JP5740772B2 - Bispecific immune cytokine dock-and-lock (DNL) complex and therapeutic use thereof - Google Patents

Description

REFERENCE APPLICATION CROSS REFERENCE This application is filed in US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 754,740, filed Apr. 6, 2010, and US Patent Application No. 12 / 754,140, filed Apr. 5, 2010. U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 752,649 filed on April 1, 2010; U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 731,781 filed on March 25, 2010; Dec. 22, 2009; Priority is claimed on US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 644,146 filed, and US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 238,424, filed August 31, 2009. Each priority application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Financial assistance This study was supported in part by grant 2R44CA108083-02A2 from the National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health. The federal government may have certain rights in the invention.

  The present invention relates to compositions and methods of use of bispecific antibody immune cytokine DNL constructs comprising first and second antibodies or antigen-binding antibody fragments and one or more copies of a cytokine. More generally, the present invention relates to any DNL in which three different effector moieties are linked together using the DDD (dimerization and docking domain) and AD (anchor domain) binding techniques described below. It relates to the composition and use of the construct. The first and second antibodies or fragments thereof preferably bind to two different target antigens. Administration of a bispecific immune cytokine DNL construct comprising a therapeutic cytokine provides highly effective cytokine delivery to target cells, tissues, or organs, pharmacokinetics, dosing schedule, and / or efficacy Can be improved. Bispecific immune cytokine constructs exhibit greater potency against target cells than the parent antibody alone, cytokine alone, non-binding combination of antibody and cytokine, or cytokine bound to a control antibody. In a more preferred embodiment, the DNL construct may comprise interferon-α2b conjugated to anti-CD20 IgG and anti-HLA-DR Fab. In the most preferred embodiment, the anti-CD20 IgG is veltuzumab and the anti-HLA-DR Fab is derived from a humanized L243 antibody. The DNL complex is highly toxic in vitro and in vivo against human lymphoma cells, multiple myeloma cells, and other hematopoietic cancers. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the subject DNL conjugate is any combination of antibodies or antibodies with specificity for a target antigen that may be expressed by any tumor, autoimmune disease cell, or other disease cell. It will be understood that antibody fragments can be included. Similarly, the subject DNL complex can be used for delivery of any therapeutic cytokine to treat a wide variety of diseases such as cancer, immune dysfunction, or autoimmune diseases. One skilled in the art will recognize that the subject bispecific complexes are not limited to delivery of cytokines, but are highly efficient for any therapeutic protein, peptide, or other therapeutic effector moiety known in the art. It will be appreciated that it can provide a reliable delivery.

  In the United States, there were 65,980 new cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in 2009, and 19,500 people died from the disease (Jemal et al., CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225- 49). Approximately half of NHL patients have failed primary therapy and are hardly cured (McLaughlin et al., J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2825-33). In addition to NHL, there were 20,580 new cases of multiple myeloma (MM) and 10,580 people died (Jemal et al., CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-49). The clinical activity of interferon-alpha (IFNα) has been established with NHL treatment (Armitage et al., Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38: 701-2; Ann Oncol 2000; 11: 359-61), and in rituximab immunotherapy The addition of IFNα has shown several clinical advantages (Davis et al., Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2644-52; Kimby et al., Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49: 102-12). Available data suggest that progression-free survival in MM patients is improved by IFNα, but its use is still controversial because it is less beneficial and toxic (Gisslinger and Kees) , Wien Klin Wochenschr 2003; 115: 451-61).

  Interferon-α (IFNα) is an animal model of cancer (Ferrantini et al., 1994, J Immunol 153: 4604-15) and human cancer patients (Gutterman et al., 1980, Ann Intern Med 93: 399-406). Both have been reported to have anti-tumor activity. IFNα has a variety of direct anti-regulations including downregulation of oncogenes, upregulation of tumor suppressors, enhanced immune recognition by increased expression of MHC class I proteins on the tumor surface, enhanced apoptosis, and sensitization to chemotherapeutic agents. Can exert tumor effects (Gutterman et al., 1994, PNAS USA 91: 1198-205; Matarrese et al., 2002, Am J Pathol 160: 1507-20; Mecchia et al., 2000, Gene Ther 7 167-79; Sabaaway et al., 1999, Int J Oncol 14: 1143-51; Takaoka et al, 2003, Nature 424: 516-23).

  In some tumors, IFNα can show a direct and strong anti-proliferative effect by activation of STAT1 (Grimley et al., 1998 Blood 91: 3017-27). Indirectly, IFNα can inhibit angiogenesis (Sidky and Borden, 1987, Cancer Res 47: 5155-61) and can stimulate host immune cells, which are important for the overall anti-tumor response However, it is highly underestimated (Belardelli et al., 1996, Immunol Today 17: 369-72). IFNa is a myeloid cell (Raefsky et al, 1985, J Immunol 135: 2507-12; Luft et al, 1998, J Immunol 161: 1947-53), T cell (Carrero et al, 2006, J Exp Med 203: 933-40; Pilling et al., 1999, Eur J Immunol 29: 1041-50) and B cells (Le et al, 2001, Immunity 14: 461-70) have a multifaceted effect on the immune response. Effect. As an important modulator of the innate immune system, IFNα induces rapid differentiation and activation of dendritic cells (Belardelli et al, 2004, Cancer Res 64: 6827-30; Paquette et al., 1998, J Leukoc). biol 64: 358-67; Santini et al., 2000, J Exp med 191: 1777-88), enhances cytotoxicity, migration, cytokine production, and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NK cells (Biron et al. al., 1999, Annu Rev Immunol 17: 189-220; Brunda et al. 1984, Cancer Res 44: 597-601).

  The promise of IFNα as a cancer therapeutic agent is hampered mainly by its short blood half-life and systemic toxicity. The pegylated form of IFNα2 exhibits an increase in circulation time, thereby increasing the biological efficacy of IFNα2 (Harris and Chess, 2003, Nat Rev Drug Discov 2: 214-21; Osborn et al., 2002). , J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303: 540-8). Fusing IFNα with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) can provide similar benefits to pegylation, including reduced renal clearance, improved solubility and stability, and a significant increase in blood half-life. This direct clinical benefit is a requirement for less frequent and lower doses and allows for sustained therapeutic concentrations.

  Targeting IFNα to tumors using MAbs against tumor associated antigens (TAA) significantly increases IFNα attachment and retention to the tumor while limiting systemic concentrations of IFNα, thereby increasing therapeutic index Can be made. Increasing tumor concentration of IFNα can increase its direct anti-proliferative activity, apoptotic activity, and anti-angiogenic activity, as well as stimulate and focus anti-tumor immune responses. Indeed, studies in mice using syngeneic mouse IFNα-secreting transgenic tumors demonstrated that enhanced immune responses were induced by localized concentrations of IFNα (Ferrantini et al., 2007, Biochimie 89: 884-93).

  CD20 is an attractive TAA candidate for the treatment of B cell lymphoma using MAb-IFNα. Anti-CD20 immunotherapy with rituximab is one of the most successful treatments for lymphoma and has relatively low toxicity (McLaughlin et al., 1998, J Clin Oncol 16: 2825-33). Rituximab is a chimeric antibody that can be immunogenic in several patient populations, since initial administration takes a fairly long infusion time (Cheson et al., 2008, NEJM 359: 613-26). A better candidate for CD20 targeting is the humanized MAb, veltuzumab (Stein et al., 2004, Clin Cancer Res 10: 2868-78).

  The combination therapy of rituximab and IFNα currently under clinical evaluation has shown improved efficacy over rituximab alone (Kimby et al., 2008, Leuk Lymphoma 49: 102-12; Salles et al., 2008, Blood 112: 4824-31). These studies show some advantages of this combination as well as the disadvantages associated with IFNα. In addition to weekly infusions with rituximab, IFNα is typically administered to patients at 3 times / week for several months, thereby presenting the patient with influenza-like symptoms that are common side effects associated with IFNα treatment, This limits the tolerable dose. Antibody-IFNα conjugates can allow lower doses of a single agent to be administered less frequently, limit or eliminate side effects and provide much better efficacy. However, lymphomas and leukemias that express little or no CD20 are expected to be resistant to treatment with immunoconjugated anti-CD20-IFNα constructs. More effective therapeutic agents for a wide variety of hematopoietic and other malignancies by targeting IFN-α or other therapeutic cytokines to one or more different tumor-associated antigens such as CD20 and HLA-DR There is a need in the field of bispecific immune cytokine constructs that can provide.

  Human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) is one of three isotypes of the major histocompatibility antigen (MHC) class II antigen. HLA-DR is highly expressed in various hematological malignancies and some solid tumors and is actively studied for antibody-based lymphoma treatment (Brown et al., 2001, Clin Lymphoma 2: 188- 90; DeNardo et al., 2005, Clin Cancer Res 11: 7075s-9s; Stein et al., 2006, Blood 108: 2736-44). In preliminary studies, anti-HLA-DR mAbs are significantly more potent in in vitro and in vivo experiments than other naked mAbs that are the current clinical interest in lymphomas, leukemias, and multiple myeloma. It has been shown (Stein et al., Published results). HLA-DR is also expressed on some of the normal immune cells including B cells, monocytes / macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and activated T cells (Dechant et al., 2003, Semin Oncol 30: 465). -75).

  The present invention relates to compositions and methods of use for dock-and-lock constructs (complexes) comprising three or more different effector moieties such as antibodies, antibody fragments, and cytokines. However, those skilled in the art have no such limitation on the DNL construct, and the effector moiety used may include any protein, peptide, or other molecule that can bind to the DDD or AD moiety. You will notice that you can. The effector moiety used in the DNL construct includes, but is not limited to, antisense oligonucleotides such as proteins, peptides, antibodies, antibody fragments, immunomodulators, cytokines, hormones, enzymes, siRNA, ribonucleases, heterologous antigens, polyethylene Toxins such as glycol (PEG) and other polymers, anti-angiogenic agents, cytotoxic agents, pro-apoptotic agents, and other known therapeutic agents are included.

  A preferred embodiment relates to a DNL construct comprising three different effector moieties: a first and second antibody or antibody fragment and one or more copies of a cytokine. In a most preferred embodiment, the DNL construct comprises an anti-CD20 antibody such as veltuzumab, an anti-HLA-DR antibody fragment such as hL243, and a cytokine such as IFN-α2b. Such DNL constructs are very effective in the treatment of hematopoietic tumors and other tumors that express CD20, HLA-DR, or both. Each component of the multifunctional complex (veltuzumab, anti-HLA-DR Fab, and IFN-α2b) independently has anti-tumor activity, but this complex construct is more or less than any individual component. Efficacy is greater than the sum of individual components administered in combined form.

  In certain embodiments, the DNL construct comprises heavy chain CDR sequences CDR1 (NYGMN, SEQ ID NO: 1), CDR2 (WINTYTREPTYADDFKG, SEQ ID NO: 2), and CDR3 (DITAVVPGFDY, SEQ ID NO: 3), and light chain CDR sequence CDR1 ( RASENIYSNLA, SEQ ID NO: 4), CDR2 (AASNLAD, SEQ ID NO: 5), and CDR3 (QHFWTTPWA, SEQ ID NO: 6), including human antibody frameworks (FR) and humanized anti-antibodies such as hL243 antibody linked to constant region sequences HLA-DR antibodies or fragments thereof may be included (see, eg, US Pat. No. 7,612,180, example portions of which are incorporated herein by reference). In a preferred embodiment, the humanized L243 antibody is substituted from one or more of framework residues 27, 38, 46, 68, and 91 substituted from the mouse L243 (mL243) heavy chain, and / or from the mL243 light chain. One or more of the selected framework residues 37, 39, 48, and 49 may be included. mL243 can be obtained from the American Cultured Cell Line Conservation Agency, Rockville, MD (see accession number ATCC HB55).

  In other specific embodiments, the DNL construct comprises a light chain variable region CDR1 (RASSSVSYIH, SEQ ID NO: 7), CDR2 (ATSNLAS, SEQ ID NO: 8), and CDR3 (QQWTSNPPT, SEQ ID NO: 9), and a heavy chain variable region. Also including humanized anti-CD20 antibodies such as veltuzumab (including CDR1 (SYNMH, SEQ ID NO: 10), CDR2 (AIYPGNGDTSYNQKFKG, SEQ ID NO: 11), and CDR3 (STYYGGDWYFDV or VVYYSNSYWYFDV, SEQ ID NO: 12) or fragments thereof. See, for example, US Pat. No. 7,435,803, an example portion of which is incorporated herein by reference).

  In a more specific embodiment, the DNL construct may comprise a human IFN-α2b amino acid sequence. Clones containing such sequences are commercially available from a variety of sources, including full-length human IFNα2b cDNA clones (Ultimate ORF human clone catalog number HORF01 clone ID IOH35221, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).

  In various embodiments, the DNL construct may comprise one or more antibodies or fragments thereof that bind to an antigen other than CD20 and / or HLA-DR. In preferred embodiments, the antigen (s) may be selected from the group consisting of: carbonic anhydrase IX, CCCL19, CCCL21, CSAp, CD1, CD1a, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8. CD11A, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD19, IGF-1R, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD29, CD30, CD32b, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD45, CD46, CD52, CD54 CD55, CD59, CD64, CD66a-e, CD67, CD70, CD74, CD79a, CD80, CD83, CD95, CD126, CD133, CD138, CD147, CD154, AFP, PSMA, CEACAM5, CE CAM-6, B7, ED-B of fibronectin, factor H, FHL-1, Flt-3, folate receptor, GROB, HMGB-1, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), HM1.24, insulin-like growth factor 1 (ILGF-1), IFN-γ, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-2, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, IL-6 IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-25, IP-10, MAGE, mCRP, MCP-1, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, MIF, MUC1, MUC2 , MUC3, MUC4, MUC5, PAM4 antigen, NCA-95, NCA-90, Ia, HM1.24, EGP-1, EGP-2, HLA-DR, tenascin, Le (y), RANTE , T101, TAC, Tn antigen, Thomson-Friedenreich antigen, tumor necrosis antigen, TNF-α, TRAIL receptors (R1 and R2), VEGFR, EGFR, PlGF, complement components C3, C3a, C3b, C5a, C5, and Oncogene product.

  Exemplary antibodies that can be used include, but are not limited to: hR1 (US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 722,645 filed in anti-IGF-1R, 3/12/10). HPAM4 (anti-mucin, US Pat. No. 7,282,567), hA20 (anti-CD20, US Pat. No. 7,251,164), hA19 (anti-CD19, US Pat. No. 7,109,304) , HIMMU31 (anti-AFP, US Pat. No. 7,300,655), hLL1 (anti-CD74, US Pat. No. 7,312,318), hLL2 (anti-CD22, US Pat. No. 7,074,403), hMu -9 (anti-CSAp, US Pat. No. 7,387,773), hL243 (anti-HLA-DR, US Pat. No. 7,612,180), hMN-14 (anti-CEACAM5, No. 6,676,924), hMN-15 (anti-CEACAM6, US Pat. No. 7,541,440), hRS7 (anti-EGP-1, US Pat. No. 7,238,785), and hMN- 3 (Anti-CEACAM6, US Patent Application No. 7,541,440), the example portion of each cited patent or application is incorporated herein by reference. One skilled in the art will appreciate that this list is not limiting and that any known antibody can be used, as discussed in more detail below.

  Exemplary cytokines that can be incorporated into a DNL construct include, but are not limited to: MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor), HMGB-1 (high mobility group box protein 1, high mobility) Group box protein 1), TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-23, IL-24, CCL19, CCL21, IL-8, MCP- 1, RANTES, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, ENA-78, MCP-1, IP-10, Gro-β, eotaxin, interferon-α, -β -Λ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, SCF, PDGF, MSF, Flt-3 ligand, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, CNTF, leptin, oncostatin M, VEGF, EGF, FGF, PlGF, insulin, hGH Calcitonin, factor VIII, IGF, somatostatin, tissue plasminogen activator, and LIF. The human sequence of each of the listed cytokines is known in the art (see, eg, the NCBI database), and many exemplary cytokine-encoding clones are stored by Invitrogen, an American cultured cell line. It is commercially available from institutions and other sources known in the art.

  Various embodiments include, but are not limited to, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia, T-cell lymphoma and leukemia, multiple Using the subject DNL construct to treat or diagnose diseases including multiple myeloma, glioma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, glioma, and skin cancer About. The carcinoma is selected from the group consisting of oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, lung duct, lung, breast, ovary, prostate, uterus, endometrium, cervix, bladder, pancreas, bone, liver, gallbladder, kidney, skin, and testicular carcinoma May be. In addition, the subject DNL constructs can be used to treat: autoimmune diseases such as acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, dermatomyositis, sydnam Chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, multiglandular syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, diabetes mellitus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcal nephritis, nodular erythema, Takayasu arteritis, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture syndrome, obstructive thrombotic Vasculitis, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid poisoning, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis / dermatomyositis, polychondritis, vulgaris Pemphigus, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord fistula, giant cell arteritis / polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, or fibrotic Alveolitis. In certain embodiments, the subject antibodies can be used to treat leukemias such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, or acute myeloid leukemia.

  In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be used to treat a subject having a metabolic disease such as amyloidosis or a neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used to treat a subject having an immune dysregulation disorder.

