JP5927252B2 - 小脳でのgaba放出調節剤 - Google Patents
小脳でのgaba放出調節剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5927252B2 JP5927252B2 JP2014168779A JP2014168779A JP5927252B2 JP 5927252 B2 JP5927252 B2 JP 5927252B2 JP 2014168779 A JP2014168779 A JP 2014168779A JP 2014168779 A JP2014168779 A JP 2014168779A JP 5927252 B2 JP5927252 B2 JP 5927252B2
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- gaba
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- best1
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- bestrophin
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Description
5’−GATCCCCTTGCCAACTTGTCAATGAATTCAAGAGATTCATTGACAAGTTGGCAATTTTTA−3’(配列番号3)
3’−GGGAACGGTTGAACAGTTACTTAAGTTCTCTAAGTAACTGTTCAACCGTTAAAAATTCGA−5’(配列番号4)
5’−CGCTGCAGTTGCCAACTTGTCAATGAATTCAAGAGATTCATTGACAAGTTGGCAATTTTTGATATCTAGACA−3’(配列番号7)
かようなベストロフィン1チャネル活性抑制によって、小脳膠細胞でのGABA放出が抑制されれば、GABAによる神経抑制作用、例えば、緊張性抑制作用が低下し、GABA過剰放出によって引き起こされる疾病または症状の予防、改善、緩和及び/または治療の効果をもたらしうる。GABA過剰放出によって引き起こされる疾病または症状には、癲癇、睡眠障害、記憶障害、知覚障害、認知障害、運動障害、学習障害、アルコール中毒、例えば、低容量アルコール中毒(low dose alcohol intoxication)や運動失調症(ataxia)などがあるが、これらに制限されるものではない。
(1.1:Best1のクローニング)
全長マウスベストロフィン1(mBest1)cDNAをクローニングするために、生後P0−P3マウス(C57BL/6、大脳皮質、SPF room、Center for Neural Science、KIST、Seoul、Korea)から得た培養星状膠細胞、または成体オスマウス(C57BL/6)から得た精巣から全体RNAを精製し、Super ScriptIII逆転写酵素(Invitrogen)を利用してcDNAを合成した。NCBIデータベースcDNA[GenBank accession numbers NM_011913XM_129203]に基づいたオープンリーディング・フレーム(ORF)に符合する21塩基プライマー対(mBest1−F:5’−aggacgatgatgattttgag−3’(配列番号5)、mBest1−R:5’−ctttctggtttttctggttg−3’(配列番号6))を使用してPCRを行い、mBest1の全長オープンリーディング・フレームを得た。得られたPCR産物をpGEM−Tイージーベクター(Promega)内にクローニングして配列を分析した。
哺乳類細胞でmBest1を発現させるために、pGEM−T easyプラスミド(6.65kb、Promega)から得たmBest1全長試片を、HindIII(NEB)及びNotI(NEB)認識部位を利用し、pcDNA 3.1(Invitrogen)内にサブクローニングするか、あるいはXbaI(NEB)及びXmaI(NEB)認識部位を利用し、pIRES2−dsRED(Invitrogen)内にサブクローニングした。前記得られたpIRES2−dsREDまたはpcDNA 3.1ベクターを、HEK293T細胞(ATCC)内に形質感染させ、mBest1を発現する細胞を選別した。pcDNA 3.1−mBest1プラスミドの場合、エフェクテン形質感染試薬(Effectene transfection reagent、Qiagen)を使用し、1/10量のpEGFP−N1プラスミド(Invitrogen)と共に、HEK293T細胞(ATCC)内に形質感染させ、mBest1を発現する細胞を選別した。前記選別は、pcDNA 3.1−mBest1とpEGFP−N1との同時形質感染の場合、緑色蛍光を帯びる細胞を選別し、pIRES dsREDベクタープラスミドである場合、赤色蛍光を出す細胞を選別して行った。電子生理学的記録のために、前記細胞をガラス・カバースリップ上にリプレーティングした。前記形質感染された細胞は、24−36時間内にパッチクランプ実験に使用した。
