JP5867987B2 - Organic photoelectric conversion element and solar cell using the element - Google Patents
Organic photoelectric conversion element and solar cell using the element Download PDFInfo
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- JP5867987B2 JP5867987B2 JP2010153691A JP2010153691A JP5867987B2 JP 5867987 B2 JP5867987 B2 JP 5867987B2 JP 2010153691 A JP2010153691 A JP 2010153691A JP 2010153691 A JP2010153691 A JP 2010153691A JP 5867987 B2 JP5867987 B2 JP 5867987B2
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
本発明は、有機光電変換素子、太陽電池に関し、更に詳しくは、バルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子、該素子を用いた太陽電池に関する。 The present invention relates to an organic photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell, and more particularly to a bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell using the element.
近年の化石エネルギーの高騰によって、自然エネルギーから直接電力を発電できるシステムが求められており、単結晶・多結晶・アモルファスのSiを用いた太陽電池、GaAsやCIGS(銅(Cu)、インジウム(In)、ガリウム(Ga)、セレン(Se)からなる半導体材料)などの化合物系の太陽電池、あるいは色素増感型光電変換素子(グレッツェルセル)などが提案・実用化されている。 Due to the recent rise in fossil energy, a system that can generate electric power directly from natural energy has been demanded. Solar cells using single-crystal / polycrystal / amorphous Si, GaAs, CIGS (copper (Cu), indium (In) ), Semiconductor materials such as gallium (Ga) and selenium (Se)), and dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion elements (Gretzel cells) have been proposed and put to practical use.
しかしながら、これらの太陽電池で発電するコストは、未だ化石燃料を用いて発電・送電される電気の価格よりも高いものとなっており、普及の妨げとなっていた。また、基板に重いガラスを用いなければならないため、設置時に補強工事が必要であり、これらも発電コストが高くなる一因であった。 However, the cost of generating electricity with these solar cells is still higher than the price of electricity generated and transmitted using fossil fuels, which has hindered widespread use. In addition, since heavy glass must be used for the substrate, reinforcement work is required at the time of installation, which is one of the causes that increase the power generation cost.
このような状況に対し、化石燃料による発電コストよりも低コストな発電コストを達成しうる太陽電池として、透明電極と対電極との間に電子供与体層(p型半導体層)と電子受容体層(n型半導体層)とが混合された光電変換層を挟んだバルクヘテロジャンクション型光電変換素子が提案され、5%を超える効率が報告されている(例えば、非特許文献1参照)。 In such a situation, as a solar cell that can achieve a power generation cost lower than that of fossil fuel, an electron donor layer (p-type semiconductor layer) and an electron acceptor are provided between the transparent electrode and the counter electrode. A bulk heterojunction photoelectric conversion element sandwiching a photoelectric conversion layer mixed with a layer (n-type semiconductor layer) has been proposed, and an efficiency exceeding 5% has been reported (for example, see Non-Patent Document 1).
これらのバルクヘテロジャンクション型太陽電池においては、陽極・陰極以外は塗布プロセスで形成されているため、高速、且つ、安価な製造が可能であると期待され、前述の発電コストの課題を解決できる可能性がある。更に、上記のSi系太陽電池・化合物半導体系太陽電池・色素増感太陽電池などと異なり、160℃より高温のプロセスがないため、安価、且つ、軽量なプラスチック基板上への形成も可能であると期待される。 Since these bulk heterojunction solar cells are formed by a coating process except for the anode and cathode, it is expected that they can be manufactured at high speed and at a low cost, and may solve the above-mentioned problem of power generation cost. There is. Furthermore, unlike the Si-based solar cells, compound semiconductor-based solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells described above, there is no process at a temperature higher than 160 ° C., so that it can be formed on a cheap and lightweight plastic substrate. It is expected.
他方で太陽電池には耐久性も要求されるが、未だ有機薄膜太陽電池の耐久性は不十分なものであり、改善が期待されている。 On the other hand, although durability is also required for the solar cell, the durability of the organic thin film solar cell is still insufficient, and improvement is expected.
これまでの順層型の有機光電変換素子が多く報告されている。例えば、バソキュプロイン(BCP)からなる正孔ブロック層を挿入することで電荷の分離効率が向上し、光電変換効率を向上できるとの開示があるが(例えば、特許文献1参照)、素子の耐久性向上に関する記載はなく素子の耐久性の向上は見られなかった。 Many conventional layered organic photoelectric conversion elements have been reported. For example, there is a disclosure that by inserting a hole blocking layer made of bathocuproine (BCP), the charge separation efficiency can be improved and the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved (for example, see Patent Document 1). There was no description about the improvement, and no improvement in the durability of the device was observed.
上記の課題に対して、通常の有機薄膜太陽電池を逆の順番に積層し、透明電極側から電子をとりだし、仕事関数の深い安定な金属電極側から正孔を取りだす、いわゆる逆層構成の有機薄膜太陽電池が提案されている(例えば、特許文献2及び非特許文献2参照)。 In response to the above problems, organic thin-film solar cells are stacked in the reverse order, electrons are extracted from the transparent electrode side, and holes are extracted from the stable metal electrode side having a deep work function. Thin film solar cells have been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 2 and Non-Patent Document 2).
このような構成とすることで、不安定で酸化されやすい浅い仕事関数の金属を使用する必要がなくなり、電極起因の劣化が抑制され、大幅に寿命を向上できることが開示されている。 It is disclosed that such a configuration eliminates the need to use a metal having a shallow work function that is unstable and easily oxidizes, suppresses deterioration due to the electrode, and can significantly improve the life.
逆層構成では一般的に透明電極側に正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)を積層することになるが、ここで用いる正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)は、LUMO準位が浅すぎるものでは透明電極との仕事関数差が大きくオーミックな接続ができないことに由来するFFの低下が起こり、逆にLUMO準位が深いのもではビルトインポテンシャルの差が小さく十分なVocを発現させることができなかった。 In the reverse layer configuration, a hole blocking layer (hole blocking layer) is generally laminated on the transparent electrode side. However, the hole blocking layer (hole blocking layer) used here is not a LUMO level that is too shallow. The FF declines due to the large work function difference with the transparent electrode and the inability to make ohmic connections. Conversely, when the LUMO level is deep, the built-in potential difference is small and sufficient Voc cannot be expressed. It was.
この課題に対して、ITO表面に酸やアルカリで処理を行うことによりITOのWF(仕事関数)を調整する試みが報告されている(例えば、非特許文献3参照)。 In response to this problem, an attempt has been reported to adjust the WF (work function) of ITO by treating the ITO surface with an acid or alkali (for example, see Non-Patent Document 3).
この方法ではビルトインポテンシャルを確保することは可能であるがホールブロック能としては不十分であり、整流比が悪いことに起因するVocやFFの低下があり、ホールブロック層として十分に機能しているとは言えなかった。 With this method, it is possible to secure the built-in potential, but the hole blocking ability is insufficient, there is a decrease in Voc and FF due to the poor rectification ratio, and it functions sufficiently as a hole blocking layer. I couldn't say that.
更に、OLEDの電子輸送材料(フルオレン)の末端に水酸基を結合させることにより、末端の水酸基部分で金属電極表面に電気双極子を形成させ、金属電極の仕事関数を浅くすることにより電子注入を改良できるという効果を報告している(例えば、非特許文献4参照)。 In addition, by bonding a hydroxyl group to the terminal of the OLED electron transport material (fluorene), an electric dipole is formed on the surface of the metal electrode at the hydroxyl group at the terminal, and electron injection is improved by reducing the work function of the metal electrode. The effect that it can do is reported (for example, refer nonpatent literature 4).
ここで用いられているOLEDの素子構成は順層構成のみであり、更に電子輸送材料として開示しているのはフルオレンのホモポリマーのみで有機光電変換素子に適用するには電子移動度やホールブロック能の観点で十分なものではなかった。 The element structure of the OLED used here is only a normal layer structure. Further, only the fluorene homopolymer is disclosed as an electron transport material, and the electron mobility and hole block are applied to the organic photoelectric conversion element. It was not enough from the viewpoint of Noh.
また、逆層用のホールブロック層はBHJ層の下層に積層する必要があることから、BHJ層の溶媒に対する耐リンス性が求められる。通常の有機物のホールブロック材料はBHJ層溶媒への耐リンス性が乏しくBHJ層の下に積層出来ないとの課題があった。 Moreover, since it is necessary to laminate | stack the hole block layer for reverse layers on the lower layer of a BHJ layer, the rinse resistance with respect to the solvent of a BHJ layer is calculated | required. Conventional organic hole block materials have a problem that they cannot be laminated under the BHJ layer due to poor rinse resistance to the BHJ layer solvent.
本発明の目的は、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率の高い有機光電変換素子を提供することであり、併せて、該素子を備えた太陽電池及び光アレイセンサを提供することである。 An object of the present invention is to provide an organic photoelectric conversion element with high Voc (open voltage), FF (fill factor) and photoelectric conversion efficiency, and also provide a solar cell and an optical array sensor including the element. It is to be.
本発明の上記目的は下記の構成により達成された。 The above object of the present invention has been achieved by the following constitution.
1.第一の電極と第二の電極の間に光電変換層と電子輸送層を有する有機光電変換素子において、
該電子輸送層が下記化合物1、4、7、9、14、30および34からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つを含有することを特徴とする有機光電変換素子。
1. In the organic photoelectric conversion element having a photoelectric conversion layer and the electron transport layer between the first electrode and the second electrode,
The organic photoelectric conversion element, wherein the electric element transporting layer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of lower hear compounds 1,4,7,9,14,30 and 34.
2.前記電子輸送層が前記第一の電極上に形成されることを特徴とする前記1に記載の有機光電変換素子。 2 . The organic photoelectric conversion element according to the 1, characterized in that said electron transport layer is formed on the first electrode.
3.前記1または2に記載の有機光電変換素子からなることを特徴とする太陽電池。 3 . A solar cell comprising the organic photoelectric conversion element as described in 1 or 2 above.
本発明により、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率の高い有機光電変換素子を提供することができた。併せて、該素子を用いた太陽電池を提供することができた。 According to the present invention, an organic photoelectric conversion element having high Voc (open voltage), FF (fill factor), and high photoelectric conversion efficiency could be provided. In addition, a solar cell using the element could be provided.
本発明の有機光電変換素子においては、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に規定の構成にすることにより、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率の高い有機光電変換素子を提供することができた。併せて、該素子を用いた太陽電池を提供することができた。 In the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, Voc (open voltage), FF (curve factor) and an organic photoelectric conversion element having high photoelectric conversion efficiency are obtained by adopting the configuration defined in any one of claims 1 to 8. Could be provided. In addition, a solar cell using the element could be provided.
以下、本発明に係る各構成要素の詳細について、順次説明する。 Hereinafter, details of each component according to the present invention will be sequentially described.
本発明者等は、上記の問題点を鋭意検討の結果、第一の電極と第二の電極の間に光電変換層と電荷輸送層を有する有機光電変換素子において、該電荷輸送層が上記一般式(1)で表される化合物を含有することにより、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率の高い有機光電変換素子が得られることを見出した。 As a result of intensive studies on the above problems, the present inventors have found that in an organic photoelectric conversion element having a photoelectric conversion layer and a charge transport layer between a first electrode and a second electrode, the charge transport layer is generally It has been found that an organic photoelectric conversion element having high Voc (open voltage), FF (curve factor) and high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained by containing the compound represented by the formula (1).
ここで、本発明に係る電荷輸送層としては、電荷(ここで、電荷とは、正孔(ホール)や電子のことを表す。)を輸送可能であればよいが、本発明に係る一般式(1)で表される化合物は、電子輸送層または正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)に含有されることが好ましい。 Here, as the charge transport layer according to the present invention, it is only necessary to be able to transport charges (where charge represents holes or electrons), but the general formula according to the present invention is not limited. The compound represented by (1) is preferably contained in the electron transport layer or the hole blocking layer (hole block layer).
尚、本発明に係る電荷輸送層や、該電荷輸送層に含有される一般式(1)、一般式(2)または一般式(3)のいずれかで表される化合物については後で詳細に説明する。 The charge transport layer according to the present invention and the compound represented by any one of the general formula (1), general formula (2), and general formula (3) contained in the charge transport layer will be described in detail later. explain.
《有機光電変換素子及び該素子を用いた太陽電池》
本発明の有機光電変換素子及び該素子を用いた太陽電池について説明する。尚、本発明の太陽電池の層構成は、本発明の有機光電変換素子の層構成と同一の層構成が用いられる。
<< Organic photoelectric conversion element and solar cell using the element >>
The organic photoelectric conversion element of this invention and the solar cell using this element are demonstrated. In addition, the layer structure same as the layer structure of the organic photoelectric conversion element of this invention is used for the layer structure of the solar cell of this invention.
図1は、順層型の有機光電変換素子の一例を示す模式図である。図1において、バルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子10は、基板11の一方面上に、透明電極(一般に陽極)12、正孔輸送層17、光電変換層14、電子輸送層18及び対極(一般に陰極)13が順次積層されている。 FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a normal layer type organic photoelectric conversion element. In FIG. 1, a bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element 10 includes a transparent electrode (generally an anode) 12, a hole transport layer 17, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 18, and a counter electrode (generally, on one surface of a substrate 11. Cathode) 13 is sequentially laminated.
基板11は、順次積層された透明電極12、光電変換層14及び対極13を保持する部材である。本実施形態では、基板11側から光電変換される光が入射するので、基板11は、この光電変換される光を透過させることが可能な、即ちこの光電変換すべき光の波長に対して透明な部材である。 The substrate 11 is a member that holds the transparent electrode 12, the photoelectric conversion layer 14, and the counter electrode 13 that are sequentially stacked. In the present embodiment, since light photoelectrically converted enters from the substrate 11 side, the substrate 11 can transmit the light subjected to photoelectric conversion, that is, transparent to the wavelength of the light to be photoelectrically converted. It is an important member.