The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain embodiments of the present invention. Embodiments may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
FIG. 5 shows in vitro IFNα activity of cytokine-MAb DNL constructs compared to pegylated IFNα or native IFNα. Specific activity (IU / pmol) was measured as described in the examples. The activity of each test substance at a known concentration was estimated from a rhIFNα2b calibration curve. Cultures are increased in increasing concentrations of 20-2b (●), 734-2b (■), v-mab (◯), v-mab + 734-2b (□), PEGASYS (▼), PEG-intron (▲), or The cells were grown in the presence of 1R-2b (▽) and the relative viable cell density was measured with MTS. The percent of signal obtained from untreated cells was plotted against the molar log. Dose response curves and EC ₅₀ values were generated using Prism software. Error bar, SD. (A) Cell-based reporter gene assay. (B) Virus protection assay using EMC virus and A549 cells. (C) In vitro lymphoma proliferation assay using Daudi cells. (C) In vitro lymphoma proliferation assay using Jeko-1 cells. It is a figure which shows the result of the pharmacokinetic analysis in a Swiss-Webster mouse. Mice were administered 20-2b, α2b-413, PEGINTRON, or PEGASYS, and serum samples were analyzed by ELISA over 96 hours for IFNα2b concentrations. Serum disappearance curves are shown. Serum half (T _1/2 ) elimination rate and mean residence time (MRT) are summarized in the inserted table. (A) It is a figure which illustrates the ADCC effector function of 20-2b. Daudi or Raji cells were cultured in the presence of freshly isolated PBMC 4 hours prior to lysis of cell lysis 5 μg / ml of 20-2b, 22-2b, v-mab, epilatuzumab (e-mab), or h734. Incubated with. (B) It is a figure which shows the CDC effector function of 20-2b. Daudi cells were incubated with serial dilutions of 20-2b (●), 734-2b (■), or v-mab (◯) in the presence of human complement. Complement control% (number of viable cells in test sample compared to cells treated with complement only) was plotted against log at nM concentration. Error bar, SD. It is a figure which shows that the depletion from the whole blood of NHL cell was enhanced by 20-2b. Freshly heparinized human blood is mixed with either Daudi or Ramos, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 nM 20-2b (●), v-mab (◯), 734-2b (■), Or it incubated with v-mab + 734-2b (□) for 2 days. The effects of the indicated treatments on lymphomas and peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated using flow cytometry. Error bar, SD. (A) Survival curve showing the therapeutic efficacy of 20-2b in a disseminated Burkitt lymphoma (Daudi) xenograft model. On day 0, Daudi cells were treated with female C. B. 17 SCID mice were administered intravenously. Treatment consisted of 20-2b (●), 734-2b (■), v-mab (◯), PEGASYS (▼), or saline (x) administered as a single subcutaneous dose. The number of days of treatment is indicated by arrows. Survival curves were analyzed using Prism software. In the initial Daudi model, a single dose of 0.7 pmol (solid line) or 0.07 pmol (dotted line) was administered to group of 10 mice on day 1. (B) Similar to FIG. 6 (A), but showing studies in a progressive Daudi model. A single dose of 0.7 pmol (solid line), 7 pmol (dotted line), or 70 pmol (gray line) was administered to group of 10 mice on day 7. (A) Presents a survival curve showing the therapeutic efficacy of 20-2b in disseminated Burkitt lymphoma (Raji and NAMALWA) xenograft models. Female C.I. B. NHL cells were administered intravenously on day 0 to 17 SCID mice. Treatment consisted of 20-2b (●), 734-2b (■), v-mab (◯), or saline administered as a subcutaneous dose. The number of days of treatment is indicated by arrows. Survival curves were analyzed using Prism software. In the advanced Raji model, groups of 10 received a dose of 250 pmol on days 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, and 16. (B) Similar to FIG. 7 (A), but showing the study in the initial NAMALWA model. Groups of 6 animals were 250 pmol doses 20-2b or 734-2b on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12 or days 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25 A 3.5 nmol dose of v-mab was received. FIG. 4 shows the results of a cell-based assay for EPO activity using TF1 cells treated with EPO standards, 734-EPO, or EPO-DDD2 for 72 hours. Dose response curves and EC ₅₀ values were generated using Graph Pad Prism software. It is a figure which shows the biological activity of 20-C2-2b. A and B, indirect immunofluorescence shows binding of MAb and MAb-IFNα to viable NHL cells (Raji or RL). Prior to probing with PE-conjugated goat anti-human Fc, cells were incubated for 1 hour at 4 ° C. in the presence of the indicated constructs of 5 nM (A) or 0.2-50 nM (B). MFI, average fluorescence intensity; error bar, 95% CI. (C) Specific IFNα2 activity determined using a cell-based reporter gene assay is shown as whole molecule IU / pmol and IFN2b IU / pmol. It is a figure which shows the apoptosis of NHL and MM cell. Cells were treated for 48 hours before quantifying% Annexin-V positive cells by flow cytometry. (A) For Daudi: v-mab and hL243γ4p were 10 pM; 20-C2-2b, 20-2b-2b, and V + L243 + 2b (mixture of v-mab, hL243γ4p, and 734-2b-2b) It was 1 pM. In the case of Jeko-1, all processing was 0.5 nM. (B) CAG was treated with 1, 0.1, and 0.01 nM. (C) KMS12-BM was treated with 20 and 2 nM. A mixture of V + L243, v-mab and hL243γ4p; a mixture of L243 + 2b, hL243γ4p and 734-2b-2b. FIG. 6 shows characterization of multiple myeloma cell lines. (A) HLA-DR and CD20 antigen density of selected myeloma lines. After incubation with hL243γ4p, v-mab, or hMN-14 (isotype control MAb) for 30 minutes, cells were probed with PE-goat anti-human IgG (Fab) and analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Relative sensitivity of myeloma lineage to IFNα2. Prior to quantifying live cells with MTS, cells were incubated for 4 days in the presence or absence of 3 nM pegylated interferon alpha-2b. It is a figure which shows the in vitro cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma. The indicated cell lines were cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of the indicated constructs or combinations and the relative viable cell density was measured with MTS. The percent of signal obtained from untreated cells was plotted against the molar log. Dose response curves and EC ₅₀ values were generated using Prism software. Error bar, SD. It is a figure which shows that depletion from whole blood of NHL cells was enhanced. Freshly heparinized human blood was mixed with Daudi and incubated with 1 nM of the indicated MAb-IFNα or MAb for 2 days. The effects on Daudi, B cells, T cells, and monocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. Error bar, SD. (Mode for carrying out the invention)

Definitions Unless otherwise indicated, “a” or “an” means “one or more”.

  As used herein, the terms “and” and “or” can be used to mean either connected or disjunctive. That is, both terms should be understood to be the same as “and / or” unless stated otherwise.

  A “therapeutic agent” is an atom, molecule, or compound that is useful in the treatment of a disease. Examples of therapeutic agents include antibodies, antibody fragments, peptides, drugs, toxins, enzymes, nucleases, hormones, immunomodulators, antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA (siRNA), chelating agents, boron compounds, photoactive effects Agents, dyes, and radioisotopes are included.

  A “diagnostic agent” is an atom, molecule, or compound that is useful in diagnosing a disease. Useful diagnostic agents include, but are not limited to, radioisotopes, dyes (including biotin-streptavidin complexes, etc.), contrast agents, fluorescent compounds or molecules, and accelerators for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ( For example, paramagnetic ions) are included.

  An “antibody” as used herein is a full-length (ie, naturally occurring or formed by a normal immunoglobulin gene fragment recombination process) immunoglobulin molecule (eg, an IgG antibody), or Refers to the immunologically active (ie specifically binding) portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, such as an antibody fragment. “Antibodies” include monoclonal, polyclonal, bispecific, multispecific, mouse, chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies.

  A “naked antibody” is an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that is not conjugated to a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. The Fc portion of a fully naked antibody can provide complement binding and effector functions such as ADCC (see, eg, Markrides, Pharmacol Rev 50: 59-87, 1998). Other mechanisms by which naked antibodies induce cell death may include apoptosis. (Vaswani and Hamilton, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 81: 105-119, 1998).

An “antibody fragment” is a portion of an intact antibody such as F (ab ′) ₂ , Fab ′, Fab, Fv, sFv, and scFv. Regardless of structure, an antibody fragment binds with the same antigen that the full-length antibody recognizes. For example, to an antibody fragment, an isolated fragment composed of a variable region such as an “Fv” fragment composed of a variable region of a heavy chain and a light chain, or a light chain and a heavy chain variable region connected by a peptide linker Recombinant single chain polypeptide molecules (“scFv proteins”) are included. “Single-chain antibodies” are often abbreviated as “scFv” and are composed of polypeptide chains that include both V _H and V _L domains that interact to form an antigen-binding site. The _VH and _VL domains are usually joined by a peptide of 1 to 25 amino acid residues. Antibody fragments also include bispecific antibodies, trispecific antibodies, and single domain antibodies (dAbs).

  An antibody or immunoconjugate preparation or composition described herein is said to be administered in a “therapeutically effective amount” if the amount administered is physiologically effective. An agent is physiologically effective if its presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of the recipient subject. In certain embodiments, an antibody preparation is physiologically effective if its presence causes an anti-neoplastic response or alleviates signs and symptoms of an autoimmune disease state. A physiologically effective effect may also be the induction of a humoral and / or cellular immune response in the recipient, leading to target cell growth inhibition or death.

Dock and Lock (DNL) Method In the “Dock and Lock” (DNL) method, the regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the anchor domain (AD) of A kinase anchor protein (AKAP) Specific protein-protein interactions that occur in between are exploited (Bailli et al., FEBS Letters. 2005; 579: 3264. Wong and Scott, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004; 5: 959). PKA plays a central role in one of the most studied signaling pathways caused by the binding of the second messenger cAMP to the R subunit and was first isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle in 1968 (Walsh et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1968; 243: 3763). The structure of the holoenzyme is composed of two catalytic subunits held in an inactive form by the R subunit (Taylor, J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 8443). PKA isozymes are found in two types of R subunits (RI and RII), each type having an α and β isoform (Scott, Pharmacol. Ther. 1991; 50: 123). The R subunit has been isolated only as a stable dimer and the dimerization domain has been shown to be composed of the first 44 amino terminal residues (Newlon et al., Nat. Struct.Biol.1999; 6: 222). The binding of cAMP to the R subunit leads to the release of the active catalytic subunit of broad spectrum serine / threonine kinase activity, which is oriented towards the selected substrate by compartmentalization of PKA by docking with AKAP. (Scott et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265; 21561).

  Since the first AKAP, microtubule-associated protein-2, was characterized in 1984 (Lohmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 1984; 81: 6723), plasma membrane, actin cytoskeleton, Over 50 AKAPs localized at various intracellular sites including the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum have been identified in diverse structures of species ranging from yeast to human (Wong and Scott, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004; 5: 959). The AKAP AD for PKA is a 14-18 residue amphipathic helix (Carr et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 14188). The amino acid sequence of AD is very different in individual AKAPs, and binding affinities for RII dimers ranging from 2 to 90 nM have been reported (Alto et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Sci. USA.2003; 100: 4445). Interestingly, AKAP binds only to the dimeric R subunit. In the case of human RIIα, AD binds to a hydrophobic surface formed by 23 amino-terminal residues (College and Scott, Trends Cell Biol. 1999; 6: 216). Thus, the dimerization domain and AKAP binding domain of human RIIα are both located within the same N-terminal 44 amino acid sequence (Newlon et al., Nat. Struct. Biol. 1999; 6: 222; Newlon et al., EMBO J. 2001; 20: 1651), referred to herein as DDD.

Human RIIα DDD and AKAP AD as linker modules
The inventors docked with any combination of substances, hereinafter referred to as A and B, to form a non-covalent complex, which is a strategic position that facilitates the formation of disulfide bonds, leaving cysteine residues in both DDD and AD. We have developed a platform technology that uses human RIIα DDD and AKAP protein AD as an excellent pair of linker modules that can be further locked into a stable tethered structure by introducing groups. The general method of the “dock and lock” method is as follows. Substance A is constructed by linking the DDD sequence to the precursor of A, resulting in a first component, hereinafter referred to as a. DDD sequence, since that would give rise to spontaneous formation of a dimer, thus A will be composed of a _2. Substance B is constructed by linking the AD sequence to the precursor of B, resulting in a second component, hereinafter referred to as b. dimeric motif of DDD contained in a ₂ generates a docking site for binding to AD sequence contained in b, thus facilitating easy attachment of a ₂ and b, consists of a 2 _b A trimeric complex. This binding event is irreversible by a subsequent reaction that covalently anchors the two substances via disulfide bridges, which causes the first binding interaction to access a reactive thiol group located in both DDD and AD. (Chmura et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; 2001: 98: 8480) and should be ligated in a site-specific manner, resulting in very efficient generation based on the principle of effective local concentration. In some embodiments, the a ₂ subunit may contain two identical effector moieties, but in the preferred embodiments described below, the a ₂ subunits are each bound to the same DDD sequence. It may contain two different effector parts. Thus, the trimer a ₂ b complex may contain three different effector moieties.

In a preferred embodiment, the immune cytokine DNL construct is based on a variant of the a ₂ b structure in which the first and second effectors are attached to the DDD moiety and the third effector is attached to the AD moiety. May be. Each AD moiety can bind to two DDD moieties in dimeric form. It is also anticipated that such site-specific ligation will preserve the original activity of the precursor by coupling DDD and AD away from the precursor functional groups. This approach is modular in nature and can potentially be applied to site-specifically bind a wide variety of substances. The DNL method is disclosed in US Pat. Nos. 7,550,143, 7,521,056, 76,534,866, 7,527,787, and 7,666,400. And each example portion is incorporated herein by reference.

In preferred embodiments, the effector moiety is a protein or peptide, more preferably an antibody, antibody fragment, or cytokine, which can be attached to a DDD or AD moiety to form a fusion protein or peptide. Various methods are known for producing fusion proteins, including nucleic acid synthesis, hybridization, and / or amplification that produces a synthetic double stranded nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein of interest. Such double-stranded nucleic acids by standard molecular biology techniques, can be inserted into an expression vector for fusion protein production (e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning , A laboratory manual, 2 nd Ed, 1989 See). In such preferred embodiments, the AD and / or DDD moiety may be linked to either the N-terminus or C-terminus of the effector protein or peptide. However, those of ordinary skill in the art may have different binding sites for the AD or DDD moiety to the effector moiety, depending on the chemical nature of the effector moiety and part (s) of the effector moiety involved in its physiological activity. You will understand that there is. In the most preferred embodiment, the binding of the AD or DDD moiety to the antibody or antibody fragment occurs at the C-terminus of the heavy chain subunit at the opposite end of the antigen binding site of the molecule. However, as discussed below, N-terminal binding to an antibody or antibody fragment can also be used while retaining antigen binding activity. Site-specific attachment of various effector moieties can be performed using techniques known in the art, such as the use of bivalent cross-linking reagents and / or other chemical conjugation techniques.

DDD and AD sequence variants In one embodiment, the AD and DDD sequences incorporated into the immune cytokine DNL complex comprise the following DDD1 and AD1 amino acid sequences. In a more preferred embodiment, the AD and DDD sequences comprise the DDD2 and AD2 amino acid sequences that are designed to facilitate disulfide bond formation between the DDD and AD moieties.
DDD1
SHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA (SEQ ID NO: 13)
DDD2
CGHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA (SEQ ID NO: 14)
AD1
QIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQA (SEQ ID NO: 15)
AD2
CGQIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQAGC (SEQ ID NO: 16)

One skilled in the art will appreciate that DDD1 and DDD2 contain the human RIIα form DDD sequence of protein kinase A. However, in alternative embodiments, the DDD and AD moieties may also be based on the human RIIα form DDD sequence of protein kinase A and the corresponding AKAP sequence, as illustrated in DDD3, DDD3C, and AD3 below. Good.
DDD3
SLRECELYVQKHNIQALLKDSIVQLCTARPERPFMAFLREEFERLEKEEEAK (SEQ ID NO: 17)
DDD3C
MSCGGSLRECELYVQKHNIQALLKDSIVQLCTARPERPMAFLREEFERLEKEEEAK (SEQ ID NO: 18)
AD3
CGFEELAWKIAKMIWSDVFQQGC (SEQ ID NO: 19)

Still other alternative DDD moieties based on the known human RIβ and RIIβ amino acid sequences can be designed and used (see, eg, NCBI accession numbers NP_001158233 and NP_002727, see sequences below).
Human PKA RIbeta amino acid sequence MASPPACPSE EDESLKGCEL YVQLHGIQQV LKDCIVHLCI SKPERPMKFL REHFEKLEKE ENRQILARQK SNSQSDSHDE EVSPTPPNPV VKARRRRGGV SAEVYTEEDA VSYVRKVIPK DYKTMTALAK AISKNVLFAH LDDNERSDIF DAMFPVTHIA GETVIQQGNE GDNFYVVDQG EVDVYVNGEW VTNISEGGSF GELALIYGTP RAATVKAKTD LKLWGIDRDS YRRILMGSTL RKRKMYEEFL SKVSILESLE KWERLTVADA LEPVQFEDGE KIVVQGEPGD DFYIITEGTA SVLQRRSPN EYVEVGRLGP SDYFGEIALL LNRPRAATVV ARGPLKCVKL DRPRFERVLG PCSEILKRNI QRYNSFISLT V (SEQ ID NO: 20)
Human PKA RIIbeta amino acid sequence MSIEIPAGLT ELLQGFTVEV LRHQPADLLE FALQHFTRLQ QENERKGTAR FGHEGRTWGD LGAAAGGGTP SKGVNFAEEP MQSDSEDGEE EEAAPADAGA FNAPVINRFT RRASVCAEAY NPDEEEDDAE SRIIHPKTDD QRNRLQEACK DILLFKNLDP EQMSQVLDAM FEKLVKDGEH VIDQGDDGDN FYVIDRGTFD IYVKCDGVGR CVGNYDNRGS FGELALMYNT PRAATITATS PGALWGLDRV TFRRIIVKNN AKKRKMYESF IESLPFLKSL EFSERLKVVD VIGTKVYNDG EQIIAQGD A DSFFIVESGE VKITMKRKGK SEVEENGAVE IARCSRGQYF GELALVTNKP RAASAHAIGT VKCLAMDVQA FERLLGPCME IMKRNIATYE EQLVALFGTN MDIVEPTA (SEQ ID NO: 21)

  In other alternative embodiments, various sequence variants of the AD and / or DDD portion can be used to construct a bispecific immune cytokine DNL complex. The structure-function relationship of AD and DDD domains has been the subject of research. (For example, Burns-Hamuro et al., 2005, Protein Sci 14: 2982-92; Carr et al., 2001, J Biol Chem 276: 17332-38; Alto et al., 2003, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 4445-50; Hundsucker et al., 2006, Biochem J 396: 297-306; Stoka et al., 2006, Biochem J 400: 493-99; Gold et al., 2006, Mol Cell 24: 383-95; et al., 2006, Mol Cell 24: 397-408, the full text of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Are incorporated.)

