JP6244920B2 - Method and apparatus for heating and drying cement-containing molded product - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for heating and drying cement-containing molded product Download PDF

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JP6244920B2
JP6244920B2 JP2014002691A JP2014002691A JP6244920B2 JP 6244920 B2 JP6244920 B2 JP 6244920B2 JP 2014002691 A JP2014002691 A JP 2014002691A JP 2014002691 A JP2014002691 A JP 2014002691A JP 6244920 B2 JP6244920 B2 JP 6244920B2
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鈴木 淳
淳 鈴木
一 大塚
一 大塚
晴久 上田
晴久 上田
武司 堤
武司 堤
利翔 兼松
利翔 兼松
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本発明は、微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントを混練して成型し、塊成化する際、成型物の強度の早期発現を図るセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法と装置に関する。   The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for heating / drying a cement-containing molded product that achieves early manifestation of strength of the molded product when kneading, molding, and agglomerating fine ore, other raw materials, and cement.

従来から、微粉鉱石を焼成や焼結によって塊成化する方法が知られている。一方、セメントと、微粉鉱石及びその他原料を混練して成型し、塊成化する方法が提案されている(例えば、非特許文献1、参照)。   Conventionally, a method of agglomerating fine ore by firing or sintering is known. On the other hand, a method has been proposed in which cement, fine ore and other raw materials are kneaded, molded, and agglomerated (for example, see Non-Patent Document 1).

微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントを混練して成型し、塊成化する方法は、焼成や焼結によって塊成化する方法に比べて、省エネルギーの点で優れ、かつ、排ガス問題がないので環境上好ましい方法である。しかし、成型直後の成型物は強度が低く、ハンドリング可能な強度(圧潰強度で3N/mm2以上)まで通常3日以上かけて1次養生を行ない、その後、2次養生を行なう方法が一般的に採用されている(例えば、特許文献1及び特許文献2、参照)。 The method of kneading, molding and agglomerating fine ore, other raw materials, and cement is superior in terms of energy saving compared to the method of agglomerating by firing and sintering, and there are no exhaust gas problems. This is an environmentally preferable method. However, the molded product immediately after molding is low in strength, and it is common to perform primary curing for 3 days or more until the strength that can be handled (crushing strength is 3 N / mm 2 or more), and then secondary curing is common. (See, for example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2).

そのため、成型設備に隣接して1次養生ヤードを設ける必要があるが、1次養生ヤードのスペース制約のため、処理量が制限される。そのため、1次養生時間を短縮することが望まれている。   For this reason, it is necessary to provide a primary curing yard adjacent to the molding equipment, but the amount of processing is limited due to space limitations of the primary curing yard. Therefore, it is desired to shorten the primary curing time.

また、1次養生が完了するまでの間に成型物が雨に濡れると、成型物中のセメント成分が流出して成型物が崩壊するので、屋根付きの1次養生ヤードを建設する必要があり、設備費が高くなる。そのためにも、1次養生時間を短縮する必要がある。   Also, if the molded product gets wet in the rain before the primary curing is completed, the cement component in the molded product will flow out and the molded product will collapse. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a primary curing yard with a roof. , Equipment costs will be high. Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the primary curing time.

本発明者らは、成型物の温度を70〜80℃、水分量を6〜11%とすると、1次養生を1日以内で行えることを別途確認した。しかし、生産性の高い押出機で成型する場合、押出機内での押出抵抗を小さくするために、成型物の水分量を11%超(通常、12〜13%程度)と高くせざるを得ない。それ故、1次養生時間の短縮は難しいのが現状である。   The inventors separately confirmed that the primary curing can be performed within one day when the temperature of the molded product is 70 to 80 ° C. and the water content is 6 to 11%. However, when molding with an extruder with high productivity, in order to reduce the extrusion resistance in the extruder, the water content of the molded product must be increased to over 11% (usually about 12 to 13%). . Therefore, it is difficult to shorten the primary curing time.

特開昭51−025402号公報JP 51-025402 A 特開2005−200719号公報JP 2005-200719 A

高橋愛和,高橋礼二郎:鉄と鋼,70(1984),p37Aiwa Takahashi, Reijiro Takahashi: Iron and Steel, 70 (1984), p37

本発明は、従来技術の現状を踏まえ、微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントを混練して成型したセメント含有成型物(以下、単に「成型物」ということがある。)において、成型直後の、水分量を多く含む、例えば、11%超を超えて含む成型物の強度を、ハンドリング可能な強度(例えば、圧潰強度で3N/mm2以上)まで、早期(1日以内)に高めることを課題とし、該課題を解決する成型物の昇温・乾燥方法と装置を提供することを目的とする。 In the present invention, based on the current state of the art, fine ore, other raw materials, and a cement-containing molded product formed by kneading cement (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “molded product”), The problem is to increase the strength of a molded product containing a large amount of water, for example, exceeding 11%, to an early level (within 1 day) to a handleable strength (for example, a crushing strength of 3 N / mm 2 or more). And it aims at providing the temperature rising and drying method and apparatus of a molding which solve this subject.

本発明者らは、上記課題を解決する手法について鋭意検討した。その結果、成型機の直後にバンド乾燥機を配置して、成型直後の成型物を昇温・乾燥し、成型物の上層と下層の水分量の差を所定値以下にすれば、成型物の強度を、ハンドリング可能な強度(例えば、圧潰強度で3N/mm2以上)まで高める1次養生を1日以内で完了できることを見いだした。 The present inventors diligently studied a method for solving the above problems. As a result, if a band dryer is placed immediately after the molding machine, the molded product immediately after molding is heated and dried, and the difference in moisture content between the upper layer and the lower layer of the molded product is set to a predetermined value or less. It has been found that primary curing can be completed within one day, increasing the strength to a handleable strength (for example, a crush strength of 3 N / mm 2 or more).

本発明は、上記知見に基づいてなされたもので、その要旨は次のとおりである。   The present invention has been made based on the above findings, and the gist thereof is as follows.