基板11は、例えば、ガラス基板や樹脂基板等が用いられる。この基板11は必須ではなく、例えば、光電変換層14の両面に透明電極12及び対極13を形成することで、バルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子10が構成されてもよい。 As the substrate 11, for example, a glass substrate or a resin substrate is used. The substrate 11 is not essential. For example, the bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric conversion element 10 may be configured by forming the transparent electrode 12 and the counter electrode 13 on both surfaces of the photoelectric conversion layer 14.
光電変換層14は、光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換する層であって、p型半導体材料とn型半導体材料とを一様に混合した光電変換層を有して構成される。p型半導体材料は、相対的に電子供与体(ドナー)として機能し、n型半導体材料は、相対的に電子受容体(アクセプタ)として機能する。 The photoelectric conversion layer 14 is a layer that converts light energy into electric energy, and includes a photoelectric conversion layer in which a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material are uniformly mixed. The p-type semiconductor material functions relatively as an electron donor (donor), and the n-type semiconductor material functions relatively as an electron acceptor (acceptor).
ここで、電子供与体及び電子受容体は、“光を吸収した際に、電子供与体から電子受容体に電子が移動し、正孔と電子のペア(電荷分離状態)を形成する電子供与体及び電子受容体”であり、電極のように単に電子を供与あるいは受容するものではなく、光反応によって、電子を供与あるいは受容するものである。 Here, the electron donor and the electron acceptor are “an electron donor in which, when light is absorbed, electrons move from the electron donor to the electron acceptor to form a hole-electron pair (charge separation state)”. And an electron acceptor ”, which does not simply donate or accept electrons like an electrode, but donates or accepts electrons by a photoreaction.
図1において、基板11を介して透明電極12から入射された光は、光電変換層14の光電変換層における電子受容体あるいは電子供与体で吸収され、電子供与体から電子受容体に電子が移動し、正孔と電子のペア(電荷分離状態)が形成される。 In FIG. 1, light incident from the transparent electrode 12 through the substrate 11 is absorbed by the electron acceptor or electron donor in the photoelectric conversion layer of the photoelectric conversion layer 14, and electrons move from the electron donor to the electron acceptor. Thus, a hole-electron pair (charge separation state) is formed.
発生した電荷は内部電界、例えば、透明電極12と対極13の仕事関数が異なる場合では透明電極12と対極13との電位差によって、電子は電子受容体間を通り、また正孔は電子供与体間を通り、それぞれ異なる電極へ運ばれ、光電流が検出される。 In the case where the generated electric charge has an internal electric field, for example, when the work functions of the transparent electrode 12 and the counter electrode 13 are different, electrons pass between the electron acceptors and holes are transferred between the electron donors due to the potential difference between the transparent electrode 12 and the counter electrode 13 And is carried to different electrodes, and photocurrent is detected.
ここで、通常透明電極12の仕事関数は対極13の仕事関数よりも大きいため、正孔は透明電極12へ、電子は対極13へ輸送される。つまり対極13は仕事関数が浅く酸化されやすい金属がつかう必要がある。この金属が酸化されると、導電性がなくなったり、逆に仕事関数が深くなって相関の接触抵抗が大幅に増加して素子の電気特性が劣化してしまうことが、順層型素子において耐久性が低い大きな要因であった。 Here, since the work function of the transparent electrode 12 is usually larger than that of the counter electrode 13, holes are transported to the transparent electrode 12 and electrons are transported to the counter electrode 13. That is, the counter electrode 13 needs to use a metal having a shallow work function and easily oxidized. When this metal is oxidized, the conductivity is lost, or conversely, the work function is deepened, and the contact resistance of the correlation is greatly increased, degrading the electrical characteristics of the device. It was a big factor with low nature.
そこで、本発明者等は、図2に示すような逆層型の有機光電変換素子が上記のような問題点の解決の鍵になるのではと考えた。 Therefore, the present inventors considered that the reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element as shown in FIG. 2 would be the key to solving the above problems.
即ち、透明電極12の仕事関数よりも対極13の仕事関数を大きくすることで、電子を透明電極12へ、正孔を対極13へと輸送するように設計することで、対極13を酸化されにくく安定な、仕事関数の大きい金属を使用することができることを見出した。 That is, by making the work function of the counter electrode 13 larger than the work function of the transparent electrode 12, the counter electrode 13 is less likely to be oxidized by designing to transport electrons to the transparent electrode 12 and holes to the counter electrode 13. It has been found that stable, high work function metals can be used.
図2は、逆層型の有機光電変換素子の一例を示す模式図であり、図2の素子では、前述のように仕事関数の関係を逆転させ、さらに図1における正孔輸送層17と電子輸送層18の位置を入れ替えた、図2に示されるような逆層構成の有機光電変換素子とすることで、対極の酸化に起因する素子の劣化を大幅に抑制することができ、順層型の素子よりも更に高い安定性を提供できるようになった。 FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion device. In the device of FIG. 2, the work function relationship is reversed as described above, and the hole transport layer 17 and the electron in FIG. By changing the position of the transport layer 18 to an organic photoelectric conversion element having a reverse layer structure as shown in FIG. 2, deterioration of the element due to oxidation of the counter electrode can be significantly suppressed, and the forward layer type It has become possible to provide a higher stability than the above device.
なお、図1、図2には記載していないが、正孔ブロック層、電子ブロック層、電子注入層、正孔注入層、あるいは平滑化層等の他の層を有していてもよい。 Although not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, other layers such as a hole blocking layer, an electron blocking layer, an electron injection layer, a hole injection layer, or a smoothing layer may be included.
更に、本発明の有機光電変換素子を太陽電池として用いる場合を想定し、太陽光利用率(光電変換効率)の向上を目的として、図3に記載のように光電変換層を積層したタンデム型の構成としてもよい。尚、図3は、タンデム型の光電変換層を備える有機光電変換素子の一例を示す模式図である。 Furthermore, assuming the case where the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is used as a solar cell, a tandem type in which photoelectric conversion layers are stacked as shown in FIG. 3 for the purpose of improving the solar utilization factor (photoelectric conversion efficiency). It is good also as a structure. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an organic photoelectric conversion element including a tandem photoelectric conversion layer.
タンデム型構成の場合、基板11上に順次透明電極12、第1の光電変換層14′を積層した後、電荷再結合層15を積層した後、第2の光電変換層16、次いで対電極13を積層することで、タンデム型の構成とすることができる。 In the case of the tandem configuration, the transparent electrode 12 and the first photoelectric conversion layer 14 ′ are sequentially stacked on the substrate 11, the charge recombination layer 15 is stacked, the second photoelectric conversion layer 16, and then the counter electrode 13. By stacking layers, a tandem configuration can be obtained.
第2の光電変換層16は、第1の光電変換層14′の吸収スペクトルと同じスペクトルを吸収する層でもよいし、異なるスペクトルを吸収する層でもよいが、好ましくは異なるスペクトルを吸収する層である。 The second photoelectric conversion layer 16 may be a layer that absorbs the same spectrum as the absorption spectrum of the first photoelectric conversion layer 14 'or may be a layer that absorbs a different spectrum, but is preferably a layer that absorbs a different spectrum. is there.
また、第1の光電変換層14′、第2の光電変換層16と各電極の間には、正孔輸送層17や電子輸送層18を有していても良いが、本発明においてはタンデム構成においてもそれぞれの光電変換層14′、16は。図2に示されるような逆層構成を有していることが好ましい。 Further, a hole transport layer 17 and an electron transport layer 18 may be provided between the first photoelectric conversion layer 14 ′ and the second photoelectric conversion layer 16 and each electrode. The photoelectric conversion layers 14 'and 16 are also in the configuration. It is preferable to have a reverse layer configuration as shown in FIG.
尚、上記の図1〜3において、本発明に係る電荷輸送層とは、正孔(ホール)または電子を輸送することが可能な層であればよく、例えば、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層、正孔阻止層、電子注入層等を挙げることができるが、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率の高い有機光電変換素子を得る観点からは、本発明に係る一般式(1)で表される化合物を正孔輸送層、正孔阻止層、電子輸送層、正孔阻止層に含有させることが好ましく、特に好ましくは、電子輸送層や正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層ともいう)等の電子輸送の機能を有する層に含有させることが好ましい。 1 to 3, the charge transport layer according to the present invention may be any layer that can transport holes or electrons, such as a hole injection layer, hole transport, and the like. Examples include a layer, an electron transport layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron injection layer, etc., but from the viewpoint of obtaining an organic photoelectric conversion element having a high Voc (open voltage), FF (curve factor), and high photoelectric conversion efficiency. The compound represented by the general formula (1) according to the invention is preferably contained in the hole transport layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron transport layer, and the hole blocking layer, and particularly preferably the electron transport layer and the hole blocking layer. It is preferably contained in a layer having an electron transport function such as a layer (also referred to as a hole blocking layer).
以下に、有機光電変換素子の構成層について述べる。 The constituent layers of the organic photoelectric conversion element are described below.
まず、本発明の有機光電変換素子に係る電荷輸送層として好ましく用いられる電子輸送層、正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)等の電子輸送の機能を有する層について説明する。 First, layers having an electron transport function, such as an electron transport layer and a hole blocking layer (hole block layer), which are preferably used as a charge transport layer according to the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention will be described.
尚、また、本発明に係る一般式(1)、(2)または(3)のいずれかで表される化合物を含有する電荷輸送層(好ましくは、電子輸送層、正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)である)の膜厚は、2nm〜100nmの範囲に調整することが好ましい。 In addition, a charge transport layer (preferably, an electron transport layer, a hole blocking layer (hole block) containing the compound represented by any one of the general formulas (1), (2), and (3) according to the present invention. It is preferable to adjust the thickness of the layer) to a range of 2 nm to 100 nm.
《電子輸送層、正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)》
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、第一の電極と第二の電極の間に、バルクヘテロジャンクション層である光電変換層と電荷輸送層を設け、且つ、該電荷輸送層に一般式(1)で表される化合物を含有させることにより、光電変換層で発生した電子をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となる。
<< Electron transport layer, hole blocking layer (hole block layer) >>
In the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, a photoelectric conversion layer that is a bulk heterojunction layer and a charge transport layer are provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the charge transport layer is represented by the general formula (1). By containing the represented compound, electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion layer can be taken out more efficiently.
またバルクヘテロジャンクション層に用いられるp型半導体材料のHOMO準位よりも深いHOMO準位を有する電子輸送層には、バルクヘテロジャンクション層で生成した正孔を陰極側には流さないような整流効果を有する、正孔ブロック機能が付与される。このような電子輸送層は、正孔ブロック層とも呼ばれ、このような機能を有する電子輸送層を使用するほうが好ましい。 In addition, the electron transport layer having a HOMO level deeper than the HOMO level of the p-type semiconductor material used for the bulk heterojunction layer has a rectifying effect so that holes generated in the bulk heterojunction layer do not flow to the cathode side. The hole blocking function is imparted. Such an electron transport layer is also called a hole blocking layer, and it is preferable to use an electron transport layer having such a function.
本発明に係る電子輸送層、正孔阻止層においては、上記一般式(1)、(2)または(3)で表されるいずれかの化合物が含有されることが好ましいが、従来公知の電子輸送材料、正孔阻止材料(電子輸送性を有する材料である)を併用してもよい。 The electron transport layer and hole blocking layer according to the present invention preferably contain any compound represented by the above general formula (1), (2), or (3). A transport material and a hole blocking material (a material having an electron transport property) may be used in combination.
このような材料としては、バソキュプロイン等のフェナントレン系化合物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等のn型半導体材料、及び酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛、酸化ガリウム等のn型無機酸化物及びフッ化リチウム、フッ化ナトリウム、フッ化セシウム等のアルカリ金属化合物等を挙げることができる。また、バルクヘテロジャンクション層に用いたn型半導体材料単体を用いることもできる。 Examples of such materials include phenanthrene compounds such as bathocuproine, n-type semiconductor materials such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and titanium oxide. Examples thereof include n-type inorganic oxides such as zinc oxide and gallium oxide, and alkali metal compounds such as lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and cesium fluoride. Alternatively, a single n-type semiconductor material used for the bulk heterojunction layer can be used.
本発明に係る電荷輸送層の好ましい態様である電子輸送層や正孔阻止層等を形成する手段としては、真空蒸着法、溶液塗布法のいずれであってもよいが、好ましくは溶液塗布法である。 As a means for forming an electron transport layer, a hole blocking layer or the like which is a preferred embodiment of the charge transport layer according to the present invention, either a vacuum vapor deposition method or a solution coating method may be used, but preferably a solution coating method. is there.
《一般式(1)で表される化合物》
本発明に係る電荷輸送層の好ましい態様である電子輸送層や正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)の構成材料として用いられる一般式(1)で表される化合物について説明する。
<< Compound Represented by Formula (1) >>
The compound represented by the general formula (1) used as a constituent material of the electron transport layer and the hole blocking layer (hole block layer), which is a preferred embodiment of the charge transport layer according to the present invention, will be described.
一般式(1)において、A、Bで各々表される6員の芳香族炭化水素環としてはベンゼン環が挙げられる。尚、ベンゼン環は後述する置換基を更に有していてもよい。 In the general formula (1), examples of the 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by A and B include a benzene ring. The benzene ring may further have a substituent described later.
一般式(1)において、A、Bで各々表される5員または6員の芳香族複素環としては、例えば、オキサゾール環、オキサジアゾール環、オキサトリアゾール環、イソオキサゾール環、テトラゾール環、チアジアゾール環、チアトリアゾール環、イソチアゾール環、チオフェン環、フラン環、ピロール環、ピリジン環、ピリダジン環、ピリミジン環、ピラジン環、トリアジン環、イミダゾール環、ピラゾール環、トリアゾール環等が挙げられる。 In the general formula (1), examples of the 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle represented by A and B include, for example, an oxazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an oxatriazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a tetrazole ring, and a thiadiazole. And a ring, a thiatriazole ring, an isothiazole ring, a thiophene ring, a furan ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a triazine ring, an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, and a triazole ring.
尚、これらの環は後述する置換基を有していても良い。 These rings may have a substituent described later.
