JP5852973B2 - Carbon nanoparticle manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus thereof - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a technique for producing carbon nanoparticles by arc discharge.

  In recent years, carbon materials having a nanometer-scale microstructure such as single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, fullerenes, and nanocapsules have attracted attention. These carbon materials are expected to be applied to new electronic materials, catalysts, optical materials and the like as nanostructured graphite (graphite) materials. In particular, carbon nanohorns are attracting attention as the closest substance to practical use for fuel cell electrode materials and gas storage materials.

  Conventionally, arc discharge methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, laser ablation methods, and the like have been used as methods for producing such carbon nanoparticles. In particular, since nanotubes manufactured by the arc discharge method have few atomic arrangement defects, methods for manufacturing carbon nanoparticles by various arc discharges have been developed (for example, Patent Documents 1 to 5). In these methods, carbon nanoparticles are formed from carbon by vaporizing carbon in vacuum, in the air, or in liquid nitrogen. In addition, a method of generating carbon nanohorns by generating carbon vapor by underwater arc discharge and rapidly cooling the carbon vapor has been proposed (for example, Non-Patent Document 1).

JP 2001-064004 A JP 2008-37661 A JP-A-2005-170739 JP 2002-348108 A Japanese Patent No. 3304280

Sano Noriaki et al., Journal of material chemistry 2008, vol.18, P.1555-1560

  However, any of the above methods has a problem that the yield of carbon nanoparticles is very small with respect to the consumption of the carbon raw material. Moreover, in order to produce carbon nanoparticles in a vacuum or in liquid nitrogen, there is a cost for capital investment and maintenance for maintaining a vacuum or low temperature. Furthermore, complicated operations are required for purification and recovery of the produced carbon nanoparticles. For this reason, there is a problem that carbon nanoparticles cannot be mass-produced efficiently and continuously, and from the viewpoint of cost, they have not been put into practical use for industrial use.

  Furthermore, when carbon nanoparticles are produced in water, a small amount of multi-walled fullerene-like carbon nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are produced, but single-walled carbon nanoparticles, particularly single-walled carbon nanohorns, must be stably produced. Is difficult.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a method for continuously producing single-layer or multi-layer carbon nanoparticles at low cost and efficiently.

  In view of the above problems, the present inventors have studied various reasons for the low yield of carbon nanoparticles in the arc discharge method. As a result, the carbon vapor generated by the arc discharge is rapidly cooled to generate single-layer and multi-layer carbon nanoparticles, and at the same time, some carbon nanoparticles including the single-layer carbon nanohorns are evaporated again by the arc discharge. Was suggested. Therefore, the present inventors have found a method for preventing carbon nanoparticles from evaporating again by controlling the energy profile of the arc discharge generation region by introducing an inert gas into the underwater arc discharge. Based on these findings, the following means are provided.

  According to the method for producing carbon nanoparticles disclosed in the present specification, a step of applying a voltage between a cathode and an anode to form an arc discharge generation region in a fluid existing between the electrodes, and the arc discharge Generating carbon vapor from a carbon material prepared in the generation region and introducing an inert gas into the arc discharge generation region.

  According to the method for producing carbon nanoparticles disclosed in the present specification, a step of applying a voltage between a cathode and an anode disposed in a fluid to form an arc discharge generation region between these electrodes, A step of generating a carbon vapor from a carbon material prepared in the arc discharge generation region under pressure of a fluid and introducing an inert gas into the arc discharge generation region.

  The cathode may be disposed to face the anode. The anode can be a graphite anode.

  As the fluid, a medium liquid having a stirring fluidity at a temperature lower than the generation temperature of the arc discharge including water can be used.

  The carbon nanoparticles suspended in the fluid may be single-walled carbon nanohorns.

  The arc discharge can be generated by applying a DC voltage or a DC pulse voltage to the electrodes.

  The arc discharge can be generated by applying a voltage in a state where the electrode cross-sectional area of the cathode is larger than the electrode cross-sectional area of the graphite anode.

  The graphite anode may contain or contain an additive, or the additive may be dispersed, applied, plated or coated on a part or all of the surface.

  The graphite cathode may further include a step of applying rotational vibration in the horizontal direction.

  The manufacturing method includes a step of dispersing carbon nanoparticles to be sent out in the fluid, a step of stirring a fluid in a fluid tank for preventing a local increase in fluid temperature at a site to send out the carbon vapor, Adjusting the fluid temperature to maintain the temperature of the fluid at a constant temperature.

  The graphite anode and the cathode may be arranged perpendicularly to gravity.

  The manufacturing method may further include a step of recovering the carbon nanoparticles generated from the carbon vapor from the fluid.

  The step of recovering the carbon nanoparticles includes a step of sucking a fluid containing the carbon nanoparticles, a step of separating the carbon nanoparticles from the fluid by a filtration membrane, and a step of drying the separated carbon nanoparticles. And may be included.

  The inert gas may be a gas including one or more selected from the group consisting of a rare gas including nitrogen, argon, and helium and hydrazine.

  An apparatus for producing carbon nanoparticles disclosed in the present specification includes a cathode that is partially immersed in a fluid, and an anode that is disposed in the fluid at a portion of the cathode that is immersed in the fluid at an interval. And a mechanism for applying a voltage between the cathode and the anode to form an arc discharge generation region, and a mechanism for introducing an inert gas into the arc discharge generation region.

  The anode may be a graphite anode, and may be disposed to face the previous cathode.

  The gap between the graphite anode and the cathode may be 1 mm or more and 2 mm or less.

  The cathode can be oscillated in a horizontal direction.

  The mechanism for collecting the carbon nanoparticles includes a mechanism for sucking the fluid containing the carbon nanoparticles, a mechanism for separating the carbon nanoparticles from the fluid, and a mechanism for drying the separated carbon nanoparticles. May be included.

  The cathode may have an introduction path for the inert gas.