(1)微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントを混練して、成型機で成型したセメント含有成形物を、乾燥機で昇温・乾燥し、その後の養生を経て高炉装入物とする方法において、
(i)成型機の直後にバンド乾燥機を配置し、バンド乾燥機に、温度100〜180℃、露点45〜80℃の熱風を送り込んで、水分量が11質量%を超える成型直後のセメント含有成型物を昇温・乾燥し、
(ii)バンド乾燥機の出側で、セメント含有成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差を3質量%以下とすることで、その後の1日以内の1次養生完了時のセメント含有成型物の圧潰強度を3N/mm 2 以上とする
ことを特徴とするセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。
(1) In a method in which fine ore, other raw materials, and cement are kneaded, a cement-containing molded product molded by a molding machine is heated and dried with a dryer , and then cured to form a blast furnace charge . ,
(I) A band dryer is placed immediately after the molding machine, and hot air having a temperature of 100 to 180 ° C. and a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C. is sent to the band dryer, and the cement content immediately after molding in which the moisture content exceeds 11% by mass. The molded product is heated and dried,
(Ii) a band drier outlet side of the difference of the upper water content and lower water content of the cement-containing moldings by 3 mass% or less, primary curing at completion of cement within the next day mETHOD heating and drying of the cement-containing molded product according to claim <br/> that the crushing strength of the containing shaped product to 3N / mm 2 or more.

(2)前記(i)工程において、バンド乾燥機に、温度120〜150℃、露点45〜80℃の熱風を送り込むことを特徴とする前記(1)に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   (2) In the step (i), hot air having a temperature of 120 to 150 ° C. and a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C. is fed into the band dryer. Drying method.

(3)前記(ii)工程において、セメント含有成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差を2質量%以下とすることを特徴とする前記(1)又は(2)に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   (3) The cement according to (1) or (2), wherein, in the step (ii), the difference between the water content of the upper layer and the water content of the lower layer is 2% by mass or less. Method for heating and drying the contained molded product.

(4)前記成型機が押出し成型機であることを特徴とする前記(1)〜(3)のいずれかに記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   (4) The method for heating and drying a cement-containing molded product according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the molding machine is an extrusion molding machine.

(5)前記押出し成型機で押し出すセメント含有成型物の層厚を調整し、前記水分量の差を確保することを特徴とする前記(1)〜(4)に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   (5) Adjusting the layer thickness of the cement-containing molded product to be extruded by the extrusion molding machine and ensuring the difference in the amount of moisture, the ascending of the cement-containing molded product according to (1) to (4), Warm / drying method.

(6)前記セメント含有成型物の層厚が50mm以上、100mm以下であることを特徴とする前記(5)に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   (6) The method for heating and drying a cement-containing molded article according to (5) above, wherein the layer thickness of the cement-containing molded article is 50 mm or more and 100 mm or less.

(7)前記熱風を、風速1.0〜2.5m/secでバンド乾燥機に送り込み、1〜5分、昇温・乾燥を行なうことを特徴とする前記(1)〜(6)のいずれかに記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   (7) The hot air is fed into a band dryer at a wind speed of 1.0 to 2.5 m / sec, and heated and dried for 1 to 5 minutes. A method for heating and drying the cement-containing molded product according to claim 1.

(8)微粉鉱石、副原料、及び、セメントを混練して、成型機で成型したセメント含有成型物を、乾燥機で昇温・乾燥し、その後の養生を経て高炉装入物とする装置において、成型機の直後に、熱風の送風条件を、温度100〜180℃、露点45〜80℃、風速1.0〜2.5m/secの各範囲内の所定条件で制御可能な、成型直後のセメント含有成型物を昇温・乾燥するバンド乾燥機を配置したことを特徴とするセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥装置。
(8) In a device that kneads fine ore, auxiliary materials, and cement, and molds the cement-containing molded product molded by a molding machine with a dryer and then heats and dries it, and then cures it to form a blast furnace charge . Immediately after the molding machine, the hot air blowing conditions can be controlled under predetermined conditions within the ranges of a temperature of 100 to 180 ° C., a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C., and a wind speed of 1.0 to 2.5 m / sec . A temperature rising / drying device for a cement-containing molded article, wherein a band dryer for raising the temperature and drying the cement-containing molded article is arranged.

(9)前記成型機が押出し成形機であることを特徴とする前記(8)に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥装置。   (9) The temperature rising / drying device for a cement-containing molded product according to (8), wherein the molding machine is an extrusion molding machine.

本発明によれば、微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントを混練して成形した成型物の強度をハンドリング可能な強度(例えば、圧潰強度で3N/mm2以上)まで高める1次養生を、従来は3日を要していたが、1日以内に行なうことができる。その結果、(a)1次養生ヤードを狭くできる、(b)従来と同じ1次養生ヤード面積で微粉鉱石の処理量を3倍に増加することができる、(c)屋根付き1次養生ヤードを小さくでき、設備費を安くできる等の効果を得ることができる。 According to the present invention, a primary curing that increases the strength of a molded product obtained by kneading fine ore, other raw materials, and cement to a strength that can be handled (for example, a crushing strength of 3 N / mm 2 or more) Took 3 days, but can be done within 1 day. As a result, (a) the primary curing yard can be narrowed, (b) the processing amount of fine ore can be increased by a factor of 3 in the same primary curing yard area as before, (c) the primary curing yard with a roof Can be reduced, and the effect of reducing the equipment cost can be obtained.

セメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥特性を調査するための試験方法と装置の概略を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the outline of the test method and apparatus for investigating the temperature rising and drying characteristic of a cement containing molding. セメント含有成型物の層厚と、該成型物の各層(上層、中層、下層)の乾燥速度との関係を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the relationship between the layer thickness of a cement containing molding, and the drying rate of each layer (upper layer, middle layer, lower layer) of this molding. セメント含有成型物の層厚と、該成型物の各層(上層、中層、下層)の乾燥速度との別の関係を示す図である。It is a figure which shows another relationship between the layer thickness of a cement containing molding, and the drying rate of each layer (upper layer, middle layer, lower layer) of this molding. 露点15℃及び露点45℃の熱風の場合における熱風温度と昇温速度の関係を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the relationship between hot air temperature and the temperature increase rate in the case of hot air with a dew point of 15 degreeC and a dew point of 45 degreeC. 本発明の装置の一態様を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the one aspect | mode of the apparatus of this invention. 図5に示すバンド乾燥機による昇温・乾燥の物質収支の一例を示す図である。It is a figure which shows an example of the material balance of temperature rising and drying by the band dryer shown in FIG. バンド乾燥機出側における成型物の上層水分量と下層水分量の差(%)と、1次養生後の成型物の水分量のバラツキの関係を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the relationship (%) of the upper layer moisture content and lower layer moisture content of a molding in the band dryer delivery side, and the variation of the moisture content of the molding after primary curing. バンド乾燥機出側における成型物の上層水分量と下層水分量の差(%)と、1次養生後の成型物の圧潰強度の関係を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the relationship (%) of the upper layer moisture content and lower layer moisture content of a molding in the band dryer exit side, and the crushing strength of the molding after primary curing.

本発明のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法(以下「本発明方法」ということがある。)は、微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントを混練して、成型機で成型したセメント含有成形物を、乾燥機で昇温・乾燥し、その後の養生を経て高炉装入物とする方法において、
(i)成型機の直後にバンド乾燥機を配置し、バンド乾燥機に、温度100〜180℃、露点45〜80℃の熱風を送り込んで、水分量が11質量%を超える成型直後のセメント含有成型物を昇温・乾燥し、
(ii)バンド乾燥機の出側で、セメント含有成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差を3質量%以下とすることで、その後の1日以内の1次養生完了時のセメント含有成型物の圧潰強度を3N/mm 2 以上とする
ことを特徴とする。
The method for heating and drying the cement-containing molded product of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the “method of the present invention”) is a cement-containing molding in which fine ore, other raw materials, and cement are kneaded and molded by a molding machine. In the method of heating the material with a dryer and drying it, and then making it into a blast furnace charge through subsequent curing ,
(I) A band dryer is placed immediately after the molding machine, and hot air having a temperature of 100 to 180 ° C. and a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C. is sent to the band dryer, and the cement content immediately after molding in which the moisture content exceeds 11% by mass. The molded product is heated and dried,
(Ii) a band drier outlet side of the difference of the upper water content and lower water content of the cement-containing moldings by 3 mass% or less, primary curing at completion of cement within the next day The crushing strength of the contained molded product is 3 N / mm 2 or more .

前記(i)工程において、バンド乾燥機に送り込む熱風は、温度120〜150℃、露点45〜80℃の熱風が好ましい。   In the step (i), the hot air sent into the band dryer is preferably hot air having a temperature of 120 to 150 ° C and a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C.

前記(ii)工程において、セメント含有成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差は2質量%以下が好ましい。   In the step (ii), the difference between the water content in the upper layer and the water content in the lower layer of the cement-containing molded product is preferably 2% by mass or less.

以下、本発明方法について説明する。   Hereinafter, the method of the present invention will be described.

本発明者らは、成型直後の高水分量(例えば、11質量%以上)のセメント含有成型物を昇温・乾燥して、温度70〜80℃、水分量6〜11質量%の成形体にするため、バンド乾燥機を適用することを発想した。   The inventors of the present invention heated and dried a cement-containing molded product having a high water content (for example, 11% by mass or more) immediately after molding into a molded product having a temperature of 70 to 80 ° C. and a water content of 6 to 11% by mass. In order to do so, the idea was to apply a band dryer.

通常、バンド乾燥機は、乾燥が目的の乾燥機であるので、成型物を乾燥する場合、成型物の形状を維持できる範囲内で乾燥速度が最大になるように設計される。本発明方法の場合、昇温・乾燥後の成型物は、適正温度(70〜80℃)と適正水分量(6〜11質量%)に維持する必要があるので、バンド乾燥機は、昇温速度と乾燥速度を個別に制御できるように設計する必要がある。   Usually, the band dryer is a dryer intended for drying, and therefore, when the molded product is dried, it is designed so that the drying speed is maximized within a range in which the shape of the molded product can be maintained. In the case of the method of the present invention, the molded product after the temperature rise and drying needs to be maintained at an appropriate temperature (70 to 80 ° C.) and an appropriate water content (6 to 11% by mass). It is necessary to design so that the speed and the drying speed can be controlled individually.

本発明者らは、図1に示す試験方法と装置で、セメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥特性を調査した。図1に示すように、φ390mmの円筒体2の内部に、5〜20kgで、厚さ5〜20cmの成型物1を保持し、40kWの熱風発生装置3で発生した熱風4を、成型物1の下部空間に送り込んで、成型物1を昇温・乾燥した。   The present inventors investigated the temperature rise / drying characteristics of the cement-containing molded product using the test method and apparatus shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 1, a molded product 1 having a thickness of 5 to 20 cm and a thickness of 5 to 20 cm is held inside a cylindrical body 2 having a diameter of 390 mm, and the hot air 4 generated by a 40 kW hot air generator 3 is used as the molded product 1. The molded product 1 was heated and dried.

その際、成型物1の層厚を変更し、また、熱風4の温度と露点を変更して、成型物1の昇温速度と乾燥速度を測定した。測定結果を、図2〜図4に示す。   At that time, the layer thickness of the molded product 1 was changed, and the temperature and the dew point of the hot air 4 were changed to measure the heating rate and the drying rate of the molded product 1. The measurement results are shown in FIGS.

図2に、温度120℃、露点15℃の熱風で成型物を昇温・乾燥したときの、成型物の層厚と、成型物の各層(上層、中層、下層)の乾燥速度との関係を示す。   Fig. 2 shows the relationship between the layer thickness of the molded product and the drying rate of each layer (upper layer, middle layer, lower layer) when the molded product is heated and dried with hot air at a temperature of 120 ° C and a dew point of 15 ° C. Show.