(置換基)
一般式(1)において、A、Bで各々表される6員の芳香族炭化水素環、5員または6員の芳香族複素環が更に有しても良い置換基としては、アルキル基(例えば、メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、イソプロピル基、tert−ブチル基、ペンチル基、ヘキシル基、オクチル基、ドデシル基、トリデシル基、テトラデシル基、ペンタデシル基等)、シクロアルキル基(例えば、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基等)、アルケニル基(例えば、ビニル基、アリル基、1−プロペニル基、2−ブテニル基、1,3−ブタジエニル基、2−ペンテニル基、イソプロペニル基等)、アルキニル基(例えば、エチニル基、プロパルギル基等)、芳香族炭化水素基(芳香族炭化水素環基、芳香族炭素環基、アリール基等ともいい、例えば、フェニル基、p−クロロフェニル基、メシチル基、トリル基、キシリル基、ナフチル基、アントリル基、アズレニル基、アセナフテニル基、フルオレニル基、フェナントリル基、インデニル基、ピレニル基、ビフェニリル基等)、芳香族複素環基(例えば、フリル基、チエニル基、ピリジル基、ピリダジニル基、ピリミジニル基、ピラジニル基、トリアジニル基、イミダゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、チアゾリル基、キナゾリニル基、カルバゾリル基、カルボリニル基、ジアザカルバゾリル基(前記カルボリニル基のカルボリン環を構成する任意の炭素原子の一つが窒素原子で置き換わったものを示す)、フタラジニル基等)、複素環基(例えば、ピロリジル基、イミダゾリジル基、モルホリル基、オキサゾリジル基等)、アルコキシ基(例えば、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロピルオキシ基、ペンチルオキシ基、ヘキシルオキシ基、オクチルオキシ基、ドデシルオキシ基等)、シクロアルコキシ基(例えば、シクロペンチルオキシ基、シクロヘキシルオキシ基等)、アリールオキシ基(例えば、フェノキシ基、ナフチルオキシ基等)、アルキルチオ基(例えば、メチルチオ基、エチルチオ基、プロピルチオ基、ペンチルチオ基、ヘキシルチオ基、オクチルチオ基、ドデシルチオ基等)、シクロアルキルチオ基(例えば、シクロペンチルチオ基、シクロヘキシルチオ基等)、アリールチオ基(例えば、フェニルチオ基、ナフチルチオ基等)、アルコキシカルボニル基(例えば、メチルオキシカルボニル基、エチルオキシカルボニル基、ブチルオキシカルボニル基、オクチルオキシカルボニル基、ドデシルオキシカルボニル基等)、アリールオキシカルボニル基(例えば、フェニルオキシカルボニル基、ナフチルオキシカルボニル基等)、スルファモイル基(例えば、アミノスルホニル基、メチルアミノスルホニル基、ジメチルアミノスルホニル基、ブチルアミノスルホニル基、ヘキシルアミノスルホニル基、シクロヘキシルアミノスルホニル基、オクチルアミノスルホニル基、ドデシルアミノスルホニル基、フェニルアミノスルホニル基、ナフチルアミノスルホニル基、2−ピリジルアミノスルホニル基等)、アシル基(例えば、アセチル基、エチルカルボニル基、プロピルカルボニル基、ペンチルカルボニル基、シクロヘキシルカルボニル基、オクチルカルボニル基、2−エチルヘキシルカルボニル基、ドデシルカルボニル基、フェニルカルボニル基、ナフチルカルボニル基、ピリジルカルボニル基等)、アシルオキシ基(例えば、アセチルオキシ基、エチルカルボニルオキシ基、ブチルカルボニルオキシ基、オクチルカルボニルオキシ基、ドデシルカルボニルオキシ基、フェニルカルボニルオキシ基等)、アミド基(例えば、メチルカルボニルアミノ基、エチルカルボニルアミノ基、ジメチルカルボニルアミノ基、プロピルカルボニルアミノ基、ペンチルカルボニルアミノ基、シクロヘキシルカルボニルアミノ基、2−エチルヘキシルカルボニルアミノ基、オクチルカルボニルアミノ基、ドデシルカルボニルアミノ基、フェニルカルボニルアミノ基、ナフチルカルボニルアミノ基等)、カルバモイル基(例えば、アミノカルボニル基、メチルアミノカルボニル基、ジメチルアミノカルボニル基、プロピルアミノカルボニル基、ペンチルアミノカルボニル基、シクロヘキシルアミノカルボニル基、オクチルアミノカルボニル基、2−エチルヘキシルアミノカルボニル基、ドデシルアミノカルボニル基、フェニルアミノカルボニル基、ナフチルアミノカルボニル基、2−ピリジルアミノカルボニル基等)、ウレイド基(例えば、メチルウレイド基、エチルウレイド基、ペンチルウレイド基、シクロヘキシルウレイド基、オクチルウレイド基、ドデシルウレイド基、フェニルウレイド基ナフチルウレイド基、2−ピリジルアミノウレイド基等)、スルフィニル基(例えば、メチルスルフィニル基、エチルスルフィニル基、ブチルスルフィニル基、シクロヘキシルスルフィニル基、2−エチルヘキシルスルフィニル基、ドデシルスルフィニル基、フェニルスルフィニル基、ナフチルスルフィニル基、2−ピリジルスルフィニル基等)、アルキルスルホニル基(例えば、メチルスルホニル基、エチルスルホニル基、ブチルスルホニル基、シクロヘキシルスルホニル基、2−エチルヘキシルスルホニル基、ドデシルスルホニル基等)、アリールスルホニル基またはヘテロアリールスルホニル基(例えば、フェニルスルホニル基、ナフチルスルホニル基、2−ピリジルスルホニル基等)、アミノ基(例えば、アミノ基、エチルアミノ基、ジメチルアミノ基、ブチルアミノ基、シクロペンチルアミノ基、2−エチルヘキシルアミノ基、ドデシルアミノ基、アニリノ基、ナフチルアミノ基、2−ピリジルアミノ基等)、ハロゲン原子(例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子等)、フッ化炭化水素基(例えば、フルオロメチル基、トリフルオロメチル基、ペンタフルオロエチル基、ペンタフルオロフェニル基等)、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ヒドロキシ基、メルカプト基、シリル基(例えば、トリメチルシリル基、トリイソプロピルシリル基、トリフェニルシリル基、フェニルジエチルシリル基等)、ホスホノ基等、重合性の基(例えば、アクリロイル基、メタクリロイル基等)が挙げられる。
(Substituent)
In the general formula (1), the substituent that the 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by A or B and the 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring may further have is an alkyl group (for example, , Methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, etc.), cycloalkyl group (for example, cyclopentyl group, Cyclohexyl group etc.), alkenyl group (eg vinyl group, allyl group, 1-propenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 1,3-butadienyl group, 2-pentenyl group, isopropenyl group etc.), alkynyl group (eg ethynyl). Group, propargyl group, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbon group (aromatic hydrocarbon ring group, aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc., for example, phenyl P-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl group, acenaphthenyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group, pyrenyl group, biphenylyl group, etc.), aromatic heterocyclic group ( For example, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, quinazolinyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, diazacarbazolyl Any carbon atom constituting the carboline ring of the group is substituted with a nitrogen atom), a phthalazinyl group, etc.), a heterocyclic group (eg, pyrrolidyl group, imidazolidyl group, morpholyl group, oxazolidyl group, etc.), alkoxy A group (eg, methoxy) Group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, octyloxy group, dodecyloxy group, etc.), cycloalkoxy group (for example, cyclopentyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group, etc.), aryloxy group (for example, phenoxy) Group, naphthyloxy group, etc.), alkylthio group (eg, methylthio group, ethylthio group, propylthio group, pentylthio group, hexylthio group, octylthio group, dodecylthio group, etc.), cycloalkylthio group (eg, cyclopentylthio group, cyclohexylthio group, etc.) ), Arylthio groups (eg, phenylthio group, naphthylthio group, etc.), alkoxycarbonyl groups (eg, methyloxycarbonyl group, ethyloxycarbonyl group, butyloxycarbonyl group, octyloxycarbonyl group, dopamine) Decyloxycarbonyl group, etc.), aryloxycarbonyl group (eg, phenyloxycarbonyl group, naphthyloxycarbonyl group, etc.), sulfamoyl group (eg, aminosulfonyl group, methylaminosulfonyl group, dimethylaminosulfonyl group, butylaminosulfonyl group, Hexylaminosulfonyl group, cyclohexylaminosulfonyl group, octylaminosulfonyl group, dodecylaminosulfonyl group, phenylaminosulfonyl group, naphthylaminosulfonyl group, 2-pyridylaminosulfonyl group, etc.), acyl group (for example, acetyl group, ethylcarbonyl group, Propylcarbonyl group, pentylcarbonyl group, cyclohexylcarbonyl group, octylcarbonyl group, 2-ethylhexylcarbonyl group, dodecylcarbonyl group, phenyl Carbonyl group, naphthylcarbonyl group, pyridylcarbonyl group, etc.), acyloxy group (eg, acetyloxy group, ethylcarbonyloxy group, butylcarbonyloxy group, octylcarbonyloxy group, dodecylcarbonyloxy group, phenylcarbonyloxy group, etc.), amide Groups (for example, methylcarbonylamino group, ethylcarbonylamino group, dimethylcarbonylamino group, propylcarbonylamino group, pentylcarbonylamino group, cyclohexylcarbonylamino group, 2-ethylhexylcarbonylamino group, octylcarbonylamino group, dodecylcarbonylamino group) , Phenylcarbonylamino group, naphthylcarbonylamino group, etc.), carbamoyl group (for example, aminocarbonyl group, methylaminocarbonyl group, dimethyl) Minocarbonyl group, propylaminocarbonyl group, pentylaminocarbonyl group, cyclohexylaminocarbonyl group, octylaminocarbonyl group, 2-ethylhexylaminocarbonyl group, dodecylaminocarbonyl group, phenylaminocarbonyl group, naphthylaminocarbonyl group, 2-pyridylaminocarbonyl Group), ureido group (eg, methylureido group, ethylureido group, pentylureido group, cyclohexylureido group, octylureido group, dodecylureido group, phenylureido group, naphthylureido group, 2-pyridylaminoureido group), sulfinyl group (For example, methylsulfinyl group, ethylsulfinyl group, butylsulfinyl group, cyclohexylsulfinyl group, 2-ethylhexylsulfinyl group, dode Silsulfinyl group, phenylsulfinyl group, naphthylsulfinyl group, 2-pyridylsulfinyl group, etc.), alkylsulfonyl group (for example, methylsulfonyl group, ethylsulfonyl group, butylsulfonyl group, cyclohexylsulfonyl group, 2-ethylhexylsulfonyl group, dodecylsulfonyl group) Group), arylsulfonyl group or heteroarylsulfonyl group (for example, phenylsulfonyl group, naphthylsulfonyl group, 2-pyridylsulfonyl group, etc.), amino group (for example, amino group, ethylamino group, dimethylamino group, butylamino group) , Cyclopentylamino group, 2-ethylhexylamino group, dodecylamino group, anilino group, naphthylamino group, 2-pyridylamino group, etc.), halogen atom (for example, fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom) Etc.), fluorinated hydrocarbon group (eg, fluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, pentafluoroethyl group, pentafluorophenyl group, etc.), cyano group, nitro group, hydroxy group, mercapto group, silyl group (eg, trimethylsilyl) Group, triisopropylsilyl group, triphenylsilyl group, phenyldiethylsilyl group and the like), phosphono group and the like, and polymerizable groups (for example, acryloyl group, methacryloyl group and the like).
これらの置換基は、上記の置換基によってさらに置換されていてもよい。また、これらの置換基は複数が互いに結合して環を形成していてもよい。 These substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents. In addition, a plurality of these substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表されるアルキレン基としては、例えば、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、プロピレン基、エチルエチレン基、ペンタメチレン基、ヘキサメチレン基等が挙げられる。 In the general formula (1), examples of the alkylene groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 include ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, propylene group, ethylethylene group, pentamethylene group, and hexamethylene group. Can be mentioned.
一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表されるシクロアルキレン基としては、例えば、シクロペンチレン基、シクロヘキシレン基、シクロヘプチレン基等が挙げられる。 In the general formula (1), examples of the cycloalkylene group represented by L1, L2, and L3 include a cyclopentylene group, a cyclohexylene group, and a cycloheptylene group.
一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表されるアルキニレン基としては、例えば、エチニレン基、1−プロピニレン基、1−ブチニレン基、1−ペンチニレン基、1−ヘキシニレン基、2−ブチニレン基、2−ペンチニレン基、1−メチルエチニレン基、3−メチル−1−プロピニレン基、3−メチル−1−ブチニレン基等が挙げられる。 In the general formula (1), examples of the alkynylene groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 include, for example, ethynylene group, 1-propynylene group, 1-butynylene group, 1-pentynylene group, 1-hexynylene group, and 2-butynylene. Group, 2-pentynylene group, 1-methylethynylene group, 3-methyl-1-propynylene group, 3-methyl-1-butynylene group and the like.
一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表されるアリーレン基としては、例えば、例えば、o−フェニレン基、m−フェニレン基、p−フェニレン基、ナフタレンジイル基、アントラセンジイル基、ナフタセンジイル基、ピレンジイル基、ナフチルナフタレンジイル基、ビフェニルジイル基(例えば、[1,1’−ビフェニル]−4,4’−ジイル基、3,3’−ビフェニルジイル基、3,6−ビフェニルジイル基等)、テルフェニルジイル基、クアテルフェニルジイル基、キンクフェニルジイル基、セキシフェニルジイル基、セプチフェニルジイル基、オクチフェニルジイル基、ノビフェニルジイル基、デシフェニルジイル基等が挙げられる。 In the general formula (1), examples of the arylene groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 include, for example, an o-phenylene group, an m-phenylene group, a p-phenylene group, a naphthalenediyl group, an anthracenediyl group, and a naphthacenediyl group. Group, pyrenediyl group, naphthylnaphthalenediyl group, biphenyldiyl group (for example, [1,1′-biphenyl] -4,4′-diyl group, 3,3′-biphenyldiyl group, 3,6-biphenyldiyl group, etc. ), Terphenyldiyl group, quaterphenyldiyl group, kinkphenyldiyl group, sexiphenyldiyl group, septiphenyldiyl group, octiphenyldiyl group, nobiphenyldiyl group, deciphenyldiyl group and the like.