It is a figure which shows typically the outline | summary of an example of the apparatus of this invention. It is a figure which shows an example of the cathode in this invention. It is a figure which shows typically the outline | summary of 2nd Example of the apparatus of this invention. It is a figure which shows typically the outline | summary of 3rd Example of the apparatus of this invention. It is a figure which shows typically the outline | summary of 4th Example of the apparatus of this invention. It is a logarithm graph which shows the particle size distribution of the carbon nanoparticle of an Example.

  The present invention relates to a method for efficiently producing carbon nanoparticles by arc discharge. According to the method for producing carbon nanoparticles of the present invention, it is possible to efficiently generate carbon vapor from graphite by generating an arc discharge in a fluid and introducing an inert gas into the arc discharge generation region. Moreover, the carbon nanoparticle containing the single layer carbon nanohorn can be produced | generated from carbon vapor. Furthermore, the introduction of an inert gas can control the energy profile of the arc discharge generation region, for example, the amount of electrons discharged, the heat generation region due to arc discharge, the heat generation temperature, and the pressure. It can be prevented from evaporating again. Furthermore, by stirring the fluid, it is possible not only to keep the generated carbon nanoparticles away from the arc discharge generation region and prevent the carbon nanoparticles from evaporating again, but also prevent the carbon nanoparticles from aggregating with each other. . In addition, by making the electrode cross-sectional area of the opposing cathode larger than the electrode cross-sectional area of the graphite anode, the energy profile in the arc discharge generation region can be controlled, so that a large amount of carbon nanoparticles can be generated efficiently. Can do.

  Furthermore, according to the disclosure of the present specification, since a large-scale apparatus is not required, the cost for equipment and maintenance is low, and carbon nanoparticles can be manufactured at low cost. Moreover, since the process from generation | occurrence | production of arc discharge to the production | generation of a carbon nanoparticle can be performed in a fluid tank, a carbon nanoparticle can be manufactured, without requiring a complicated process.

  This method can not only produce various carbon nanoparticles but also easily separate single-wall carbon nanoparticles and multi-wall carbon nanoparticles. Moreover, the produced | generated carbon nanoparticle can be collect | recovered, without stopping arc discharge. Thereby, carbon nanoparticles can be continuously produced and recovered.

  In the present specification, the “carbon nanoparticles” include all carbon materials including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, fullerenes, nanographenes, graphene nanoribbons, nanographites, and nanodiamonds. Further, it may be a single layer or a multilayer. In addition, “nano” as used herein generally refers to a nanometer-scale size, but a carbon material that has actually expanded to a micrometer-scale size can also be referred to as a carbon nanoparticle. The carbon nanoparticle production method and apparatus disclosed herein are particularly suitable for the production of multi-layer and single-layer carbon nanohorns.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings as appropriate. FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an example of an apparatus suitable for the carbon nanohorn manufacturing method of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a view showing an example in which an introduction path for introducing an inert gas into the cathode is formed.

[Method for producing carbon nanoparticles]
The method for producing carbon nanoparticles disclosed in the present specification includes a step of generating an arc discharge and a step of introducing an inert gas into a region where the arc discharge is generated. More specifically, carbon vapor is generated from a graphite anode by underwater arc discharge, and carbon nanoparticles containing carbon nanohorns are produced from the carbon vapor. Each step will be described in detail below.

(Process to generate arc discharge)
The step of forming the arc discharge generation region disclosed in the present specification can be a step of applying a voltage between the cathode and the anode to form the arc discharge generation region in the fluid existing between these electrodes. . According to this step, carbon vapor that is a source of carbon nanoparticles can be generated by evaporating carbon prepared in the arc discharge generation region by arc discharge.

  In this step, when a voltage is applied between the cathode and the anode, a discharge current can flow between the electrodes to cause arc discharge. The voltage application time for generating the arc discharge is not particularly limited, but a short time is preferable because the generated carbon nanoparticles can be prevented from evaporating again. A large amount of carbon nanoparticles can be produced by repeatedly performing short-time arc discharge. The applied voltage may be a DC voltage or an AC voltage, but it is preferable to apply a DC voltage or a DC pulse voltage to generate arc discharge. The applied voltage is preferably a voltage of 20 V and a current of 100 A or more. This is because if it is less than 100 A, the amount of carbon nanoparticles produced decreases. A DC voltage of 140 A or more is more preferable.

  Furthermore, since the electrode and the carbon material can be integrated by using a graphite anode containing graphite as the anode, the device configuration can be designed easily. In this case, the arc discharge is preferably generated by applying a voltage in a state where the electrode cross-sectional area of the cathode is larger than the cross-sectional area of the graphite anode. Thereby, the energy profile of the arc discharge generation region can be controlled, and the generated carbon nanoparticles can be prevented from evaporating again. More preferably, the electrode cross-sectional area of the cathode is 1.5 times or more the electrode cross-sectional area of the graphite anode. The gap between the graphite anode and the cathode is preferably 1 mm or more and 2 mm or less. When the gap is in this range, arc discharge can be generated efficiently. This is because arc discharge becomes unstable when the gap is less than 1 mm or more than 2 mm. In order to maintain the gap between the graphite anode and the cathode at 1 mm or more and 2 mm or less, it is preferable that the support part for supporting the cathode or the support part for supporting the graphite anode is installed to be drivable. More preferably, the gap between the graphite anode and the cathode can be adjusted by automatic control. This is because the graphite anode is consumed by the arc discharge with time and a gap with the cathode is opened, and the arc discharge becomes unstable.

  Here, “discharge” means that a dielectric breakdown occurs in the gas existing between the electrodes due to a potential difference between the electrodes, electrons are emitted, and a current flows. The current released at this time can be called a discharge current. The discharge includes, for example, spark discharge, corona discharge, glow discharge, and arc discharge. Among them, arc discharge is a phenomenon in which gas molecules between a cathode and an anode are ionized and ionization occurs, generating plasma, and a current runs on it. Therefore, it can also be called plasma arc discharge. In this intermediate space, the gas becomes excited and is accompanied by high temperature and flash. Arc discharge is suitable because it can be generated at room temperature in a high current state and does not necessarily require a vacuum state.