昇温・乾燥は、図1に示すように、熱風4を、成型物1の下部空間に送り込み、成型物1を通過させて行っているので、成型物1の上部と下部で乾燥速度は異なる。本発明者らは、成型物を上層、中層、及び、下層の3層に区分し、各層の乾燥速度を測定した。   As shown in FIG. 1, the temperature rise / drying is performed by sending hot air 4 into the lower space of the molded product 1 and passing the molded product 1, so that the drying speed is different between the upper part and the lower part of the molded product 1. . The inventors divided the molded product into three layers of an upper layer, a middle layer, and a lower layer, and measured the drying rate of each layer.

なお、成型物における上層、中層、及び、下層の区分は、特定の層区分に限定されないが、層厚方向の乾燥速度、昇温速度を調べるために、上層、中層、及び、下層の3層に区分して調査した。   In addition, the upper layer, the middle layer, and the lower layer in the molded product are not limited to specific layer divisions, but in order to examine the drying rate and the temperature rise rate in the layer thickness direction, the upper layer, the middle layer, and the lower layer are divided into three layers. The survey was divided into two categories.

図2から、成型物の層厚(上層+中層+下層)が厚くなると、下層の乾燥速度(図2中「□」、参照)と上層の乾燥速度(図2中「○」、参照)の差が大きくなることが解る。即ち、下層では過乾燥となり、上層では水分凝縮が起きて、成型物の全層にわたる均一な乾燥が得られない。また、図2から、成型物の平均乾燥速度は、成型物の層厚によらず、略一定であることが解る。   From FIG. 2, when the layer thickness of the molded product (upper layer + middle layer + lower layer) becomes thicker, the lower layer drying rate (see “□” in FIG. 2) and the upper layer drying rate (see “◯” in FIG. 2) It can be seen that the difference increases. That is, the lower layer is overdried, and the upper layer is condensed with water, so that uniform drying over the entire layer of the molded product cannot be obtained. In addition, it can be seen from FIG. 2 that the average drying speed of the molded product is substantially constant regardless of the layer thickness of the molded product.

図3に、温度120℃、露点45℃の熱風で成型物を昇温・乾燥したときの、成型物の層厚と、成型物の各層(上層、中層、下層)の乾燥速度との関係を示す。   Figure 3 shows the relationship between the layer thickness of the molded product and the drying rate of each layer (upper layer, middle layer, lower layer) when the molded product is heated and dried with hot air at a temperature of 120 ° C and a dew point of 45 ° C. Show.

図2に示す関係と同様に、成型物の層厚が厚くなると、下層の乾燥速度(図3中「□」、参照)と上層の乾燥速度(図2中「○」、参照)の差が大きくなることが解る。即ち、下層では過乾燥となり、上層では乾燥不足となり、成型物の全層にわたる均一な乾燥が得られない。また、成型物の平均乾燥速度は、図2に示す関係と同様に、成型物の層厚によらず、略一定であることが解る。   Similar to the relationship shown in FIG. 2, when the layer thickness of the molded product increases, the difference between the drying speed of the lower layer (see “□” in FIG. 3) and the drying speed of the upper layer (see “◯” in FIG. 2) It turns out that it grows. That is, the lower layer is overdried, the upper layer is insufficiently dried, and uniform drying over the entire layer of the molded product cannot be obtained. Moreover, it turns out that the average drying speed of a molded object is substantially constant irrespective of the layer thickness of a molded object similarly to the relationship shown in FIG.

ただし、上層の乾燥速度と下層の乾燥速度の差は、図2に示す露点15℃のときの差に比べ、小さくなっている。   However, the difference between the drying speed of the upper layer and the drying speed of the lower layer is smaller than the difference when the dew point is 15 ° C. shown in FIG.

図4に、露点15℃及び露点45℃の熱風の場合における熱風温度と昇温速度の関係を示す。熱風温度が高いほど、昇温速度が速くなる。また、熱風温度が同じでも、露点が異なると昇温速度が異なる。昇温速度は、露点45℃の熱風の方が、露点15℃の熱風より速い。   FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the hot air temperature and the heating rate in the case of hot air having a dew point of 15 ° C. and a dew point of 45 ° C. The higher the hot air temperature, the faster the temperature raising rate. Moreover, even if the hot air temperature is the same, the heating rate is different if the dew point is different. As for the rate of temperature increase, hot air with a dew point of 45 ° C is faster than hot air with a dew point of 15 ° C.

熱風温度が180℃を超えると成型物の下層の乾燥速度が速くなり、成型物が形状を維持できない爆裂現象が起き、通風できなくなった。このことから、熱風温度は180℃以下とする。好ましくは150℃以下である。   When the hot air temperature exceeded 180 ° C., the drying speed of the lower layer of the molded product was increased, and an explosion phenomenon that the molded product could not maintain its shape occurred and ventilation was not possible. For this reason, the hot air temperature is set to 180 ° C. or less. Preferably it is 150 degrees C or less.

図2〜図4に示す測定結果に基づいて、バンド乾燥機を設計し、搬送時の乗継ぎ、落下による成型物の粉化を防止するため、成型機の直後に配置した。   Based on the measurement results shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, a band dryer was designed and arranged immediately after the molding machine in order to prevent pulverization of the molded product due to transit during transportation and dropping.

即ち、本発明方法を実施するセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥装置(以下「本発明装置」ということがある。)は、微粉鉱石、副原料、及び、セメントを混練して、成型機で成型したセメント含有成型物を、乾燥機で昇温・乾燥し、その後の養生を経て高炉装入物とする装置において、成型機の直後に、熱風の送風条件を、温度100〜180℃、露点45〜80℃、風速1.0〜2.5m/secの各範囲内の所定条件で制御可能な、成型直後のセメント含有成型物を昇温・乾燥するバンド乾燥機を配置したことを特徴とする。
That is, the cement-containing molded product heating / drying apparatus (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “the present apparatus”) for carrying out the method of the present invention kneads fine ore, auxiliary materials, and cement, In a device where the molded cement-containing molded product is heated and dried with a dryer and then cured to form a blast furnace charge , immediately after the molding machine, hot air blowing conditions are set at a temperature of 100 to 180 ° C. and a dew point. It is characterized by having a band dryer that can be controlled under predetermined conditions within a range of 45 to 80 ° C. and a wind speed of 1.0 to 2.5 m / sec. To do.