一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表されるヘテロアリーレン基としては、例えば、カルバゾール環、カルボリン環、ジアザカルバゾール環(モノアザカルボリン環ともいい、カルボリン環を構成する炭素原子のひとつが窒素原子で置き換わった構成の環構成を示す)、トリアゾール環、ピロール環、ピリジン環、ピラジン環、キノキサリン環、チオフェン環、オキサジアゾール環、ジベンゾフラン環、ジベンゾチオフェン環、インドール環からなる群から導出される2価の基等が挙げられる。 In the general formula (1), examples of the heteroarylene groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 include, for example, a carbazole ring, a carboline ring, a diazacarbazole ring (also referred to as a monoazacarboline ring, and carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring) One of these is replaced by a nitrogen atom), triazole ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyrazine ring, quinoxaline ring, thiophene ring, oxadiazole ring, dibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, indole ring And divalent groups derived from the group.
一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表される基の中で、L1として好ましいのは、アルキレン基であり、特に好ましいのは、炭素数1〜6のアルキレン基(メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、プロピレン基等)であり、L2、L3として好ましいのは炭素数1〜3のアルキレン基(メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、プロピレン基、エチルエチレン基、ペンタメチレン基、ヘキサメチレン基等)である。 Of the groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 in the general formula (1), L1 is preferably an alkylene group, and particularly preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (methylene group, Ethylene group, trimethylene group, propylene group, etc.) and preferred as L2 and L3 are alkylene groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms (methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, propylene group, ethylethylene group, pentane). Methylene group, hexamethylene group, etc.).
尚、一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表される基は、更に、一般式(1)において、A、Bで各々表される6員の芳香族炭化水素環、5員または6員の芳香族複素環が更に有しても良い置換基を有していても良い。 In the general formula (1), the groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 are each a 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by A and B in the general formula (1). Alternatively, the 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring may further have a substituent.
尚、一般式(1)は単体で重合体(ポリマー)を形成していても良いし、他の母核と共重合体(コポリマー)を形成していても良い。 In general formula (1), a polymer (polymer) may be formed alone, or a copolymer (copolymer) may be formed with another mother nucleus.
このような構造を有する化合物は、非特許文献4等を参考して合成可能である。 A compound having such a structure can be synthesized with reference to Non-Patent Document 4 and the like.
(重合体または共重合体の分子量)
実用上分子量によって定義をする際、本発明に係る一般式(1)で表される化合物は、好ましくは重量平均分子量が3000以下の化合物を低分子化合物と区分する。より好ましくは2500以下、さらに好ましくは2000以下である。他方、分子量が3000以上、より好ましくは5000以上、さらに好ましくは10000以上の化合物を高分子化合物と区分する。
(Molecular weight of polymer or copolymer)
When practically defining by molecular weight, the compound represented by the general formula (1) according to the present invention preferably classifies a compound having a weight average molecular weight of 3000 or less as a low molecular compound. More preferably, it is 2500 or less, More preferably, it is 2000 or less. On the other hand, a compound having a molecular weight of 3000 or more, more preferably 5000 or more, and further preferably 10,000 or more is classified as a polymer compound.
なお、重量平均分子量はゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)で測定することができる。 The weight average molecular weight can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
本発明に係る一般式(1)で表される化合物の重合体の重量平均分子量(Mw)の測定は、THF(テトラヒドロフラン)をカラム溶媒として用いるGPC(ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー)を用いて分子量測定を行うことができる。 The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polymer of the compound represented by the general formula (1) according to the present invention is measured using GPC (gel permeation chromatography) using THF (tetrahydrofuran) as a column solvent. It can be performed.
具体的には、測定試料を1mgに対してTHF(脱気処理を行ったものを用いる)を1ml加え、室温下にてマグネチックスターラーを用いて撹拌を行い、充分に溶解させる。ついで、ポアサイズ0.45μm〜0.50μmのメンブランフィルターで処理した後に、GPC(ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフ)装置に注入する。 Specifically, 1 ml of THF (using a degassed sample) is added to 1 mg of a measurement sample, and the sample is stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature to be sufficiently dissolved. Subsequently, after processing with a membrane filter having a pore size of 0.45 μm to 0.50 μm, it is injected into a GPC (gel permeation chromatograph) apparatus.
GPC測定条件は、40℃にてカラムを安定化させ、THF(テトラヒドロフラン)を毎分1mlの流速で流し、1mg/mlの濃度の試料を約100μl注入して測定する。 GPC measurement conditions are measured by stabilizing the column at 40 ° C., flowing THF (tetrahydrofuran) at a flow rate of 1 ml / min, and injecting about 100 μl of a sample having a concentration of 1 mg / ml.
カラムとしては、市販のポリスチレンジェルカラムを組み合わせて使用することが好ましい。例えば、昭和電工社製のShodex GPC KF−801、802、803、804、805、806、807の組合せや、東ソー社製のTSKgelG1000H、G2000H、G3000H、G4000H、G5000H、G6000H、G7000H、TSK guard column等の組合せ等が好ましい。 As the column, it is preferable to use a combination of commercially available polystyrene gel columns. For example, Shodex GPC KF-801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807 manufactured by Showa Denko KK, TSKgel G1000H, G2000H, G3000H, G4000H, G5000H, G6000H, G7000H, TSK guard, etc. manufactured by Tosoh Corporation A combination of these is preferred.
検出器としては、屈折率検出器(RI検出器)、あるいはUV検出器が好ましく用いられる。試料の分子量測定では、試料の有する分子量分布を単分散のポリスチレン標準粒子を用いて作成した検量線を用いて算出する。検量線作成用のポリスチレンとしては10点程度用いることが好ましい。 As the detector, a refractive index detector (RI detector) or a UV detector is preferably used. In the measurement of the molecular weight of a sample, the molecular weight distribution of the sample is calculated using a calibration curve created using monodisperse polystyrene standard particles. About 10 points are preferably used as polystyrene for preparing a calibration curve.
本発明では、下記の測定条件にて分子量測定を行った。 In the present invention, the molecular weight was measured under the following measurement conditions.
(測定条件)
装置:東ソー高速GPC装置 HLC−8220GPC
カラム:TOSOH TSKgel Super HM−M
検出器:RI及び/またはUV
溶出液流速:0.6ml/分
試料濃度:0.1質量%
試料量:100μl
検量線:標準ポリスチレンにて作製:標準ポリスチレンSTK standard ポリスチレン(東ソー(株)製)Mw=1000000〜500迄の13サンプルを用いて検量線(校正曲線ともいう)を作成、分子量の算出に使用した。13サンプルは、ほぼ等間隔にすることが好ましい。
(Measurement condition)
Equipment: Tosoh High Speed GPC Equipment HLC-8220GPC
Column: TOSOH TSKgel Super HM-M
Detector: RI and / or UV
Eluent flow rate: 0.6 ml / min Sample concentration: 0.1% by mass
Sample volume: 100 μl
Calibration curve: prepared with standard polystyrene: standard polystyrene STK standard polystyrene (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) Mw = 100000 to 500-500 calibration curves (also referred to as calibration curves) were used to calculate the molecular weight. . It is preferable that the 13 samples are substantially equally spaced.
本発明に係る一般式(1)で表される化合物の中でも、好ましく用いられるのは上記一般式(2)で表される化合物である。 Among the compounds represented by the general formula (1) according to the present invention, the compound represented by the general formula (2) is preferably used.
《一般式(2)で表される化合物》
本発明に係る一般式(2)で表される化合物について説明する。
<< Compound Represented by Formula (2) >>
The compound represented by the general formula (2) according to the present invention will be described.
一般式(2)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表される基は、一般式(1)において、L1、L2、L3は、各々アルキレン基、シクロアルキレン基、アルキニレン基、アリーレン基またはヘテロアリーレン基と各々同義である。 In general formula (2), the groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 are the same as those in general formula (1), and L1, L2, and L3 are each an alkylene group, a cycloalkylene group, an alkynylene group, an arylene group, or a heteroarylene group. Each group has the same meaning.
一般式(2)において、A1〜A8は置換または無置換の炭素原子または窒素原子を表すが、α位、γ位、δ位のいずれかを窒素原子が置換する構造(6員の含窒素芳香族複素環)が好ましい。 In the general formula (2), A 1 to A 8 represent a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and a structure in which any one of the α-position, γ-position, and δ-position is substituted with a nitrogen atom (including 6-membered) Nitrogen aromatic heterocycles) are preferred.
6員の含窒素芳香族複素環としては、窒素原子数が1〜3の範囲が好ましいが、化合物の安定性から、A1〜A4と2つの炭素原子で構成される環、A5〜A8と2つの炭素原子で構成される環のいづれかの窒素原子数は1〜2であることが好ましく、更に好ましくは1つである。 The 6-membered nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle preferably has 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, but from the stability of the compound, a ring composed of A1 to A4 and two carbon atoms, A5 to A8 and 2 The number of nitrogen atoms in any of the rings composed of one carbon atom is preferably 1 to 2, more preferably 1.
また、窒素原子が占める位置としては、中央の5員環のXで表される原子に近い側からα位、β位、γ位、δ位とした場合α位またはδ位が好ましく、最も好ましくはδ位である。 Further, the position occupied by the nitrogen atom is preferably the α-position or δ-position, most preferably the α-position, β-position, γ-position, or δ-position from the side close to the atom represented by X of the central 5-membered ring. Is in the δ position.
一般式(2)で表される化合物の中でも、更に好ましく用いられるのは上記一般式(3)で表される化合物である。 Among the compounds represented by the general formula (2), the compound represented by the general formula (3) is more preferably used.
《一般式(3)で表される化合物》
本発明に係る一般式(3)で表される化合物について説明する。
<< Compound Represented by Formula (3) >>
The compound represented by the general formula (3) according to the present invention will be described.
一般式(3)において、L1、L2、L3で各々表される基は、一般式(2)において、L1、L2、L3は、各々アルキレン基、シクロアルキレン基、アルキニレン基、アリーレン基またはヘテロアリーレン基と各々同義である。 In general formula (3), the groups represented by L1, L2, and L3 are the same as those in general formula (2), and L1, L2, and L3 are each an alkylene group, a cycloalkylene group, an alkynylene group, an arylene group, or a heteroarylene group. Each group has the same meaning.
以下、一般式(1)、(2)または(3)のいずれかで表される化合物の具体例を挙げるが、本発明はこれらに限定されない。 Hereinafter, although the specific example of a compound represented by either general formula (1), (2) or (3) is given, this invention is not limited to these.
上記の具体例において、n、mは2〜100を表す。 In said specific example, n and m represent 2-100.
実用上分子量によって定義をする際には、好ましくは分子量が3000以下の化合物を低分子化合物と区分する。より好ましくは2500以下、さらに好ましくは2000以下である。他方、分子量が3000以上、より好ましくは5000以上、さらに好ましくは10000以上の化合物を高分子化合物と区分する。なお、分子量はゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)で測定することができる。 When defining by molecular weight for practical use, a compound having a molecular weight of 3000 or less is preferably classified as a low molecular compound. More preferably, it is 2500 or less, More preferably, it is 2000 or less. On the other hand, a compound having a molecular weight of 3000 or more, more preferably 5000 or more, and further preferably 10,000 or more is classified as a polymer compound. The molecular weight can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
このような構造を有する化合物は、非特許文献4等を参考として合成することができる。 A compound having such a structure can be synthesized with reference to Non-Patent Document 4 and the like.
《p型半導体材料》
本発明の有機光電変換素子の光電変換層(発電層、バルクヘテロジャンクション層)に用いられるp型半導体材料としては、種々の縮合多環芳香族低分子化合物や共役系ポリマーが挙げられる。
<< p-type semiconductor material >>
Examples of the p-type semiconductor material used for the photoelectric conversion layer (power generation layer, bulk heterojunction layer) of the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention include various condensed polycyclic aromatic low molecular compounds and conjugated polymers.
縮合多環芳香族低分子化合物としては、例えば、アントラセン、テトラセン、ペンタセン、ヘキサセン、ヘプタセン、クリセン、ピセン、フルミネン、ピレン、ペロピレン、ペリレン、テリレン、クオテリレン、コロネン、オバレン、サーカムアントラセン、ビスアンテン、ゼスレン、ヘプタゼスレン、ピランスレン、ビオランテン、イソビオランテン、サーコビフェニル、アントラジチオフェン等の化合物、ポルフィリンや銅フタロシアニン、テトラチアフルバレン(TTF)−テトラシアノキノジメタン(TCNQ)錯体、ビスエチレンテトラチアフルバレン(BEDTTTF)−過塩素酸錯体、及びこれらの誘導体や前駆体が挙げられる。 Examples of the condensed polycyclic aromatic low-molecular compound include anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, hexacene, heptacene, chrysene, picene, fluorene, pyrene, peropyrene, perylene, terylene, quaterylene, coronene, ovalene, circumanthracene, bisanthene, zesulene, Compounds such as heptazeslen, pyranthrene, violanthene, isoviolanthene, cacobiphenyl, anthradithiophene, porphyrin, copper phthalocyanine, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) -tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) complex, bisethylenetetrathiafulvalene (BEDTTTTF ) -Perchloric acid complexes, and derivatives and precursors thereof.
また上記の縮合多環を有する誘導体の例としては、国際公開第03/16599号、国際公開第03/28125号、米国特許第6,690,029号明細書、特開2004−107216号公報等に記載の置換基をもったペンタセン誘導体、米国特許出願公開第2003/136964号明細書等に記載のペンタセンプレカーサ、J.Amer.Chem.Soc.,vol127.No14.4986、J.Amer.Chem.Soc.,vol.123、p9482、J.Amer.Chem.Soc.,vol.130(2008)、No.9、2706等に記載のトリアルキルシリルエチニル基で置換されたアセン系化合物等が挙げられる。 Examples of the derivative having the above condensed polycycle include International Publication No. 03/16599, International Publication No. 03/28125, US Pat. No. 6,690,029, JP-A No. 2004-107216, etc. A pentacene derivative having the substituent described in U.S. Pat. No. 2003/136964, a pentacene precursor; Amer. Chem. Soc. , Vol127. No. 14.4986, J. Am. Amer. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 123, p9482; Amer. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 130 (2008), no. 9, acene-based compounds substituted with a trialkylsilylethynyl group described in 2706 and the like.