  In this specification, “anode” and “cathode” refer to electrodes that may have electrical conductivity. For example, a material containing metal, ceramics, or carbon can be used for the electrode. The electrode may be formed of one or more materials selected from metals, ceramics, and carbon. Additives may be sprayed on a part or all of the electrode surface, may be applied, or may be plated or coated. Such various electrode materials can be obtained by those skilled in the art with reference to the prior art as appropriate. Preferably, in order to prevent the cathode from being consumed by arc discharge, at least the cathode of the electrodes is preferably formed of a metal or a ceramic material.

  In this specification, “graphite” refers to a material containing carbon. In this specification, an anode containing carbon is called a graphite anode. The graphite anode is an electrode for generating arc discharge, and at the same time can be used as a raw material for carbon nanoparticles for generation. In that case, it is preferable to design the graphite anode so that it can be repeatedly replaced. When graphite is not used for the anode, graphite as a raw material for carbon nanoparticles is prepared separately from the electrode. When the electrode does not contain graphite, the electrode can be prevented from being consumed, and the carbon nanoparticles can be produced at a low cost. The graphite may have any form, and an appropriate shape such as a plate shape can be selected as appropriate. Further, whether to use a graphite anode for the anode or to prepare graphite different from the electrode can be appropriately selected according to the design of the apparatus. In the present embodiment, description will be made assuming that a graphite anode is used as the anode. Graphite may be simple carbon, but may contain or contain an additive. Alternatively, the additive may be dispersed on a part or the whole of the graphite surface, may be applied, or may be plated or coated. For example, when a metal such as iron or nickel is used as an additive, carbon nanohorn particles, which are nanoparticles in which metal nanoparticles are encapsulated in carbon nanohorn particles, that is, closed single-walled carbon nanotubes are agglomerated in a spherical shape, are used. It is possible to put metal nanoparticles near the center. Those skilled in the art can acquire such various carbon-containing materials with reference to the prior art as appropriate.

  The arc discharge is preferably generated in the fluid. Alternatively, it is preferable to generate arc discharge in the vicinity of the fluid. By doing so, the carbon vapor generated by the arc discharge can be quickly cooled with a fluid to generate carbon nanoparticles. For this purpose, the electrodes are arranged so that the space between the opposing electrodes is in the fluid, and an inert gas is introduced from these spaces so that the fluid or its vaporized body is not completely excluded during arc discharge. It is preferable to configure a route or the like. The fluid can also carry the generated carbon nanoparticles. As used herein, “fluid” refers to a substance having stirring fluidity. In particular, it is preferable that the medium liquid has a stirring fluidity at a temperature lower than the arc discharge generation temperature. For example, water or a mixed liquid containing water, silicone oil, oil, aqueous solution, liquid helium, liquid nitrogen, or the like may be used as long as it is a medium liquid having a stirring fluidity at a temperature lower than the arc discharge generation temperature. Among them, water is preferable because it is inexpensive, easily available, and easy to handle. Furthermore, the aqueous medium has a cluster structure smaller than that of water in a normal state under arc discharge, and can increase the oxidation-reduction potential. Formation of carbon nanoparticles can be promoted by reducing the cluster structure of the aqueous medium and increasing the redox potential.

  FIG. 1 shows a carbon nanoparticle production apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, particularly a production apparatus suitable for the production of carbon nanohorns. As shown in FIG. 1A, the fluid tank 10 is provided so that the graphite anode 12 and the cathode 14 face each other with a gap 34 therebetween. The shape and arrangement of the cathode 14 and the graphite anode 12 are not limited. However, if the cathode 14 and the graphite anode 12 are arranged so as to face each other perpendicular to gravity, not only the stirring of the fluid by the rotation of the cathode 14 described later is easy. It is preferable because arc discharge is stabilized. The fluid tank 10 is formed so as to be able to hold the fluid 20, and a container made of glass, ceramics, metal, resin, or the like can be used. The fluid tank 10 may be a container having a heat insulating structure. The fluid tank 10 is preferably sealable. In order to seal the fluid tank, for example, a lid 11 may be provided. This is because when the inert gas is introduced, the pressure inside the fluid tank increases and the production of carbon nanoparticles is promoted under high pressure conditions. That is, the energy profile of the arc discharge generation region can be controlled by the fluid tank being a sealed container. When the fluid tank is sealable, a mechanism for adjusting the pressure in the fluid tank may be further provided. For example, it is preferable that a pressure adjusting valve or a pressure adjusting device for adjusting the pressure in the fluid tank is provided. Thereby, the pressure in the fluid tank can be controlled, and the energy profile in the arc discharge generation region can be controlled. Further, a voltage can be applied between the graphite anode 12 and the cathode 14 by connecting the graphite anode 12 to the positive electrode 26 of the power source 22 and connecting the cathode 14 to the negative electrode 24 of the power source 22. Due to the potential difference between the electrodes at this time, dielectric breakdown occurs in the gas or liquid existing in the gap 34, and electrons can flow (discharge) in the gap 34.

  It is preferable that the cathode 14 and the graphite anode 12 are both exposed to the fluid 20 at opposite ends. The gap 34 formed between the end portions serves as an arc discharge generation region. As a result of both ends being exposed to the fluid 20, the arc discharge generation region is formed in the fluid 20.

