JP6338687B2 - 可燃性廃棄物をガラス化するためのガラス組成物及びこれを用いた可燃性廃棄物のガラス化方法 - Google Patents
可燃性廃棄物をガラス化するためのガラス組成物及びこれを用いた可燃性廃棄物のガラス化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
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Description
ウルチン原子力発電所から発生するガラス化対象廃棄物をガラス化するために、廃棄物別に含んでいる無機物の種類及び濃度を評価し、廃棄物から発生する無機物に適切な添加剤を投入し、溶融炉の工程変数、溶融品質、及び減容効果に優れたガラス組成物を選定した。
ガラス対象廃棄物をガラス化するために、Glass Form 1.1電算コードを用い、混合廃棄物(以下、「W1廃棄物」という)候補ガラスはAG8W1、可燃性廃棄物(以下、「雑固体」という)候補ガラスはDG−2、廃樹脂はSGを選定し、表1に成分と主な特性などを示した。
前記実施例2で選定したW1廃棄物候補ガラスAG8W1、雑固体候補ガラスDG−2、廃樹脂候補ガラスSGの粘度及び電気伝導度、相均質性及び液相温度、遷移温度及び軟化点、熱膨張係数及び圧縮強度に対する実験を下記のように実施した。
粘度を測定した結果、図2及び図3に示したように、候補ガラスDG−2、AG8W1、SGの粘度は運転温度1,150℃で要求される10〜100poiseの範囲内にあることを確認した。また、電気伝導度測定結果を示した図4及び図5を見ると、候補ガラスDG−2、AG8W1及びSGのいずれも1000℃以上で電気伝導度要求値を満たすことが分かった。
ガラスを長期的に溶融させるとき、結晶が生じないように液相温度(liquidus temperature)以上に維持することは非常に重要である。溶融温度で均質な溶融ガラスが生成すれば、ガラスの正常排出及び長期運転が可能であるが、反対に結晶相が形成されれば、沈澱が生じ、それは究極的に沈積によるガラス排出口の詰まり現象を引き起こすだけでなく、ガラスの化学的堅固性、すなわち浸出性(leachability)にも影響を与えることになる。経験的に溶融状態の温度とガラスの液相温度との違いは100℃以上を超えることが好ましいと知られている。
ガラスは物理/化学的面で結晶とは違い、遷移領域を持つ。すなわち、温度による体積変化は溶融液体が過冷却されるとき、結晶の場合、溶融温度で体積が急激に変わるが、ガラス溶融体の場合、過冷却時に体積が徐々に平衡状態に変化することが見られる。ガラスは温度による体積変化を現す。この際、勾配の変化が生じる温度をガラス変形温度またはガラス遷移温度(Tg)と呼び、熱力学的に準安定した平衡状態と言う。
ある物質のすべての構成要素は持続的な熱エネルギーによって振動する。温度の上昇に伴って熱エネルギーが増加して振幅が増加する結果をもたらし、結合力によって連結された二つの原子間の間隔が増加する。すなわち、温度の上昇に伴って膨脹が起こる。固体状態はこの熱エネルギーによる振動の強い結合によって制限されるが、液体状態はあまり制限されないため、液体の膨張係数は大きい。
AG8W1とSG候補ガラスの熱膨張係数を測定した結果、それぞれ107×10−7K−1と98×10−7K−1に測定された。この値は一般的なソーダ石灰ガラスの熱膨張係数に近いことが分かった。
ガラスの使用時、圧縮強度は重要な特性で、昔から破壊の原因を糾明してもっと堅固なガラスを生産しようと努力して来た。破壊過程は疲労現象に直結するもので、履歴による影響と特性条件をよく理解しなければならなく、表面結合はとても重要な要素で、強度を増大させるために充分に考慮しなければならない。ガラスの強度は破壊がガラスの全体に伝播するまでの値である。
ガラス化工程中に発生した溶融固化体は、中間貯蔵及び最終処理場の環境で、化学的観点で安定しなければならない。多くの他の材料の中でもガラスが放射性廃棄物の処理媒質として選定された最大の理由は、放射性物質を環境に漏出せずに長期間貯蔵する化学的堅固性に優れるからである。したがって、これまで選定した候補ガラス組成を国際的に認証された浸出試験法で試験及び分析して溶融固化体の化学的安全性を比較評価した。原子力環境技術院で選定したガラスの堅固性を互いに比較するために、フランスのR7T7高準位候補ガラスとアメリカのSRL−EA基準ガラスも並行して試験した。
US EPA TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)試験法は溶融固化体を最終処分した後、各種の事故に対する固化体の安全性を示す最も重要な指標である。最終処理場で溶融固化体が直面し得る危険は水との接触による放射能及び有害物質の流出であり、TCLP試験はその状況を予め考慮したシミュレーションであると思われる。
ガラスの化学的な耐久性評価のための浸出試験法で短期間(3ヶ月)の間に遂行することができるANSI/ANS16.1(American National Standards Institute/American Nuclear Society 16.1)浸出試験を遂行した。溶融固化体から浸出して出た主要元素とCo、Csなどの模擬放射性核種の濃度を分析して有効拡散度を計算し、各放射性核種に対して10回の浸出区間で決められた10個の浸出指数の平均値をその元素に対する浸出性指数(Leachability Index、Li)で評価した。