共役系ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリ3−ヘキシルチオフェン(P3HT)等のポリチオフェン及びそのオリゴマー、またはTechnical Digest of the International PVSEC−17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225に記載の重合性基を有するようなポリチオフェン、Nature Material,(2006)vol.5,p328に記載のポリチオフェン−チエノチオフェン共重合体、WO2008000664に記載のポリチオフェン−ジケトピロロピロール共重合体、Adv Mater,2007p4160に記載のポリチオフェン−チアゾロチアゾール共重合体,Nature Mat.vol.6(2007),p497に記載のPCPDTBT等のようなポリチオフェン共重合体、ポリピロール及びそのオリゴマー、ポリアニリン、ポリフェニレン及びそのオリゴマー、ポリフェニレンビニレン及びそのオリゴマー、ポリチエニレンビニレン及びそのオリゴマー、ポリアセチレン、ポリジアセチレン、ポリシラン、ポリゲルマン等のσ共役系ポリマー、等のポリマー材料が挙げられる。 Examples of the conjugated polymer include a polythiophene such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and an oligomer thereof, or a technical group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225. Polythiophene, Nature Material, (2006) vol. 5, p328, a polythiophene-thienothiophene copolymer described in WO2008000664, a polythiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole copolymer described in WO2008000664, a polythiophene-thiazolothiazole copolymer described in Adv Mater, 2007p4160, Nature Mat. vol. 6 (2007), p497 described in PCPDTBT, etc., polypyrrole and its oligomer, polyaniline, polyphenylene and its oligomer, polyphenylene vinylene and its oligomer, polythienylene vinylene and its oligomer, polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, Examples thereof include polymer materials such as σ-conjugated polymers such as polysilane and polygermane.
また、ポリマー材料ではなくオリゴマー材料としては、チオフェン6量体であるα−セクシチオフェンα,ω−ジヘキシル−α−セクシチオフェン、α,ω−ジヘキシル−α−キンケチオフェン、α,ω−ビス(3−ブトキシプロピル)−α−セクシチオフェン、等のオリゴマーが好適に用いることができる。 In addition, oligomeric materials instead of polymer materials include thiophene hexamer α-sexual thiophene α, ω-dihexyl-α-sexual thiophene, α, ω-dihexyl-α-kinkethiophene, α, ω-bis (3 Oligomers such as -butoxypropyl) -α-sexithiophene can be preferably used.
これらの化合物の中でも、溶液プロセスが可能な程度に有機溶剤への溶解性が高く、かつ乾燥後は結晶性薄膜を形成し、高い移動度を達成することが可能な化合物が好ましい。 Among these compounds, compounds that have high solubility in organic solvents to the extent that solution processing is possible, can form a crystalline thin film after drying, and can achieve high mobility are preferable.
また、発電層上に電子輸送層を塗布で製膜する場合、電子輸送層溶液が発電層を溶かしてしまうという課題があるため、溶液プロセスで塗布した後に不溶化できるような材料を用いても良い。 Further, when the electron transport layer is formed on the power generation layer by coating, there is a problem that the electron transport layer solution dissolves the power generation layer. Therefore, a material that can be insolubilized after coating by a solution process may be used. .
このような材料としては、Technical Digest of the International PVSEC−17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225に記載の重合性基を有するようなポリチオフェンのような、塗布後に塗布膜を重合架橋して不溶化できる材料、または米国特許出願公開第2003/136964号、および特開2008−16834等に記載されているような、熱等のエネルギーを加えることによって可溶性置換基が反応して不溶化する(顔料化する)材料などを挙げることができる。 Examples of such a material include materials that can be insolubilized by polymerizing and crosslinking the coating film after coating, such as polythiophene having a polymerizable group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225. Or a material in which soluble substituents react and become insoluble (pigmented) by applying energy such as heat, as described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/136964, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-16834 And so on.
《n型半導体材料》
本発明の有機光電変換素子の光電変換層の形成に用いられるn型半導体材料としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、フラーレン、オクタアザポルフィリン等、p型半導体の水素原子をフッ素原子に置換したパーフルオロ体(パーフルオロペンタセンやパーフルオロフタロシアニン等)、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等の芳香族カルボン酸無水物やそのイミド化物を骨格として含む高分子化合物等を挙げることができる。
<< n-type semiconductor material >>
The n-type semiconductor material used for forming the photoelectric conversion layer of the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, it is a perforated material in which hydrogen atoms of p-type semiconductors such as fullerene and octaazaporphyrin are substituted with fluorine atoms. Aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as fluoro (perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.), naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, and imidized products thereof And a polymer compound containing as a skeleton.
しかし、この中でもn型半導体材料としては、各種のp型半導体材料と高速(〜50フェムト秒)且つ効率的に電荷分離を行うことができる、フラーレン誘導体が好ましい。フラーレン誘導体としては、フラーレンC60、フラーレンC70、フラーレンC76、フラーレンC78、フラーレンC84、フラーレンC240、フラーレンC540、ミックスドフラーレン、フラーレンナノチューブ、多層ナノチューブ、単層ナノチューブ、ナノホーン(円錐型)等、及びこれらの一部が水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換または無置換のアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、芳香族炭化水素環基(アリール基、芳香族炭化水素基等ともいう)、芳香族複素環基(ヘテロアリール基ともいう)、シクロアルキル基、シリル基、エーテル基、チオエーテル基、アミノ基、シリル基等によって置換されたフラーレン誘導体を挙げることができる。 However, among these, as the n-type semiconductor material, a fullerene derivative capable of efficiently performing charge separation with various p-type semiconductor materials at high speed (up to 50 femtoseconds) is preferable. Fullerene derivatives include fullerene C60, fullerene C70, fullerene C76, fullerene C78, fullerene C84, fullerene C240, fullerene C540, mixed fullerene, fullerene nanotubes, multi-walled nanotubes, single-walled nanotubes, nanohorns (conical), etc. Some are hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aromatic hydrocarbon ring groups (also referred to as aryl groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups, etc.), aromatic heterocyclic groups (hetero (Also referred to as an aryl group), fullerene derivatives substituted with a cycloalkyl group, a silyl group, an ether group, a thioether group, an amino group, a silyl group, and the like.
中でも、N−Methylfulleropyrrolidine、下記構造式で表される[6,6]−フェニルC61−ブチリックアシッドメチルエステル(略称PCBM)、[6,6]−フェニルC61−ブチリックアシッド−nブチルエステル(PCBnB)、[6,6]−フェニルC61−ブチリックアシッド−イソブチルエステル(PCBiB)、[6,6]−フェニルC61−ブチリックアシッド−n−ヘキシルエステル(PCBH)、Adv.Mater.,vol.20(2008),p2116等に記載のbis−PCBM、特開2006−199674号公報等のアミノ化フラーレン、特開2008−130889号公報等のメタロセン化フラーレン、米国特許第7,329,709号明細書等の環状エーテル基を有するフラーレン、J.Amer.Chem.Soc.,(2009)vol.130,p15429に記載のSIMEF、Appl.Phys.Lett.,Vol.87(2005)、p203504に記載のC60MC12等のような、置換基を有してより溶解性が向上したフラーレン誘導体を用いることが好ましい。 Among them, N-methylfullropyrrolidine, [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (abbreviation PCBM) represented by the following structural formula, [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-n-butyl ester (PCBnB) ), [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-isobutyl ester (PCBiB), [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-n-hexyl ester (PCBH), Adv. Mater. , Vol. 20 (2008), p2116, etc., aminated fullerenes such as JP-A 2006-199674, metallocene fullerenes such as JP-A 2008-130889, US Pat. No. 7,329,709, etc. Fullerene having a cyclic ether group such as Amer. Chem. Soc. , (2009) vol. 130, p15429, SIMEF, Appl. Phys. Lett. , Vol. 87 (2005), C60MC12 described in p203504, and the like. It is preferable to use a fullerene derivative having a substituent and having improved solubility.
《光電変換層の作製方法》
本発明の有機光電変換素子の光電変換層(本発明では、電子受容体と電子供与体とが混合されたような光電変換層、バルクヘテロジャンクション層が好ましい)の形成方法としては、蒸着法、塗布法(キャスト法、スピンコート法を含む)等を例示することができる。このうち、前述の正孔と電子が電荷分離する界面の面積を増大させ、高い光電変換効率を有する素子を作製するためには、塗布法が好ましい。また、塗布法は製造速度にも優れている。
<< Method for Fabricating Photoelectric Conversion Layer >>
As a method for forming the photoelectric conversion layer of the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention (in the present invention, a photoelectric conversion layer in which an electron acceptor and an electron donor are mixed, a bulk heterojunction layer is preferable), a vapor deposition method, a coating method Examples of the method include a casting method and a spin coating method. Among these, the coating method is preferable in order to increase the area of the interface where charges and electrons are separated from each other as described above and to produce a device having high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Also, the coating method is excellent in production speed.
この際に使用する塗布方法に制限はないが、例えば、スピンコート法、溶液からのキャスト法、ディップコート法、ワイヤーバーコート法、グラビアコート法、スプレ−コート法等が挙げられる。さらには、インクジェット法、スクリーン印刷法、凸版印刷法、凹版印刷法、オフセット印刷法、フレキソ印刷法等の印刷法でパターニングできる。 Although there is no restriction | limiting in the application | coating method used in this case, For example, a spin coat method, the cast method from a solution, a dip coat method, a wire bar coat method, a gravure coat method, a spray coat method etc. are mentioned. Furthermore, it can pattern by printing methods, such as an inkjet method, a screen printing method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, an offset printing method, a flexographic printing method.
塗布後は残留溶媒及び水分、ガスの除去、及び半導体材料の結晶化による移動度向上・吸収長波化を引き起こすために加熱を行うことが好ましい。製造工程中において所定の温度でアニール処理されると、微視的に一部が凝集または結晶化が促進され、光電変換層を適切な相分離構造とすることができる。その結果、光電変換層の正孔と電子(キャリア)の移動度が向上し、高い効率を得ることができるようになる。 After coating, it is preferable to perform heating in order to cause removal of residual solvent, moisture and gas, and improvement of mobility and absorption longwave due to crystallization of the semiconductor material. When annealing is performed at a predetermined temperature during the manufacturing process, a part of the particles is microscopically aggregated or crystallized and the photoelectric conversion layer can have an appropriate phase separation structure. As a result, the mobility of holes and electrons (carriers) in the photoelectric conversion layer is improved, and high efficiency can be obtained.
光電変換層は、電子受容体と電子供与体とが均一に混在された単一層で構成してもよいが、電子受容体と電子供与体との混合比を変えた複数層で構成してもよい。この場合、前述したような塗布後に不溶化できるような材料を用いることで形成可能である。 The photoelectric conversion layer may be composed of a single layer in which an electron acceptor and an electron donor are uniformly mixed, or may be composed of a plurality of layers in which the mixing ratio of the electron acceptor and the electron donor is changed. Good. In this case, it can be formed by using a material that can be insolubilized after coating as described above.
《正孔輸送層(電子ブロック層)》
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層と陽極との中間には正孔輸送層を、光電変換層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となるため、これらの層を有していることが好ましい。
<< Hole Transport Layer (Electron Blocking Layer) >>
The organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has a hole transport layer between the photoelectric conversion layer and the anode, and it is possible to take out charges generated in the photoelectric conversion layer more efficiently. It is preferable.
尚、正孔輸送層も本発明に係る電荷輸送層の一例であり、上記一般式(1)、(2)または(3)のいずれかで表される化合物を含有していてもよい。 The hole transport layer is also an example of the charge transport layer according to the present invention, and may contain a compound represented by any one of the general formulas (1), (2), and (3).
これらの層を構成する材料としては、例えば、正孔輸送層としては、スタルクヴイテック製、商品名BaytronP等のPEDOT(ポリ−3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)−PSS(ポリスチレンスルホン酸)、ポリアニリン及びそのドープ材料、国際公開第06/019270号等に記載のシアン化合物、などを用いることができる。 As a material constituting these layers, for example, as a hole transport layer, PEDOT (poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -PSS (polystyrene sulfonic acid) such as Stark Vitec, trade name BaytronP, Polyaniline and its doping material, cyan compounds described in International Publication No. 06/019270, and the like can be used.
尚、光電変換層に用いられるn型半導体材料のLUMO準位よりも浅いLUMO準位を有する正孔輸送層には、光電変換層で生成した電子を陽極側には流さないような整流効果を有する、電子ブロック機能が付与される。 The hole transport layer having a LUMO level shallower than the LUMO level of the n-type semiconductor material used for the photoelectric conversion layer has a rectifying effect that prevents electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion layer from flowing to the anode side. It has an electronic block function.
このような正孔輸送層は電子ブロック層とも呼ばれ、このような機能を有する正孔輸送層を使用する方が好ましい。 Such a hole transport layer is also called an electron block layer, and it is preferable to use a hole transport layer having such a function.
このような材料としては、特開平5−271166号公報等に記載のトリアリールアミン系化合物、また酸化モリブデン、酸化ニッケル、酸化タングステン等の金属酸化物等を用いることができる。また、光電変換層に用いたp型半導体材料単体からなる層を用いることもできる。これらの層を形成する手段としては、真空蒸着法、溶液塗布法のいずれであってもよいが、好ましくは溶液塗布法である。光電変換層を形成する前に、下層に塗布膜を形成すると塗布面をレベリングする効果があり、リーク等の影響が低減するため好ましい。 As such a material, a triarylamine compound described in JP-A-5-271166 or a metal oxide such as molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, or tungsten oxide can be used. Moreover, the layer which consists of a p-type semiconductor material single-piece | unit used for the photoelectric converting layer can also be used. The means for forming these layers may be either a vacuum deposition method or a solution coating method, but is preferably a solution coating method. Forming a coating film in the lower layer before forming the photoelectric conversion layer is preferable because it has the effect of leveling the coating surface and reduces the influence of leakage and the like.