For example, in Kinderman et al. (2006), the crystal structure of AD-DDD binding interaction has been studied, and human DDD sequences are either dimerized or AKAP-bound, as indicated by the underlined sequences below. It was concluded that it contains a number of important conserved amino acid residues. (See FIG. 1 of Kinderman et al., 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.) When designing a sequence variant of a DDD sequence, one of ordinary skill in the art would not change any of the underlined residues. It will be appreciated that conservative amino acid substitutions of residues that are desirable to avoid but that are not as important for dimerization and AKAP binding may have been made. Thus, alternative DDD sequences that may be used to construct a DNL complex are shown in the following sequence, where “X” represents a conservative amino acid substitution. Conservative amino acid substitutions, which are discussed in more detail below, include, for example, substitution of glutamic acid residues with aspartic acid residues or substitution of isoleucine residues with leucine or valine residues. Such conservative amino acid substitutions are well known in the art.
Human DDD sequence from protein kinase A SH I Q I PPG L TE LL QG Y T V E VL RQQPPD LV E F A V E YF TR L REARA ( SEQ ID NO: 13)
XX I X I XXX L XX LL XX Y X V X VL XXXXXXX LV X F X V X YF XX L XXXX (SEQ ID NO: 22)

Alto et al. (2003) performed bioinformatics analysis of AD sequences of various AKAP proteins and called AKAP-IS, shown below, an RII-selective AD sequence with a binding constant for DDD of 0.4 nM. Designed. The AKAP-IS sequence was designed as a peptide antagonist of AKAP binding to PKA. Residues of the AKAP-IS sequence where substitution tends to reduce binding to DDD are underlined in the sequence below. Thus, one of skill in the art will appreciate that variants that can function in the DNL construct are represented by the following sequence, where “X” is a conservative amino acid substitution.
AKAP-IS sequence QIEYL A KQ IV DN AI QQA (SEQ ID NO: 15)
XXXXXX A XX IV XX AI XXX (SEQ ID NO: 23)

Similarly, Gold (2006) uses SuperAKAP-, shown below, which shows selectivity for PKA's RII isoform, which is 5 orders of magnitude higher than the RI isoform using crystallography and peptide screening. IS sequences were developed. Underlined residues indicate the position of the amino acid substitution that increases binding to the DDD portion of RIIα relative to the AKAP-IS sequence. In this sequence, the N-terminal Q residue is numbered as residue number 4 and the C-terminal A residue is numbered as residue number 20. Residues that could be substituted to affect affinity for RIIα were residues 8, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, and 20 (Gold et al., 2006). In certain alternative embodiments, it is contemplated that the SuperAKAP-IS sequence may be used in place of the sequence of the AKAP-IS AD moiety to prepare a bispecific immune cytokine DNL construct. Other alternative sequences that can be used in place of the AKAP-IS AD sequence are shown below. Substitutions relative to the AKAP-IS sequence are underlined. It is also expected that, like the AKAP-IS sequence, the AD moiety may contain additional N-terminal residues cysteine and glycine, and C-terminal residues glycine and cysteine.
SuperAKA-IS
QIEY V AKQIVD Y AI H QA (SEQ ID NO: 24)
Alternative AKAP sequence QIEY K AKQIVD H AI H QA (SEQ ID NO: 25)
QIEY H AKQIVD H AI H QA (SEQ ID NO: 26)
QIEY V AKQIVD H AI H QA (SEQ ID NO: 27)

In FIG. 2 of Gold et al., Additional DDD binding sequences derived from the various AKAP proteins shown below were disclosed.
RII specific AKAP
AKAP-KL
PLAYQAGLLVQNAIQQAI (SEQ ID NO: 28)
AKAP79
LLIETSSLSSLKNAIQLSI (SEQ ID NO: 29)
AKAP-Lbc
LIEEAASRIVAVIEQVK (SEQ ID NO: 30)
RI-specific AKAP
AKAPce
ALYQFADRFSELVISEAL (SEQ ID NO: 31)
RIAD
LEQVANQLADQIIKEAT (SEQ ID NO: 32)
PV38
FEELAWKIAKMIWSDVF (SEQ ID NO: 33)
Bispecific AKAP
AKAP7
ELVRLSKRLVENAVLKAV (SEQ ID NO: 34)
MAP2D
TAEEEVSARIVQVVTAEAV (SEQ ID NO: 35)
DAKAP1
QIKQAAFQLISQVILEAT (SEQ ID NO: 36)
DAKAP2
LAWKIAKMIVSDVMQQ (SEQ ID NO: 37)

Also, Stokka et al. (2006) developed a peptide competitor for AKAP binding to PKA, shown below. This peptide antagonist has been termed Ht31, RIAD, and PV-38. The Ht-31 peptide showed greater affinity for the RII isoform of PKA, and RIAD and PV-38 showed higher affinity for RI.
Ht31
DLIEAASRIVDAVIEQVKAAGY (SEQ ID NO: 38)
RIAD
LEQYANQLADQIIKATE (SEQ ID NO: 39)
PV-38
FEELAWKIAKMIWSDVFQQC (SEQ ID NO: 40)

  Hundsrucker et al. (2006) developed yet another peptide competitor for AKAP binding to PKA with a binding constant as low as 0.4 nM against PKA RII type DDD. The sequences of various AKAP antagonist peptides are provided in Table 1 of Hundsucker et al. Reproduced below.

Residues that are highly conserved in AD domains of various AKAP proteins are shown below by underlining with reference to the AKAP-IS sequence below. These residues are the same as those observed by Alto et al. (2003) with the addition of a C-terminal alanine residue. (See FIG. 4 of Hundsucker et al. (2006), incorporated herein by reference.) The sequence of peptide antagonists with a particularly high affinity for the RII DDD sequence is AKAP-IS, AKAP7δ-wt-pep. , AKAP7δ-L304T-pep, and AKAP7δ-L308D-pep.
AKAP-IS
QIEYL A KQ IV DN AI QQ A (SEQ ID NO: 15)

Carr et al. (2001) examined the degree of sequence homology between AKAP-binding DDD sequences that differ from human and non-human proteins, and identified the most highly conserved DDD sequences in various DDD parts. Residues were identified. They are shown below by underlining with reference to the human PKA RIIα DDD sequence. Residues that were particularly conserved are further shown in italics. These residues overlap, but are not identical to, that Kinderman et al. (2006) suggested to be important for binding to the AKAP protein. Thus, possible DDD sequences where “X” represents a conservative amino acid substitution is shown below.
S HI Q IP P GL T ELLQGYT V EVLR Q QP P DLVEFA VE YF TR L R E A R A ( SEQ ID NO: 13)
X HI X IP X GL X ELLQGYT X EVLR X QP X DLVEFA XX YF XX L X E X R X (SEQ ID NO: 59)

  Those skilled in the art generally prefer that those amino acid residues that are highly conserved in DDD and AD sequences derived from various proteins still remain unchanged when making amino acid substitutions. However, it will be appreciated that residues that are less highly conserved may be more easily changed to generate sequence variants of the AD and / or DDD sequences described herein.

In addition to sequence variants of DDD and / or AD moieties, in certain embodiments, it may be preferable to introduce sequence mutations in the antibody moiety or linker peptide sequence that links the antibody to the AD sequence. As one illustrative example, three possible variants of the fusion protein sequence are shown below.
(L)
QKSLSLPSGLGGGGGSGGGCG (SEQ ID NO: 60)
(A)
QKSLSLSPGAGSGGGGSGGCG (SEQ ID NO: 61)
(-)
QKSLSLSPGGSGGGGGSGGCG (SEQ ID NO: 62)

Amino Acid Substitution In certain embodiments, the disclosed methods and compositions may involve the production and use of proteins or peptides having one or more substituted amino acid residues. The structural, physical, and / or therapeutic characteristics of natural, chimeric, humanized, or human antibodies, or AD or DDD sequences can be optimized by substitution of one or more amino acid residues. For example, it is known in the art that the functional characteristics of a humanized antibody can be improved by substituting a limited number of human framework region (FR) amino acids with the corresponding FR amino acids of the parent mouse antibody. It is well known. This is especially true when framework region amino acid residues are close to CDR residues.

  In other cases, the binding affinity for a target antigen, the rate of dissociation or off of the antibody from the target antigen, or further induction of CDC (complement dependent cytotoxicity) or ADCC (antibody dependent cytotoxicity) by the antibody. The therapeutic properties of the antibody, such as efficacy, can be optimized by a limited number of amino acid substitutions.

  In alternative embodiments, the DDD and / or AD sequences used in the production of the subject DNL construct may be further optimized, for example, to increase DDD-AD binding affinity. Possible sequence variations in DDD or AD sequences are discussed above.

  One skilled in the art will recognize that in general, amino acid substitutions typically involve replacing one amino acid with another with relatively similar properties (ie, conservative amino acid substitutions). Let's go. The effects of amino acid substitutions on various amino acid properties and protein structure and function are the subject of extensive research and knowledge in the art.

  For example, the hydrophobic and hydrophilic index of amino acids may be considered (Kyte & Doolittle, 1982, J. Mol. Biol., 157: 105-132). The relative hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resulting protein and then defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules. Each amino acid is assigned its hydrophobic hydrophilicity index based on hydrophobicity and charge characteristics (Kyte & Doolittle, 1982), which are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine / cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (−0.4) Threonine (-0.7); serine (-0.8); tryptophan (-0.9); tyrosine (-1.3); proline (-1.6); histidine (-3.2); glutamic acid (-3.5); glutamine (-3.5); aspartic acid (-3.5); asparagine (-3.5); lysine (-3.9); and arginine (-4.5). When performing conservative substitution, it is preferable to use an amino acid whose hydrophobicity index is within ± 2, more preferably within ± 1, and even more preferably within ± 0.5.

  Amino acid substitutions may also take into account the hydrophilicity of amino acid residues (eg, US Pat. No. 4,554,101). Amino acid residues have been assigned hydrophilicity values: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartic acid (+3.0); glutamic acid (+3.0); serine (+0.3) Asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (-0.4); proline (-0.5. +-. 1); alanine (-0.5); histidine Cysteine (-1.0); Methionine (-1.3); Valine (-1.5); Leucine (-1.8); Isoleucine (-1.8); Tyrosine (- 2.3); phenylalanine (-2.5); tryptophan (-3.4). The amino acid is preferably substituted with another amino acid having similar hydrophilicity.

  Other considerations include the size of amino acid side chains. For example, it will generally not be desirable to replace amino acids with small side chains such as glycine or serine with amino acids with bulky side chains, such as tryptophan or tyrosine. The effect of various amino acid residues on protein secondary structure should also be considered. Empirical studies have determined the effect of various amino acid residues on the propensity of protein domains to adopt alpha-helical, beta-sheet, or inverted turn secondary structures and are known in the art (eg, Chou & (Fasman, 1974, Biochemistry, 13: 222-245; 1978, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 47: 251-276; 1979, Biophys. J., 26: 367-384).

  Based on such considerations and extensive empirical studies, conservative amino acid substitution tables have been generated and are known in the art. For example, arginine and lysine; glutamic acid and aspartic acid; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Or: Ala (A) leu, ile, val; Arg (R) gln, asn, lys; Asn (N) his, asp, lys, arg, gln; Asp (D) asn, glut; Cys (C) ala, ser; Gln (Q) glu, asn; Glu (E) gln, asp; Gly (G) ala; His (H) asn, gln, lys, arg; Ile (I) val, met, ala, phe, leu; Leu (L) val, met, ala, phe, ile; Lys (K) gln, asn, arg; Met (M) phe, ile, leu; Phe (F) leu, val, ile, ala, tyr; Pro ( Ser (S), thr; Thr (T) ser; Trp (W) phe, tyr; Tyr (Y) trp, phe, thr, se ; Val (V) ile, leu, met, phe, is ala.

  Other considerations for amino acid substitutions include whether the residue is located within the protein or is exposed to a solvent. For internal residues, conservative substitutions may include: Asp and Asn; Ser and Thr; Ser and Ala; Thr and Ala; Ala and Gly; Ile and Val; Val and Leu; Ile; Leu and Met; Phe and Tyr; Tyr and Trp (see, for example, the ROWL website of rockfeller.edu). In the case of solvent-exposed residues, conservative substitutions would include: Asp and Asn; Asp and Glu; Glu and Gln; Glu and Ala; Gly and Asn; Ala and Pro; Ala and Gly; And Ser; Ala and Lys; Ser and Thr; Lys and Arg; Val and Leu; Leu and Ile; Ile and Val; Phe and Tyr (same as above). Various matrices such as PAM250 scoring matrix, Dayhoff matrix, Grantham matrix, McLachlan matrix, Doolittle matrix, Henikoff matrix, Miyata matrix, Fitch matrix, Jones matrix, Rao matrix, Levin matrix, and Risler matrix can be selected for amino acid substitution It is made to support (Id.).

  In determining amino acid substitution, formation of an ionic bond (salt bridge) between a positively charged residue (eg, His, Arg, Lys) and a negatively charged residue (eg, Asp, Glu), or a neighboring cysteine The presence of intermolecular or intramolecular bonds, such as the formation of disulfide bonds between residues, may be considered.

  Methods for substituting any amino acid in the encoded protein sequence with any other amino acid are well known, for example, by the technique of site-directed mutagenesis or by synthesizing and constructing an oligonucleotide encoding an amino acid substitution, It is a matter of routine experimentation by those skilled in the art by splicing expression vector constructs.

Cytokines and other immunomodulators In certain preferred embodiments, the effector moiety may be an immunomodulator. Immunomodulators, when present, are agents that alter, suppress or stimulate the body's immune system. Immunomodulators used include cytokines, stem cell growth factor, lymphotoxin, hematopoietic factor, colony stimulating factor (CSF), interferon (IFN), erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and combinations thereof Also good. Particularly useful are lymphotoxins such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), hematopoietic factors such as interleukin (IL), colonies such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Stimulating factors, interferons such as interferon-α, -β, or -γ, and stem cell growth factors such as those designated "S1 factor".

In a more preferred embodiment, the effector moiety is a cytokine such as lymphokine, a monokine, a growth factor, and a conventional polypeptide hormone. Cytokines include: growth hormones such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; follicle stimulating hormone ( Glycoprotein hormones such as FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); placental growth factor (PlGF), hepatic growth factor; prostaglandin, fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen Tumor necrosis factor-α and -β; Mueller inhibitor; mouse gonadotropin-binding peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factor such as NGF-β; Growth factor; TG -Transforming growth factor (TGF) such as α and TGF-β; insulin-like growth factor-I and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factor; interferon-α, -β, and --γ Interferon such as: colony stimulating factor (CSF) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF); IL-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL -7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21 Interleukin (IL) such as IL-25, LIF, kit-ligand or FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF such as TNF-α), and LT.

  The amino acid sequences of proteins such as cytokines or peptide immunomodulators are well known in the art, and any such known sequence can be used in the practice of the invention. Those skilled in the art are aware of a number of public sources for cytokine sequences. For example, the NCBI database includes erythropoietin (GenBank NM000799), IL-1 beta (GenPept AAH08678), GM-CSF (GenPept AAA52669), TNF-α (GenPept CAA26669), interferon-alpha (GenAp5Agen 16A). Both the protein and encoding nucleic acid sequences of many cytokines and immunomodulators, such as interferon-alpha 2b (GenPept AAP20099.1), and virtually all of the peptides or proteins listed above are included. Identifying the appropriate amino acid and / or nucleic acid sequence of essentially any target protein or peptide effector moiety is a matter of routine work for those skilled in the art.

Antibodies and Antibody Fragments Techniques for preparing monoclonal antibodies against virtually any target antigen are well known in the art. See, for example, Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256: 495 (1975), and Coligan et al. (Eds.), CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY, VOL. 1, pages 2.5.1-2.6.7 (John Wiley & Sons 1991). Briefly, monoclonal antibodies are injected into a composition containing an antigen into a mouse, the spleen is removed to obtain B lymphocytes, the B lymphocytes are fused with myeloma cells to produce a hybridoma, and the hybridoma is cloned. It can be obtained by selecting a positive clone producing an antibody against the antigen, culturing a clone producing the antibody against the antigen, and isolating the antibody from the hybridoma culture.

  MAbs can be isolated and purified from hybridoma cultures by a variety of well-established techniques. Such isolation techniques include affinity chromatography with protein A sepharose, size exclusion chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography. See, for example, Coligan, pages 2.7.1 to 2.7.12, and 2.9.1 to 2.9.3. Also, Baines et al. , “Purification of Immunoglobulin G (IgG),” in METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, VOL. 10, pages 79-104 (The Humana Press, Inc. 1992).

  After first eliciting an antibody against the immunogen, the antibody can be sequenced and then prepared by recombinant techniques. Humanization and chimerization of mouse antibodies and antibody fragments are well known to those skilled in the art. The use of antibody components derived from humanized, chimeric, or human antibodies eliminates potential problems associated with the immunogenicity of mouse constant regions.

Chimeric antibody A chimeric antibody is a recombinant protein in which the variable region of a human antibody is replaced with the variable region of a mouse antibody, including, for example, the complementarity determining region (CDR) of a mouse antibody. Chimeric antibodies exhibit reduced immunogenicity and increased stability when administered to a subject. General techniques for cloning mouse immunoglobulin variable domains are described, for example, in Orlandi et al. , Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 86: 3833 (1989). Techniques for constructing chimeric antibodies are well known to those skilled in the art. As an example, Leung et al. , Hybridoma 13: 469 (1994) produced a LL2 chimera by combining DNA sequences encoding the V _κ and V _H domains of mouse LL2, anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody with the respective human κ and IgG ₁ constant region domains. It was.

Humanized antibodies Techniques for producing humanized MAbs are well known in the art (eg, Jones et al., Nature 321: 522 (1986), Riechmann et al., Nature 332: 323 (1988), Verhoeyen et al., Science 239: 1534 (1988), Carter et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4285 (1992), Sandhu, Crit. Rev. Biotech. And Singer et al., J. Immuno. 150: 2844 (1993)). A chimeric or mouse monoclonal antibody can be humanized by grafting mouse CDRs derived from the heavy and light chain variable chains of mouse immunoglobulin into the corresponding variable domains of a human antibody. The mouse framework region (FR) of the chimeric monoclonal antibody is also replaced with a human FR sequence. Simply transplanting mouse CDRs into human FRs often results in reduced or even loss of antibody affinity, and additional modifications are necessary to restore the original affinity of the mouse antibody. May be necessary. This can be accomplished by substituting one or more human residues of the FR region with their mouse counterparts to obtain antibodies with good binding affinity for that epitope. For example, Tempest et al. Biotechnology 9: 266 (1991) and Verhoeyen et al. Science 239: 1534 (1988). In general, their FR counterparts differ from their murine counterparts, with human FR amino acid residues located close to or in contact with one or more CDR amino acid residues.

Methods for producing fully human antibodies using either human antibodies combinatorial techniques or transgenic animals transformed with human immunoglobulin loci are known in the art (eg, Mancini et al., 2004). 27: 315-28; Conrad and Scheller, 2005, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.8: 117-26; Breke and Loset, 2003, Curr. Op. Fully human antibodies can also be constructed by gene or chromosomal transfection methods as well as phage display techniques, all of which are known in the art. For example, McCafferty et al. , Nature 348: 552-553 (1990). Such fully human antibodies exhibit even fewer side effects than chimeric or humanized antibodies and are expected to function in vivo essentially as endogenous human antibodies. In certain embodiments, the claimed methods and procedures may use human antibodies produced by such techniques.

  In one alternative, phage display technology may be used to produce human antibodies (eg, Dantas-Barbosa et al., 2005, Genet. Mol. Res. 4: 126-40). Human antibodies can be produced from normal humans or humans that exhibit certain disease states such as cancer (Dantas-Barbosa et al., 2005). An advantage of constructing human antibodies from diseased individuals is that the circulating antibody repertoire may be biased towards antibodies against disease-related antigens.