固化体の安全性、均一性及び再現性ある構成比などを測定するための堅固性試験としてUS DOE PCT(Product Consistency Test)は最小7日または長期間(数百日)の間に溶融固化体内の元素の浸出挙動を基準(benchmark)ガラスの浸出挙動と比較する試験である。遂行した候補ガラスはDG−2、AG8W1及びSGとフランスのR7T7、基準ガラスとしてアメリカのSavannah River研究所で製造したSRL−EA(Environmental Assessment)ガラスを使った。
溶融固化体を構成している元素の浸出メカニズム、長期間の化学的健全性の評価のために長期浸出試験法であるISO(International Standards Organization)標準試験法を用いて浸出試験法を遂行した。
前記実施例2で選定した3種の候補ガラスを用い、これらガラスのガラス化工程の容易性及びガラス化過程で発生した溶融固化体の品質を確認するために、実証設備を用いた実証試験を遂行した。
Claims (8)
- 可燃性廃棄物をガラス化するためのガラス組成物であって、
SiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、CaO、K2O、Li2O、MgO、Na2O及びTiO2を含み
前記可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物は、SiO 2 30〜60重量%、Al 2 O 3 6.5〜12.3重量%、B 2 O 3 9.97〜16重量%、CaO 4.82〜18.1重量%、K 2 O 1.63〜7.3重量%、Li 2 O 1.24〜10重量%、MgO 2.12〜6重量%、Na 2 O 4.5〜28重量%及びTiO 2 1.24〜5重量%を含むことを特徴とする、可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物。 - 前記可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物は、CeO2 0.1〜5重量%、CoO 0.01〜2重量%、VO2 0.08〜5重量%、ZnO 0.22〜5重量%及びZrO2 0.5〜3重量%をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物。
- 前記可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物は、SiO2 37.5〜43.14重量%、Al2O3 7.07〜12.3重量%、B2O3 9.97〜11.29重量%、CaO 4.82〜18.1重量%、K2O 1.63〜7.3重量%、Li2O 1.24〜5.25重量%、MgO 2.12〜4.63重量%、Na2O 4.5〜17.57重量%及びTiO2 1.24〜3.09重量%を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物。
- 前記可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物は、CeO 2 0.62重量%、CoO 0.01〜0.31重量%、VO 2 0.08〜1.26重量%、ZnO 0.22重量%及びZrO 2 0.93〜1.13重量%をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の可燃性廃棄物用ガラス組成物。
- 可燃性廃棄物をガラス化する方法であって、
溶融炉に可燃性廃棄物とSiO 2 30〜60重量%、Al 2 O 3 6.5〜12.3重量%、B 2 O 3 9.97〜16重量%、CaO 4.82〜18.1重量%、K 2 O 1.63〜7.3重量%、Li 2 O 1.24〜10重量%、MgO 2.12〜6重量%、Na 2 O 4.5〜28重量%及びTiO 2 1.24〜5重量%を含むガラス組成物を一緒に投入することを特徴とする、可燃性廃棄物ガラス化方法。 - 前記ガラス組成物は、CeO2 0.1〜5重量%、CoO 0.01〜2重量%、VO2 0.08〜5重量%、ZnO 0.22〜5重量%及びZrO2 0.5〜3重量%をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の可燃性廃棄物ガラス化方法。
- 前記ガラス組成物は、SiO2 37.5〜43.14重量%、Al2O3 7.07〜12.3重量%、B2O3 9.97〜11.29重量%、CaO 4.82〜18.1重量%、K2O 1.63〜7.3重量%、Li2O 1.24〜5.25重量%、MgO 2.12〜4.63重量%、Na2O 4.5〜17.57重量%及びTiO2 1.24〜3.09重量%を含むことを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の可燃性廃棄物ガラス化方法。
- 前記ガラス組成物は、CeO 2 0.62重量%、CoO 0.01〜0.31重量%、VO 2 0.08〜1.26重量%、ZnO 0.22重量%及びZrO 2 0.93〜1.13重量%をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の可燃性廃棄物ガラス化方法。
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