また、同様に正孔を輸送する特性から10−4よりも高い正孔移動度を有していることが好ましく、また電子を阻止する特性から、電子移動度が10−6よりも低い化合物を用いることが好ましい。 Similarly, it preferably has a hole mobility higher than 10 −4 due to the property of transporting holes, and a compound with electron mobility lower than 10 −6 due to the property of blocking electrons. It is preferable to use it.
《その他の層》
本発明の有機光電変換素子のその他の構成層について説明する。
《Other layers》
The other structural layer of the organic photoelectric conversion element of this invention is demonstrated.
エネルギー変換効率の向上や、素子寿命の向上を目的に、各種中間層を素子内に有する構成としてもよい。中間層の例としては、正孔ブロック層、電子ブロック層、正孔注入層、電子注入層、励起子ブロック層、UV吸収層、光反射層、波長変換層などを挙げることができる。 For the purpose of improving energy conversion efficiency and improving the lifetime of the element, a structure having various intermediate layers in the element may be employed. Examples of the intermediate layer include a hole block layer, an electron block layer, a hole injection layer, an electron injection layer, an exciton block layer, a UV absorption layer, a light reflection layer, and a wavelength conversion layer.
《電極》
本発明の有機光電変換素子においては、少なくとも第一の電極、第二の電極を有する。また、タンデム構成をとる場合には、中間電極を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。なお、本発明においては、主に正孔が流れる電極を陽極と呼び、主に電子が流れる電極を陰極と呼ぶ。
また、透光性があるかどうかといった機能から、透光性のある電極を透明電極と呼び、透光性のない電極を対電極と呼び分ける場合がある。本発明においては、逆層構成であるため、透光性のある透明電極をカソードとして使用し、透光性のない対電極はアノードとして使用する。
"electrode"
The organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has at least a first electrode and a second electrode. Moreover, when taking a tandem configuration, the tandem configuration can be achieved by using an intermediate electrode. In the present invention, an electrode through which holes mainly flow is called an anode, and an electrode through which electrons mainly flow is called a cathode.
In addition, the translucent electrode is sometimes referred to as a transparent electrode and the non-translucent electrode is sometimes referred to as a counter electrode because of the function of whether or not it has translucency. In the present invention, because of the reverse layer configuration, a transparent electrode with translucency is used as the cathode, and a counter electrode without translucency is used as the anode.
(透明電極(カソード))
本発明の透明電極は、好ましくは380nm〜800nmの光を透過する電極である。
(Transparent electrode (cathode))
The transparent electrode of the present invention is preferably an electrode that transmits light of 380 nm to 800 nm.
透明電極の構成材料としては、例えば、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、AZO、FTO、SnO2、ZnO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au、Pt等の非常に薄い金属層または金属ナノワイヤ、カーボンナノチューブ等のナノワイヤやナノ粒子を含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等を用いることができる。 As the constituent material of the transparent electrode, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO), AZO, FTO, SnO 2 , ZnO, a transparent metal oxide such as titanium oxide, a very thin metal layer such as Ag, Al, Au, Pt or the like Metal nanowires, nanowires such as carbon nanotubes, layers containing nanoparticles, conductive polymer materials such as PEDOT: PSS, polyaniline, and the like can be used.
また、ポリピロール、ポリアニリン、ポリチオフェン、ポリチエニレンビニレン、ポリアズレン、ポリイソチアナフテン、ポリカルバゾール、ポリアセチレン、ポリフェニレン、ポリフェニレンビニレン、ポリアセン、ポリフェニルアセチレン、ポリジアセチレン及びポリナフタレンの各誘導体からなる群より選ばれる導電性高分子等も用いることができる。また、これらの導電性化合物を複数組み合わせてカソードとすることもできる。 Also selected from the group consisting of derivatives of polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polythienylene vinylene, polyazulene, polyisothianaphthene, polycarbazole, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacene, polyphenylacetylene, polydiacetylene and polynaphthalene. Conductive polymers can also be used. Further, a plurality of these conductive compounds can be combined to form a cathode.
(対電極(アノード))
陰極は導電材単独層であってもよいが、導電性を有する材料に加えて、これらを保持する樹脂を併用してもよい。
(Counter electrode (anode))
The cathode may be a single layer of a conductive material, but in addition to a conductive material, a resin that holds these may be used in combination.
カソードである透明電極の仕事関数がおよそ−5.0eV〜−4.0eVであるため、バルクヘテロジャンクション層で生成したキャリアが拡散してそれぞれの電極に到達するためには、ビルトインポテンシャル、すなわちアノードとカソード間の仕事関数の差がなるべく大きいことが好ましい。 Since the work function of the transparent electrode that is the cathode is approximately −5.0 eV to −4.0 eV, the carriers generated in the bulk heterojunction layer diffuse and reach each electrode. It is preferable that the work function difference between the cathodes is as large as possible.
したがって、アノードの導電材としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以下)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、金、銀、銅、白金、ロジウム、インジウム、ニッケル、パラジウム等が挙げられる。 Therefore, as the conductive material for the anode, a material having a work function (4 eV or less) metal, alloy, electrically conductive compound and a mixture thereof as an electrode material is used. Specific examples of such an electrode material include gold, silver, copper, platinum, rhodium, indium, nickel, palladium, and the like.
これらの中で、正孔の取り出し性能、光の反射率、及び酸化等に対する耐久性の点から、銀が最も好ましい。 Among these, silver is most preferable from the viewpoints of hole extraction performance, light reflectance, and durability against oxidation.
アノードはこれらの電極物質を蒸着やスパッタリング等の方法により薄膜を形成させることにより、作製することができる。また、膜厚は通常10nm〜5μm、好ましくは50nm〜200nmの範囲で選ばれる。 The anode can be produced by forming a thin film of these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering. The film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 μm, preferably 50 nm to 200 nm.
また、アノード側を光透過性とする場合は、例えば、アルミニウム及びアルミニウム合金、銀及び銀化合物等の陰極に適した導電性材料を薄く1〜20nm程度の膜厚で作製した後、上記透明電極の説明で挙げた導電性光透過性材料の膜を設けることで、光透過性陰極とすることができる。 When the anode side is made light transmissive, for example, a conductive material suitable for a cathode such as aluminum and an aluminum alloy, silver and a silver compound is made thin with a thickness of about 1 to 20 nm, and then the transparent electrode A light-transmitting cathode can be obtained by providing the conductive light-transmitting material film mentioned in the description.
(中間電極)
また、前記図3のようなタンデム構成の場合に必要となる中間電極の材料としては、透明性と導電性を併せ持つ化合物を用いた層であることが好ましく、前記陽極で用いたような材料(ITO、AZO、FTO、SnO2、ZnO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au、Pt等の非常に薄い金属層または金属ナノワイヤ、カーボンナノチューブ等のナノワイヤやナノ粒子を含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等)を用いることができる。
(Intermediate electrode)
The intermediate electrode material required in the case of the tandem structure as shown in FIG. 3 is preferably a layer using a compound having both transparency and conductivity. Transparent metal oxides such as ITO, AZO, FTO, SnO 2 , ZnO and titanium oxide, very thin metal layers such as Ag, Al, Au and Pt, or layers containing nanowires and nanoparticles such as metal nanowires and carbon nanotubes PEDOT: PSS, conductive polymer materials such as polyaniline, etc.) can be used.
なお、前述した正孔輸送層と電子輸送層の中には、適切に組み合わせて積層することで中間電極(電荷再結合層)として働く組み合わせもあり、このような構成とすると1層形成する工程を省くことができ好ましい。 In addition, in the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer described above, there is also a combination that works as an intermediate electrode (charge recombination layer) by appropriately combining and laminating. Is preferable.
(基板)
基板側から光電変換される光が入射する場合、基板はこの光電変換される光を透過させることが可能な、即ちこの光電変換すべき光の波長に対して透明な部材であることが好ましい。
(substrate)
When light that is photoelectrically converted enters from the substrate side, the substrate is preferably a member that can transmit the light that is photoelectrically converted, that is, a member that is transparent to the wavelength of the light to be photoelectrically converted.
基板は、例えば、ガラス基板や樹脂基板等が好適に挙げられるが、軽量性と柔軟性の観点から透明樹脂フィルムを用いることが望ましい。本発明で透明基板として好ましく用いることができる透明樹脂フィルムには特に制限がなく、その材料、形状、構造、厚み等については公知のものの中から適宜選択することができる。 As the substrate, for example, a glass substrate, a resin substrate and the like are preferably mentioned, but it is desirable to use a transparent resin film from the viewpoint of light weight and flexibility. There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the transparent resin film which can be preferably used as a transparent substrate by this invention, The material, a shape, a structure, thickness, etc. can be suitably selected from well-known things.
例えば、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)変性ポリエステル等のポリエステル系樹脂フィルム、ポリエチレン(PE)樹脂フィルム、ポリプロピレン(PP)樹脂フィルム、ポリスチレン樹脂フィルム、環状オレフィン系樹脂等のポリオレフィン類樹脂フィルム、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリ塩化ビニリデン等のビニル系樹脂フィルム、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン(PEEK)樹脂フィルム、ポリサルホン(PSF)樹脂フィルム、ポリエーテルサルホン(PES)樹脂フィルム、ポリカーボネート(PC)樹脂フィルム、ポリアミド樹脂フィルム、ポリイミド樹脂フィルム、アクリル樹脂フィルム、トリアセチルセルロース(TAC)樹脂フィルム等を挙げることができるが、可視域の波長(380nm〜800nm)における透過率が80%以上である樹脂フィルムであれば、透明樹脂フィルムに好ましく適用することができる。 For example, polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) modified polyester, polyethylene (PE) resin film, polypropylene (PP) resin film, polystyrene resin film, polyolefin resins such as cyclic olefin resin Film, vinyl resin film such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) resin film, polysulfone (PSF) resin film, polyether sulfone (PES) resin film, polycarbonate (PC) resin film, A polyamide resin film, a polyimide resin film, an acrylic resin film, a triacetyl cellulose (TAC) resin film, and the like can be given. If the resin film transmittance of 80% or more in nm~800nm), can be preferably applied to a transparent resin film.
中でも、透明性、耐熱性、取り扱いやすさ、強度及びコストの点から、二軸延伸ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム、二軸延伸ポリエチレンナフタレートフィルム、ポリエーテルサルホンフィルム、ポリカーボネートフィルムであることが好ましく、二軸延伸ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム、二軸延伸ポリエチレンナフタレートフィルムであることがより好ましい。 Among them, from the viewpoint of transparency, heat resistance, ease of handling, strength and cost, it is preferably a biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film, a biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film, a polyethersulfone film, or a polycarbonate film. More preferred are a stretched polyethylene terephthalate film and a biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film.
本発明に用いられる透明基板には、塗布液の濡れ性や接着性を確保するために、表面処理を施すことや易接着層を設けることができる。表面処理や易接着層については従来公知の技術を使用できる。例えば、表面処理としては、コロナ放電処理、火炎処理、紫外線処理、高周波処理、グロー放電処理、活性プラズマ処理、レーザー処理等の表面活性化処理を挙げることができる。また、易接着層としては、ポリエステル、ポリアミド、ポリウレタン、ビニル系共重合体、ブタジエン系共重合体、アクリル系共重合体、ビニリデン系共重合体、エポキシ系共重合体等を挙げることができる。 The transparent substrate used in the present invention can be subjected to a surface treatment or an easy adhesion layer in order to ensure the wettability and adhesiveness of the coating solution. A conventionally well-known technique can be used about a surface treatment or an easily bonding layer. For example, the surface treatment includes surface activation treatment such as corona discharge treatment, flame treatment, ultraviolet treatment, high frequency treatment, glow discharge treatment, active plasma treatment, and laser treatment. Examples of the easy adhesion layer include polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, vinyl copolymer, butadiene copolymer, acrylic copolymer, vinylidene copolymer, and epoxy copolymer.
また、酸素及び水蒸気の透過を抑制する目的で、透明基板にはバリアコート層が予め形成されていてもよいし、透明導電層を転写する反対側にはハードコート層が予め形成されていてもよい。 Further, for the purpose of suppressing the permeation of oxygen and water vapor, a barrier coat layer may be formed in advance on the transparent substrate, or a hard coat layer may be formed in advance on the opposite side to which the transparent conductive layer is transferred. Good.
(光学機能層)
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、太陽光のより効率的な受光を目的として、各種の光学機能層を有していてよい。光学機能層としては、例えば、反射防止膜、マイクロレンズアレイ等の集光層、陰極で反射した光を散乱させて再度発電層に入射させることができるような光拡散層などを設けてもよい。
(Optical function layer)
The organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention may have various optical functional layers for the purpose of more efficient reception of sunlight. As the optical functional layer, for example, a light condensing layer such as an antireflection film or a microlens array, or a light diffusion layer that can scatter light reflected by the cathode and enter the power generation layer again may be provided. .
反射防止層としては、各種公知の反射防止層を設けることができるが、例えば、透明樹脂フィルムが二軸延伸ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルムである場合は、フィルムに隣接する易接着層の屈折率を1.57〜1.63とすることで、フィルム基板と易接着層との界面反射を低減して透過率を向上させることができるのでより好ましい。 Various known antireflection layers can be provided as the antireflection layer. For example, when the transparent resin film is a biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film, the refractive index of the easy adhesion layer adjacent to the film is 1.57. It is more preferable to set it to ˜1.63 because the interface reflection between the film substrate and the easy adhesion layer can be reduced and the transmittance can be improved.
屈折率を調整する方法としては、酸化スズゾルや酸化セリウムゾル等の比較的屈折率の高い酸化物ゾルとバインダー樹脂との比率を適宜調整して塗設することで実施できる。 The method for adjusting the refractive index can be carried out by appropriately adjusting the ratio of the oxide sol having a relatively high refractive index such as tin oxide sol or cerium oxide sol and the binder resin.
易接着層は単層でもよいが、接着性を向上させる観点から2層以上の構成が好ましい。 The easy-adhesion layer may be a single layer, but preferably has a structure of two or more layers from the viewpoint of improving adhesion.