In one non-limiting example of this method, Dantas-Barbosa et al. (2005) constructed a phage display library of human Fab antibody fragments from osteosarcoma patients. In general, total RNA was obtained from circulating blood lymphocytes (Id.). Recombinant Fab was cloned from μ, γ, and κ chain antibody repertoires and inserted into a phage display library (Id.). RNA was converted to cDNA and used to construct a Fab cDNA library using specific primers for heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences (Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581-97). Library construction was performed according to Andris-Widhopf et al. (2000, In: Page Display Laboratory Manual, Barbas et al. (Eds), 1 ^st edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Nr. 22). The final Fab fragment was digested with restriction endonucleases and inserted into the bacteriophage genome to create a phage display library. Such libraries can be screened by standard phage display methods known in the art (eg, Pasqualini and Ruoslahti, 1996, Nature 380: 364-366; Pasqualini, 1999, The Quart. J. Nucl). Med. 43: 159-162).

  Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats, for a review, see, for example, Johnson and Chiswell, Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3: 5564-571 (1993). Human antibodies can also be produced by in vitro activated B cells. See US Pat. Nos. 5,567,610 and 5,229,275, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. One skilled in the art will appreciate that these techniques are exemplary and that any known method for producing and screening human antibodies or antibody fragments can be used.

  In another alternative, transgenic animals genetically engineered to produce human antibodies can be used to produce antibodies against essentially any immunogenic target using standard immunization protocols. Methods for obtaining human antibodies from transgenic mice are described in Green et al. , Nature Genet. 7:13 (1994), Lonberg et al. , Nature 368: 856 (1994), and Taylor et al. , Int. Immun. 6: 579 (1994). A non-limiting example of such a system is XenoMouse® from Abgenix (Fremont, CA) (eg, Green et al., 1999, J. Immunol. Methods 231: 11-23). ). In XenoMouse® and similar animals, the mouse antibody gene is inactivated and replaced with a functional human antibody gene, but the rest of the mouse immune system remains intact.

  XenoMouse® has been transformed with a germline YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) that contained a portion of the human IgH and Igkappa loci, including most variable region sequences, along with accessory genes and regulatory sequences. It was. The human variable region repertoire can be used to generate antibody-producing B cells that can be processed into known hybridomas. XenoMouse® immunized with the target antigen will produce a human antibody with a normal immune response, and the antibody can be recovered and / or produced by standard techniques discussed above. Different strains of XenoMouse® are available, each of which is capable of producing different classes of antibodies. Transgenically produced human antibodies have been shown to have therapeutic potential while retaining the pharmacokinetic properties of normal human antibodies (Green et al., 1999). One skilled in the art will be aware that the claimed compositions and methods are not limited to the use of the XenoMouse® system, but may use any transgenic animal that has been genetically engineered to produce human antibodies. You will understand what you can do.

Antibody Fragments Antibody fragments that recognize specific epitopes can be produced by known techniques. Antibody fragments are the antigen-binding portions of an antibody, such as F (ab ′) ₂ , Fab ′, F (ab) ₂ , Fab, Fv, and sFv. F (ab ′) ₂ fragments can be produced by pepsin digestion of antibody molecules, and Fab ′ fragments can be generated by reducing disulfide bridges of F (ab ′) ₂ fragments. Alternatively, Fab ′ expression libraries can be constructed (Huse et al., 1989, Science, 246: 1274-1281) to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab ′ fragments with the desired specificity. it can. F (ab) ₂ fragments can be generated by papain digestion of antibodies, and Fab fragments can be obtained by disulfide reduction.

  Single chain Fv molecules (scFv) comprise a VL domain and a VH domain. The VL and VH domains bind to form a target binding site. These two domains are further covalently linked by a peptide linker (L). Methods for making scFv molecules and designing suitable peptide linkers are described in US Pat. No. 4,704,692, US Pat. No. 4,946,778, R.A. Raag and M.M. Whitlow, “Single Chain Fvs.” FASEB Vol 9: 73-80 (1995); E. Bird and B.M. W. Walker, “Single Chain Antibody Variable Regions,” TIBTECH, Vol 9: 132-137 (1991).

  In addition, techniques for producing single domain antibodies (DAB) are described in, for example, as disclosed in Cossins et al. (2006, Prot Express Purif 51: 253-259), which is incorporated herein by reference. Known in the technical field.

  Antibody fragments can be prepared by proteolysis of the full-length antibody or by expressing the DNA encoding the fragment in E. coli or another host. Antibody fragments can be obtained by digesting full length antibodies with pepsin or papain by conventional methods. These methods are described, for example, by Goldenberg, US Pat. Nos. 4,036,945, and 4,331,647, and references contained therein. Also, see Nisonoff et al. , Arch Biochem. Biophys. 89: 230 (1960); Porter, Biochem. J. et al. 73: 119 (1959), Edelman et al. , In METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY VOL. 1, page 422 (Academic Press 1967), and Coligan, pages 2.8.1 to 2.8.10 and 2.10. See pages ~ 2.10.4.

Known Antibodies The antibodies used can be obtained commercially from a wide variety of known sources. For example, various antibody-secreting hybridoma lines are available from the American Cultured Cell Line Conservation Agency (ATCC, Manassas, VA). Numerous antibodies against various disease targets, including but not limited to tumor-associated antigens, have been deposited with the ATCC and / or variable region sequences have been published and used in the claimed methods and compositions Is available for See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 7,312,318; 7,282,567; 7,151,164; 7,074,403; 7,060,802; No. 7,056,509; No. 7,049,060; No. 7,045,132; No. 7,041,803; No. 7,041,802; No. 7,041,293; No. 7,037,498; No. 7,012,133; No. 7,001,598; No. 6,998,468; No. 6,994,976; No. 6,994 No. 6,989,241; 6,974,863; 6,965,018; 6,964,854; 6,962,981; 6,962,813 No. 6,956,107; No. 6,951,924; No. 6, No. 49,244; No. 6,946,129; No. 6,943,020; No. 6,939,547; No. 6,921,645; No. 6,921,645; No. 533; No. 6,919,433; No. 6,919,078; No. 6,916,475; No. 6,905,681; No. 6,899,879; No. 6,893,625 6,887,468; 6,887,466; 6,884,594; 6,881,405; 6,878,812; 6,875,580; 6,872,568; 6,867,006; 6,864,062; 6,861,511; 6,861,227; 6,861,226; 838,282; 6,835,549; 6,835,370; 6,824,780; 6,824,778; 6,812,206; 6,793,924; 6,783,758; 6,770,450; No. 6,764,688; No. 6,764,681; No. 6,764,679; No. 6,743,898; No. 6,733,981; No. 6,730, No. 307; No. 6,720,15; No. 6,716,966; No. 6,709,653; No. 6,693,176; No. 6,692,908; No. 6,689,607 6,689,362; 6,689,355; 6,682,737; 6,682,736; 6,682,734; 6,673,344; 6,653,104; 6,652,852; 6,635,482 6,630,144; 6,610,833; 6,610,294; 6,605,441; 6,605,279; 6,596,852; 6,592,868; 6,576,745; 6,572,856; 6,566,076; 6,562,618; 6,545,130; No. 544,749; No. 6,534,058; No. 6,528,625; No. 6,528,269; No. 6,521,227; No. 6,518,404; No. 665; No. 6,491,915; No. 6,488,930; No. 6,482,598; No. 6,482,408; No. 6,479,247; No. 6,468,531 6,468,529; 6,465,173; 6,461,8 No. 3, No. 6,458,356; No. 6,455,044; No. 6,455,040, No. 6,451,310; No. 6,444,206, No. 6,441,143 6,432,404; 6,432,402; 6,419,928; 6,413,726; 6,406,694; 6,403,770; 6,403,091; 6,395,276; 6,395,274; 6,387,350; 6,383,759; 6,383,484; No. 376,654; No. 6,372,215; No. 6,359,126; No. 6,355,481; No. 6,355,444; No. 6,355,245; No. 244; No. 6,346,246; No. 6,344,198; No. 6,34 No. 6,340,459; No. 6,331,175; No. 6,306,393; No. 6,254,868; No. 6,187,287; No. 6,183,744 No. 6,129,914; No. 6,120,767; No. 6,096,289; No. 6,077,499; No. 5,922,302; No. 5,874,540; No. 5,814,440; No. 5,798,229; No. 5,789,554; No. 5,776,456; No. 5,736,119; No. 5,716,595; No. 5,587,459; No. 5,443,953, No. 5,525,338. These are exemplary only and a wide variety of other antibodies and their hybridomas are known in the art. Those skilled in the art can obtain antibody sequences or antibody-secreting hybridomas for almost any disease-related antigen by simply searching the ATCC, NCBI, and / or USPTO database for antibodies to the selected disease-related target of interest. You will understand that you can. The antigen-binding domain of the cloned antibody is amplified, cleaved, ligated into an expression vector, transfected into a suitable host cell, and used for protein production using standard techniques well known in the art. be able to.

Immunoconjugates In certain embodiments, the antibody or fragment thereof may be conjugated to one or more therapeutic or diagnostic agents. The therapeutic agents need not be the same and can be different, for example, a drug and a radioisotope. For example, ¹³¹ I can be incorporated into the tyrosine of an antibody or fusion protein and the drug can be linked to the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue. In addition, therapeutic agents and diagnostic agents can be bound to, for example, reduced SH groups and / or sugar side chains. Numerous methods for making covalent or non-covalent conjugates of therapeutic or diagnostic agents and antibodies or fusion proteins are known in the art and any such known method is used. be able to.

  The therapeutic or diagnostic agent can be bound to the hinge region of the reduced antibody component by formation of a disulfide bond. Alternatively, such agents can be coupled using heterobifunctional crosslinkers such as N-succinyl 3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). Yu et al. , Int. J. et al. Cancer 56: 244 (1994). The general techniques for forming such bonds are well known in the art. See, for example, Wong, CHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN CONJUGUATION AND CROSS-LINKING (CRC Press 1991); Uppessis et al. “Modification of Antibodies by Chemical Methods,” in MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Birch et al. (Eds.), Pages 187-230 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1995); Price, “Production and Characterization of Synthetic Peptide-DINTED Anti-BON I GON ION ION. (Eds.), Pages 60-84 (Cambridge University Press 1995). Alternatively, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent can be attached via the sugar moiety of the Fc portion of the antibody. Sugar groups may be used to increase the loading of the same agent attached to the thiol group, or sugar moieties may be used to attach different therapeutic or diagnostic agents.

  Methods for conjugating peptides to antibody components via an antibody sugar moiety are well known to those skilled in the art. See, eg, Shih et al., Which is incorporated herein by reference. , Int. J. et al. Cancer 41: 832 (1988); Shih et al. , Int. J. et al. Cancer 46: 1101 (1990); and Shih et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,313. A common method involves reacting an antibody component having an oxidized sugar moiety with a carrier polymer having at least one free amine function. This reaction initially results in a Schiff base (imine) linkage, which is stabilized by reducing the secondary amine to form the final conjugate.

  If the antibody used as the antibody component of the immune complex is an antibody fragment, the Fc region may not be present. However, it is possible to introduce a sugar moiety into the light chain variable region of a full-length antibody or antibody fragment. See, eg, Leung et al., Which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. , J. et al. Immunol. 154: 5919 (1995); Hansen et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,953 (1995), Leung et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,868. The engineered sugar moiety is used to attach a therapeutic or diagnostic agent.

  In some embodiments, chelating agents can be attached to antibodies, antibody fragments, or fusion proteins and used to chelate therapeutic or diagnostic agents such as radionuclides. Exemplary chelating agents include, but are not limited to, DTPA (such as Mx-DTPA), DOTA, TETA, NETA, or NOTA. Methods of conjugating and using chelating agents to bind metals or other ligands to proteins are well known in the art (eg, US patent application Ser. No. 12/112, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). , 289).

  In certain embodiments, a radioactive metal or paramagnetic ion can be bound to a protein or peptide by reacting with a reagent having a long tail that can bind a plurality of chelating groups for binding the ion to it. . Such tails are useful, for example, for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), porphyrins, polyamines, crown ethers, bis-thiosemicarbazones, polyoximes, and for this purpose. It may be a polymer such as a polylysine, polysaccharide, or other derivatized or derivatizable chain having a pendant group that can be attached to a chelating group, such as a group as is known.

The chelating agent may be attached directly to the antibody or peptide, for example, as disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,824,659, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Particularly useful metal chelating agent combinations include ¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹ I, ¹²³ I, ¹²⁴ I, ⁶² Cu, ⁶⁴ Cu, ¹⁸ F, ¹¹¹ In, ⁶⁷ Ga, ⁶⁸ Ga, ^99m Tc, ^{94 m for radioimaging.} 2-benzyl-DTPA and its monomethyl and cyclohexyl analogs used with diagnostic isotopes in the general energy range of 60-4,000 keV such as Tc, ¹¹ C, ¹³ N, ¹⁵ O, ⁷⁶ Br and the like. The same chelating agent is useful for MRI when complexed with non-radioactive metals such as manganese, iron, and gadolinium. Macrocyclic chelators such as NOTA, DOTA, and TETA are used with various metals and radioactive metals, respectively, most specifically with gallium, yttrium, and copper radionuclides. Such metal chelator complexes can be very stabilized by matching the ring size to the target metal. Other ring-type chelating agents such as macrocyclic polyethers that are of interest to bind stably to nuclides such as ²²³ Ra for RAIT are included.

More recently, ¹⁸ F labeling methods used in PET scanning technology have been disclosed, for example by reacting F-18 with metals such as aluminum or other atoms. ^{The 18} F-Al conjugate can be bound directly to the antibody or complexed with a chelating group such as DOTA, NOTA, or NETA that is used to label constructs that can be targeted by pre-targeting methods. Also good. Such F-18 labeling technology is disclosed in US Pat. No. 7,563,433, the example portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Therapeutic agents In alternative embodiments, treatments such as cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenic agents, pro-apoptotic agents, antibiotics, hormones, hormone antagonists, chemokines, drugs, prodrugs, toxins, enzymes, or other agents The drug can be used either conjugated to the subject DNL complex or administered separately prior to, simultaneously with, or after the antibody. The drug used is a pharmaceutical selected from the group consisting of anti-mitotic agents, anti-kinase agents, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, alkaloids, anti-angiogenic agents, pro-apoptotic agents, and combinations thereof It may have characteristics.

  Useful exemplary drugs include: 5-fluorouracil, aplidine, azaribine, anastrozole, anthracycline, bendamustine, bleomycin, bortezomib, bryostatin 1, busulfan, calicheamicin ( calicheamicin), camptothecin, carboplatin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, calmastin, celeblex, chlorambucil, cisplatin (CDDP), Cox-2 inhibitor, irinotecan (CPT-11), SN-38, carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecan , Cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, 2-pyrrole Doxorubicin (2P-DOX, 2-pyrololinodoxorubicine), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubi single clonide, epirubicin clonide, estramustine, epipodophyllotoxin, estrogen receptor binding agent, etoposide (VP16), etoposide glutopototoposide Floxuridine (FUdR), 3 ′, 5′-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR-dO), fludarabine, flutamide, farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, lenolidamide ( lenolidamide), leucovorin, lomustine, mechloretamine, melphalan, mercapto Phosphorus, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mitromycin, mitomycin, mitotane, navelbine, nitrosourea, pricomycin, procarbazine, paclitaxel, pentostatin, PSI-341, raloxifene, semustine, strept Zocine, tamoxifen, taxol, temazolomide (aqueous form of DTIC), transplatinum, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, teniposide, topotecan, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, vinblastine, vincristine, vincristine, vincristine, vincristine, and vincristine

  Toxins used may include the following: ricin, abrin, alpha toxin, saporin, ribonuclease (RNase) such as onconase, DNase I, staphylococcal enterotoxin A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin , Diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, and Pseudomonas endotoxin.

  Chemokines used may include RANTES, MCAF, MIP1-alpha, MIP1-beta, and IP-10.

  In certain embodiments, angiostatin, baculostatin, canstatin, maspin, anti-VEGF antibody, anti-PlGF peptide and antibody, anti-vascular growth factor antibody, anti-Flk-1 antibody, anti-Flt-1 antibody and Peptide, anti-Kras antibody, anti-cMET antibody, anti-MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) antibody, laminin peptide, fibronectin peptide, plasminogen activator inhibitor, tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor, interferon, interleukin 12, IP-10 , Gro-β, thrombospondin, 2-methoxyestradiol, proliferin-related protein, carboxamidotriazole, CM101, Malimaster , Pentosan polysulfate, angiopoietin-2, interferon-alpha, herbimycin A, PNU145156E, 16K prolactin fragment, linomide (rokinimex), thalidomide, pentoxyphyllin, genistein, TNP-470, endostatin, paclitaxel, actin Anti-angiogenic agents such as (accutin), angiostatin, cidofovir, vincristine, bleomycin, AGM-1470, platelet factor 4 or minocycline can be used.

  The immunomodulator used may be selected from cytokines, stem cell growth factor, lymphotoxin, hematopoietic factor, colony stimulating factor (CSF), interferon (IFN), erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and combinations thereof . Particularly useful are lymphotoxins such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), hematopoietic factors such as interleukin (IL), colonies such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Stimulating factors, interferons such as interferon-α, -β, or -γ, and stem cell growth factors such as those designated "S1 factor". Cytokines include: growth hormones such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; follicle stimulating hormone ( Glycoprotein hormones such as FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic growth factor; prostaglandin, fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen, OB protein; tumor necrosis factor -Α and -β; Mueller inhibitor; mouse gonadotropin binding peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factor such as NGF-β; platelet growth factor; TGF-α and Traits such as TGF-β Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factor; interferons such as interferon-α, -β, and -γ; macrophage-CSF (M- Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) such as CSF); IL-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9 IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-25 and other interleukins (IL ), LIF, kit-ligand or FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor, and LT.