  Moreover, as shown in FIG.1 (b), you may provide the outer wall 42 which forms a division so that the clearance gap 34 which is an arc discharge generation | occurrence | production area may be surrounded. In this embodiment, the outer wall 42 has a substantially cylindrical shape surrounding the outer periphery of the cathode 14. Thereby, the directivity of discharge to the vicinity of the graphite anode 12 can be improved, and arc discharge can be generated more effectively. Further, the outer wall 42 may be connected to a driving means for making the position of the outer wall 42 adjustable. By adjusting the position of the outer wall 42, the energy profile of the gap 34, which is an arc discharge generation region, can be controlled. That is, the amount of carbon nanoparticles produced can be controlled. The outer wall 42 may be made of a known material such as metal, ceramic, tungsten, or graphite, but is preferably made of conductive graphite, iron, or aluminum. In particular, the outer wall 42 is best made of graphite having a high electronegativity. This is because the use of graphite for the outer wall 42 increases the amount of electrons emitted into the compartment when a voltage is applied between the electrodes, and the temperature of the gap 34 increases efficiently. Further, it is preferable that the inner surface of the outer wall 42 is uneven because the surface area is increased, the amount of electrons emitted into the compartment is increased, and arc discharge is stably generated.

(Step of introducing an inert gas)
The step of introducing the inert gas in the present embodiment can be a step of introducing the inert gas into the arc discharge generation region in the fluid. According to this step, the emission of electrons from the cathode can be promoted, and the generation of carbon nanoparticle intermediates temporarily generated in the arc discharge generation region can be promoted. By introducing the inert gas into the arc discharge generation region, a part of the inert gas is dissociated and charged particles are generated. The charged particles can increase the electrical conductivity in the arc discharge generation region, and can easily cause discharge. Further, the inert gas is heated by arc discharge, and molecular vibration excitation, dissociation, and ionization proceed to form a plasma state. An inert gas that has a high enthalpy under such an energy profile in the active state expands, and propulsion energy is obtained by Joule heating, and a large amount of graphite vapor can be generated by accelerating electron emission from the cathode. .

  Further, by introducing the inert gas in the fluid into the arc discharge generation region, the carbon vapor generated by the arc discharge can be taken into the inert gas and diffused into the fluid outside the arc discharge generation region. At the same time as the inert gas diffuses in water in the form of bubbles, the carbon vapor contained in the inert gas can be quenched with a fluid to generate carbon nanoparticles. The carbon nanoparticles generated at this time float near the fluid surface. Since it does not return to the arc discharge generation region, carbon vaporization is avoided. In addition, carbon nanoparticles generated in the arc discharge generation region and intermediates thereof are also taken into the inert gas, diffused into the fluid outside the arc discharge generation region, and suspended on the fluid surface as carbon nanoparticles. Carbon vaporization is avoided. From these results, it is possible to suppress the carbon nanoparticles once generated from the carbon vapor from re-evaporating into carbon vapor, thereby increasing the yield of the carbon nanoparticles.

  Furthermore, according to the disclosure of the present specification, it is preferable to generate carbon vapor from a carbon material prepared in the arc discharge generation region under pressure of a fluid. In order to pressurize the fluid, for example, when the fluid tank is sealed and the fluid tank can be pressurized, the pressure in the fluid tank increases by introducing an inert gas into the fluid tank. However, it can be under high pressure conditions. Under such fluid pressurization, carbon nanoparticles can be efficiently generated by rapid cooling of carbon vapor and promotion of self-assembly. Moreover, according to the arc discharge under the pressurization of the fluid, the fluid can be actively present or brought close to or near the arc discharge generation region. For this reason, even when the arc discharge generation region and the fluid cannot substantially exist, if the fluid is pressurized, the carbon vapor quickly contacts the fluid and is cooled.

  Carbon nanoparticles generated by cooling the carbon vapor are deposited on the graphite anode. Some of the deposited deposits are separated from the partition walls by the pressure received from the arc discharge and the flow pressure of the inert gas that is sent, and are deposited and deposited on the fluid, resulting in separation from the carbon nanoparticles floating on the fluid surface.

  Also, by controlling the flow rate and flow path of the inert gas introduced into the arc discharge generation region, the size of the arc discharge generation region and the energy profile of the arc discharge generation region, for example, the amount of electrons discharged and the pressure are controlled. be able to. Therefore, by introducing an inert gas having a predetermined flow rate in the vicinity of the graphite anode, the heat generation region and the heat generation temperature due to arc discharge can be controlled. For this reason, carbon vapor can be generated effectively. The predetermined flow rate of the inert gas is preferably 15 liters or more per minute because carbon nanoparticles are efficiently generated. Further, the flow rate of the inert gas is more preferably 20 liters or more and 25 liters or less per minute. If it is less than 20 liters, the yield of carbon nanoparticles will be reduced only by the reaction between the electrodes, and if it exceeds 25 liters, nitrogen gas will be excessive, floating on the water surface with carbon nanoparticles mixed in the bubbles, This is because it becomes easy to be released.

  As shown in FIG. 1A, for example, as a method of introducing an inert gas into the gap 34 that is an arc discharge generation region, a method of sending the inert gas from the cylinder 28 into the gap 34 through the supply path 16. Can be taken. In order to ensure that the generated carbon vapor and the like are diffused into the fluid outside the arc discharge generation region and to suppress deposits on the electrode, an inert gas is sent in advance prior to the generation of the arc discharge. preferable.

  In this specification, “inert gas” refers to a gas having poor chemical reactivity. For example, the inert gas includes a Group 18 element (rare gas) composed of helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, hydrazine, nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, hydrogen gas, or a mixed gas thereof. . Among them, nitrogen gas is preferable because it is inexpensive and easily available. As long as the inert gas can be introduced into the arc discharge generation region as a gas, it may be stored as a gas, may be obtained from a liquid, or may be obtained from a solid. Such various inert substances can be obtained by those skilled in the art with reference to the prior art as appropriate.