集光層としては、例えば、支持基板の太陽光受光側にマイクロレンズアレイ上の構造を設けるように加工したり、あるいは所謂集光シートと組み合わせたりすることにより特定方向からの受光量を高めたり、逆に太陽光の入射角度依存性を低減することができる。 As the condensing layer, for example, it is processed so as to provide a structure on the microlens array on the sunlight receiving side of the support substrate, or the amount of light received from a specific direction is increased by combining with a so-called condensing sheet. Conversely, the incident angle dependency of sunlight can be reduced.
マイクロレンズアレイの例としては、基板の光取り出し側に一辺が30μmでその頂角が90度となるような四角錐を2次元に配列するが、回折効果の発生による色づきの防止や、適切な厚みに調整する観点からは、一辺は10μm〜100μmが好ましい。 As an example of a microlens array, square pyramids having a side of 30 μm and an apex angle of 90 degrees are arranged two-dimensionally on the light extraction side of the substrate. From the viewpoint of adjusting the thickness, one side is preferably 10 μm to 100 μm.
また、光散乱層としては、各種のアンチグレア層、金属または各種無機酸化物などのナノ粒子・ナノワイヤー等を無色透明なポリマーに分散した層などを挙げることができる。 Examples of the light scattering layer include various antiglare layers, layers in which nanoparticles or nanowires such as metals or various inorganic oxides are dispersed in a colorless and transparent polymer, and the like.
(パターニング)
本発明に係る電極、光電変換層(発電層ともいう)、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層等をパターニングする方法やプロセスには特に制限はなく、公知の手法を適宜適用することができる。
(Patterning)
There are no particular limitations on the method and process for patterning the electrode, photoelectric conversion layer (also referred to as a power generation layer), hole transport layer, electron transport layer and the like according to the present invention, and known methods can be applied as appropriate.
光電変換層、輸送層等の可溶性の材料であれば、ダイコート、ディップコート等の全面塗布後に不要部だけ拭き取ってもよいし、インクジェット法やスクリーン印刷等の方法を使用して塗布時に直接パターニングしてもよい。 If it is a soluble material such as a photoelectric conversion layer and a transport layer, only unnecessary portions may be wiped after the entire surface of die coating, dip coating, etc., or patterning is directly performed at the time of coating using a method such as an ink jet method or screen printing. May be.
電極材料などの不溶性の材料の場合は、電極を真空堆積時にマスク蒸着を行い、エッチングまたはリフトオフ等の公知の方法によってパターニングすることができる。また、別の基板上に形成したパターンを転写することによってパターンを形成してもよい。 In the case of an insoluble material such as an electrode material, the electrode can be subjected to mask vapor deposition at the time of vacuum deposition, and can be patterned by a known method such as etching or lift-off. Alternatively, the pattern may be formed by transferring a pattern formed on another substrate.
(封止)
また、作製した有機光電変換素子が環境中の酸素、水分等で劣化しないために、有機光電変換素子だけでなく有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子などで公知の手法によって封止することが好ましい。
(Sealing)
Moreover, since the produced organic photoelectric conversion element is not deteriorated by oxygen, moisture, or the like in the environment, it is preferable to seal not only the organic photoelectric conversion element but also an organic electroluminescence element by a known method.
例えば、アルミまたはガラスでできたキャップを接着剤によって接着することによって封止する手法、アルミニウム、酸化珪素、酸化アルミニウム等のガスバリア層が形成されたプラスチックフィルムと有機光電変換素子上を接着剤で貼合する手法、ガスバリア性の高い有機高分子材料(ポリビニルアルコール等)をスピンコートする方法、ガスバリア性の高い無機薄膜(酸化珪素、酸化アルミニウム等)または有機膜(パリレン等)を真空下で堆積する方法、及びこれらを複合的に積層する方法等を挙げることができる。 For example, a method of sealing a cap made of aluminum or glass by bonding with an adhesive, a plastic film on which a gas barrier layer such as aluminum, silicon oxide, or aluminum oxide is formed and an organic photoelectric conversion element are pasted with an adhesive. Method, spin coating of organic polymer material with high gas barrier property (polyvinyl alcohol, etc.), inorganic thin film with high gas barrier property (silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, etc.) or organic film (parylene etc.) are deposited under vacuum. Examples thereof include a method and a method of laminating these in a composite manner.
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されない。
実施例1
《有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製》:比較例
特開2009−146981号公報の記載を参考として、以下のようにして逆層型の有機光電変換素子を作製した。
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated concretely, this invention is not limited to these.
Example 1
<< Preparation of Organic Photoelectric Conversion Device SC-101 >>: Comparative Example A reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion device was prepared as follows with reference to the description in JP-A-2009-146981.
(TiOx層の作製):電子輸送層として作製
ガラス基板上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を110nm堆積したもの(表面抵抗率13Ω/□)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と塩酸エッチングとを用いて2mm幅にパターニングして、透明電極を形成した。
(Preparation of TiOx layer): Preparation as an electron transport layer Indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive film deposited on a glass substrate with a thickness of 110 nm (surface resistivity 13 Ω / □), ordinary photolithography technology and hydrochloric acid A transparent electrode was formed by patterning to a width of 2 mm using etching.
パターン形成した透明電極を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。 The patterned transparent electrode was washed in the order of ultrasonic cleaning with a surfactant and ultrapure water, followed by ultrasonic cleaning with ultrapure water, dried with nitrogen blow, and finally subjected to ultraviolet ozone cleaning.
次いで、基板をグローブボックス中に持ち込み、窒素雰囲気下でこの透明基板上に、以下の手順で作成した150mMのTiOx前駆体溶液をスピンコート(回転速度2000rpm、回転時間60s)し、所定のパターンに拭き取りを行った。 Next, the substrate is brought into a glove box, and a 150 mM TiOx precursor solution prepared by the following procedure is spin-coated (rotation speed 2000 rpm, rotation time 60 s) on the transparent substrate in a nitrogen atmosphere to form a predetermined pattern. Wiping was performed.
次に、空気中で放置してTiOx前駆体を加水分解させ、続いて、TiOx前駆体を150℃で1時間加熱処理して30nmのTiOx層を電子輸送層として得た。 Next, the TiOx precursor was hydrolyzed by being left in the air, and then the TiOx precursor was heat-treated at 150 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a 30 nm TiOx layer as an electron transport layer.
(TiOx前駆体の調製:ゾルゲル法)
先ず、100ml三口フラスコに2−メトキシエタノール12.5mlと、6.25mmolのチタニウムテトライソプロポキシドとを入れ、氷浴中で10分間冷却した。次に、12.5mmolのアセチルアセトンをゆっくり加えて、氷浴中で10分間撹拌した。
(Preparation of TiOx precursor: sol-gel method)
First, 12.5 ml of 2-methoxyethanol and 6.25 mmol of titanium tetraisopropoxide were placed in a 100 ml three-necked flask and cooled in an ice bath for 10 minutes. Next, 12.5 mmol of acetylacetone was slowly added and stirred in an ice bath for 10 minutes.
次に、混合溶液を80℃で2時間加熱後、1時間還流した。最後に、室温まで冷却し、メトキシエタノールを用いて所定の濃度(150m)に調整した。TiOx前駆体を得た。なお、上記工程は全て窒素雰囲気で行った。 Next, the mixed solution was heated at 80 ° C. for 2 hours and refluxed for 1 hour. Finally, it was cooled to room temperature and adjusted to a predetermined concentration (150 m) using methoxyethanol. A TiOx precursor was obtained. The above steps were all performed in a nitrogen atmosphere.
(光電変換層の作製)
次いで、TiOx層の上クロルベンゼンにp型半導体材料として、P3HT(プレクトストロニクス製、プレックスコアOS2100)を1.0質量%、n型半導体材料としてPCBM(フロンティアカーボン製、Nanon Spectra E100H)を0.8質量%を溶解した液を作製し、0.45μmのフィルタでろ過をかけながら700rpmで60秒、次いで2200rpmで1秒間のスピンコートを行い、室温で30分乾燥し、光電変換層を得た。
(Preparation of photoelectric conversion layer)
Next, P3HT (Plextronics, Plex Core OS2100) is 1.0% by mass as the p-type semiconductor material on the chlorobenzene on the TiOx layer, and PCBM (Frontier Carbon, Nano Spectra E100H) is 0% as the n-type semiconductor material. A solution in which 8% by mass is dissolved is prepared, spin-coated at 700 rpm for 60 seconds and then at 2200 rpm for 1 second while being filtered through a 0.45 μm filter, and dried at room temperature for 30 minutes to obtain a photoelectric conversion layer. It was.
(正孔輸送層の作製)
得られた光電変換層(有機半導体層ともいう)の上に有機溶剤系PEDOT:PSSの分散液(化研産業製、エノコートHC200)をスピンコート(2000rpm、60s)して導電性ポリマー層を成膜し、風乾して正孔輸送層を作製した。
(Preparation of hole transport layer)
An organic solvent-based PEDOT: PSS dispersion (Enocoat HC200, manufactured by Kaken Sangyo Co., Ltd.) is spin-coated (2000 rpm, 60 s) on the obtained photoelectric conversion layer (also referred to as an organic semiconductor layer) to form a conductive polymer layer. Filmed and air dried to produce a hole transport layer.
次に、正孔輸送層の上に銀電極層を膜厚約100nmになるように真空蒸着を行った後、150℃で10分間加熱処理を行い、逆層型の有機光電変換素子SC−101を作製した。 Next, after vacuum-depositing a silver electrode layer on the hole transport layer so as to have a film thickness of about 100 nm, a heat treatment is performed at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes, so that the reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element SC-101. Was made.
(有機光電変換素子SC−101の評価)
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−101の評価は、以下のように太陽電池として評価した。
(Evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion element SC-101)
Evaluation of obtained organic photoelectric conversion element SC-101 was evaluated as a solar cell as follows.
得られた有機光電変換素子1は、封止を行わずに、ソーラシュミレーター(AM1.5G)の光を100mW/cm2の照射強度で照射して、電圧−電流特性を測定し、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率を測定した。 The obtained organic photoelectric conversion element 1 was irradiated with light from a solar simulator (AM1.5G) at an irradiation intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 without sealing, and voltage-current characteristics were measured. Voltage), FF (fill factor) and photoelectric conversion efficiency were measured.
《有機光電変換素子SC−102の作製》:比較例
ガラス基板上にパターン形成した透明電極を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行なった。
<< Preparation of Organic Photoelectric Conversion Element SC-102 >>: Comparative Example After the transparent electrode patterned on the glass substrate was cleaned in the order of ultrasonic cleaning with a surfactant and ultra pure water, ultrasonic cleaning with ultra pure water, Nitrogen was blown to dry, and finally ultraviolet ozone cleaning was performed.
(正孔輸送層の作製)
この透明基板上に、導電性高分子であるBaytron P4083(スタルクヴィテック社製)を30nmの膜厚でスピンコートした後、140℃で大気中10分間加熱乾燥し、正孔輸送層を作製した。
(Preparation of hole transport layer)
On this transparent substrate, Baytron P4083 (manufactured by Starck Vitec), which is a conductive polymer, was spin-coated with a film thickness of 30 nm, and then heated and dried at 140 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air to prepare a hole transport layer. .
(光電変換層の作製)
これ以降は、基板をグローブボックス中に持ち込み、窒素雰囲気下で作業した。まず、窒素雰囲気下で上記基板を140℃で3分間加熱処理した。クロロベンゼンにp型半導体材料として、プレクストロニクス社製プレックスコアOS2100を1.5質量%、n型半導体材料としてフロンティアカーボン社製E100(PCBM)を1.5質量%を溶解した液を作製し、0.45μmのフィルタでろ過をかけながら500rpmで60秒、ついで2200rpmで1秒間のスピンコートを行い、室温で30分放置し、光電変換層を作製した。
(Preparation of photoelectric conversion layer)
After this, the substrate was brought into the glove box and worked under a nitrogen atmosphere. First, the substrate was heat-treated at 140 ° C. for 3 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. A solution was prepared by dissolving 1.5 mass% of plexcores OS2100 manufactured by Plextronics as a p-type semiconductor material and 1.5 mass% of E100 (PCBM) manufactured by Frontier Carbon as an n-type semiconductor material in chlorobenzene. A spin coating was performed at 500 rpm for 60 seconds and then at 2200 rpm for 1 second while filtering through a .45 μm filter, and left at room temperature for 30 minutes to prepare a photoelectric conversion layer.
(正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層の作製))
次にアルドリッチ社製バトクプロイン(BCP)を0.5質量%の比率で2,2,3,3−テトラフルオロ−1−プロパノールと混合した溶液を1500rpmでスピンコートし、膜厚10nmの正孔ブロック層(ホールブロック層)を作製した。
(Hole blocking layer (production of hole blocking layer))
Next, a solution in which batocuproine (BCP) manufactured by Aldrich was mixed with 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol at a ratio of 0.5 mass% was spin-coated at 1500 rpm, and a hole block having a thickness of 10 nm was formed. A layer (hole block layer) was produced.
次に、上記一連の有機層を成膜した基板を大気に晒すことなく真空蒸着装置内に設置した。2mm幅のシャドウマスクが透明電極と直交するように素子をセットし、10−3Pa以下にまでに真空蒸着機内を減圧した後、Alを100nmを蒸着した。最後に120℃で30分間の加熱を行い、比較の有機光電変換素子SC−102を得た。なお蒸着速度は2nm/秒で蒸着し、2mm角のサイズとした。 Next, the substrate on which the series of organic layers was formed was placed in a vacuum deposition apparatus without being exposed to the atmosphere. The element was set so that the shadow mask with a width of 2 mm was orthogonal to the transparent electrode, and the inside of the vacuum deposition apparatus was depressurized to 10 −3 Pa or less, and then 100 nm of Al was deposited. Finally, heating was performed at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a comparative organic photoelectric conversion element SC-102. The vapor deposition rate was 2 nm / second, and the size was 2 mm square.