プラスミド・ベースのshRNA発現のために、次のような相補的オリゴヌクレオチドをアニーリングし、pSUPER−GFPベクター(Oligo Engine)のHindIII/BgIII部位に挿入した
5’−GATCCCCTTGCCAACTTGTCAATGAATTCAAGAGATTCATTGACAAGTTGGCAATTTTTA−3’(配列番号3)
3’−GGGAACGGTTGAACAGTTACTTAAGTTCTCTAAGTAACTGTTCAACCGTTAAAAATTCGA−5’(配列番号4)
(mBest1のヌクレオチド配列のうち、563−582配列該当部位を含む、残りは、構造的(ヘアピン構造)及びクローニングのための必要性によって含まれる)。
Best1が小脳で発現するか否かを確認するために、GFAP−GFP形質転換マウスで、Best1とGABAとに対して生成された抗体を使用し、免疫組織化学法を行った(図5のc参照)。
Best1チャネルがGABA放出を媒介するために、チャネル開放時に、GABAが透過可能でなければならないので、Best1がGABA放出通路であることを確認するために、Best1のGABA透過性を試験することが重要である。Best1チャネルのGABA透過性を試験するために、2−細胞スニファパッチ法(two-cell sniffer patch technique)を利用し、GABAcを発現するセンサ(sensor)HEK293T細胞(cell)でのBest1チャネルと、ソース(source)HEK293T細胞(cell)とで発現する異なるチャネルを介したGABA放出を直接的に測定した(図1B)。
(4.1:形質転換マウス作り)
本来の(naive)ベルグマン膠細胞がGABAを透過させることができる機能的Best1チャネルを発現し、Best1チャネルを分子レベルで操作できるか否かを試験するために、Cre−loxP組み合わせの調節下にあり、Cre−発現形質転換マウスとの組み合わせ時に、細胞類型特異的遺伝子沈黙を誘導するmCherry−tagged shRNAi(small hairpin-forming interference RNA)を運搬するレンチウイルスを構築した(図2A、Ventura et al.,2004)。図2Aは、Cre−lox調節(regulated)pSicoR−shRNAレンチウイルス構造体(lentivirus construct)(ADDGeneから購入したpSicoR vectorにBest1−shRNAをクローニングしたもの)の形態を示すものである。前記mCherry−tagged shRNAiを運搬するレンチウイルスは、Cre−lox調節pSicoR−shRNAレンチウイルス構造体にmCherryを付けたものである。2つのloxP部位が、U6プロモータ下のshRNAと、CMVプロモータ下のmCherryとを含む部位内に位置する。Creリコンビナーゼの発現時、この酵素は、前記カセットを除去してshRNAを非活性化させる。
前記レンチウイルス感染された細胞は、顆粒細胞層だけではなく、分子層内に広範囲に分布した(図2C右側及び図8A)。図2Cは、GFAP−GFP染色(緑色)、Best1(紫紅色)及びmCherry(赤色)を含むB1−shRNAレンチウイルスの形態である。Best1免疫反応性は、ウイルスが注入された部位で、ウイルスが注入されていない部位と比較し、顕著に低下していることが分かる。一方、2つの部位でのGFAP−GFP強度は、相対的に大きい違いがなかった。右側のイメージで、ノックダウン効果を、GFAP−GFPでスレッショルディングさせた後、GFAP−GFP強度によって標準化されたBest1強度でもって示した。mBest1−shRNA発現部位は、感染された部位(infected region)でのBest1の免疫反応性は、非感染部位(uninfected region)と比較して顕著に低下した(図2Cの右側グラフ)。かような結果は、Best1−shRNAの高効率と、Best1抗体の高い特異性とを確認させるのである。
[4.3.1:小脳薄片作り]
