JP6057947B2 - メトトレキサートをオロチン酸誘導体として投与することでその副作用と毒性を下げる組成物及び方法 - Google Patents
メトトレキサートをオロチン酸誘導体として投与することでその副作用と毒性を下げる組成物及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6057947B2 JP6057947B2 JP2014123539A JP2014123539A JP6057947B2 JP 6057947 B2 JP6057947 B2 JP 6057947B2 JP 2014123539 A JP2014123539 A JP 2014123539A JP 2014123539 A JP2014123539 A JP 2014123539A JP 6057947 B2 JP6057947 B2 JP 6057947B2
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- methotrexate
- drug
- orotate
- clearance
- orotic acid
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Description
尚、本発明は、米国特許出願番号第11/448,703号(出願日:2006年6月7日)の一部継続出願であり、この全体を参照することにより本出願に組み込むものとする。
本発明は、一般的には、消化管から吸収されにくい医薬品の経口生物学的利用能を向上させる方法、及びこれら薬物を経口投与することにより患者の治療を改善する方法に関する。特に、本発明は、吸収されにくいメトトレキサート又はトリメトレキサートをオロチン酸塩に転換することにより、薬物の経口生物学的利用能を高めることに関する。したがって、薬物のオロチン酸塩は、低用量の投与により高用量の効果的な利益をもたらすことができる一方、低用量であるために薬物の毒作用を低減することができる。さらに、医薬品のオロチン酸塩は、クリアランスがより優れている。即ち、初回通過代謝を回避する薬物の比率が増大することにより肝障害を引き起こす潜在性が低減される。したがって、医薬品のオロチン酸塩の特に有用な製剤は、低用量で速い発現及び持続的作用を提供し、持続的な送達によって生じる薬物相互作用及び副作用を低減することが可能である。本発明は、イオン中心を有する水不溶性薬物のオロチン酸塩を合成する方法を提供し、薬物の経口生物学的利用能及び有効性を向上させる。
本明細書で用いられる「薬物」の用語は、疾病の治療又は予防に使用することを目的とした化学薬品と定義する。薬物は、合成及び天然の生物に影響を与える物質や、認可されている調合剤を含む。例えば、調合剤としては、「The Physician desk Reference 第56版, 101-133頁(又は更新版)」に記載されているもの等が挙げられる。これらの文献は、参照することにより本発明に組み込むこととする。「薬物」の用語には、発見されていない又は利用不可能であるが、適する特性を有する化合物も含まれる。本発明は、荷電、非荷電、親水性、両性イオン又は疎水性の成分からなる薬物に使用可能であるとともに、これら物性のいずれの組合せも利用可能である。疎水性薬物とは、薬物が非イオン化形態である場合に、水よりも脂質又は脂肪において溶解性が大きい薬物と定義する。より好適な疎水性薬物類としては、水よりもオクタノール中でより可溶な薬物が挙げられる。
薬物が速やかに溶解し小腸膜を容易に通過する場合、薬物は完全に吸収される傾向にあるが、経口投与される薬物は必ずしも完全に吸収されない。大静脈に到達する前に、薬物は消化器官を通って移動し、腸壁及び肝臓等の薬物が通常代謝される部位を通過する必要がある。従って、薬物は、全身循環中に測定が可能となる前に、初回通過代謝中に代謝される可能性がある。多くの薬物は、初回通過代謝が高いため経口による生物学的利用能が低い。
メトトレキサートは、その一般名としては、メトトレキサートNSC−740として知られており、商業名としては、MEXATE、FOLEX,RHEUMATREXとして知られている。これは、錠剤、粉末及び溶液形態で利用できる。メトトレキサートナトリウム錠剤は、100ボトルに2.5mgのメトトレキサートを含む。注射用メトトレキサートナトリウムは、凍結乾燥され且つ防腐剤を含まない状態で、粉末形態で20mg、50mg及び1gバイアルにおいて利用できる。任意の無菌性且つ防腐剤を含まない流体、例えば水や0.9%の生理食塩水で戻すこともできる。注射用メトトレキサートナトリウムは、防腐剤保護された状態で、1mLあたり25mgを含み、2mL(50mg)と10mL(250mg)バイアルにおいて利用できる。
標準濃度では、メトトレキサートは、葉酸輸送体を介した促進輸送によって細胞内に入る。高濃度では、メトトレキサートは、受動拡散を介して細胞内に入る。メトトレキサートの経口吸収は、速いが低く且つ予測不可能であり、投与量が多くなるにつれて、また食物存在下では減少する傾向がある。メトトレキサートは身体組織に広範囲に分布し、約50%が血漿プロテインに結合する。血漿からメトトレキサートを除去することは、年齢及び用量に依存し、半減期が0.75から2.0時間であり、β半減期が3.5から10.0時間であり、γ半減期が27時間であることが示されてきた。殆どのメトトレキサート(50〜80%)は、最初の12時間に尿中で変化せずに除去される。メトトレキサートのクリアランスは、クレアチンのクリアランスと近似しているため、腎臓機能障害を有する患者に使用するには注意が必要である。メトトレキサートの使用に関与する欠点と困難性の幾らかは、本発明によって、即ちメトトレキサートナトリウムをオロチン酸メトトレキサートナトリウムへと構造的に変化させることによって、解決された。