  In order to remove impurities adhering to each electrode due to arc discharge, for example, by generating arc discharge in a state where the electrode cross-sectional area of the cathode is larger than the cross-sectional area of the graphite anode, the propulsive force as the Lorentz force is generated in the arc discharge generation region. Thus, impurities fixed in the vicinity of the discharge generation region of the electrode can be peeled off by jetting. Furthermore, in order to remove impurities adhering to the electrode and generated carbon nanoparticles, the flow pressure of an inert gas introduced into the arc discharge generation region may be used, and either or both of the graphite anode and the cathode rotate and vibrate. By doing so, the fluid may be agitated.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 1A, a rotating device 36 and a rotating device 38 may be installed in each of the cathode 14 and the graphite anode 12 so that the cathode 14 and the graphite anode 12 can rotate. The rotating device 36 can rotate the cathode 14 and the rotating device 38 can rotate the graphite anode 12 continuously or periodically. Further, the cathode 14 and the graphite anode 12 can be rotated in an adjusted state. For example, you may install so that it can rotate in the state which inclined the angle of the electrode 0.5 degree or 1 degree. Thereby, the rotation accompanied by vibration can be given to the electrode, and the deposition of carbon nanoparticles can be effectively prevented or the deposited carbon nanoparticles can be removed. In the case of rotating the electrode at an inclination, it is preferable to perform the rotational motion for removing deposits after the arc discharge rather than during the arc discharge because the stability of the arc discharge is not hindered.

  Further, the fluid is not limited to the graphite anode and the cathode, and the fluid may be stirred using a stirring bar. Preferably, the graphite anode and the cathode rotate and vibrate in a state where the electrode cross-sectional area of the cathode is larger than the cross-sectional area of the graphite anode, and carbon vapor is preferably sent into the fluid by the flow pressure of the inert gas. Furthermore, it is preferable to send an inert gas before the arc discharge is generated.

  Note that arc discharge may be stopped while the carbon vapor is sent into the fluid together with the inert gas in order to prevent the generated carbon nanoparticles from evaporating again. Further, even when the arc discharge is stopped, an inert gas may be continuously sent out in order to peel off the carbon nanoparticles attached to the electrode. Similarly, the cathode may continuously rotate and vibrate. This not only disperses the carbon nanoparticles delivered into the fluid, but also prevents agglomeration of the carbon nanoparticles and adhesion of the carbon nanoparticles to the fluid tank or electrode, and therefore a large amount of carbon nanoparticles. Can be obtained.

  As shown in FIG. 1A, as a method of sending carbon vapor together with an inert gas into a fluid other than the arc discharge generation region, the electrode 14 has a cross-sectional area larger than that of the graphite anode 12. Can be taken. Further, it is possible to adopt a method in which an inert gas is sent from the cylinder 28 through the supply path 16 into the gap 34 that is an arc discharge generation region. You may design the support part 18 which supports the cathode 14 so that it can rotate to a horizontal direction. Furthermore, the support part 18 can support the supply path 16 for supplying the inert gas sent out from the cylinder 28 to the gap 34 that is an arc discharge generation region. That is, the inert gas can be diffused into the fluid outside the arc discharge generation region while supplying the inert gas to the arc discharge generation region.

  As shown in FIG. 2A, in order to efficiently introduce an inert gas in the vicinity of the cathode 14, one or more introduction passages 40 penetrating the inside of the cathode 14 may be formed. As shown in FIG. 2B, for example, the shape of the introduction path 40 may be one or two or more ventilation grooves formed on the outer peripheral side of the cathode 14. Further, each introduction path may not be vertical as shown in the figure. For example, the introduction path may be formed in a spiral shape along the outer periphery of the cathode 14 or through the inside thereof. Since the cathode 14 is perpendicular to the gravity and the introduction path 40 is formed in a spiral shape, an inert gas can be stably introduced into the arc discharge generation region as a vortex, and the pinch effect due to the arc discharge Is preferable because the plasma can be concentrated at the center of the vortex. Furthermore, it is preferable to provide a wall (reaction wall) around the gap 34, the cathode 14, and the graphite anode 12 that are arc discharge generation regions, because deformation of the electrode due to high-temperature carbon vapor can be weakened. In the figure, three grooves or holes are shown in the cathode 14 as the introduction path 40, but the number of the introduction paths 40 may be one, two, or three or more. In the case where the introduction path 40 is formed, the shape of the cathode 14 and the shape and number of the introduction paths 40 are not limited. Changes can be made as appropriate within the scope of design matters.

  Since high-temperature carbon vapor is continuously generated by repeating the generation of arc discharge, the fluid temperature may increase when the amount of fluid is small. Due to the increase in fluid temperature, carbon vapor cannot be rapidly cooled, and the amount of carbon nanoparticles produced may decrease, or the structure of carbon nanoparticles may be defective. Therefore, it is preferable to provide a step of adjusting the fluid temperature. For example, in order to maintain the temperature of the fluid at a constant temperature, a cooling mechanism may be provided, a cooling time may be provided, the fluid may be replenished or replaced, or a low temperature containing liquid nitrogen These fluids may be used. Moreover, in order to prevent the local fluid temperature rise of the site | part which sends out carbon vapor | steam, you may provide the process of stirring the fluid in a fluid tank. When agitating the fluid in the fluid tank, the graphite anode and the cathode may be designed to be rotatable so that they can be agitated by the electrodes, or they may be agitated using the flow pressure of an inert gas. A stir bar may be used. Those skilled in the art can obtain such a fluid temperature control method with reference to the prior art as appropriate.

  The step of recovering the carbon nanoparticles generated by the step of generating the arc discharge and the step of introducing an inert gas into the arc discharge generation region will be described in detail below.

(Step of collecting carbon nanoparticles)
The step of recovering the carbon nanoparticles in the present embodiment is a step for recovering the carbon nanoparticles generated by quenching the carbon vapor. In this step, the carbon nanoparticles may be collected from all fluids after the carbon nanoparticles are generated. However, the fluid fraction containing the carbon nanoparticles in the fluid is sucked and the carbon nanoparticles are collected by solid-liquid separation means. And the fluid may be separated. Here, the fluid fraction indicates a part of the fluid. For example, a part of the fluid may be sucked to collect the carbon nanoparticles, and the remaining fluid may be returned to the fluid tank again. According to said method, since the fraction containing the carbon nanoparticle in a fluid is selectively attracted | sucked, it is not necessary to take out all the fluids in a fluid tank. That is, from the generation of arc discharge to the collection of carbon nanoparticles can be continuously performed. This makes it possible to mass-produce carbon nanoparticles without requiring complicated operations.