図5に、本発明方法を実施する本発明装置の一態様を示す。微粉鉱石ホッパー1a、副原料ホッパー2a、及び、セメントホッパー3aのそれぞれから、微粉鉱石、副原料、及び、セメントを所定割合で切り出し、混練用添加水4aを加えながら、混練・解砕機5で混練・解砕する。   FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the device of the present invention for carrying out the method of the present invention. From the fine ore hopper 1a, the auxiliary raw material hopper 2a, and the cement hopper 3a, the fine ore, the auxiliary raw material, and the cement are cut out at a predetermined ratio and kneaded by the kneading and pulverizing machine 5 while adding the additive water 4a for kneading.・ Disintegrate.

次いで、混練・解砕した成型物用原料に、成型用添加水4bを加えながら混練機6で混練し、次いで、成型機7で押し出して成型物を成型する。   Next, the kneaded and crushed material for molding is kneaded with the kneader 6 while adding the additive water 4b for molding, and then extruded by the molding machine 7 to mold the molded product.

成型機は、微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントの混練物を成型できるものであればよく、特定の成型機に限定されないが、生産性の観点からは、押出し成形機が好ましい。   The molding machine is not limited to a specific molding machine as long as it can mold a fine powder ore, other raw materials, and a cement kneaded material, but an extrusion molding machine is preferable from the viewpoint of productivity.

押出し成型機における押出抵抗を小さくして生産性を上げるため、微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントの混練物の水分量を、通常、11質量%以上とする。本発明方法においても同様で、成型直後の成型物の水分量は11質量%を超え、12〜13質量%以上である場合が多い。   In order to reduce the extrusion resistance in the extrusion molding machine and increase the productivity, the water content of the fine ore, other raw materials, and the cement kneaded material is usually 11% by mass or more. The same applies to the method of the present invention, and the water content of the molded product immediately after molding exceeds 11% by mass and is often 12 to 13% by mass or more.

水分量が多い、例えば、11質量%を超える成型直後の成型物は、成型機7の直後に配置されたバンド乾燥機8に直ちに送り込まれ、温度と露点を調整した熱風で昇温・乾燥される。この昇温・乾燥で、成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差を、バンド乾燥機の出側で3質量%以下とする。上記水分量の差が3質量%を超えると、12時間後の1次養生後の成型物の圧潰強度が、ハンドリング可能な強度まで上昇しない。好ましくは2質量%以下である。   A molded product having a high water content, for example, immediately after molding exceeding 11% by mass is immediately sent to a band dryer 8 arranged immediately after the molding machine 7 and heated and dried with hot air whose temperature and dew point are adjusted. The By this temperature rise and drying, the difference between the water content of the upper layer and the water content of the lower layer of the molded product is set to 3% by mass or less on the exit side of the band dryer. When the difference in water content exceeds 3% by mass, the crushing strength of the molded product after the primary curing after 12 hours does not increase to a handleable strength. Preferably it is 2 mass% or less.

成型物の層厚は、バンド乾燥機の出側で、成型物の形状を維持しつつ、成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差が3質量%以下になり得る層厚であればよいが、バンドの搬送速度を上げ過ぎないため、50mm以上が好ましく、上記水分量の差を確保する点で、100mm以下が好ましい。   The layer thickness of the molded product should be such that the difference between the moisture content of the upper layer and the lower layer of the molded product can be 3% by mass or less while maintaining the shape of the molded product on the exit side of the band dryer. However, 50 mm or more is preferable because the band transport speed is not increased too much, and 100 mm or less is preferable in terms of securing the above-described difference in water content.

熱風は、温度100〜180℃、好ましくは120〜150℃、露点45〜80℃の熱風とする。   The hot air is a hot air having a temperature of 100 to 180 ° C, preferably 120 to 150 ° C, and a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C.

熱風で成型物を乾燥するので、熱風温度は100℃以上とする。好ましくは120℃以上である。熱風温度が180℃を超えると、前述したように、成型物の下層の乾燥速度が速くなり、成型物が形状を維持できない爆裂現象が起きて通風ができなくなる(図4、参照)ので、熱風温度は180℃以下とする。好ましくは150℃以下である。   Since the molded product is dried with hot air, the hot air temperature is set to 100 ° C. or higher. Preferably it is 120 degreeC or more. If the hot air temperature exceeds 180 ° C., as described above, the drying speed of the lower layer of the molded product increases, and a blow phenomenon occurs in which the molded product cannot maintain its shape and ventilation is not possible (see FIG. 4). The temperature is 180 ° C. or lower. Preferably it is 150 degrees C or less.

熱風は、循環して用いるのが好ましい。熱風の一部は、バグフィルター9を経て系外へ排出される。熱風の循環量を調整することで、熱風の露点を調整することができる。循環しない場合は、熱風の露点調整のために、蒸気吹込み手段が必要となる。   The hot air is preferably used in a circulating manner. Part of the hot air is discharged out of the system through the bag filter 9. The dew point of hot air can be adjusted by adjusting the circulation amount of hot air. When not circulating, a steam blowing means is required for adjusting the dew point of hot air.

熱風の露点が45℃未満であると、熱風の顕熱が蒸発潜熱に奪われ昇温しないので、熱風の露点は45℃以上とする。熱風の露点が80℃を超えると、成型物表面で水分凝縮が起こり、乾燥出来ないので、熱風の露点は80℃以下とする。   If the dew point of the hot air is less than 45 ° C., the sensible heat of the hot air is lost to the latent heat of vaporization and the temperature does not rise. If the dew point of hot air exceeds 80 ° C., moisture condensation occurs on the surface of the molded product, and drying cannot be performed. Therefore, the dew point of hot air is set to 80 ° C. or less.

