JP6104909B2 - 核融合炉第一壁構成要素およびその作製プロセス - Google Patents
核融合炉第一壁構成要素およびその作製プロセス Download PDFInfo
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- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 title claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 12
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 160
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 72
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- PWOSZCQLSAMRQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium(2+) Chemical compound [Be+2] PWOSZCQLSAMRQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001093 Zr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910000952 Be alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910003336 CuNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- DMFGNRRURHSENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium copper Chemical compound [Be].[Cu] DMFGNRRURHSENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001257 Nb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010849 ion bombardment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011824 nuclear material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005477 standard model Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005382 thermal cycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003826 uniaxial pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/02—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of a press ; Diffusion bonding
- B23K20/021—Isostatic pressure welding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
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- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/16—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating with interposition of special material to facilitate connection of the parts, e.g. material for absorbing or producing gas
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K20/233—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer
- B23K20/2333—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer one layer being aluminium, magnesium or beryllium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
- B23K35/007—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of copper or another noble metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
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- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
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- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
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- Y10T428/1291—Next to Co-, Cu-, or Ni-base component
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Description
− 銅合金から作られる要素と、
− 中間金属層と、
− 中間金属層と直接接触するベリリウム要素と
を連続して備えるスタックで形成された核融合炉第一壁構成要素に関する。
− 特に316LN型のステンレス鋼から作られる要素2と、
− ヒートシンクとしての役割を果たす、CuCrZr合金などの銅合金から作られる要素3と、
− プラズマ(矢印F)によって放出される熱放射および中性子に直接面しているように設計されかつシールドとしての役割を果たすベリリウム要素4と
のアセンブリによって構成される。