  The fluid fraction containing carbon nanoparticles includes a fluid near the fluid surface. This fluid fraction contains floating carbon nanoparticles, and single-walled carbon nanoparticles can be obtained from these fractions. Further, a fluid fraction intermediate between the fluid surface and the bottom can be mentioned. This fluid fraction also contains floating carbon nanoparticles, and single-walled nanocarbon particles can be obtained. Moreover, the fluid fraction of the bottom part vicinity of a fluid tank is also mentioned. This fluid fraction contains precipitated and deposited carbon nanoparticles, and multilayer carbon nanoparticles can be obtained from the fraction. That is, by selecting the fluid fraction to be sucked, in other words, by selecting the portion to be sucked in the fluid tank, the single-layer carbon nanoparticles and the multilayer carbon nanoparticles can be efficiently separated and obtained. In particular, single-layer carbon nanohorns can be obtained from floating carbon nanoparticles, and multi-layer carbon nanohorns can be obtained from precipitated carbon nanoparticles.

  The solid-liquid separation means is not particularly limited, and known means such as filtration and centrifugation can be used. In this method, since the carbon nanoparticles float or settle, it is preferable to perform solid-liquid separation by filtration. The filtration method may be a method using a filtration membrane or a method utilizing adsorption. Further, it may be hot filtration in which carbon nanoparticles are taken out by evaporating the fluid. As filtration using a filtration membrane, vacuum filtration, pressure filtration, and centrifugal filtration can be used besides natural filtration by gravity. Further, as the filtration membrane, filter paper, cellulose, glass fiber filter, membrane filter, filter plate, cotton plug, sand and the like can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use an ultrafiltration membrane method (UF method) capable of continuously discharging a fluid concentrated with fine particles and impurities. Furthermore, when purifying carbon nanoparticles by the UF method, a plurality of filtration membranes (for example, hollow fiber membranes) according to the particle size may be used. By using a plurality of filtration membranes according to the particle size, the carbon nanoparticles can be easily fractionated and separated according to the particle size and purified.

  Furthermore, carbon nanoparticles can be obtained by drying the separated carbon nanoparticles. The carbon nanoparticles in the fluid may be dried as one step of solid-liquid separation, or may be dried separately after solid-liquid separation. The drying method is not particularly limited, and various known methods can be employed. For example, a method of evaporating a fluid under high temperature conditions, a vacuum, or a method of removing water by placing it in a gas containing moisture equal to or less than the saturated water vapor amount may be used. Moreover, you may dehydrate by chemical reaction. In this embodiment, in order to purify the carbon nanoparticles by drying, it is preferable to use spray drying in consideration of heat denaturation and chemical denaturation.

As shown in FIG. 1A, for example, the tip of the suction pipe 32 connected to the filter 30 may be configured to be immersed in the fluid 20. By disposing the tip of the suction tube 32 in the fluid 20 or in the vicinity of the fluid surface, the suspended carbon nanoparticles can be sucked into the filter 30. In addition, the suction pipe 32 is designed to be vertically extendable and the tip of the suction pipe 32 is arranged near the bottom surface of the fluid tank 10 so that the carbon nanoparticles that are precipitated can be sucked. Good. The sucked carbon nanoparticles can be separated from the fluid by the filter 30. Subsequently, the carbon nanoparticles separated from the fluid are dried by spray drying, whereby purified carbon nanoparticles can be obtained.

  The apparatus for producing carbon nanoparticles is not limited to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, and various embodiments can be adopted. In FIG. 3, the manufacturing apparatus of the carbon nanoparticle of another embodiment is shown. In this embodiment, an outer wall 42a is formed around the cathode 14 in FIG. 1, and the description of the same members as shown in FIG. 1 is omitted. The apparatus shown in FIG. 3 has an outer wall 42a spaced outside the support portion 18 that supports the cathode 14, and a supply path for introducing an inert gas between the support portion 18 and the outer wall 42a. 16b is formed. In this embodiment, the outer wall 42a has a substantially cylindrical shape surrounding the outer periphery of the cathode 14, and the supply path 16b on the inner side of the outer wall 42a is blocked from the outside of the outer wall 42a, so that the inert gas is supplied only to the supply path 16b. Is now in circulation. An inert gas is introduced into the supply path 16b. By providing the outer wall 42a and restricting the flow of the inert gas in the fluid, the directivity of the inert gas introduced into the supply path 16b during the occurrence of the arc discharge to the vicinity of the graphite anode 12 is improved and more effective. Then, the inert gas can reach the vicinity of the graphite anode 12. As a result, unintentional or random dispersion and diffusion of bubbles can be suppressed, and the diffusion of carbon nanoparticles due to the rise of bubbles to the liquid surface can be avoided to facilitate the collection of carbon nanoparticles or improve the collection rate. Can be made. In addition, the directivity and the arrival state of the inert gas near the electrode can be adjusted by appropriately changing the shape of the lower portion of the outer wall 42a, that is, the vicinity of the inert gas outlet according to the shape and arrangement of the electrode and the like. You can also. For example, the exit vicinity can be formed so as to spread toward the exit, or can be formed so as to be directed vertically downward. The shape of the vicinity of the outlet can be appropriately changed as necessary. Thus, by providing the outer wall 42a, it becomes possible to adjust the flow state of the inert gas and to optimize the directivity, the arrival state, and consequently the generation amount and yield of the carbon nanoparticles with respect to the graphite anode 12 and the like. .