Radionuclides used include, but are not limited to: ¹¹¹ In, ¹⁷⁷ Lu, ²¹² Bi, ²¹³ Bi, ²¹¹ At, ⁶² Cu, ⁶⁷ Cu, ⁹⁰ Y, ¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹ I , ³² P, ³³ P, ⁴⁷ Sc, ¹¹¹ Ag, ⁶⁷ Ga, ¹⁴² Pr, ¹⁵³ Sm, ¹⁶¹ Tb, ¹⁶⁶ Dy, ¹⁶⁶ Ho, ¹⁸⁶ Re, ¹⁸⁸ Re, ¹⁸⁹ Re, ²¹² Pb, ²²³ Ra, ²²⁵ Ac, ⁵⁹ Fe, ⁷⁵ Se, ⁷⁷ As, ⁸⁹ Sr, ⁹⁹ Mo, ¹⁰⁵ Rh, ¹⁰⁹ Pd, ¹⁴³ Pr, ¹⁴⁹ pm, ¹⁶⁹ Er, ¹⁹⁴ Ir, ¹⁹⁸ Au, ¹⁹⁹ Au, and ²¹¹ Pb. Preferably, the therapeutic radionuclide is an alpha emitter in the range of 20 to 6,000 keV for Auger emitters, preferably in the range of 60 to 200 keV, and 100 to 2,500 keV for beta emitters. The case has a decay energy of 4,000 to 6,000 keV. Useful beta particle radionuclides preferably have a maximum decay energy of 20 to 5,000 keV, more preferably 100 to 4,000 keV, and most preferably 500 to 2,500 keV. Also preferred are radionuclides that substantially decay with Auger radiation particles. For example, Co-58, Ga-67, Br-80m, Tc-99m, Rh-103m, Pt-109, In-111, Sb-119, 1-125, Ho-161, Os-189m, and Ir-192 It is. Useful beta-particle radionuclides preferably have decay energy of less than 1,000 keV, more preferably less than 100 keV, and most preferably less than 70 keV. Also preferred are radionuclides that substantially decay with the production of alpha particles. Such radionuclides include, but are not limited to: Dy-152, At-211, Bi-212, Ra-223, Rn-219, Po-215, Bi-211, Ac. -225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213, and Fm-255. The decay energy of useful alpha particle radionuclides is preferably 2,000 to 10,000 keV, more preferably 3,000 to 8,000 keV, and most preferably 4,000 to 7,000 keV. Additional potential radioisotopes used include: ¹¹ C, ¹³ N, ¹⁵ O, ⁷⁵ Br, ¹⁹⁸ Au, ²²⁴ Ac, ¹²⁶ I, ¹³³ I, ⁷⁷ Br, ^113m In , ⁹⁵ Ru, ⁹⁷ Ru, ¹⁰³ Ru, ¹⁰⁵ Ru, ¹⁰⁷ Hg, ²⁰³ Hg, ^{121 m} Te, ^{122 m} Te, ^{125 m} Te, ¹⁶⁵ Tm, ¹⁶⁷ Tm, ¹⁶⁸ Tm, ¹⁹⁷ Pt, ¹⁰⁹ Pd, ¹⁰⁵ Rh, ¹⁴² Pr, ¹⁴ Pr, ¹⁶¹ Tb, ¹⁶⁶ Ho, ¹⁹⁹ Au, ⁵⁷ Co, ⁵⁸ Co, ⁵¹ Cr, ⁵⁹ Fe, ⁷⁵ Se, ²⁰¹ Tl, ²²⁵ Ac, ⁷⁶ Br, and ¹⁶⁹ Yb. Some useful diagnostic nuclides include ¹⁸ F, ⁵² Fe, ⁶² Cu, ⁶⁴ Cu, ⁶⁷ Cu, ⁶⁷ Ga, ⁶⁸ Ga, ⁸⁶ Y, ⁸⁹ Zr, ⁹⁴ Tc, ^{94 m} Tc, ^{99 m} Tc, or ¹¹¹ In May be included.

  The therapeutic agent may include a photoactive agent or dye. Fluorescent compositions such as fluorescent dyes and other chromogens or dyes such as porphyrins sensitive to visible light have been used to detect and treat lesions by directing light suitable for the lesion. In therapy, this is called photoradiation therapy, phototherapy, or photodynamic therapy. Jori et al. (Eds.), PHOTOODYNAMIC THERAPY OF TUMORS AND OTHER DISEASES (Liberia Prototo 1985); van den Bergh, Chem. See Britain (1986), 22: 430. In addition, monoclonal antibodies are conjugated with photoactivatable dyes to achieve phototherapy. Mew et al. , J. et al. Immunol. (1983), 130: 1473; ibid., Cancer Res. (1985), 45: 4380; Oseroff et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1986), 83: 8744; ibid., Photochem. Photobiol. (1987), 46:83; Hasan et al. , Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. (1989), 288: 471; Tatsuta et al. , Lasers Surg. Med. (1989), 9: 422; Pelegrin et al. , Cancer (1991), 67: 2529.

  Other useful therapeutic agents may preferably include oligonucleotides directed against oncogenes and oncogene products such as bcl-2 or p53, particularly antisense oligonucleotides. A preferred form of therapeutic oligonucleotide is siRNA.

Diagnostic Agent The diagnostic agent is preferably selected from the group consisting of radionuclides, radiocontrast agents, paramagnetic ions, metals, fluorescent labels, chemiluminescent labels, ultrasound contrast agents, and photoactive agents. Such diagnostic agents are well known and any such known diagnostic agent can be used. Non-limiting examples of diagnostic agents may include radionuclides such as the following: ¹¹⁰ In, ¹¹¹ In, ¹⁷⁷ Lu, ¹⁸ F, ⁵² Fe, ⁶² Cu, ⁶⁴ Cu, ⁶⁷ Cu, ⁶⁷ Ga, ⁶⁸ Ga, ⁸⁶ Y, ⁹⁰ Y, ⁸⁹ Zr, ^{94 m} Tc, ⁹⁴ Tc, ^{99 m} Tc, ¹²⁰ I, ¹²³ I, ¹²⁴ I, ¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹ I, ^{154 to 158} Gd, ³² P, ¹¹ C, ¹³ N, ¹⁵ O, ¹⁸⁶ Re, ¹⁸⁸ Re, ⁵¹ Mn, ^{52 m} Mn, ⁵⁵ Co, ⁷² As, ⁷⁵ Br, ⁷⁶ Br, ^{82 m} Rb, ⁸³ Sr, or other gamma-, beta-, or positron-emitters . The paramagnetic ions used may include the following: chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), Copper (II), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III), or erbium (III) . The metal contrast agent may contain lanthanum (III), gold (III), lead (II), or bismuth (III). The ultrasound contrast agent may contain liposomes such as gas-containing liposomes. The radiopaque diagnostic agent may be selected from compounds, barium compounds, gallium compounds, and thallium compounds. A wide variety of fluorescent labels are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerytherin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde, and fluorescamine. It is. The chemiluminescent label used may include luminol, isoluminol, aromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt, or oxalate ester.

Methods of Therapeutic Treatment Various embodiments are methods of treating cancer in a subject, such as a mammal, including domestic or companion pets, such as humans, dogs and cats, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of bispecificity. It relates to a method comprising administering an immune cytokine DNL construct to a subject.

  In one embodiment, immune disorders that can be treated with the subject DNL constructs include the following: for example, joint diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis; Neurological diseases such as sclerosis and myasthenia gravis; pancreatic diseases such as diabetes, especially juvenile diabetes; gastrointestinal diseases such as chronic active hepatitis, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, pernicious anemia; psoriasis or strong Skin diseases such as dermatoses; allergic diseases such as asthma, and transplant-related conditions such as graft-versus-host disease and allograft rejection.

  Administration of the bispecific immune cytokine DNL construct can be complemented by simultaneous or sequential administration of a therapeutically effective amount of another antibody that binds or reacts with another antigen on the surface of the target cell. Preferred additional MAbs include at least one humanized, chimeric, or human MAb selected from the group consisting of MAbs that react with: CD4, CD5, CD8, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, IGF -1R, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD30, CD32b, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD45, CD46, CD52, CD54, CD70, CD74, CD79a, CD80, CD95, CD126, CD133, CD138 , CD154, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, B7, AFP, PSMA, EGP-1, EGP-2, carbonic anhydrase IX, PAM4 antigen, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5, Ia, MIF, HM1.24, HL -DR, tenascin, Flt-3, VEGFR, PlGF, ILGF, IL-6, IL-25, tenascin, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, complement factor C5, an oncogene product, or a combination thereof. The various antibodies used are known to those skilled in the art, such as anti-CD19, anti-CD20, and anti-CD22 antibodies. For example, see: Ghetie et al. , Cancer Res. 48: 2610 (1988); Hekman et al. , Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 32: 364 (1991); Longo, Curr. Opin. Oncol. 8: 353 (1996), US Pat. No. 5,798,554; 6,187,287; 6,306,393; 6,676,924; 7,109,304; No. 7,151,164; No. 7,230,084; No. 7,230,085; No. 7,238,785; No. 7,238,786; No. 7,282,567; No. 300,655; 7,312,318; and US Patent Application Publication Nos. 200801313363; 20080089838; 2007012920; 200601293865; 20060210475; 20080134833; and 20080146784, respectively. The example part is incorporated herein by reference.

DNL construct treatment can be further supplemented with either simultaneous or sequential administration of at least one therapeutic agent. For example, “CVB” (1.5 g / m ² cyclophosphamide, 200-400 mg / m ² etoposide, and 150-200 mg / m ² karmastine) is used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This is a medication plan. Patti et al. , Eur. J. et al. Haematol. 51: 18 (1993). Other suitable combination chemotherapy regimens are well known to those of skill in the art. See, for example, Freedman et al. "Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas," in CANCER MEDICINE, VOLUME 2, 3rd Edition, Holland et al. (Eds.), Pages 2028-2068 (Lea & Febiger 1993). Illustratively, first generation chemotherapy regimens for treating moderate-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) include C-MOPP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) and CHOP (cyclophosphamis). Doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). A useful second generation chemotherapy regimen is m-BACOD (methotrexate, bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, dexamethasone, and leucovorin) and a suitable third generation regimen is MACOP-B (Methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, bleomycin, and leucovorin). Additional useful drugs include phenylbutyrate, bendamustine, and bryostatin-1.

  The subject DNL construct can be formulated by known methods of preparing pharmaceutically useful compositions, whereby the DNL construct is mixed with a mixture having pharmaceutically suitable excipients. . Sterile phosphate buffered saline is an example of a pharmaceutically suitable excipient. Other suitable excipients are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, Ansel et al. , PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, 5th Edition (Lea & Febiger 1990) and Gennaro (ed.), REMINGTON's PCIMACH

  The subject DNL construct can be formulated for intravenous administration, eg, by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Preferably, the DNL construct is infused over a period of less than about 4 hours, more preferably less than about 3 hours. For example, the first 25-50 mg can be infused within 30 minutes, preferably even within 15 minutes, and the remainder can be infused over the next 2-3 hours. Injectable formulations may be provided in unit dosage form, eg, in ampoules or multi-dose containers, with the addition of a preservative. The composition can take the form of a suspension, solution, emulsion in an oily or aqueous medium, etc., and contains a formulation agent such as a suspending agent, a stabilizing agent, and / or a dispersing agent. Can do. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable medium prior to use, such as pyrogen-free sterilized water.

  Additional pharmaceutical methods can be used to control the duration of action of the DNL construct. Controlled release preparations can be prepared by using a polymer that is complexed or adsorbed with the DNL construct. For example, biocompatible polymers include a matrix of poly (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer), and a matrix of polyanhydride copolymers of stearic acid dimer and sebacic acid. Sherwood et al. Bio / Technology 10: 1446 (1992). The release rate from such a matrix depends on the molecular weight of the DNL construct, the amount of DNL construct in the matrix, and the size of the dispersed particles. Saltzman et al. , Biophys. J. et al. 55: 163 (1989); Sherwood et al. ,the above. Other solid dosage forms are described in Ansel et al. , PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, 5th Edition (Lea & Febiger 1990), and Gennaro (ed.), REMINGTON's PCIMACH

  The DNL construct may also be administered subcutaneously to the mammal or even by other parenteral routes. Further, administration may be by continuous infusion or by single or multiple boluses. Preferably, the DNL construct is infused over a period of less than about 4 hours, more preferably less than about 3 hours.

More generally, the dose of DNL construct administered to a human will vary depending on factors such as the patient's age, weight, height, sex, general medical condition, and previous medical history. While it may be desirable to provide recipients with a dose of DNL construct ranging from about 1 mg / kg to 25 mg / kg as a single intravenous infusion, lower or higher doses may be administered in some circumstances May be. Dose of 1 to 20 mg / kg, for example, in the case of 70kg patient is 70～1,400Mg, or if 1.7m patient is 41~824mg / ^{m 2.} Administration may be repeated as needed, for example, once a week for 4-10 weeks, once a week for 8 weeks, or once a week for 4 weeks. Also, administration may be less frequent, such as biweekly for several months, or monthly or quarterly for months, as required for maintenance therapy.

Alternatively, the DNL construct may be administered one dose every 2 weeks or every 3 weeks and repeated for a total of at least 3 doses. Alternatively, the construct may be administered twice a week for 4-6 weeks. When the dose is reduced to approximately 200-300 mg / m ² (340 mg per dose for 1.7 m patients, or 4.9 mg / kg for 70 kg patients) once a week for 4-10 weeks It may be administered, or even twice a week for 4-10 weeks. Alternatively, the dosing schedule may be small, ie every other week or every 3 weeks for 2-3 months. However, it has been found that even higher doses, such as 20 mg / kg once a week or once every 2-3 weeks, can be administered by repeating the dosing cycle with slow intravenous infusion. The dosing schedule can optionally be repeated at other intervals, and the dose can be administered by various parenteral routes, with the dose and schedule appropriately adjusted.

  In a preferred embodiment, the DNL construct is useful for the treatment of cancer. Examples of cancer include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, glioblastoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and leukemia, myeloma, or lymphoid malignancy. More specific examples of such cancers are noted below and include: squamous cell carcinoma (eg, epithelial squamous cell carcinoma), Ewing sarcoma, Wilms tumor, astrocytoma, Lung cancer including small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of lung and squamous cell carcinoma of lung, peritoneal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, stomach cancer including stomach cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma multiforme Cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumor, medullary thyroid cancer, differentiated thyroid cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer or uterus Cancer, salivary gland cancer, kidney or kidney cancer, prostate cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancer. The term “cancer” refers to primary malignant cells or tumors (eg, cells that have not migrated to a site in the subject other than the original malignant disease or tumor site), and secondary malignant cells or Tumors (eg, those that result from metastasis, malignant cells, or migration of tumor cells to a secondary site different from the original tumor site). Cancers that can be subjected to the therapeutic method of the present invention involve cells that express, overexpress, or abnormally express IGF-1R.

  Other examples of cancer or malignancies include, but are not limited to: acute childhood lymphoblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adrenal gland Cortical cancer, adult (primary) hepatocellular carcinoma, adult (primary) liver cancer, adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, adult acute myeloid leukemia, adult Hodgkin lymphoma, adult lymphocytic leukemia, adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma, adult primary liver cancer, Adult soft tissue sarcoma, AIDS-related lymphoma, AIDS-related malignancy, anal cancer, astrocytoma, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain stem glioma, brain tumor, breast cancer, renal pelvis and ureter cancer, central nervous system (Primary) lymphoma, central nervous system lymphoma, cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma, cervical cancer, childhood (primary) hepatocellular carcinoma, childhood (primary) liver cancer, childhood acute lymphoblast Spherical leukemia, infant Acute myeloid leukemia, childhood brain stem glioma, childhood cerebellar astrocytoma, childhood cerebral astrocytoma, childhood extracranial germ cell tumor, childhood Hodgkin's disease, childhood Hodgkin lymphoma, childhood hypothalamus and Optic glioma, childhood lymphoblastic leukemia, childhood medulloblastoma, childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, childhood pineal gland and tent upper undifferentiated neuroectodermal tumor, childhood primary liver cancer, childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma, childhood soft tissue sarcoma, childhood visual and hypothalamic glioma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, colon cancer, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, endocrine pancreatic islet cell carcinoma, endometrial cancer , Ventricular ependymoma, epithelial cancer, esophageal cancer, Ewing sarcoma and related tumors, exocrine pancreatic cancer, extracranial germ cell tumor, extragonadal germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancer, female breast cancer, Gaucher disease, gallbladder Cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid Tumor, gastrointestinal tumor, germ cell tumor, gestational choriocarcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypopharyngeal cancer, intestinal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell carcinoma , Islet cell pancreatic cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, lip and oral cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoproliferative disorder, macroglobulinemia, male breast cancer, malignant mesothelioma, malignant thymoma, medulloblast Melanoma, mesothelioma, metastatic latent primary squamous neck cancer, metastatic primary squamous neck cancer, metastatic squamous neck cancer, multiple myeloma, multiple myeloma / plasma cell neoplasm, Myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloid leukemia, myeloid leukemia, myeloproliferative disorder, nasal and sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, latent primary Metastatic squamous neck cancer, oropharynx Cancer, bone / malignant fibrous sarcoma, osteosarcoma / malignant fibrous histiocytoma, osteosarcoma / malignant fibrous histiocytosis of bone, ovarian epithelial cancer, ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian low-grade potential tumor, pancreatic cancer , Paraproteinemia, polycythemia vera, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pheochromocytoma, pituitary tumor, primary central nervous system lymphoma, primary liver cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, renal pelvis and urine Duct cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoidosis sarcoma, Sezary syndrome, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cervical cancer, gastric cancer, extratendiary primary extraneural nerve Germ and pineal tumors, T cell lymphoma, testicular cancer, thymoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter, transitional renal pelvis and ureteral cancer, chorionic tumor, ureteral and renal pelvic cell carcinoma, urethra Cancer, uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, visual tract and hypothalamic glioma Vulvar cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, Wilms tumor, and any other hyperproliferative diseases other than tumorigenesis located organ system listed above.

  The methods and compositions described and claimed herein are used to treat malignant or pre-malignant conditions, including neoplastic conditions or including but not limited to those disorders described above Progression to a malignant state can be prevented. Such use is a condition that is known or suspected to precede tumorigenesis or progression to cancer, particularly hyperplasia, dysplasia, or most specifically non-new composed of dysplasia. (Applies to Robbins and Angell, Basic Pathology, 2d Ed., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 68-79.) (1976)).

  Dysplasia is often a precursor to cancer and is found primarily in the epithelium. Dysplasia is the most disordered form of non-neoplastic cell growth, with a loss of individual cell uniformity and cellular orientation. Dysplasia is characterized by the occurrence of chronic irritation or inflammation. Dysplasia disorders that can be treated include, but are not limited to: non-sweat ectodermal dysplasia, anteroposterior dysplasia, asphyxia thoracic dysplasia, atrial finger dysplasia, bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, telencephalon dysplasia, cervical dysplasia, cartilage ectodermal dysplasia, clavicle skull dysplasia, congenital ectodermal dysplasia, skull trunk dysplasia, skull carpal tarsal bone dysplasia, skull base Dysplasia, dentin dysplasia, diaphyseal dysplasia, ectodermal dysplasia, enamel dysplasia, cerebral ocular dysplasia, dysplasia epiphysialis hemelia, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, punctate bone Abnormal dysplasia, epithelial dysplasia, facial digit genital dysplasia, familial fibrous mandibular dysplasia, familial white wing dysplasia, fibromuscular dysplasia, fibrous bone dysplasia, flowering Bone dysplasia, hereditary renal retinal dysplasia, sweating ectodermal dysplasia, hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, lymphopenia thymic dysplasia, mammary dysplasia, mandibular facial dysplasia, metaphyseal dysplasia, Mondini-type inner ear dysplasia, single bone fibrosis dysplasia, mucosal epithelial dysplasia, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, ocular ear vertebra dysplasia, ocular finger dysplasia, ocular spinal dysplasia, odontogenic dysplasia Dysplastic dysplasia, apical cementum dysplasia, multifibrous fibrotic dysplasia, pseudochondral dysplasia vertebral dysplasia, retinal dysplasia, septal visual dysplasia, vertebral epiphyseal dysplasia, and ventricular rib Abnormal formation.