− ベリリウムおよび銅は、400℃より上で互いに反応して金属間化合物を形成する。これらの金属間化合物は、ベリリウムと銅合金との間の接合部を弱め、最終の機械加工が行われるときにまたはその機械的挙動を試験するように設計された試験中の早期に、後者の破壊をもたらすこともあり得る。
− 5μmから2.5mmの間で構成される厚さをもち、拡散バリア層とベリリウム要素との間に配置されるアルミニウムから作られる機械的応力低減層、
− および/または5μmから500μmの間で構成される厚さをもち、拡散バリア層と銅合金要素との間の、純銅もしくは純ニッケルから作られる結合促進層
を含むこともできる。加えて、本アセンブリ方法は、400℃から650℃の間で構成される温度および20MPaから300MPaの間で構成される圧力で行われる。
− ベリリウム要素4、
− 中間ニオブ層6、
− および銅合金要素3、
によって連続して形成されるスタック7を得ることを可能にする。このスタック7はまた、Be/Nb/銅合金とも記され、図4で例示される。この第1の実施形態は、小さなサイズの構成要素にとって特に有利である。
− ベリリウム要素4、
− 中間ニオブ層6、
− 機械的応力低減層8、
− および銅合金要素3
によって連続して形成されるスタック11が得られることを可能にする。このスタック11はまた、Be/Nb/Cupure/銅合金とも記され、図7で例示される。
− ベリリウム要素4、
− 中間ニオブ層6、
− 中間ニオブ層6と銅の柔軟層14との間に挿入される、銅およびニッケルの合金から作られる追加の中間層15、
− 銅合金要素3と直接接触する、純銅から作られる応力緩和(または柔軟)層14、
− および銅合金要素3
によって連続して形成されるスタックを得ることを可能にする。このスタックはまた、Be/Nb/CuNi/Cupure/銅合金とも記される。
1− 316LNステンレス鋼基部の上へのCuCrZrの拡散溶接。このアセンブリは、140MPaの圧力を2時間1040℃の温度で加えることによって高温で行われる。
− 1.5MW/m2で1000サイクル、
− 次いで2MW/m2で200サイクル、
− 次いで2.5MW/m2で200サイクル、
− 次いで2.7MW/m2で200サイクル、
− 次いで3MW/m2で200サイクル
を受ける。パワーは次いで、ベリリウムと銅との間の接合部の破壊が起こるまで、200サイクルごとに0.2MW/m2ステップずつ増加する。
− Be/Si/Cu−OF/CuCrZr(モデルC)、
− Be/Ti/Cu−OF/CuCrZr(モデルD)、
− Be/Cr/Cu−OF/CuCrZr(モデルE)、
− Be/Cu−OF/CuCrZr(基準モデルF)
である。
2 ステンレス鋼要素
3 銅合金要素、CuCrZr要素
4 ベリリウム要素
5 冷却管、ステンレス鋼管
6 中間ニオブ層、中間金属層
7 スタック
8 機械的応力低減層、柔軟層、純銅層
9 第1のスタック
10 第2のスタック
11 スタック
12 純ニッケル層
13 スタック
14 柔軟層、応力緩和層
15 追加の中間層
Claims (9)
- 銅合金要素(3)と、
ニオブによって形成される中間金属層(6)と、
前記中間金属層(6)と直接接触するベリリウム要素(4)と
を連続して備えるスタックで形成された核融合炉第一壁構成要素において、
前記スタックが、銅から形成されかつ前記中間金属層(6)と前記銅合金要素(3)との間に配置される、機械的応力低減層(8)を含み、
前記スタックが、ニッケルおよび銅の合金によって形成されかつ前記中間金属層(6)と前記機械的応力低減層(8)との間に配置される追加の中間層(15)を含むことを特徴とする、構成要素。 - 前記機械的応力低減層(8)が、前記銅合金要素(3)と直接接触することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の構成要素。
- 前記銅合金が、銅、クロムおよびジルコニウムの合金であることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の構成要素。
- 前記銅合金要素(3)の前記機械的応力低減層(8)側とは反対側の表面に接触するステンレス鋼要素(2)を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の構成要素。
- 請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の核融合炉第一壁構成要素を作製するための方法において、次の連続するステップ、
銅合金要素(3)と、ニオブによって形成される中間金属層(6)と、前記中間金属層(6)と直接接触するベリリウム要素(4)と、を連続して備えるスタックの形成ステップと、
熱間静水圧圧縮によって支援される拡散溶接による前記スタックのアセンブリ・ステップと、を含み、
前記アセンブリ・ステップが、銅によって形成された機械的応力低減層(8)を、前記中間金属層(6)と前記銅合金要素(3)との間に載置するステップによって先行され、
加えて、純ニッケルの層(12)が、前記中間金属層(6)の前記ベリリウム要素(4)とは反対側に形成され、その結果、前記アセンブリ・ステップが、前記機械的応力低減層(8)の表層部での前記純ニッケルの拡散を引き起こし、前記機械的応力低減層(8)の前記表層部が、前記アセンブリ・ステップの後に、前記中間金属層(6)と直接接触する、銅およびニッケルの合金の追加の中間層(15)を形成することを特徴とする、方法。 - 純ニッケルの前記層(12)が、物理的気相堆積法によって形成されることを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記機械的応力低減層(8)を載置する前記ステップが、
前記銅合金要素(3)の第一の側上への、前記機械的応力低減層(8)の移送、および
前記機械的応力低減層(8)の前記第一の側とは反対側の第二の側上への、前記中間金属層(6)が備えられた前記ベリリウム要素(4)の移送を含むことを特徴とする、請求項5または6に記載の方法。 - 前記機械的応力低減層(8)を載置する前記ステップが、
前記銅合金要素(3)の第一の側に接触する前記機械的応力低減層(8)の形成、ならびに
前記機械的応力低減層(8)の前記第一の側とは反対側の第二の側上への、前記ベリリウム要素(4)および前記中間金属層(6)を含むアセンブリの移送を含むことを特徴とする、請求項5または6に記載の方法。 - 前記中間金属層(6)が、物理的気相堆積法によって形成されることを特徴とする、請求項5から8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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