  FIG. 4 shows a carbon nanoparticle production apparatus according to still another embodiment. In the present embodiment, the outer wall 42b is formed so as to surround the cathode 14 to the tip of the graphite anode 12 in FIG. Description of the same members as those shown in FIG. 1 is omitted. The apparatus shown in FIG. 4 has an outer wall 42b spaced apart outside the support portion 18 that supports the cathode 14, and a supply path for introducing an inert gas between the support portion 18 and the outer wall 42b. 16c is formed. An inert gas is introduced into the supply path 16c. The inert gas outlet side of the outer wall 42b can be installed at an arbitrary height, but the lower portion (exit side edge) may extend so as to surround the tip of the graphite anode 12. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the outer wall 42 b is disposed so as to surround the gap 34 that is an arc discharge generation region. Furthermore, the shape of the outer wall 42b has a hollow truncated conical shape so that the inner shape surrounded becomes smaller toward the lower part. Further, at least the inside of the outer wall 42b may be grooved in a spiral shape. Therefore, for example, the outer wall 42b itself may be formed in a bellows shape so that a spiral groove portion is provided inside. While the arc discharge is generated, the inert gas flows through the supply path 16c spirally and is jetted, so that a rotating magnetic field can be generated by the rotating airflow effect of the inert gas. The rotating magnetic field can also be more easily generated by rotating the electrode as already described. At this time, the rotating magnetic field can be controlled by the supply amount of the inert gas and the electrode rotation speed, and the shape of the plasma can be variably controlled. Thereby, the energy profile of the arc discharge generation region can be controlled, and the carbon nanoparticles can be synthesized more efficiently.

  FIG. 5 shows a carbon nanoparticle production apparatus according to still another embodiment. The apparatus of this embodiment is for producing carbon nanoparticles without using a graphite anode. For example, an electrode material such as tungsten, ceramic, or molybdenum can be used for both electrodes. As shown in FIG. 5, the apparatus according to the present embodiment includes an anode 50 and a cathode that surrounds the anode 50 and has a nozzle portion that converges in a tapered manner toward a slightly distal region of the tip (lower end) of the anode 50. 52. It should be noted that the area slightly ahead of the tip of the anode 50 is intended to be an arc discharge generation area. An inert gas supply path 58 is formed between the anode 50 and the cathode 52 surrounding it. An outer wall 54 may be formed so as to surround the periphery of the cathode 52. Further, an inert gas supply path 60 may be formed between the outer wall 54 and the cathode 52.

  Below these electrodes 50 and 52, a graphite plate 56 is disposed at a predetermined distance. A gap 34b between the electrodes 50 and 52 and the graphite plate 56 is an arc discharge generation region. The distance between the graphite plate 56 and the anode 50 is not particularly limited as long as it is within a range in which a voltage can be applied to the anode 50 and the cathode 52 to form carbon vapor, and can be, for example, about 5 mm. According to the apparatus of the present embodiment, the consumption of the electrode and the arc discharge failure due to impurities deposited on the electrode are reduced as compared with the case of using the graphite anode, and a more stable large amount of carbon nanoparticles can be synthesized. Moreover, the cost concerning the production | generation of a carbon nanoparticle can be reduced by using an inexpensive graphite plate. In addition, the anode 50 and the cathode 52 of this embodiment do not need to be opposed to the direction perpendicular to gravity, and are provided in various directions.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated concretely, a following example does not limit this invention. In the following examples, the production of carbon nanohorns by the production method of the present invention will be described.

  This embodiment will be described as an example suitable for the apparatus of FIG. It is installed in a fluid tank having a water depth of about 30 cm so that the graphite anode and the cathode are 1 mm apart and face each other perpendicular to gravity. The graphite anode was a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 100 mm, and a carbon rod having a carbon purity of 99.999% and 1.5 grams was used. After the fluid tank was filled with 20 liters of aqueous solution, the fluid tank was covered and sealed. A DC voltage of 20 V and 60 A was applied to the graphite anode and cathode, and nitrogen gas of a specified value (20 to 25 liters / minute) was introduced into the introduction path in the cathode to produce particles. During this time, adjustment was performed by automatically controlling the support portion supporting the cathode so that the distance between the graphite anode and the cathode was maintained at 1 mm. Water near the water surface in the fluid tank was sucked with a pump over time, and water and particles were filtered through a UF filtration membrane. The filtered particles were dried by spray drying to obtain purified particles. The particles were observed with an electron microscope, and it was confirmed that many single-walled carbon nanohorns were contained. The carbon rod consumes 80% of about 30 seconds, and about 1.4 grams of carbon nanohorn per minute was obtained.

  The particle size distribution of the obtained carbon nanohorn was measured. FIG. 6 shows the measurement result of the particle size distribution when carbon nanoparticles are dispersed using Newcol 740 (60% concentration) which is a nonionic surfactant. The dispersion of the particle size is expressed as a normal distribution. The particle distribution of the carbon nanohorn obtained in this example is 10% cumulative diameter is 0.0712 μm, 90% cumulative diameter is 0.4675 μm, cumulative median diameter (50%) is 0.1539 μm, and average diameter is 0. 0.034 μm and standard deviation 0.1357. On the other hand, when the surfactant is not used, the normal distribution does not follow, the 10% cumulative diameter is 0.1227 μm, the 90% cumulative diameter is 4.9431 μm, and the cumulative median diameter (50%) is 0.3493 μm. The average diameter was 0.1093 μm and the standard deviation was 0.5373.

  As described above, a large amount (20 to 100 times or more) of carbon nanoparticles could be obtained with one apparatus, compared with the conventional method for producing carbon nanoparticles by arc discharge. Furthermore, a large facility is not required, and a space saving of 0.25 m 2 per apparatus can be achieved. That is, carbon nanoparticles can be produced efficiently at low cost. In addition, carbon nanoparticles having a uniform particle size can be produced in accordance with a normal particle size distribution.