脳薄片を、Rossi et al.,2003に記載されているように作った。すなわち、薄片記録のために、約P28日のマウスまたは8週齢以上のマウスを使用した。動物をハロタン(halothane)で深く麻酔させた。頭を切った後、頭蓋骨から脳を素早く切除し、切断溶液(ice-cold cutting solution)に浸漬させた。前記溶液は、250mMスクロース、26mM NaHCO3、10mM D(+)−グルコース、4mM MgCl2、3mM myo−イノシトール、2.5mM KCl、2mMピルビン酸ナトリウム、1.25mM NaH2PO4、0.5mMアルコルビン酸、0.1mM CaCl2及び1mMキヌレン酸(pH7.4)を含む。あらゆる溶液を、95%O2−5%CO2でガス処理した。小脳虫部(vermis)両側をトリミングした後、小脳葉(cerebellar lobe)を含む250μm厚のいくつかの視床周囲薄片を、マイクロトーム(Leica VT 1000)で切断し、細胞外ACSF溶液に移した。前記溶液は、126mM NaCl、24mM NaHCO3、1mM NaH2PO4、2.5mM KCl、2.5mM CaCl2,2mM MgCl2及び10mM D(+)−グルコース(pH7.4)を含む。薄片を、少なくとも常温で1時間インキュベーティングした。
記録のために、薄片をflower controller(Synaptosoft)と真空ポンプ(Charles Austen、model Capex 8C)とによって調節され、ASCF(artificial cerebrospinal fluid、Sigma)溶液で継続して過冷却する(superfusing、流率:2ml/min)電子生理学的記録チャンバ(RC−26G、Warner Instruments)に移した。スライスチャンバを正立顕微鏡(upright microscope、Olympus、Japan)の載物台(stage)上に載せ、微分干渉対比(differential interference contrast)及び赤外線オプティックでX60水浸体(water immersion objective)で観察した。細胞形態を、Imaging Workbench 6.0(INDEC Systems、Inc)、camera controller(Hamamatsu、C4742−95)及びlight microscope controller(Olympus、TH4−200)を介して視覚的に確認した。水銀ランプ(Olympus、U−RFL−T)を利用し、蛍光イメージを観察した。ほぼ2−5小脳小葉に位置するベルグマン膠細胞または顆粒細胞細胞体から全細胞電圧−クランプ記録を得た。
本実施例で使われたあらゆる薬物と化学物質は、次のような取り立てての言及がない限り、Sigma-Aldrich社から購入したものである:リドカインN−エチルブロマイド(QX−314、Sigma)、SR95531ヒドロブロマイド(GABAzine、Tocris)、コンカナマイシンA(concanamycinA)(Tocris)、BAPTA−AM(1,2−ビス(2−アミノフェノキシ)エタン−N,N,N’,N’−四酢酸テトラキス(アセトキシメチルエステル))(Tocris)、Fluronic(登録商標)F−127(invitrogen)、ニフルム酸(Sigma)、NPPB(5−ニトロ−2−(3−フェノールプロピルアミノ)安息香酸)(Tocris)、DIDS(4,4’−ジイソチオシアナトスチルベン−2,2’−ジスルホン酸二ナトリウム塩水和物、Sigma)。
数値データは、means±S.E.M.で示した。比較用データの有意性は、Student’s two-tailed unpaired t testによって求め、有意レベルは、*(p<0.05)、**(p<0.01)及び***(p<0.001)で示した。データは、2kHzでフィルタリングした。
[4.4.5:結果]
天然(naive)マウスと、レンチウイルス注入された成体マウスとの小脳内のベルグマン膠細胞から、全細胞パッチクランプ記録を行い、Best1の機能的発現を探索した。内部溶液で、前述のように陰イオンで、主にCl−またはGABAを含み、ここに加えて、て内在Best1チャネル活性化のための4.5μM遊離Ca2+を含むものを使用した。50μM NPPB適用の間のランプ電流トレース(ramp current trace、2秒後に100mVないし−100mV)を、NPPB適用前の基礎条件のランプ電流トレースから控除し、陰イオン電流を分離した(図2D)。ランプトレースの時間を電圧に変換し、各細胞に係わるNPPB敏感性陰イオン電流の電流−電圧関係を得た(図2D、図2E及び図2F)。図2Dは、ランププロトコル(ramp protocol、Vh=−70mV)を使用した膠細胞パッチ記録結果を示している。陰イオン電流は、naive GFAP−GFPマウスで、陰イオンチャネル遮断剤NPPB(50μM)によって減少した。GABA及びCl−の内部溶液組成物は、前述の通りである。電流−電圧トレースがそれぞれのランプトレースから発生した。控除された電流(subtracted current)は、NPPB敏感性電流を示す。一方、図2Eと図2Fは、それぞれscrambled shRNA注入されたGFAP−GFPマウス(図2E)と、Best1−shRNA注入されたGFAP−GFPマウス(図2F)とでの電流−電圧トレースを示している。