造粒直後の成型物の温度、水分量により、昇温・乾燥後の成型物の温度が70〜80℃、水分量が6〜11%となるように、上記範囲内で熱風温度、露点を調整する。   Depending on the temperature and moisture content of the molded product immediately after granulation, the hot air temperature and dew point should be set within the above ranges so that the temperature of the molded product after heating and drying is 70 to 80 ° C. and the moisture content is 6 to 11%. adjust.

バンド乾燥機に送り込む熱風の風速及び昇温・乾燥時間は、成型物の水分量、及び、熱風の温度及び露点等を考慮して、適宜、設定すればよいが、バンド乾燥機に送り込む熱風の風速は、1.0〜2.5m/secが好ましく、昇温・乾燥時間は1〜5分が好ましい。   The wind speed and temperature rise / drying time of the hot air sent to the band dryer may be appropriately set in consideration of the moisture content of the molded product and the temperature and dew point of the hot air. The wind speed is preferably 1.0 to 2.5 m / sec, and the temperature raising / drying time is preferably 1 to 5 minutes.

ここで、図6に、図5に示すバンド乾燥機による昇温・乾燥の物質収支の一例を示す。この例は、冬場において、成型物の温度が低い時の昇温速度の上昇に重点を置いた時の物質収支である。過乾燥を防止するため、露点を上げている。このため、排気を極力少なくし、排気量を、発生分の水分発生量と熱風を発生させる燃焼ガス量程度にしている。   Here, FIG. 6 shows an example of the mass balance of temperature rise and drying by the band dryer shown in FIG. This example is a mass balance when emphasizing an increase in the heating rate when the temperature of the molding is low in winter. The dew point is raised to prevent overdrying. For this reason, exhaust is reduced as much as possible, and the amount of exhaust is set to about the amount of moisture generated and the amount of combustion gas generating hot air.

夏場では、成型物の温度が高いので、温度上昇は少しでよく、乾燥に重点を置いて昇温・乾燥を行う。このため排気量を多くし、露点を下げて、乾燥速度を高める。   In summer, the temperature of the molded product is high, so the temperature rises only slightly, and the temperature is raised and dried with an emphasis on drying. For this reason, the displacement is increased, the dew point is lowered, and the drying speed is increased.

バンド乾燥機8で昇温・乾燥された成型物(上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差:3%以下、好ましくは2%以下)は落下衝撃に弱いので、落下距離を極力小さくし、成型物に落下衝撃を与えないように設計した積付け機10で、1次養生ヤード11に積み付ける。養生作業の効率を高める点で、1次養生ヤードは3面で構成するのが好ましい。   Since the molded product (temperature difference between the upper layer and the lower layer: 3% or less, preferably 2% or less) that has been heated and dried by the band dryer 8 is vulnerable to a drop impact, the fall distance is made as small as possible, The molded product is loaded in the primary curing yard 11 with a loader 10 designed not to give a drop impact. The primary curing yard is preferably composed of three surfaces in order to increase the efficiency of the curing operation.

成型物の強度を、1次養生で、ハンドリング可能な強度(圧潰強度で3N/mm2以上)まで、できるだけ早期(1日以内)に高めるため、本発明者らは、図5に示すバンド乾燥機による昇温・乾燥のための熱風条件を変えて、バンド乾燥機出側での成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差(%)と、1次養生ヤードへの積み付け後12時間経過した成型物の水分量のバラツキの関係を調査した。 In order to increase the strength of the molded product as early as possible (within 1 day) to the strength that can be handled by primary curing (crushing strength of 3 N / mm 2 or more), the present inventors have performed the band drying shown in FIG. After changing the hot air conditions for temperature rise and drying by the machine, the difference between the upper layer moisture content and the lower layer moisture content (%) on the exit side of the band dryer, and after loading in the primary curing yard The relationship of variation in the moisture content of the molded product after 12 hours was investigated.

この時、熱風の温度は100〜180℃、露点は45〜80℃とし、成型物の層厚を変えて、水分量のバラツキを測定した。   At this time, the temperature of the hot air was 100 to 180 ° C., the dew point was 45 to 80 ° C., and the variation in moisture content was measured by changing the layer thickness of the molded product.

図7に測定結果を示す。図7から、バンド乾燥機出側での成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差が大きいと、12時間の1次養生後の成型物の水分量のバラツキは大きく、1次養生後の成型物の圧潰強度が低くなる懸念がある。   FIG. 7 shows the measurement results. From FIG. 7, when the difference between the water content of the upper layer and the water content of the lower layer on the exit side of the band dryer is large, the variation in the water content of the molded product after the primary curing for 12 hours is large. There is a concern that the crushing strength of the later molded product is lowered.

このため、本発明者らは、さらに、バンド乾燥機出側での成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差(質量%)と、1次養生ヤードへの積み付け後12時間経過した成型物の圧潰強度の関係を調査した。図8に調査結果を示す。   For this reason, the present inventors further added a difference (mass%) between the moisture content of the upper layer and the moisture content of the lower layer on the outlet side of the band dryer, and 12 hours have elapsed after loading in the primary curing yard. The relationship between the crushing strength of the molded products was investigated. FIG. 8 shows the survey results.

図8から、バンド乾燥機出側での成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差が大きいと、1次養生後の成型物の圧潰強度は低下することが解る。これは、成型物において、水分量の少ない層では、セメントの水和反応が起こらず、水分量の多い層では、水和反応が遅いため、圧潰強度に不均一が生じ、成型物全体としての圧潰強度が上昇しないことによると推測される。   It can be seen from FIG. 8 that if the difference between the water content of the upper layer and the water content of the lower layer on the exit side of the band dryer is large, the crushing strength of the molded product after the primary curing is lowered. This is because, in a molded product, a layer with a small amount of water does not cause a hydration reaction of cement, and a layer with a high amount of water has a slow hydration reaction, resulting in uneven crushing strength. It is estimated that the crushing strength does not increase.