  In this example, carbon nanoparticles were produced using a graphite anode having a size different from that of the first example. The description of the same members and operations is omitted. In this example, the graphite anode used was a carbon rod having a diameter of 6.8 mm and a length of 100 mm and having a carbon purity of 99.999%. As the cathode, a carbon rod having a diameter of 12.3 mm and having an introduction path for nitrogen gas was used. The graphite anode and cathode are placed facing each other in a fluid tank with a distance of 1 mm, filled with pure water, and then applied with a DC voltage of 140 A under introduction of nitrogen gas (20 to 25 liters / minute) to form carbon nanoparticles. Was generated. As a result of filtering out the produced carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanohorns of about 3 to 4 times that of the first example were obtained.

  As described above, carbon nanoparticles can be produced even if both the cathode and the anode contain graphite. Furthermore, the energy profile of the arc discharge generation region can be controlled by the amount of current applied. Thereby, carbon nanoparticles can be efficiently synthesized in large quantities.

  Specific examples of the present invention have been described in detail above, but these are merely examples and do not limit the scope of the claims. The technology described in the claims includes various modifications and changes of the specific examples illustrated above.

  The technical elements described in this specification or the drawings exhibit technical usefulness alone or in various combinations, and are not limited to the combinations described in the claims at the time of filing. In addition, the technology illustrated in the present specification or the drawings achieves a plurality of objects at the same time, and has technical utility by achieving one of the objects.

  2 apparatus, 10 fluid tank, 11 lid, 12 graphite anode, 14,52 cathode, 16, 16b, 16c, 58, 60 supply path, 18 support section, 20 fluid, 22 power supply, 24-pole, 26 + pole, 28 Cylinder, 30 filter, 32 suction pipe, 34, 34b gap, 36, 38 rotating device, 40 introduction path, 42, 42a, 42b, 54 outer wall, 50 anode, 56 graphite plate

Claims (19)

A method for producing carbon nanoparticles, comprising:
A gap is applied between the cathode and the anode and is present in the gap by applying a voltage to the gap which is arranged in a fluid which is an aqueous solution or water having a stirring fluidity at a temperature equal to or lower than the arc discharge temperature. Forming an arc discharge generation region in the fluid;
Introducing an inert gas into the arc discharge generation region to generate carbon vapor from the carbon material prepared in the arc discharge generation region and diffusing the carbon vapor from the arc discharge generation region into the fluid;
With
A manufacturing method for applying rotational vibration to the cathode and / or the anode. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the flow rate of the inert gas is 15 l / min or more and 25 l / min or less. The manufacturing method of Claim 1 or 2 which introduce | transduces the said inert gas into the said arc discharge generation | occurrence | production area | region through the introduction path which penetrates the inside of the said cathode, or the ventilation groove provided in the outer periphery of the said cathode . The method according to claim 1, wherein the inert gas is introduced into the arc discharge generation region so that the fluid is not completely excluded from the arc discharge generation region. The manufacturing method in any one of Claims 1-4 which is not provided with the partition surrounding the said clearance gap. 6. The anode according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the anode contains or contains an additive, or is graphite in which the additive is dispersed, coated, plated or coated on a part or all of the surface. Manufacturing method. The cathode has the introduction passage, the manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 6. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising the step of adding a rotational vibration in a horizontal direction to the cathode. Dispersing the carbon nanoparticles delivered into the fluid;
Agitating the fluid in a fluid tank to prevent a local increase in temperature of the fluid at a site for delivering the carbon vapor;
Adjusting the temperature of the fluid to maintain the temperature of the fluid at a constant temperature;
The manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 , further comprising: The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the anode and the cathode are arranged so as to face each other perpendicular to gravity. Further, the method includes a step of recovering the carbon nanoparticles,
Aspirating the fluid containing the carbon nanoparticles;
Separating the carbon nanoparticles from the fluid by a filtration membrane;
Drying the separated carbon nanoparticles;
The manufacturing method in any one of Claims 1-10 containing these . Wherein said inert gas is nitrogen, argon, any of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or gases containing two or more selected from the group consisting of noble gases and hydrazine containing helium Manufacturing method. A cathode that is partially immersed in a fluid that is an aqueous solution or water having a stirring fluidity at a temperature equal to or lower than the temperature at which arc discharge occurs;
An anode disposed in the fluid with a gap in a portion of the cathode immersed in the fluid;
A mechanism for applying a voltage between the cathode and the anode to directly form an arc discharge generation region in the fluid existing in the gap;
A mechanism for introducing an inert gas into the arc discharge generation region so that carbon vapor can diffuse into the fluid from the arc discharge generation region and the aqueous solution or water is not completely excluded from the arc discharge generation region;
A mechanism for applying rotational vibration to the cathode and / or the anode;
An apparatus for producing carbon nanoparticles, comprising: The manufacturing apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the mechanism for introducing the inert gas is configured to be able to adjust a flow rate of the inert gas to 15 l / min or more and 25 l / min or less. The cathode is provided with a ventilation groove provided on the outer periphery of the introduction path or the cathode penetrating the inside of the cathode,
The manufacturing apparatus of Claim 13 or 14 comprised so that the said inert gas may be introduce | transduced into the said arc discharge generation | occurrence | production area | region through the said introduction path or the said groove | channel . The manufacturing apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the anode is a graphite anode and faces the cathode. The gap between the said anode and the said cathode is 1 mm or more and 2 mm or less, The manufacturing apparatus in any one of Claims 13-16 characterized by the above-mentioned. The manufacturing apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the cathode vibrates in the horizontal direction. Furthermore, it has a mechanism for collecting the carbon nanoparticles , the mechanism ,
A mechanism for sucking the fluid containing the carbon nanoparticles;
A mechanism for separating the carbon nanoparticles from the fluid;
A mechanism for drying the separated carbon nanoparticles;
The manufacturing apparatus in any one of Claims 13-18 containing.

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