(5.1:ウイルス注入)
B6野生型マウス、GFAP−GFP形質転換マウス及びhGFAP−CreERT2形質転換マウス(SPF room、Center for Neural Science、KIST、Seoul、Korea)に、2%アベルチン(avertin、20μl/g、Sigma)を腹膜内注射して麻酔させ、立体正位固定台(stereotaxic frame、David Kopf instrument)に置いた。pSicoR−b1shRNA−mCherryウイルス−(Macrogen)またはscrambledウイルス(Macrogen)を、注射器ポンプ(Harvard apparatus)と25μl注射器(Hamilton company)とを使用し、0.2μl/min(総2μl)の速度で小脳皮質にステレオ注入した。注射部位のコーディネーション(coordination)は、ラムダ(lambda)から1.7mmであり、深さは、頭蓋骨から1.5−1.7mmとした。
Best1チャネルが、小脳での緊張性GABA放出を担当するということを試験するために、小脳の顆粒細胞での独占的発現を有するClomeleon形質転換マウスのThy1::CLM1ライン(Department of Neurobiology,Duke University Medical Center,Durham,North Carolina,USA)を使用し、顆粒細胞でのGABAA受容体媒介[Cl−]i挙動を光遺伝学的(optogenetic)アプローチを介して測定した(図3A及びBerglund and Augustine 2008)。
Clomeleonマウスから得た結果を、Best1−shRNAレンチウイルスが注入された成体マウスの顆粒細胞での全細胞パッチクランプ記録によって確認した。GABAzine−敏感性電流は、天然(naive)マウス(35.68±4.05pA(n=8)、p<<0.001、図3G上側パネル)、またはscrambledマウス(26.62±2.85pA(n=13)、p<<0.001、図3G真ん中のパネル)の場合と比較し、Best1−shRNAレンチウイルス注入されたマウスで、顕著に減少した(図3G下側パネル、8.28±0.57pA、n=14)。図3Gの上側トレースは、8週齢B6マウスの小脳薄片(維持電位(holding potential):−60mV)の顆粒細胞から得た緊張性GABA電流の加工前トレースを示している。緊張性GABA電流は、50μM NPPBのバス適用によって減少した。青色矢印は、GABAzine(SR)敏感性緊張性GABA電流を示し、朱黄色矢印は、NPPB敏感性緊張性GABA電流を示す。真ん中のトレースは、scrambled shRNAレンチウイルス注入されたマウスに係わるものであり、下側トレースは、B1−shRNAレンチウイルス注入されたマウスに係わるものである。
膠細胞特異的に、Best1遺伝子沈黙が起こらないようにするために、タモシキフェン(tamoxifen)とBest1−shRNAレンチウイルスとが共に注入されたhGFAP−CreERT2マウスを利用し、緊張性GABA放出が、膠細胞Best1によるか否かを試験した(図4A及び図4B)。
Claims (3)
- 小脳サンプルに対して候補物質を接触させる段階と、
前記小脳サンプルでベストロフィン1チャネルの内向電流変化を測定する段階と、を含み、
候補物質を処理する前と比較して、ベストロフィン1チャネルの内向電流値が低下する前記候補物質をGABA放出抑制剤として決定することを特徴とする、小脳でのGABA放出抑制剤のスクリーニング方法。 - 小脳膠細胞でベストロフィン1チャネルの内向電流変化を測定することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- ベストロフィン1チャネルの内向電流は、スニファパッチ法により内向電流を測定することによって確認することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のスクリーニング方法。
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