(実施例1 オロチン酸メトトレキサートナトリウムの化学合成)
図2はオロチン酸メトトレキサートナトリウムの合成を図示する。オロチン酸(1.74g)を、水(100mL)中で水酸化ナトリウム(0.45g)を用いて処理した。混合物を暖め、1時間攪拌し、冷蔵庫内で一晩保存した。溶液にエタノール(30mL)を加え、濾過により沈殿物を採取し、無色固形物であるオロチン酸ナトリウムを得た。これを、一晩真空乾燥して次の工程に使用した(1.51g)。
本実験の目的は、雄性胸腺欠損NCr‐nu/nuマウスに皮下(SC)移植されたDU=145ヒト前立腺腫瘍異種移植片に対し、メトトレキサート(MTX)及びそのオロチン酸誘導体(オロチン酸MTX)の抗腫瘍有効性を評価することであった。
腫瘍重量:MTXの投与を、27、18、及び12mg/kg/1投与分の投与量で行うと腫瘍抑制には効果が無かった。オロチン酸MTXの投与を、同等量である42.5、28.3及び18.9mg/kg/1投与分の投与量で、腹腔内(ip)で行うと2つの低用量では効果が無かったが、最高用量では、雄性NCr‐nu/nuマウスに皮下(s.c.)移植されたDU−145前立腺腫瘍異種移植片の成長を僅かに抑制した。オロチン酸MTXの投与は、MTXと比較して腫瘍成長に有意差はなく、MTXはオロチン酸MTXの腹腔内(ip)投与を示した。しかしながら、オロチン酸MTXの最高用量では、MTXに対して僅かな有利性を示した(図1)。
ラットにPK研究を実施することにより、メトトレキサートのPKプロファイルと経口生物学的利用能を決定し、これをメトトレキサートのオロチン酸塩と比較した。これは、雄性Sprague‐Dawley系ラットを用いて実施した。この化合物を静脈内(静脈内(IV);10mg/kgメトトレキサート、及び15.7mg/kgオロチン酸メトトレキサート、1mL/kg;賦形剤0.9%生理食塩水中1%NaHCO3)、又は経口栄養補給(経口(PO);100mg/kgメトトレキサート;157mg/kgオロチン酸メトトレキサート;賦形剤0.9%生理食塩水中1%NaHCO3)によって投与した。そして、血漿中の化合物の血漿濃度を規定時間に測定した。経口(PO)対静脈内(IV)における化合物濃度の曲線下面積比率を計算することにより(典型的になされる如く、無限と推定する)、生物学的利用能のパーセントが決定される。勿論、静脈内(IV)対経口(PO)に与えられた様々な用量を標準化することは、生物学的利用能の決定の際に考慮された。
静脈内(IV)及び経口(PO)処置におけるメトトレキサート及びオロチン酸メトトレキサートのPKプロファイルは、図1及び2に要約される。時間に対する血漿濃度(平均+標準偏差)が、静脈内(IV)及び経口(PO)のメトトレキサート塩及びメトトレキサートについて示された。
本発明のまた別の態様は、以下のとおりであってもよい。
〔1〕代謝拮抗剤のオロチン酸誘導体を製造する方法であって、該方法は、
水酸化カリウム、水酸化ナトリウム及び水酸化アルミニウムからなる群から選択されるアルカリ溶媒と、オロチン酸を混合する工程と、
得られたアルカリオロチン酸塩の沈殿物を混合して乾燥させる工程と、
前記アルカリオロチン酸塩を前記代謝拮抗剤と反応させることにより、前記代謝拮抗剤のオロチン酸誘導体を得る工程を備えることを特徴とする方法。
〔2〕前記代謝拮抗剤が、メトトレキサート及びトリメトレキサートからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする前記〔1〕記載の方法。
〔3〕代謝拮抗剤の経口生物学的利用能を、該代謝拮抗剤のオロチン酸誘導体を用いて向上させる方法であって、
前記代謝拮抗剤が、メトトレキサート及びトリメトレキサートからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする方法。
〔4〕代謝拮抗剤のクリアランスを、該代謝拮抗剤のオロチン酸誘導体を用いて向上させる方法であって、
前記代謝拮抗剤が、メトトレキサート及びトリメトレキサートからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする方法。
〔5〕下式(化1)により表される構造式を有する化合物。
Claims (1)
- オロチン酸メトトレキサートナトリウムを製造する方法であって、該方法は、
水酸化ナトリウムと、オロチン酸を水中で混合する工程と、
得られたオロチン酸ナトリウムの沈殿物を乾燥させる工程と、
形成したオロチン酸ナトリウムとメトトレキサートとを、水中、かつ、アルゴン雰囲気下で反応させることにより、オロチン酸メトトレキサートナトリウムを得る工程を備えることを特徴とする方法。
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US8415388B2 (en) * | 2005-02-22 | 2013-04-09 | Savvipharm Inc. | Pharmaceutical compositions containing paclitaxel orotate |
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