  Additional preneoplastic diseases that can be treated include, but are not limited to: benign proliferative disorders (eg, benign tumors, fibrous cystic conditions, tissue hypertrophy, intestinal polyps) Or adenoma and esophageal dysplasia), vitiligo, keratosis, Bowen's disease, farmer skin, sun cheilitis, and sun keratosis.

  In preferred embodiments, the methods of the invention are used to inhibit the growth, progression, and / or metastasis of cancer, particularly those listed above.

  Additional hyperproliferative diseases, disorders, and / or conditions include, but are not limited to, progression and / or metastasis of malignant diseases and related disorders such as: leukemia (acute leukemia (eg, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (myeloblasts, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleukemia)) and chronic leukemia (eg, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic Lymphocytic leukemia)), true red blood cell increase, lymphoma (eg, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's disease), multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and but not limited to: Solid tumors including sarcomas and carcinomas such as: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endothelial sarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphatic endothelial sarcoma, synovium Mesothelioma, Ewing tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland cancer, sebaceous gland cancer, nipple Carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary cancer, bronchial cancer, renal cell cancer, liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonic cancer, Wilms tumor, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, lung cancer, Small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, epithelial cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharynoma, ventricular ependymoma, pineal tumor, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, Oligodenoma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma.

Expression Vectors Still other embodiments may relate to a DNA sequence comprising a nucleic acid encoding a constituent fusion protein of an antibody, antibody fragment, cytokine, or DNL construct. A fusion protein may comprise, for example, an antibody or fragment or cytokine bound to an AD or DDD moiety.

  Various embodiments relate to an expression vector comprising a coding DNA sequence. The vector may contain sequences encoding the light and heavy chain constant regions and the hinge region of a human immunoglobulin to which chimeric, humanized, or human variable region sequences may be linked. The vector can further contain a promoter, enhancer, and signal or leader sequence that expresses the encoded protein (s) in the selected host cell. Particularly useful vectors are pdHL2 or GS. More preferably, the light and heavy chain constant regions and the hinge region optionally have at least one amino acid at the allotype position changed to that found in a different IgG1 allotype, optionally based on the EU numbering system. EU heavy chain amino acid 253 may be derived from human EU myeloma immunoglobulin, which may be substituted with alanine. Edelman et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 63: 78-85 (1969). In other embodiments, the IgG1 sequence may be converted to an IgG4 sequence.

  Those skilled in the art understand that methods for genetically manipulating expression constructs and inserting into engineered cells to express engineered proteins are well known in the art and are a matter of routine experimentation. will do. Methods for expressing host cells and cloned antibodies or fragments are described, for example, in US Pat. Nos. 7,531,327 and 7,537,930, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Embedded in the book.

Kits Various embodiments may relate to kits containing components suitable for treating or diagnosing diseased tissue in a patient. Exemplary kits may contain one or more DNL constructs described herein. If the composition containing the administration component is not formulated for delivery via the gastrointestinal tract, such as by oral delivery, a device is included that can deliver the kit component by some other route. Also good. One type of device for applications such as parenteral delivery is a syringe used to inject the composition into the body of a subject. An inhaler can also be used. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be provided in the form of a pre-filled syringe or pen-type auto-injector containing a sterile liquid formulation or lyophilized preparation.

  The kit components may be packaged together or separated into two or more containers. In some embodiments, the container may be a vial containing a sterile lyophilized formulation of the composition that is suitable for reconstitution. The kit may also contain one or more buffers suitable for reconstitution and / or dilution of other reagents. Other containers that can be used include, but are not limited to, pouches, trays, boxes, or tubes. The kit components may be sterile packaged and maintained in a container. Another element that may be included is instructions for the person using the kit.

Examples The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims of the invention.

Example 1. Basic Strategy for Producing Modular Fab Subunits Fab modules can be produced as fusion proteins containing either DDD or AD sequences. Independent transgenic cell lines were developed for each fusion protein. Once produced, the module may be purified as necessary or maintained in cell culture supernatant. After production, any DDD ₂ module can be combined with any AD module to produce a trivalent DNL construct.

  The plasmid vector pdHL2 has been used to generate a large number of antibodies and antibody-based constructs. Gillies et al. , J Immunol Methods (1989), 125: 191-202; Losman et al. , Cancer (Phila) (1997), 80: 2660-6. Bicistronic mammalian expression vectors direct the synthesis of IgG heavy and light chains. The vector sequence is almost identical to many different IgG-pdHL2 constructs, the only difference being in the variable domain (VH and VL) sequences. These IgG expression vectors can be converted to Fab-DDD or Fab-AD expression vectors by using molecular biology tools known to those skilled in the art. To generate a Fab-DDD expression vector, the coding sequence of the heavy chain hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains, the sequence encoding the first 4 residues of the hinge, the 14 residue Gly-Ser linker, and human Substitutes the first 44 residues of RIIα (referred to as DDD1). To generate a Fab-AD expression vector, the sequence of the IgG hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains, the first 4 residues of the hinge, the 15 residue Gly-Ser linker, and bioinformatics and peptide array technology A sequence encoding a 17-residue synthetic AD (referred to as AD1) called AKAP-IS that was generated using and shown to bind to the RIIα dimer with very high affinity (0.4 nM); Replace. Alto, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , U. S. A (2003), 100: 4445-50.

  In order to facilitate conversion of the IgG-pdHL2 vector into either a Fab-DDD1 or Fab-AD1 expression vector, two shuttle vectors were designed as described below.

Preparation of CH1 The CH1 domain was amplified by PCR using the pdHL2 plasmid vector as a template. The left PCR primer is composed of a SacII restriction endonuclease site upstream (5 ′) of the CH1 domain and 5 ′ of the CH1 coding sequence. The right primer consists of a sequence encoding the first 4 residues of the hinge followed by a short linker, with the last two codons containing a BamHI restriction site.
5 'of CH1 Left primer
5 ′ GAACCCTCGCGGACAGTTAAG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 63)
CH1 + G ₄ S-Bam Right
5 ′ GGATCCTCCGCGCGCCGCAGCCTCTTAGGTTTCTTGTCCCACTTGGTGTTGCTGG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 64)

  A 410 bp PCR unprimer was cloned into pGemT PCR cloning vector (Promega) and clones were screened for T7 (5 ') oriented inserts.

_(G 4 _S) 2 11 residues Construction linker peptide DDD1 encodes the amino acid sequence of DDD1 the preceding, the first two codons comprising a BamHI restriction _site, duplexes termed _{(G 4} S) 2 DDD1 Oligonucleotides were synthesized by Sigma Genosys (Heveril, UK). A stop codon and an EagI restriction site are added to the 3 ′ end. The encoded polypeptide sequence is shown below.
GSGGGGSGGGGSHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA (SEQ ID NO: 65)

Two oligonucleotides called RIIA1-44top and RIIA1-44bottom, which overlap 30 base pairs at their 3 ′ ends, were synthesized (Sigma Genosys) and combined to include the central 154 base pairs of the 174 bp DDD1 sequence It was. Oligonucleotides were annealed and subjected to a primer extension reaction using Taq polymerase.
RIIA1-44 Top
5 'GTGGCGGGTCTGGCGGAGGGTGGCAGCCACATCCAGATCCGCCCGGGGCTCACGGAGCTGCTGCAGGGCTACACGGTGGAGGGTGCTGCGAGAG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 66)
RIIA1-44 Bottom
5 'GCGCGAGCTTCTCTCCAGGCGGGGTGAAGTACCTCCACTGCGAATTCGACGAGGTCAGGGCGCTGCTGTCGCAGCACCTCCCCGGTTAGCCCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 67)

After extending the primers, the duplex was amplified by PCR using the following primers:
G4S Bam-Left
5′-GGATCCGGAGGTGGCGGGTCTGGCGGAGGT-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 68)
1-44 stop Eag Right
5′-CGGCCGTCAAGCGCGAGCTTCTCTCAGGGCG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 69)

  This unprimer was cloned into pGemT and screened for T7 (5 ') oriented inserts.

Construction of (G ₄ S) ₂ -AD1 Eleven residues of the linker peptide encode the preceding amino acid sequence of AD1, and the first two codons contain a BamHI restriction site, referred to as (G ₄ S) ₂ -AD1. Single-stranded oligonucleotides were synthesized (Sigma Genosys). A stop codon and an EagI restriction site are added to the 3 ′ end. The encoded polypeptide sequence is shown below.
GSGGGGSGGGGSQIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQA (SEQ ID NO: 70)

Two complementary overlapping oligonucleotides called AKAP-IS Top and AKAP-IS Bottom were synthesized.
AKAP-IS Top
5 'GGATCCGGAGGTGCGCGGGTCTGGCGCAGCCAGATCGAGTACCTGGCCAAGCAGATCTGGACACAGCCATCATCAGCAGGCCTGACGGCCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 71)
AKAP-IS Bottom
5'CGGCCGTCAGGCCCTGCTGGATGGCGGTGTCCACGATCTGCTTGGCCAGTACTCGATCTGGCTGCCCACTCCGCCCAGACCCCCCACCCTCCGGATCC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 72)

The duplex was amplified by PCR using the following primers:
G4S Bam-Left
5′-GGATCCGGAGGTGGCGGGTCTGGCGGAGGT-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 73)
AKAP-IS stop Eagle Right
5′-CGGCCGTCAGGGCCTGCTGGATG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 74)

  This unprimer was cloned into the pGemT vector and screened for T7 (5 ') oriented inserts.

Ligation of DDD1 and CH1 A 190 bp fragment encoding the DDD1 sequence was excised from pGemT using BamHI and NotI restriction enzymes and then ligated to the same site of CH1-pGemT to generate the shuttle vector CH1-DDD1-pGemT.

Ligation of AD1 and CH1 A 110 bp fragment containing the AD1 sequence was excised from pGemT using BamHI and NotI and then ligated to the same site of CH1-pGemT to generate the shuttle vector CH1-AD1-pGemT.

Cloning of CH1-DDD1 or CH1-AD1 into a pdHL2-based vector This modular design allows either CH1-DDD1 or CH1-AD1 to be incorporated into any IgG construct in the pdHL2 vector. Heavy chain constant domain by removing the SacII / EagI restriction fragment (CH1-CH3) from pdHL2 and replacing it with the SacII / EagI fragment of CH1-DDD1 or CH1-AD1 excised from the respective pGemT shuttle vector The whole is replaced with one of the above constructs.

N-terminal DDD domain The position of DDD or AD is not limited to the carboxyl terminus of CH1. A construct was made in which the DDD1 sequence was attached to the amino terminus of the VH domain.

Example 2: Construction of Expression Vector h679-Fd-AD1-pdHL2 h679-Fd-AD1-pdHL2 is a carboxyl in the CH1 domain of Fd via a flexible Gly / Ser peptide spacer composed of 14 amino acid residues. An expression vector for producing h679 Fab with AD1 attached to the end. By replacing the SacII / EagI fragment with the CH1-AD1 fragment excised from the CH1-AD1-SV3 shuttle vector using SacII and EagI, a vector based on pdHL2 containing the variable domain of h679 was transformed into h679-Fd-AD1-pdHL2. Converted to.

Construction of C-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 C-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 is obtained by binding DDD1 to the hMN-14 Fab at the carboxyl terminus of CH1 via a flexible peptide spacer. An expression vector for producing the fusion protein C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14. Digestion with SacII and EagI restriction endonuclease removes the CH1-CH3 domain and inserts the CH1-DDD1 fragment excised from the CH1-DDD1-SV3 shuttle vector using SacII and EagI to produce hMN-14 IgG The plasmid vector hMN14 (I) -pdHL2 used for this purpose was converted to C-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2.

Construction of N-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 N-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 is obtained by binding DDD1 to the amino terminal hMN-14 Fab of VH via a flexible peptide spacer. An expression vector for producing a stable dimer containing two copies of the fusion protein N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14. The expression vector was manipulated as follows. The DDD1 domain was amplified by PCR using the two primers shown below.
DDD1 Nco Left
5′CCATGGGCAGCCACCATCCAGATCCCGCC-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 75)
DDD1-G ₄ S Bam Right
5 ′ GGATCCGCCACCTCCCAGATCCTCCCGCCCCACGCGGAGCTTCTCTCAGGCGGGTG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 76)

  As a result of PCR, the coding sequence of the NcoI restriction site and part of the linker containing the BamHI restriction was added to the 5 'and 3' ends, respectively. A 170 bp PCR unprimer was cloned into the pGemT vector and clones were screened for T7 (5 ') oriented inserts. The 194 bp insert was excised from the pGemT vector using NcoI and SalI restriction enzymes and cloned into the SV3 shuttle vector prepared by digestion with those same enzymes to generate the intermediate vector DDD1-SV3.

The hMN-14 Fd sequence was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotide primers shown below.
hMN-14VH left G4S Bam
5′-GGATCCGGCGGAGGTGGCCTCTGAGGTCCAACTGGTGGAGAGCGG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 77)
CH1-C stop Eag
5′-CGGCCGTCAGCCAGCCTCTTAGGTTTCTTGTC-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 78)

  As a result of PCR, a BamHI restriction site and a coding sequence of a part of the linker were added to the 5 'end of the unprimer. A stop codon and an EagI restriction site were added at the 3 'end. A 1043 bp amp primer was cloned into pGemT. The hMN-14-Fd insert was ligated into the DDD1-SV3 vector prepared by excising from pGemT using BamHI and EagI restriction enzymes and subsequent digestion with those same enzymes to construct N-DDD1-hMN-14Fd- SV3 was generated.

  N-DDD1-hMN-14 Fd sequence was excised using XhoI and EagI restriction enzymes and a 1.28 kb insert fragment was prepared by digesting C-hMN-14-pdHL2 using these same enzymes Ligated into fragments. The final expression vector is N-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pDHL2.

Example 3 Production and purification of h679-Fab-AD1 679 antibodies bind to HSG target antigen and can be purified by affinity chromatography. The h679-Fd-AD1-pdHL2 vector was linearized by digestion with SalI restriction endonuclease and transfected into Sp / EEE myeloma cells by electroporation. The bicistronic expression vector directs the synthesis and secretion of both h679 kappa light chain and h679Fd-AD1, which together form h679Fab-AD1. After electroporation, cells were seeded in 96 well tissue culture plates and transfected clones were selected with 0.05 μM methotrexate (MTX). Clones were screened for protein expression by ELISA detected with HRP-conjugated goat anti-human Fab using microtiter plates coated with BSA-IMP-260 (HSG) conjugate. Productivity was determined by measuring the initial slope resulting from the injection of diluted media samples using BIAcore analysis using an HSG (IMP-239) sensor chip. The clone with the highest productivity showed an initial productivity of approximately 30 mg / L. A total of 230 mg h679-Fab-AD1 was purified from 4.5 liter rotating bottle cultures in a single step IMP-291 affinity chromatography. The medium was concentrated approximately 10-fold by ultrafiltration before being loaded onto the IMP-291-affigel column. The column was washed with PBS until the baseline was reached, and h679-Fab-AD1 was eluted with 1M imidazole, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1M NaAc, pH 4.5. SE-HPLC analysis of the eluate showed a single sharp peak showing a residence time (9.63 min) consistent with the 50 kDa protein (not shown). In reduced SDS-PAGE analysis, only two bands representing the polypeptide component of h679-AD1 were evident (not shown).

Example 4 Production and purification of N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 and C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 C-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 and N-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 vectors Sp2 / 0-derived myeloma cells were transfected by poration. C-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 is a bicistronic expression vector that combines both hMN-14 kappa light chain and hMN-14 Fd-DDD1, which together form C-DDD1-hMN-14 Fab. Directs synthesis and secretion. N-DDD1-hMN-14-pdHL2 is a bicistronic expression vector of hMN-14 kappa light chain and N-DDD1-Fd-hMN-14 that together form N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14. Directs both synthesis and secretion. Each fusion protein forms a stable homodimer due to the interaction of the DDD1 domain.

  After electroporation, cells were seeded in 96 well tissue culture plates and transfected clones were selected with 0.05 μM methotrexate (MTX). Clones were screened for protein expression by ELISA detected with HRP-conjugated goat anti-human Fab using a microtiter plate coated with rat anti-id monoclonal antibody against WI2 (hMN-14. C-DDD1 produced most abundantly The initial productivity of the Fab-hMN14 Fab and N-DDD1-Fab-hMN14 Fab clones was 60 mg / L and 6 mg / L, respectively.

Affinity purification of N-DDD1-hMN-14 and C-DDD1-hMN-14 by AD1-Affigel DDD1-AD interactions were used to affinity purify DDD1-containing constructs. AD1-C is a synthetically engineered peptide composed of the AD1 sequence and the carboxyl terminal cysteine residue used to bind the peptide to Affigel after reacting the sulfhydryl group with chloroacetic anhydride. . DDD containing _{a 2} structure at neutral pH AD1-C-Affigel resin specifically bound, low pH (e.g., pH 2.5) can be eluted with.

  A total of 81 mg of C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 was purified from a 1.2 liter rotating bottle culture by one-step AD1-C affinity chromatography. The medium was concentrated approximately 10-fold by ultrafiltration before being loaded onto the AD1-C-affigel column. The column was washed with PBS until the baseline was reached and C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 was eluted with 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5. SE-HPLC analysis of the eluate showed a single sharp peak showing a residence time (8.7 minutes) consistent with the 107 kDa protein (not shown). The purity was confirmed by reducing SDS-PAGE showing only two bands of the expected molecular size in the two polypeptide components of C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 (not shown).

  A total of 10 mg N-DDD1-hMN-14 was purified from a 1.2 liter rotating bottle culture by one-step AD1-C affinity chromatography. SE-HPLC analysis of the eluate showed a single protein peak with a residence time (8.77 min) consistent with the 107 kDa protein, similar to C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 (not shown). Reduced SDS-PAGE showed only two bands due to the polypeptide component of N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 (not shown).