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−102は、窒素雰囲気下でアルミニウムキャップとUV硬化樹脂(ナガセケムテックス株式会社製、UV RESIN XNR5570−B1)を用いて封止を行った後に大気下に取り出した。 The obtained organic photoelectric conversion element SC-102 was sealed using an aluminum cap and a UV curable resin (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, UV RESIN XNR5570-B1) in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then taken out into the atmosphere. .
(有機光電変換素子SC−102の評価)
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−102は、ソーラシュミレーター(AM1.5G)の光を100mW/cm2の照射強度で照射して、電圧−電流特性を測定し、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率を測定した。
(Evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion element SC-102)
The obtained organic photoelectric conversion element SC-102 was irradiated with light from a solar simulator (AM1.5G) at an irradiation intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 , voltage-current characteristics were measured, and Voc (open voltage), FF ( Curve factor) and photoelectric conversion efficiency.
《有機光電変換素子SC−103の作製》:実施例
ガラス基板上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を110nm堆積したもの(表面抵抗率13Ω/□)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と塩酸エッチングとを用いて2mm幅にパターニングして、透明電極を形成した。
<< Preparation of Organic Photoelectric Conversion Element SC-103 >>: Example A conventional photolithography technique using an indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive film deposited on a glass substrate with a thickness of 110 nm (surface resistivity 13Ω / □). And a hydrochloric acid etching were used for patterning to a width of 2 mm to form a transparent electrode.
(正孔輸送層の作製)
パターン形成した透明電極を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。
(Preparation of hole transport layer)
The patterned transparent electrode was washed in the order of ultrasonic cleaning with a surfactant and ultrapure water, followed by ultrasonic cleaning with ultrapure water, dried with nitrogen blow, and finally subjected to ultraviolet ozone cleaning.
PEDOT−PSS(poly(3,4−ethylenedioxythiophene)−poly(styrenesulfonate))の水分散液(スタルク社製BaytronP4083)をスピンコーターでITO上に塗布し、続けて140℃で10分間乾燥させた。膜厚はスピンコーターの回転速度を調整し、膜厚約30nmのPEDOT−PSS膜を製膜した。PEDOT−PSS膜は大気中で塗布及び乾燥し、正孔輸送層を透明電極の上に作製した。 An aqueous dispersion of PEDOT-PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedithiothiophene) -poly (styrenesulfonate)) (Baytron P4083 manufactured by Starck) was applied onto ITO with a spin coater, and subsequently dried at 140 ° C. for 10 minutes. The film thickness was adjusted by adjusting the rotation speed of the spin coater to form a PEDOT-PSS film having a film thickness of about 30 nm. The PEDOT-PSS film was applied and dried in the air, and a hole transport layer was formed on the transparent electrode.
正孔輸送層の形成はクリーンルーム内の大気中で行った。 The hole transport layer was formed in the air in a clean room.
(光電変換層の作製)
その後、O2及びH2O濃度が1ppm以下に制御された窒素グローブボックス中に移して、上記の正孔輸送層の上に下記にようにして光電変換層以降を製膜した。
(Preparation of photoelectric conversion layer)
Then, O 2 and H 2 O concentration is transferred to a nitrogen glove box controlled to 1ppm or less, it was formed later photoelectric conversion layer as shown below on the hole transport layer.
クロルベンゼンにp型半導体材料として、P3HT(プレクトストロニクス製、プレックスコアOS2100)を1.0質量%、n型半導体材料としてPCBM(フロンティアカーボン製、Nanon Spectra E100H)を0.8質量%を溶解した液を作製し、0.45μmのフィルタで濾過をかけながら700rpmで60秒、次いで2200rpmで1秒間のスピンコートを行い、室温で30分乾燥し、光電変換層を得た。 P3HT (Plextronics, Plexcore OS2100) 1.0% by mass as p-type semiconductor material and 0.8% by mass of PCBM (Frontier Carbon, Nano Spectra E100H) as n-type semiconductor material are dissolved in chlorobenzene. The solution was prepared, spin-coated at 700 rpm for 60 seconds and then at 2200 rpm for 1 second while being filtered through a 0.45 μm filter, and dried at room temperature for 30 minutes to obtain a photoelectric conversion layer.
(正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層ともいう)の作製
更に、化合物1を溶液濃度が0.2質量%になるようにエタノールと超純水1:4の混合溶媒に溶かして溶液を調液し光電変換層上に1500rpm30秒間スピンコート法で製膜を行い、膜厚20nmの正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)を製膜した。
(Preparation of hole blocking layer (also referred to as hole blocking layer)) Further, compound 1 was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethanol and ultrapure water 1: 4 so that the solution concentration was 0.2% by mass, and the solution was prepared. A film was formed on the photoelectric conversion layer by spin coating at 1500 rpm for 30 seconds to form a 20 nm-thick hole blocking layer (hole blocking layer).
次いで、真空蒸着装置を用いてアルミニウムをシャドウマスクを通してパターン蒸着し、金属電極を形成した後、150℃で10分間加熱処理を行うことで、順層型の有機光電変換素子SC−103を作製した。 Subsequently, after pattern-depositing aluminum through a shadow mask using a vacuum evaporation apparatus and forming a metal electrode, a normal layer type organic photoelectric conversion element SC-103 was produced by performing a heat treatment at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes. .
(有機光電変換素子SC−103の評価)
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−103の評価は、以下のように太陽電池として評価した。
(Evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion element SC-103)
Evaluation of obtained organic photoelectric conversion element SC-103 was evaluated as a solar cell as follows.
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−103は、エポキシ樹脂とガラスキャップで封止を行い、ソーラシュミレーター(AM1.5G)の光を100mW/cm2の照射強度で照射して、電圧−電流特性を測定し、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率を測定した。 The obtained organic photoelectric conversion element SC-103 is sealed with an epoxy resin and a glass cap, irradiated with light from a solar simulator (AM1.5G) at an irradiation intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 , and has voltage-current characteristics. Voc (open circuit voltage), FF (fill factor) and photoelectric conversion efficiency were measured.
《有機光電変換素子SC−104の作製》:実施例
ガラス基板上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を110nm堆積したもの(表面抵抗率13Ω/□)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と塩酸エッチングとを用いて2mm幅にパターニングして、透明電極を形成した。
<< Preparation of Organic Photoelectric Conversion Element SC-104 >>: Example A conventional photolithography technique using an indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive film deposited on a glass substrate with a thickness of 110 nm (surface resistivity 13Ω / □). And a hydrochloric acid etching were used for patterning to a width of 2 mm to form a transparent electrode.
パターン形成した透明電極を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。 The patterned transparent electrode was washed in the order of ultrasonic cleaning with a surfactant and ultrapure water, followed by ultrasonic cleaning with ultrapure water, dried with nitrogen blow, and finally subjected to ultraviolet ozone cleaning.
(正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)の作製)
次に、化合物14の化合物を溶液濃度が0.2質量%になるようにエタノールと超純水1:4の混合溶媒に溶かして溶液を調液し1500rpm30秒間スピンコート法で製膜を行い、膜厚20nmの正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)を作製した。
(Preparation of hole blocking layer (hole blocking layer))
Next, the compound 14 was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethanol and ultrapure water 1: 4 so that the solution concentration was 0.2% by mass to prepare a solution, and film formation was performed by spin coating at 1500 rpm for 30 seconds. A hole blocking layer (hole blocking layer) having a thickness of 20 nm was prepared.
(光電変換層の作製)
次いで、ホールブロック層の上クロルベンゼンにp型半導体材料として、P3HT(プレクトストロニクス製、プレックスコアOS2100)を1.0質量%、n型半導体材料としてPCBM(フロンティアカーボン製、Nanon Spectra E100H)を0.8質量%を溶解した液を作製し、0.45μmのフィルタでろ過をかけながら700rpmで60秒、次いで2200rpmで1秒間のスピンコートを行い、室温で30分乾燥し、光電変換層を得た。
(Preparation of photoelectric conversion layer)
Next, P3HT (Plextronics, Plex Core OS2100) is 1.0 mass% as the p-type semiconductor material on the chlorobenzene on the hole block layer, and PCBM (Frontier Carbon, Nano Spectra E100H) is used as the n-type semiconductor material. A solution in which 0.8% by mass was dissolved was prepared, spin-coated at 700 rpm for 60 seconds and then at 2200 rpm for 1 second while being filtered with a 0.45 μm filter, and dried at room temperature for 30 minutes. Obtained.
(正孔輸送層の作製)
次に、有機半導体層の上に有機溶剤系PEDOT:PSSの分散液(化研産業製、エノコートHC200)をスピンコート(2000rpm、60s)し風乾して正孔輸送層を成膜した。
(Preparation of hole transport layer)
Next, an organic solvent-based PEDOT: PSS dispersion (Enocoat HC200, manufactured by Kaken Sangyo Co., Ltd.) was spin-coated (2000 rpm, 60 s) on the organic semiconductor layer and air-dried to form a hole transport layer.
(銀電極の作製)
次に、導電性ポリマー層の上に銀電極層を膜厚約100nmになるように真空蒸着を行ったのち、150℃で10分間加熱処理を行うことで、逆層型の有機光電変換素子SC−104を作製した。
(Preparation of silver electrode)
Next, after vacuum-depositing the silver electrode layer on the conductive polymer layer so as to have a film thickness of about 100 nm, a heat treatment is performed at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes, so that the reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element SC is obtained. -104 was produced.
(有機光電変換素子SC−104の評価)
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−104の評価は、以下のように太陽電池として評価した。
(Evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion element SC-104)
Evaluation of obtained organic photoelectric conversion element SC-104 was evaluated as a solar cell as follows.
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−104は、エポキシ樹脂とガラスキャップで封止を行い、ソーラシュミレーター(AM1.5G)の光を100mW/cm2の照射強度で照射して、電圧−電流特性を測定し、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率を測定した。 The obtained organic photoelectric conversion element SC-104 is sealed with an epoxy resin and a glass cap, irradiated with light from a solar simulator (AM1.5G) at an irradiation intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 , and has a voltage-current characteristic. Voc (open circuit voltage), FF (fill factor) and photoelectric conversion efficiency were measured.
《有機光電変換素子SC−105〜SC−110の作製》:実施例
有機光電変換素子SC−104の作製において、化合物14を表1に示す化合物に変更した以外は同様にして、有機光電変換素子SC−105〜SC−110を各々作製した。
"Preparation of the organic photoelectric conversion element SC-10 5 ~SC-110" : In the preparation of Example organic photoelectric conversion element SC-104, in the same manner except that the compound 14 was changed to compounds shown in Table 1, the organic photoelectric conversion Elements SC-105 to SC-110 were produced.
(有機光電変換素子SC−105〜SC−110の評価)
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−105〜SC−110の評価は、以下のように太陽電池として評価した。
(Evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion elements SC-105 to SC-110)
The obtained organic photoelectric conversion elements SC-105 to SC-110 were evaluated as solar cells as follows.
得られた有機光電変換素子SC−105〜SC−110は、各々エポキシ樹脂とガラスキャップで封止を行い、ソーラシュミレーター(AM1.5G)の光を100mW/cm2の照射強度で照射して、電圧−電流特性を測定し、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率を測定した。 The obtained organic photoelectric conversion elements SC-105 to SC-110 were each sealed with an epoxy resin and a glass cap, and irradiated with light from a solar simulator (AM1.5G) at an irradiation intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 . Voltage-current characteristics were measured, and Voc (open voltage), FF (curve factor), and photoelectric conversion efficiency were measured.
また、有機光電変換素子SC−101〜SC−110の耐久性の評価については、別途、下記にようにして評価した。 Moreover, about durability evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion element SC-101 to SC-110, it evaluated separately as follows.
(耐久性評価)
上記で得られた有機光電変換素子SC−101〜SC−110の各々について太陽電池としての特性をソーラシュミレーター(AM1.5G)の光を100mW/cm2の照射強度で照射して、電圧−電流特性を測定し、初期の変換効率を測定した。
(Durability evaluation)
Each of the organic photoelectric conversion elements SC-101 to SC-110 obtained above was irradiated with light of a solar simulator (AM1.5G) at an irradiation intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 as a solar cell, and voltage-current The characteristics were measured and the initial conversion efficiency was measured.
更に、この時の初期変換効率を100とし、第一電極と第二電極との間に抵抗を接続したまま100mW/cm2の照射強度で100h照射し続けた後の変換効率を評価し、相対低下効率を算出した。 Furthermore, the initial conversion efficiency at this time was set to 100, and the conversion efficiency after 100 hours of irradiation with an irradiation intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 with the resistance connected between the first electrode and the second electrode was evaluated. The reduction efficiency was calculated.
相対低下効率(%)=(暴露後の変換効率/暴露前の変換効率)×100
上記から得られた結果を表1に示す。
Relative reduction efficiency (%) = ( conversion efficiency after exposure / conversion efficiency before exposure ) × 100
The results obtained from the above are shown in Table 1.
表1から、比較の有機光電変換素子SC−101、SC−102に比べて、本発明の有機光電変換素子SC−103〜SC−110は、Voc(開放電圧)、FF(曲線因子)及び光電変換効率が高く、太陽電池としての優れた特性を示すことがわかった。
From Table 1, compared with the comparative organic photoelectric conversion elements SC-101 and SC-102, the organic photoelectric conversion elements SC-10 3 to SC-11 0 of the present invention have Voc (open voltage) and FF (curve factor). In addition, it was found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is high and the solar cell has excellent characteristics.
10 バルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子
11 基板
12 透明電極(陽極)
13 対電極(陰極)
14 光電変換層
14′ 第1の光電変換層
15 電荷再結合層
16 第2の光電変換層
17 正孔輸送層
18 電子輸送層
10 Bulk heterojunction organic photoelectric conversion element 11 Substrate 12 Transparent electrode (anode)
13 Counter electrode (cathode)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 14 Photoelectric converting layer 14 '1st photoelectric converting layer 15 Charge recombination layer 16 2nd photoelectric converting layer 17 Hole transport layer 18 Electron transport layer
Claims (3)
該電子輸送層が下記化合物1、4、7、9、14、30および34からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つを含有することを特徴とする有機光電変換素子。
The organic photoelectric conversion element, wherein the electric element transporting layer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of lower hear compounds 1,4,7,9,14,30 and 34.
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