また、図8から、12時間の1次養生後に、成型物のハンドリングに必要な強度3N/mm2以上を達成するには、バンド乾燥機出側において、成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差を3%以下とすればよいことが解る。さらに、上記水分量の差を2%以下にすれば、圧潰強度は3N/mm2を超え、さらに好ましいことが解る。この時の熱風の温度は100〜180℃、露点は45〜80℃であった。 In addition, from FIG. 8, in order to achieve a strength of 3 N / mm 2 or more necessary for handling the molded article after the primary curing for 12 hours, on the outlet side of the band dryer, the moisture content of the upper layer of the molded article and the lower layer It can be seen that the difference in moisture content should be 3% or less. Further, it is understood that if the difference in water content is 2% or less, the crushing strength exceeds 3 N / mm 2 and is more preferable. The temperature of the hot air at this time was 100-180 degreeC, and the dew point was 45-80 degreeC.

したがって、1次養生ヤードの1面では、積付け8時間、養生12時間、払出し4時間の作業で、1次養生を1日で完了することができる。1次養生ヤードを3面で構成すると、1次養生を作業効率よく行うことができる。   Therefore, on one side of the primary curing yard, the primary curing can be completed in one day by the work of 8 hours of loading, 12 hours of curing, and 4 hours of payout. If the primary curing yard is composed of three surfaces, the primary curing can be performed efficiently.

1次養生後の圧潰強度3N/mm2以上の成型物は、篩12で、アンダーサイズ分とオーバーサイズ分が除去されて、2次養生ヤード13に積み付けられる。成型物は、2次養生ヤード13で2次養生して、強度が、高炉操業で必要な強度まで上昇した後、高炉装入物として使用される。 The molded product having a crushing strength of 3 N / mm 2 or more after the primary curing is removed by the sieve 12 from the undersize portion and the oversize portion, and is stacked in the secondary curing yard 13. The molded product is subjected to secondary curing in the secondary curing yard 13 and the strength is increased to a strength required for blast furnace operation, and then used as a blast furnace charge.

なお、篩12で除去されたアンダーサイズ分とオーバーサイズ分は、混練用原料として、混練・解砕機5へ送給される。   The undersize portion and the oversize portion removed by the sieve 12 are fed to the kneading / pulverizing machine 5 as a kneading raw material.

次に、本発明の実施例について説明するが、実施例での条件は、本発明の実施可能性及び効果を確認するために採用した一条件例であり、本発明は、この一条件例に限定されるものではない。本発明は、本発明の要旨を逸脱せず、本発明の目的を達成する限りにおいて、種々の条件を採用し得るものである。   Next, examples of the present invention will be described. The conditions in the examples are one example of conditions used for confirming the feasibility and effects of the present invention, and the present invention is based on this one example of conditions. It is not limited. The present invention can adopt various conditions as long as the object of the present invention is achieved without departing from the gist of the present invention.

(実施例)
微粉鉱石90%、副原料(塩基度調整用の微粉の石灰石)5%、及び、セメント5%を、混練用添加水を添加しつつ、混練・解砕機で混練・解砕した後、成型用添加水を添加して混練機で混練し、次いで、成型機で成型した。成型直後の成型物の水分量は13%であった。
(Example)
90% fine ore, 5% auxiliary material (fine limestone for adjusting basicity) and 5% cement are kneaded and crushed with a kneading and pulverizing machine while adding water for kneading, and then used for molding. The added water was added and kneaded with a kneader, and then molded with a molding machine. The water content of the molded product immediately after molding was 13%.

成型機90wet−t/hr1基に対し、成型機出口にバンド乾燥機1基を設置し、成型物を昇温・乾燥した。   One band dryer was installed at the molding machine outlet with respect to the molding machine 90 wet-t / hr1 group, and the molded product was heated and dried.

有効バンド面積は45m2で、成型物の13%の水分量を11%未満まで乾燥させるために、図6に示す循環風量で、冬場は、40℃で成型機から排出された成型物を、温度120℃、露点60℃の熱風で、2分、昇温・乾燥した。その結果、昇温・乾燥後の成型物は、温度70℃、平均水分量9%となった。成型物の層厚は50mmで、バンド乾燥機出側の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差は1.1%であった。 The effective band area is 45 m 2 , and in order to dry the moisture content of 13% of the molded product to less than 11%, the molded product discharged from the molding machine at 40 ° C. in the circulation air volume shown in FIG. The temperature was raised and dried for 2 minutes with hot air at a temperature of 120 ° C and a dew point of 60 ° C. As a result, the molded product after heating and drying had a temperature of 70 ° C. and an average moisture content of 9%. The layer thickness of the molded product was 50 mm, and the difference between the moisture content of the upper layer and the moisture content of the lower layer was 1.1%.

この成型物を、積付け時間8時間、1次養生時間12時間で養生し、その後、圧潰強度を測定した。圧潰強度は3.3N/mm2であった。 The molded product was cured with a loading time of 8 hours and a primary curing time of 12 hours, and then the crushing strength was measured. The crushing strength was 3.3 N / mm 2 .

同様に、夏場は、70℃で成型機から排出された成型物を、温度120℃、露点45℃の熱風で、2分、昇温・乾燥した。その結果、昇温・乾燥後の成型物は、温度78℃、平均水分量8%となった。成型物の層厚は50mmで、バンド乾燥機出側の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差は1.8%であった。   Similarly, in the summer, the molded product discharged from the molding machine at 70 ° C. was heated and dried for 2 minutes with hot air having a temperature of 120 ° C. and a dew point of 45 ° C. As a result, the molded product after heating and drying had a temperature of 78 ° C. and an average moisture content of 8%. The layer thickness of the molded product was 50 mm, and the difference between the moisture content of the upper layer and the moisture content of the lower layer on the band dryer exit side was 1.8%.

この成型物を、積付け時間8時間、1次養生時間12時間で養生し、その後、圧潰強度を測定した。圧潰強度は3.8N/mm2であった。 The molded product was cured with a loading time of 8 hours and a primary curing time of 12 hours, and then the crushing strength was measured. The crushing strength was 3.8 N / mm 2 .