  The binding activity of C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 was determined by SE-HPLC analysis of samples in which test substances were mixed with various amounts of WI2. A sample prepared by mixing WI2 Fab and C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 at a molar ratio of 0.75: 1 was unbound C-DDD1-Fab-hMN14 (8.71 min), one WI2 Fab. Showed three peaks due to C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 (7.95 min) bound to 2 and C-DDD1-Fab-hMN14 (7.37 min) bound to 2 WI2 Fabs (not shown) ). When a sample containing WI2 Fab and C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 at a molar ratio of 4 was analyzed, only a single peak at 7.36 minutes was observed (not shown). These results demonstrate that hMN14-Fab-DDD1 is a dimer and has two active binding sites. When this experiment was repeated with N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14, very similar results were obtained.

  By competitive ELISA, both C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 and N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 have binding activity similar to hMN-14 IgG and significantly stronger than monovalent hMN-14 Fab. (Not shown). The ELISA plate was coated with a fusion protein containing an epitope of CEA (A3B3) where hMN-14 is specific.

Example 5 FIG. forming a ₂ b basis of complex formation of a ₂ b complex, the C-DDD1-Fab-hMN- 14 ( as _{a 2)} and a mixture containing equimolar amounts h679-Fab-AD1 (as a b) Provided by SE-HPLC analysis. Analysis of such a sample is 8.40 consistent with the formation of a new protein larger than either h679-Fab-AD1 (9.55 min) or C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 (8.73 min). A single peak with a residence time of minutes was observed (not shown). When hMN-14F (ab ′) ₂ was mixed with h679-Fab-AD1 or C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 was mixed with 679-Fab-NEM, no upfield shift was observed, It was demonstrated that the interaction is specifically mediated through the DDD1 and AD1 domains. Very similar results were obtained using h679-Fab-AD1 and N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 (not shown).

BIAcore was used to further demonstrate and characterize the specific interaction between DD1 and AD1 fusion proteins. First, either h679-Fab-AD1 or 679-Fab-NEM is bound to the surface of the high density HSG binding (IMP 239) sensor chip, and then C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 or hMN-14F (ab ') Experiments were performed by injecting ₂ afterwards. As expected, only the combination of h679-Fab-AD1 and C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 resulted in a further increase in response units when the latter was injected (not shown). Similar results were obtained using N-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 and h679-Fab-AD1 (not shown).

Equilibrium SE-HPLC experiments were performed to determine the binding affinity of specific interactions between AD1 and DDD1 present in each fusion protein. The dissociation constants (K _d ) of h679-Fab-AD1 binding to commercial samples of C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14, N-DDD1-hMN-14, and recombinant human RIIα were 15 nM, 8 nM, and 30 nM, respectively. It was found that

Example 6 Affinity purification of either DDD or AD fusion proteins A universal affinity purification system can be developed by producing DDD or AD proteins that exhibit lower affinity docking. DDD formed by the RIα dimer binds to AKAP-IS (AD1) with a 500-fold weaker affinity (225 nM) compared to RIIα. Thus, an RIα dimer formed with the first 44 amino acid residues can be produced and attached to the resin to create an affinity matrix for purifying any AD1-containing fusion protein.

  Many low affinity (0.1 μM) AKAP anchor domains exist in nature. If necessary, highly predictable amino acid substitutions can be introduced to further reduce binding affinity. Low affinity AD can be produced either synthetically or biologically and can be conjugated to a resin used for affinity purification of any DDD1 fusion protein.

Example 7 Vector N-DDD2-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 for producing disulfide stabilized structures
N-DDD2-hMN-14-pdHL2 is an expression vector for producing N-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 having a DDD2 dimerization and docking domain sequence added to the amino terminus of Fd. DDD2 is attached to the _VH domain via a 15 amino acid residue Gly / Ser peptide linker. DDD2 had a cysteine residue preceding the dimerization and docking sequence, which was identical to that of DDD1.

The expression vector was manipulated as follows. Two overlapping complementary oligonucleotides (DDD2 Top and DDD2 Bottom) containing residues 1-13 of DDD2 were made synthetically. Oligonucleotides were annealed and phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK), resulting in 5 ′ and 3 ′ end overhangs compatible with ligation with DNA digested with restriction endonucleases NcoI and PstI, respectively.
DDD2 Top
5′CATGTGCGGCCACCATCCAGATCCGCCCGGGGCTCACGGAGCTGCTGCA-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 79)
DDD2 Bottom
5′GCAGCTCCGTGAGCCCCCGGCGGGATCTGGATGTGGCCGCA-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 80)

  Double-stranded DNA was ligated to the vector fragment, DDD1-hMN14 Fd-SV3, prepared by digesting with NcoI and PstI to generate the intermediate construct DDD2-hMN14 Fd-SV3. The 1.28 kb insert fragment containing the DDD2-hMN14 Fd coding sequence was excised from the intermediate construct using XhoI and EagI restriction endonucleases and digested with those same enzymes into the hMN14-pdHL2 vector DNA prepared. Ligated. The final expression vector is N-DDD2-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2.

C-DDD2-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2
C-DDD2-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2 is a C-DDD2 having a DDD2 dimerization and docking domain sequence added to the carboxyl terminus of Fd via a 14 amino acid residue Gly / Ser peptide linker -An expression vector for producing Fab-hMN-14. The expression vector was manipulated as follows. Two overlapping complementary oligonucleotides containing a portion of the linker peptide (GGGGSGGGCG, SEQ ID NO: 81) and the coding sequence of residues 1-13 of DDD2 were made synthetically. Oligonucleotides were annealed, phosphorylated with T4 PNK, resulting in 5 ′ and 3 ′ end overhangs compatible with ligation with DNA digested with the restriction endonucleases BamHI and PstI, respectively.
G4S-DDD2 top
5'GATCCGGAGGTGGCGGGGTCTGGCGGAGTCTGCGGCCACATCCAGATCCCGCCGGGGGCTCACGGAGCTGCGCA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 82)
G4S-DDD2 bottom
5′GCAGCTCCGTGAGCCCCGGCGGGATCTGGATGTGGCCGCAACCTCCCGCCAACCCCGCCCACCTCCG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 83)

  The double-stranded DNA was ligated to the shuttle vector CH1-DDD1-pGemT prepared by digesting with BamHI and PstI to generate the shuttle vector CH1-DDD2-pGemT. The 507 bp fragment was excised from CH1-DDD2-pGemT using SacII and EagI and ligated to the IgG expression vector hMN14 (I) -pdHL2 prepared by digestion with SacII and EagI. The final expression construct is C-DDD2-Fd-hMN-14-pdHL2.

h679-Fd-AD2-pdHL2
h679-Fd-AD2-pdHL2 is expressed to produce h679-Fab-AD2 with an AD2 anchor domain sequence appended to the carboxyl terminus of the CH1 domain via a 14 amino acid residue Gly / Ser peptide linker It is a vector. AD2 has one cysteine residue in front of the anchor domain sequence of AD1 and another cysteine residue after.

The expression vector was manipulated as follows. Two overlapping complementary oligonucleotides (AD2Top and AD2Bottom) containing the coding sequences of part of AD2 and the linker peptide were made synthetically. Oligonucleotides were annealed, phosphorylated with T4 PNK, resulting in 5 ′ and 3 ′ end overhangs that were compatible with ligation with DNA digested with the restriction endonucleases BamHI and SpeI, respectively.
AD2 Top
5'GATCCGGAGGTGGCGGGGTCTGGGCGGATGCGGCAGATCGAGTACCTGGCCAAGCAGATCGTGGACAACGCCATCCAGCAGCGCGCGCTGCTGAA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 84)
AD2 Bottom
5'TTCAGCAGCCGGCCTGCTGGATGGCGGTGTCCACGATCTGCTTGGCGCGTACTCGATCTGGCCACATCCGCCACACCGCCCACCTCCG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 85)

  The double-stranded DNA was ligated to the shuttle vector CH1-AD1-pGemT prepared by digesting with BamHI and SpeI to generate the shuttle vector CH1-AD2-pGemT. A 429 base pair fragment containing the CH1 and AD2 coding sequences was excised from the shuttle vector using SacII and EagI restriction enzymes and ligated into the h679-pdHL2 vector prepared by digestion with those same enzymes. The final expression vector is h679-Fd-AD2-pdHL2.

Example 8 FIG. Generation of TF1 A large scale preparation of a trivalent DNL construct designated TF1 was performed as follows. First, N-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 (purified with protein L) and h679-Fab-AD2 (purified with IMP-291) were added at approximately stoichiometric concentrations in 1 mM EDTA, PBS, pH 7.4. Mixed. Prior to the addition of TCEP, SE-HPLC showed no evidence of a ₂ b formation (not shown). Instead, there were peaks representing a ₄ (7.97 min; ₂₀₀ kDa), a ₂ (8.91 min; 100 kDa), and B (10.01 min; 50 kDa). Addition of 5 mM TCEP rapidly resulted in the formation of an a ₂ b complex indicated by a new peak at 8.43 min consistent with the 150 kDa protein (not shown). In this experiment, since the peak attributable to the h679-Fab-AD2 (9.72 min) was still evident, although B It was obvious that were present in excess, corresponding to any of _{a 2} or _{a 4} No obvious peak was observed. After 1 hour of reduction, TCEP was removed by dialyzing overnight with several changes of PBS. The resulting solution was adjusted to 10% DMSO and kept at room temperature overnight.

And analyzed by SE-HPLC, peaks representing _{a 2} b are sharpened, it was observed that only the residence time 0.1 minutes ～8.31 minutes was slightly slower (not shown). This indicates an increase in binding affinity based on our previous findings. The complex was further purified by IMP-291 affinity chromatography to remove kappa chain contaminants. As expected, excess h679-AD2 was simultaneously purified and then removed by preparative SE-HPLC.

TF1 is a very stable complex. When TF1 was tested for binding to the HSG (IMP-239) sensor chip, no apparent decrease in response was observed at the end of sample injection. In contrast, when a solution containing an equimolar mixture of both C-DDD1-Fab-hMN-14 and h679-Fab-AD1 was tested under similar conditions, the observed increase in response units was There was a detectable drop between and immediately after injection, indicating that the initially formed a ₂ b structure was unstable. Furthermore, subsequent injection of WI2 resulted in a substantial increase in the response unit of TF1, but for the C-DDD1 / AD1 mixture, the increase was not obvious.

The further increase in response units due to the binding of WI2 to TF1 immobilized on the sensor chip corresponds to two fully functional binding sites, with one subunit of N-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 being It contributed to each of them. This was confirmed by the ability of TF1 to bind to the two Fab fragments of WI2 (not shown). When a mixture containing h679-AD2 and N-DDD1-hMN14 reduced and oxidized exactly as TF1 was analyzed by BIAcore, there was little further binding of WI2 (not shown) and stabilized with disulfides such as TF1. It has been shown that the a ₂ b complex produced can only be caused by the interaction of DDD2 and AD2.

Two improvements were made to the process that reduced process time and efficiency. First, using a slight molar excess of N-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 present as a mixture of a ₄ / a ₂ structures, no free h679-Fab-AD2 remained and h679-Fab- Reacted with h679-Fab-AD2 such that any a ₄ / a ₂ structure that was not tethered to AD2 as well as the light chain would be removed by IMP-291 affinity chromatography. Second, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) was used instead of dialysis or diafiltration as a means of removing TCEP after reduction. This will not only shorten the process time, but may also add a virus removal step. N-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 and 679-Fab-AD2 were mixed and reduced with 5 mM TCEP for 1 hour at room temperature. The solution was adjusted to 0.75M ammonium sulfate and then loaded onto a butyl FF HIC column. The column was washed with 0.75 M ammonium sulfate, 5 mM EDTA, PBS to remove TCEP. The reduced protein was eluted from the HIC column with PBS and adjusted to 10% DMSO. After overnight incubation at room temperature, highly purified TF1 was isolated by IMP-291 affinity chromatography (not shown). Additional purification steps such as gel filtration were not necessary.

Example 9 Generation of TF2 After successful generation of TF1, an analog designated TF2 was obtained by reacting C-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 with h679-Fab-AD2. A trial batch of TF2 was produced in a yield greater than 90% as follows. C-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 (200 mg) purified with protein L was mixed with h679-Fab-AD2 (60 mg) at a molar ratio of 1.4: 1. The total protein concentration was 1.5 mg / ml in PBS containing 1 mM EDTA. Subsequent steps involving TCEP reduction, HIC chromatography, DMSO oxidation, and IMP-291 affinity chromatography were the same as described for TF1. Prior to the addition of TCEP, SE-HPLC showed no evidence of a ₂ b formation (not shown). Instead, there were peaks corresponding to a ₄ (8.40 min; 215 kDa), a ₂ (9.32 min; 107 kDa), and b (10.33 min; 50 kDa). Addition of 5 mM TCEP rapidly resulted in the formation of an a ₂ b complex indicated by a new peak at 8.77 minutes (not shown) consistent with the expected 157 kDa protein for the binary structure. TF2 was purified to near homogeneity by IMP-291 affinity chromatography (not shown). IMP-291 the unbound fraction by analyzing by _SE-HPLC, it was demonstrated that _a 4, a _2, and free kappa chains were removed from the product (not shown).

The functionality of TF2 was determined with BIACORE as described for TF1. TF2, C-DDD1-hMN-14 + h679-AD1 (used as control sample for non-covalent a ₂ b complex) or C-DDD2-hMN-14 + h679-AD2 (as non-reduced a ₂ and b component control samples) Used) was diluted to 1 μg / ml (total protein) and passed through a sensor chip on which HSG had been immobilized. The response of TF2 was approximately twice that of the two control samples, indicating that only the h679-Fab-AD component in the control sample will bind and remain on the sensor chip. Subsequent injection of WI2 IgG demonstrated that only TF2 has a DDD-Fab-hMN-14 component strongly bound to h679-Fab-AD as indicated by the additional signal response. . In addition, the further increase in response units due to the binding of WI2 to TF2 immobilized on the sensor chip corresponds to two fully functional binding sites, and one sub-part of C-DDD2-Fab-hMN-14 Units contributed to each of them. This was confirmed by the ability of TF2 to bind to the two Fab fragments of WI2 (not shown).

  The relative CEA binding activity of TF2 was determined by competitive ELISA. Plates were coated with a fusion protein containing the A3B3 domain of CEA recognized by hMN-14 (0.5 μg / well). Serial dilutions of TF1, TF2, and hMN-14 IgG were made in quadruplicate and incubated in wells containing HRP-conjugated hMN-14 IgG (1 nM). The data show that TF2 binds to CEA with a binding activity that is at least similar to the binding activity of IgG and twice as strong as TF1 (not shown).

Example 10 Serum stability of TF1 and TF2 TF1 and TF2 were designed to be stable tethered structures that can be used in vivo where extensive dilutions occur in blood and tissues. The stability of TF2 in human serum was evaluated using BIACORE. TF2 was diluted to 0.1 mg / ml with fresh human serum stored from 4 donors and incubated for 7 days at 37 ° C. under 5% CO ₂ . Daily samples were diluted 1:25 and then analyzed by BIACORE using an IMP-239HSG sensor chip. WI2 IgG injection was used to quantify the amount of complete and fully active TF2. Serum samples were compared to control samples diluted directly from the stock solution. TF2 is highly stable in serum and retains 98% of its bispecific binding activity after 7 days (not shown). Similar results were obtained for TF1 in either human or mouse serum (not shown).

Example 11 Generation of C-H-AD2-IgG-pdHL2 Expression Vector The pdHL2 mammalian expression vector has been used to mediate the expression of a large number of recombinant IgGs (Qu et al., Methods 2005, 36: 84-95. ). In order to facilitate the conversion of any IgG-pdHL2 vector to a CH-AD2-IgG-pdHL2 vector, a plasmid shuttle vector was generated. The gene of Fc (CH2 and CH3 domains) was amplified using pdHL2 vector as a template and oligonucleotides Fc BglII Left and Fc Bam-EcoRI Right as primers.
Fc BglII Left
5′-AGATCTGGCGCACCTGACTCCTG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 86)
Fc Bam-EcoRI Right
5′-GAATTCGGATCTCTTTACCCGGAGACAGGGAGAG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 87)

  The unprimer was cloned into the pGemT PCR cloning vector. The Fc insert fragment was excised from pGemT using XbaI and BamHI restriction enzymes and ligated to the AD2-pdHL2 vector prepared by digesting h679-Fab-AD2-pdHL2 with XbaI and BamHI, and the shuttle vector Fc-AD2 -PdHL2 was produced.

  In order to convert any IgG-pdHL2 expression vector into a C-H-AD2-IgG-pdHL2 expression vector, an 861 bp BsrGI / NdeI restriction fragment was excised from the former and a 952 bp BsrGI excised from the Fc-AD2-pdHL2 vector. Replaced with / NdeI restriction fragment. BsrGI cleaves the CH3 domain and NdeI cleaves downstream (3 ') of the expression cassette.

Example 12 Production of C-H-AD2-hLL2 IgG Epiratuzumab, or hLL2 IgG, is a humanized anti-human CD22 MAb. An expression vector for C-H-AD2-hLL2 IgG was generated from hLL2 IgG-pdHL2 as described in Example 11 and used to transfect Sp2 / 0 myeloma cells by electroporation. After transfection, cells were seeded in 96-well plates and transgenic clones were selected in medium containing methotrexate. Clones were screened for C-H-AD2-hLL2 IgG productivity by sandwich ELISA detecting with peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG using 96-well microtiter plates coated with hLL2-specific anti-idiotype MAb. Clones were grown in a rotating bottle for protein production and C-H-AD2-hLL2 IgG was purified from spent media in one step using protein A affinity chromatography. SE-HPLC analysis separated two protein peaks (not shown). The residence time of the slower elution peak (8.63 minutes) was similar to hLL2 IgG. The residence time of the more rapidly eluted peak (7.75 minutes) was consistent with the approximately 300 kDa protein. Later, this peak was found to be a disulfide-linked dimer of C—H—AD2-hLL2-IgG. This dimer is reduced to the monomer form during the DNL reaction. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that purified CH-AD2-hLL2-IgG was composed of both a monomeric form of the module and a dimeric form of the module linked by disulfide (non- display). The protein bands representing these two forms were evident in SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, but under reducing conditions all forms consisted of two representing the component polypeptides (heavy chain-AD2 and kappa chain). Reduced to band (not shown). Other contaminant bands were not detected.

Example 13 Production of C-H-AD2-hA20 IgG hA20 IgG is a humanized anti-human CD20 MAb. An expression vector for C-H-AD2-hA20 IgG was generated from hA20 IgG-pDHL2 as described in Example 27 and used to transfect Sp2 / 0 myeloma cells by electroporation. After transfection, cells were seeded in 96-well plates and transgenic clones were selected in medium containing methotrexate. Clones were screened for C-H-AD2-hA20 IgG productivity by sandwich ELISA detecting with peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG using 96 well microtiter plates coated with hA20 specific anti-idiotype MAb. Clones were grown in a rotating bottle for protein production and C-H-AD2-hA20 IgG was purified from spent media in one step using protein A affinity chromatography. SE-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analysis gave results very similar to those obtained for CH-AD2-hLL2 IgG in Example 28.

