next, the battery was charged again at 0.5C, and discharged and discharged at 1C. C rate characteristics were measured using the following formula. The measurement results are shown in Table 2.
(Expression) C rate characteristic = discharge capacity at 1 C / discharge capacity at 0.2 C

(Cycle maintenance rate measurement)
Using the discharge capacity at the first cycle as a reference, the cycle maintenance factor was calculated from the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle according to the following equation.
Cycle retention ratio (%) = 50th cycle discharge capacity / first cycle discharge capacity × 100

<Example 2>
A negative electrode carbon material (E2) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of carbon black added to the carbonaceous particles (h) was 0.2%. Table 1 shows the powder physical properties of the obtained carbon material. Composite carbon material (A1): Composite carbon material (B1): Composite carbon material (E2) = 60: 30: 10 Weighed and mixed for 20 minutes using a twin-cylinder mixer. Obtained. Table 2 shows the powder physical properties and discharge C rate characteristics of the obtained carbon material.

<Comparative Example 1>
Composite carbon material (A1): Carbon material for negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composite carbon material (B1) was mixed so as to be 90:10. Table 2 shows the powder physical properties and discharge C rate characteristics of the obtained carbon material.

<Comparative example 2>
Composite carbon material (A1): Carbon material for negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for mixing so that composite carbon material (B1) = 70: 30. Table 2 shows the powder physical properties and discharge C rate characteristics of the obtained carbon material.

<Comparative Example 3>
Composite carbon material (A1): Carbon material for negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for mixing so that composite carbon material (B1) = 50: 50. Table 2 shows the powder physical properties and discharge C rate characteristics of the obtained carbon material.

  From Table 2, it is confirmed that the material obtained by mixing the carbon material (A), the composite carbon material (B), and the composite carbon material (E) has high discharge C rate characteristics and cycle retention.

  By using the carbon material for a negative electrode of the present invention for a non-aqueous secondary battery, a carbon material for a negative electrode for a non-aqueous secondary battery having a high capacity and good cycle characteristics can be provided.

Claims (5)

Carbon material (A), a composite carbon material (B) and a nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode carbon material containing a composite carbon material (E), the carbon material (A) is black lead particles natural graphite , and the above-mentioned composite carbon material (B), relative to a natural graphite carbon material (c), a particle complexed at least carbonaceous material (d), and an aspect ratio of 1.0 or higher 4. The composite carbon material (E) is a particle obtained by combining the carbon material (f), the carbonaceous material (g), and the carbonaceous particles (h) .
And the aspect ratio of 4.0 or more, and, against the total amount of carbon material (A) and the composite carbon material (B)
The mixing ratio of the carbon material (A) is 5% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, and the carbon material (A) is mixed with the carbon material (A).
The mixing ratio of the composite carbon material (E) to the total amount of the composite carbon material (B) and the composite carbon material (E) is 5 mass.
% To 95% by mass of a carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery negative electrode. The carbon material for a nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode according to claim 1, wherein at least the aspect ratio of the carbon material (A) is 1 or more and 4 or less. Nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode carbon material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that charcoal material (f) is a natural graphite. The carbon material for a nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the carbonaceous particles (h) are carbon black. A non-aqueous secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode includes a current collector and an active material layer formed on the current collector, and the active material layer is claimed. Item 5. A nonaqueous secondary battery comprising the carbon material for a nonaqueous secondary battery negative electrode according to any one of Items 1 to 4.