前述したように、本発明によれば、従来3日を要していた1次養生を1日以内で行なうことができるので、(a)1次養生ヤードを狭くできる、(b)従来と同じヤード面積で微粉鉱石の処理量を3倍に増加することができる、(c)屋根付き1次養生ヤードを小さくでき、設備費を安くできる等の効果を得ることができる。よって、本発明は、鉄鋼産業において利用可能性が高いものである。   As described above, according to the present invention, since the primary curing that conventionally required three days can be performed within one day, (a) the primary curing yard can be narrowed, (b) the same as the conventional one. The processing amount of fine ore can be increased by a factor of three in the yard area, and (c) the primary curing yard with a roof can be reduced and the equipment cost can be reduced. Therefore, the present invention has high applicability in the steel industry.

1 成型物
2 円筒体
3 熱風発生装置
4 熱風
1a 微粉鉱石ホッパー
2a 副原料ホッパー
3a セメントホッパー
4a 混練用添加水
4b 成型用添加水
5 混練・解砕機
6 混練機
7 成型機
8 バンド乾燥機
9 バグフィルター
10 積付け機
11 1次養生ヤード
12 篩
13 2次養生ヤード
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Molded object 2 Cylindrical body 3 Hot air generator 4 Hot air 1a Fine powder ore hopper 2a Secondary raw material hopper 3a Cement hopper 4a Additive water for kneading 4b Additive water for molding 5 Kneading / pulverizing machine 6 Kneading machine 7 Molding machine 8 Band dryer 9 Bug Filter 10 Stacker 11 Primary curing yard 12 Sieve 13 Secondary curing yard

Claims (9)

微粉鉱石、その他原料、及び、セメントを混練して、成型機で成型したセメント含有成形物を、乾燥機で昇温・乾燥し、その後の養生を経て高炉装入物とする方法において、
(i)成型機の直後にバンド乾燥機を配置し、バンド乾燥機に、温度100〜180℃、露点45〜80℃の熱風を送り込んで、水分量が11質量%を超える成型直後のセメント含有成型物を昇温・乾燥し、
(ii)バンド乾燥機の出側で、セメント含有成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差を3質量%以下とすることで、その後の1日以内の1次養生完了時のセメント含有成型物の圧潰強度を3N/mm 2 以上とする
ことを特徴とするセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。
In a method of kneading fine ore, other raw materials, and cement, and molding a cement-containing molded product molded with a molding machine, heating and drying with a dryer , and then making it into a blast furnace charge through curing ,
(I) A band dryer is placed immediately after the molding machine, and hot air having a temperature of 100 to 180 ° C. and a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C. is sent to the band dryer, and the cement content immediately after molding in which the moisture content exceeds 11% by mass. The molded product is heated and dried,
(Ii) a band drier outlet side of the difference of the upper water content and lower water content of the cement-containing moldings by 3 mass% or less, primary curing at completion of cement within the next day mETHOD heating and drying of the cement-containing molded product according to claim <br/> that the crushing strength of the containing shaped product to 3N / mm 2 or more.
前記(i)工程において、バンド乾燥機に、温度120〜150℃、露点45〜80℃の熱風を送り込むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   In the said (i) process, hot air with a temperature of 120-150 degreeC and a dew point of 45-80 degreeC is sent into a band dryer, The temperature rising and drying method of the cement containing molding of Claim 1 characterized by the above-mentioned. 前記(ii)工程において、セメント含有成型物の上層の水分量と下層の水分量の差を2質量%以下とすることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   The temperature rise of the cement-containing molded article according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, in the step (ii), the difference between the water content of the upper layer and the moisture content of the lower layer of the cement-containing molded product is 2% by mass or less. -Drying method. 前記成型機が押出し成型機であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   The method for heating and drying a cement-containing molded article according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the molding machine is an extrusion molding machine. 前記押出し成型機で押し出すセメント含有成型物の層厚を調整し、前記水分量の差を確保することを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   The temperature rise of the cement-containing molded article according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a layer thickness of the cement-containing molded article extruded by the extrusion molding machine is adjusted to ensure a difference in the moisture content. -Drying method. 前記セメント含有成型物の層厚が50mm以上、100mm以下であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   6. The method for heating and drying a cement-containing molded article according to claim 5, wherein the cement-containing molded article has a layer thickness of 50 mm or more and 100 mm or less. 前記熱風を、風速1.0〜2.5m/secでバンド乾燥機に送り込み、1〜5分、昇温・乾燥を行なうことを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥方法。   The hot air is fed into a band dryer at a wind speed of 1.0 to 2.5 m / sec, and the temperature is raised and dried for 1 to 5 minutes. A method for heating and drying cement-containing moldings. 微粉鉱石、副原料、及び、セメントを混練して、成型機で成型したセメント含有成型物を、乾燥機で昇温・乾燥し、その後の養生を経て高炉装入物とする装置において、成型機の直後に、熱風の送風条件を、温度100〜180℃、露点45〜80℃、風速1.0〜2.5m/secの各範囲内の所定条件で制御可能な、成型直後のセメント含有成型物を昇温・乾燥するバンド乾燥機を配置したことを特徴とするセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥装置。 A molding machine in an apparatus that kneads fine ore, auxiliary materials, and cement and molds the cement-containing molded product with a molding machine, heats and dries it with a dryer , and then converts it into a blast furnace charge after curing. Immediately after the cement-containing molding immediately after molding, the hot air blowing conditions can be controlled under predetermined conditions within the ranges of a temperature of 100 to 180 ° C., a dew point of 45 to 80 ° C., and a wind speed of 1.0 to 2.5 m / sec. A temperature-driing / drying device for a cement-containing molded product, characterized in that a band dryer for heating and drying the material is disposed. 前記成型機が押出し成形機であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載のセメント含有成型物の昇温・乾燥装置。   The temperature rising / drying device for a cement-containing molded product according to claim 8, wherein the molding machine is an extrusion molding machine.
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