Example 14 Production of AD and DDD-binding Fab and IgG fusion proteins derived from multiple antibodies Using the techniques described in the examples above, the following IgG or Fab fusion proteins were constructed and incorporated into DNL constructs. The fusion protein retained the antigen-binding characteristics of the parent antibody, and the DNL construct showed the antigen-binding activity of the incorporated antibody or antibody fragment.

Example 15. Production of a DDD module based on interferon (IFN) -α2b Construction of IFN-α2b-DDD2-pdHL2 for expression in mammalian cells A sequence comprising IFN-α2b fused to the peptide resulted:
KSHHHHHHGSGGGGGSGGGCGHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRRQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA (SEQ ID NO: 88).

PCR amplification was achieved using a full length human IFNα2b cDNA clone (Ultimate ORF human clone catalog number HORF01 clone ID IOH35221 from Invitrogen) as a template and the following oligonucleotides as primers:
IFNA2 Xba I Left
TCTAGACACAGGACCCTCATCATGGCCTTGACCTTTGCTTTACTGG (SEQ ID NO: 89)
IFNA2 BamHI right
GGATCCATGATGGTGATGATGGTGTGACTTTTCCTACTACTCTTAAACTTTCTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 90)

The PCR unprimer was cloned into the pGemT vector. The DDD2-pdHL2 mammalian expression vector was prepared for ligation to IFN-α2b as follows. The C _H1 -DDD2-Fab-hMN-14-pdHL2 (Rossi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 6841-6) vector was digested with XbaI and BamHI. This removes all of the Fab gene sequence but leaves behind the DDD2 coding sequence. The IFN-α2b amplimer was excised from pGemT using XbaI and BamHI and ligated into the DDD2-pdHL2 vector to generate the expression vector IFN-α2b-DDD2-pdHL2.

Mammalian cell expression of IFN-α2b-DDD2 IFN-α2b-DDD2-pdHL2 was linearized by digestion with SalI and stably transfected into Sp / ESF myeloma cells by electroporation. By ELISA, two clones were found to have detectable levels of IFN-α2b. One of the two clones, designated 95, was suitable for growth on serum-free medium and did not substantially reduce productivity. The clone was then amplified for 5 weeks with increasing MTX concentrations of 0.1-0.8 μM. At this stage, it was subcloned by limiting dilution and the most producing subclone (95-5) was grown. The productivity of 95-5 grown in shake flasks was estimated to be 2.5 mg / L using commercially available rIFN-α2b (Chemicon IF007, lot 06008039084) as a standard.

Purification of IFN-α2b-DDD2 from batch culture grown in rotating bottles Clone 95-5 was grown in 34 rotating bottles containing a total of 20 L serum-free hybridoma SFM with 0.8 μM MTX for final culture Reached. The culture broth was processed and IFN-α2b-DDD2 was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) as follows. The supernatant is clarified by centrifugation, 0.2 μM filtered, diafiltered into 1 × binding buffer (10 mM imidazole, 0.5 M NaCl, 50 mM NaH ₂ PO ₄ , pH 7.5) and concentrated to 310 mL Tween 20 was added to a final concentration of 0.1% and loaded onto a 30 mL Ni-NTA column. After loading the sample, the column was washed with 0.02% Tween 20 in 500 mL of 1 × binding buffer followed by 290 mL 30 mM imidazole, 0.02% Tween 20, 0.5 M NaCl, 50 mM NaH ₂ PO ₄ , pH 7 .5. The product was eluted with 110 mL of 250 mM imidazole, 0.02% Tween 20, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaH ₂ PO ₄ , pH 7.5. Approximately 6 mg of IFNα2b-DDD2 was purified.

Production of IFN-α2b-DDD2 in E. coli IFN-α2b-DDD2 was also expressed as a soluble protein in E. coli by microbial fermentation. The coding sequence was amplified by PCR using IFN-α2b-DDD2-pdHL2 DNA as a template. The unprimer was cloned into the pET26b E. coli expression vector using NdeI and XhoI restriction sites. Proteins were expressed intracellularly in BL21pLysS host cells by inducing LB shake flasks at 18 ° C. with 100 μM IPTG for 12 hours. Soluble IFN-α2b-DDD2 was purified by IMAC from cell lysates as described above.

Example 16 DNL construct called 20-2b including C _H3 -AD2-IgG in one production DNL conjugate comprising a IFN alpha 2b-DDD2 coupled in _C H3 -AD2-IgG into four copies coupled IFN alpha 2b-DDD2 Bodies were produced in DNL by combining two DNL modules, C _H3- AD2-IgG-v-mab and IFNα2b-DDD2, each expressed in Sp / ESF. A MAb-IFNα construct generated with additional DNL that is similar in design to 20-2b (humanized IgG1 + 4IFNα2b) but with a different targeted MAb was used as a symmetry in some experiments. 22-2b has as its AD2 module, directed against _{CD22, C H3 -AD2-IgG-} e-mab binding to lymphoma (epratuzumab), 734-2B as its AD2 module, hapten , directed against an in-DTPA, the animal protein or tissue has a _C H3 _{-AD2-IgG-h734} that does not bind at all, R12b is coupled to human insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) C _H3- AD2-IgG-hR1 is used.

A 20-2b DNL construct was made as follows. The selected CH ₃ -AD2-IgG is mixed with approximately 2 molar equivalents of IFN-α2b-DDD2, 1 mM EDTA and 2 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) are added, and the mixture is then allowed to warm to room temperature overnight under mild conditions. Reduced. Oxidized glutathione was added to 2 mM and the mixture was held at room temperature for an additional 12-24 hours. The DNL conjugate was purified by Protein A affinity cam. Four such DNL conjugates, designated 20-2b, 22-2b, hR1-2b, and 243-2b, were prepared. Each of them has C _H3 -AD2-IgG-hA20 (specificity to CD20), C _H3 -AD2-IgG-hLL2 (specificity to CD22), C _H3 -AD2-IgG-hR1 (IGF- 1R) and 4 copies of IFN-α2b tethered to C _H3- AD2-IgG-hL243 (specific to HLA-DR). SE-HPLC analysis of 20-2b produced from IFN-α2b-DDD2 produced in mammals (m) or E. coli (e) shows that each is a covalent complex composed of IgG and IFN-α2 groups It showed a main peak indicating a residence time consistent with the body. Similar SE-HPLC profiles were observed for the other three IFN-IgG conjugates.

In Vitro Activity of IFN-IgG Conjugates The in vitro 20-2b IFNα biological activity was measured using commercially available pegylated IFNα2 agonists, PEGASYS, and cell-based reporters, viral protection, and lymphoma proliferation assays. Comparison with IFNα biological activity of PEG-intron. Specific activity was determined using a cell-based kit using a transgenic human promonocytic cell line carrying a reporter gene fused to an interferon-stimulated response element (FIGS. 1A-1D). The specific activity of 20-2b (5300 IU / pmol) was greater than both PEGASYS (170 IU / pmol) and PEG-intron (3400 IU / pmol) (FIG. 1A). The 734-2b, 1R-2b, and 5 additional MAb-IFNα constructs (data not shown), produced similarly to 20-2b, each showed similar specific activity (4000-8000 IU / pmol) The consistency of the DNL method for generating such structures was demonstrated (FIG. 1A). Having four IFNα2b groups contributed to the enhanced potency of MAb-IFNα. When normalized to IFNα equivalents, specific activity / IFNα was about 10-fold greater than PEGASYS and only about 2-fold lower than PEG-intron.

  By comparing MAb-IFNα, PEGASYS, and PEG-intron in an in vitro virus protection assay, MAb-IFNα retains IFNα2b antiviral activity, similar to PEG-intron, with 10-fold greater specific activity than PEGASYS (FIG. 1B).

IFNα2b can show a direct antiproliferative or cytotoxic effect against several tumor lines. The activity of 20-2b was measured in an in vitro proliferation assay using a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Daudi) that is highly sensitive to IFNα (FIG. 1C). Each of the IFNα2 agonists effectively inhibited Daudi (> 90%) in vitro (EC ₅₀ = 4-10 pM). However, 20-2b (EC ₅₀ = 0.25 pM) was approximately 30 times more potent than the non-targeted Mab-IFNα construct.
The parental anti-CD20 MAb of 20-2b is in vitro in a number of lymphoma cell lines including Daudi (Rossi et al., 2008; Cancer Res 68: 8384-92) at significantly higher concentrations (EC ₅₀ > 10 nM). Shows antiproliferative activity.

In addition, the in vitro activity of 20-2b was assessed using Jeko-1, a mantle cell lymphoma line with lower sensitivity to both IFNα and anti-CD20 (FIG. 1D). Jeko-1 is only slightly sensitive to the parent anti-CD20 MAb with 10% maximal inhibition (I _max ) with an EC ₅₀ of approximately 1 nM. As shown by 734-2b, Jeko-1 (I _max = 43%; EC ₅₀ = 23 pM) is not as responsive to IFNα2b as Daudi (I _max = 90%; EC ₅₀ = 7.5 pM). Absent. Compared to 734-2b, 20-2b inhibited Jeko-1 to a greater extent (I _max = 65%) and showed a biphasic dose response curve (FIG. 1D). Below 10 pM, a low concentration response due to IFNα2b activity was observed, reaching a stable level at I _max = 43%, similar to 734-2b. A high concentration response was evident above about 100 pM where I _max reached 65%. The low concentration IFNα2b response of 20-2b (EC ₅₀ = 0.97 pM) was 25 times more potent than 734-2b, similar to the results by Daudi.

To elucidate whether the increased potency of 20-2b is due to the additive / synergistic effects of CD20 and IFNα signaling, the combination of parent anti-CD20 antibody and 734-2b (v-mab + 734-2b) Was analyzed. The dose response curve for v-mab + 734-2b was roughly similar to 734-2b alone, with the exception of greater than 1 nM, where the former inhibition increased but not the latter. These results, MAb targeting is, although the cause of _{EC 50} for lower 20-2b, that by its _{I max} Gayori greater apparently IFNα2b and additive activity of CD-20 signaling Suggest. The effect of CD20 signaling was only apparent with a high concentration response of 20-2b (EC ₅₀ = 0.85 nM). This is similar to the response to v-mab (EC ₅₀ = 1.5 nM). In the case of v-mab + 734-2b, a biphasic dose response curve was not evident because the two responses overlapped. However, additive effects were evident at concentrations above 1 nM. The I _max (65%) of 20-2b is greater than the response summed with IFNα2b (I _max = 43%) and v-mab (I _max = 10%), and is synergistic between the actions of IFNα2b and v-mab Suggested that there is a possibility.

ADCC activity IFNα can enhance ADCC activity, which is a basic mechanism of action (MOA) of anti-CD20 immunotherapy, by activating NK cells and macrophages. We compared 20-2b and v-mab ADCC in two NHL cell lines using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as effector cells. Duplicate assays using PBMC from multiple donors consistently demonstrated that 20-2b enhanced ADCC compared to v-mab, as shown for both Daudi and Raji cells. (FIG. 3A). This effect was also shown in 22-2b, which is a MAb-IFNα containing anti-CD22 MAb, epilatuzumab, showing a slight ADCC (Carnahan et al., 2007, Mol Immunol 44: 1331-41).

CDC activity CDC is believed to be an important MOA of type I anti-CD20 MAbs, including v-mab and rituximab. However, this function is lacking in the type II MAbs represented by tositumomab (Cardarelli et al., 2002, Cancer Immunol Immunother 51: 15-24), which nevertheless has anti-lymphoma activity . Unlike v-mab, 20-2b does not show CDC activity in vitro (FIG. 3B). These results are consistent with the results of other DNL structures based on the C _H3- AD2-IgG-v-mab module, where complement binding is apparently impaired by steric hindrance.

Example 17. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of 20-2b The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of 20-2b were evaluated in male Swiss-Webster mice, and PEGASYS, PEG-intron, and α2b-413 ( Compared to the pharmacokinetic properties of pegylated IFN made by DNL, see US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 925,408). The concentration of IFN-α in the serum samples at various time points was determined by ELISA. IFNα2b specific activity was determined using the iLite human interferon alpha cell-based assay kit according to the manufacturer's suggested protocol (PBL Interferon Source). FIG. 2 shows the results of a PK analysis showing significantly slower removal of 20-2b and longer serum residues compared to other agents. At an injection dose of 210 pmol, the pharmacokinetic serum half-life calculated in time is 8.0 hours (20-2b), 5.7 hours (α2b-413), 4.7 hours (PEGASYS), and 2 6 hours (PEG-intron). Removal rates (1 / time) were 0.087 (20-2b), 0.121 (α2b-413), 0.149 (PEGASYS), and 0.265 (PEG-intron). The calculated MRT _0.08 → ∞ (time) were 22.2 (20-2b), 12.5 (α2b-413), 10.7 (PEGASYS), and 6.0 (PEG-intron). . Since pharmacokinetic parameters are determined by the nature of the complex rather than by individual antibodies or cytokines, the PK characteristics of cytokine-DNL complexes have been generalized to other cytokine and antibody moieties and have been discussed above. It is expected not to be limited to the 20-2b constructs.

Example 18. In vivo activity of 20-2b Serum stability 20-2b was stable in human serum (over 10 days) or whole blood (over 6 days) at 37 ° C. (not shown). The concentration of 20-2b complex was determined using a bispecific ELISA assay. There was essentially no detectable change in serum 20-2b levels in either whole blood or serum over the assay period.

Ex vivo efficacy of 20-2b on human whole blood-derived lymphoma cells We remove 20-2b, v-mab, 734-2b, or v-mab + 734, which remove lymphoma or normal B cells from whole blood The ability of -2b was compared with the ex vivo setting (FIG. 4). The therapeutic efficacy of naked anti-CD20 MAbs is thought to be achieved by three mechanisms of action (MOA): signal transduction induced apoptosis or growth arrest, ADCC, and CDC (Glennie et al., 2007, Mol Immunol). 44: 3823-37). In this assay, v-mab can use all three MOAs, but based on in vitro findings, 20-2b may be able to take advantage of signaling and ADCC enhancement, but CDC Cannot be used. In this short-term model, the 20-2b and 734-2b IFNα2b groups act directly on tumor cells, increase v-mab's ADCC activity, and possibly exhibit some immunostimulatory effect . However, the full range of IFNα-mediated activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems that can occur in vivo is not understood in this two-day ex vivo assay.

  At 0.01 nM, 20-2b has significantly more Daudi cells than v-mab (22.8%), 734-2b (38.6%), or v-mab + 734-2b (41.7%). Depleted (60.5%) (Figure 4). At 0.1 nM, 20-2b and v-mab + 734-2b depleted Daudi to the same extent (88.9%), which is v-mab (82.4%) or 734-2b (40.7% ) (Figure 4). At 1 nM, each agent depleted more than 95% of Daudi with the exception of 734-2b (55.7%) (FIG. 4). Each of the differences shown was statistically significant (P <0.01).

  Ramos is not as sensitive as Daudi to both IFNα2b and v-mab. The effect of 734-2b was only modest, resulting in less than 20% Ramos depletion at each concentration (FIG. 4). At both 0.01 and 0.1 nM, 20-2b depleted more Ramos than v-mab + 734-2b, which in turn removed more cells than v-mab (FIG. 4). At 1 nM, all treatments except 734-2b also resulted in Ramos depletion (75%) (FIG. 4). Each of the differences shown was statistically significant (P <0.02).

  As demonstrated by 734-2b, IFNα2b alone does not deplete normal B cells in this assay. At these low concentrations, 20-2b, v-mab, and v-mab + 734-2b each exhibit a similar dose-responsive depletion of B cells, significantly less than either Daudi or Ramos depletion. None of the treatments caused significant depletion of T cells (data not shown).

In vivo efficacy of 20-2b in SCID mice A limitation of the mouse model is that mouse cells are very insensitive to human IFNα2b. The overall therapeutic benefit of 20-2b that may be achieved in humans may involve enhancement of both innate and adaptive immunity. With these limitations in mind, we studied the anti-lymphoma in vivo efficacy of 20-2b against a disseminated Burkitt lymphoma model in SCID mice. We first tested a highly sensitive initial Daudi model (FIG. 5A). One day after inoculation, a single low dose of 20-2b, v-mab, or 734-2b was administered to the group. A single dose of 0.7 pmol (170 ng) v-mab or 734-2b resulted in a significant improvement in survival compared to saline instead of v-mab (P <0.0001). Compared to saline instead of an irrelevant MAb-IFNα control, 734-2b, did not result in improvement (FIG. 5A). This improvement was slight and the median survival (MST) increased from 27 days for saline to 34 days for v-mab. However, a single administration of 0.7 pmol (170 ng) 20-2b improved MST over 100 days over both the saline and v-mab groups (P <0.0001) (FIG. 5A). ). The study ended after 19 weeks, at which time seven long-lived animals (LTS) in the 0.7 pmol 20-2b treatment group were necropsied and there was no visible disease cure (healed) (FIG. 5A). Surprisingly, even at a low dose of 0.07 pmol (17 ng) 20-2b, the MST was more than doubled (FIG. 5A).

  Next, we evaluated the efficacy of 20-2b in a more challenging progressive Daudi model where mice developed substantially larger tumor burden prior to treatment (FIG. 5B). Seven days after tumor inoculation, a single low dose of 20-2b, v-mab, 734-2b, or PEGASYS (0.7, 7.0, or 70 pmol) was administered to the group. Saline control mice had an MST of 21 days (FIG. 5B). Although each of them enhances Pk (compared to recombinant IFNα2b), the highest dose of PEGASYS or 734-2b (70 pmol) that does not target the tumor doubled MST (day 42; P <0. 0001) (FIG. 5B). Treatment with a 100-fold lower dose (0.7 pmol) of 20-2b produced results (38.5 days) similar to either the maximum dose (70 pmol) of PEGASYS or 734-2b (FIG. 5B). Treatment with 10-fold lower dose (7 pmol) of 20-2b resulted in significantly improved survival (80.5 days, 20% LTS) over treatment with 70 pmol of PEGASYS or 734-2b (P <0.0012) ( FIG. 5B). At the highest dose tested (70 pmol), 20-2b improved MST over 105 days with an LTS of 100% (FIG. 5B). We have previously demonstrated in early tumor models that v-mab can increase the survival of Daudi-bearing mice at relatively low doses (3.5 pmol), with higher doses resulting in LTS. did. However, in this advanced tumor model, a single dose of 70 pmol v-mab showed only a slight but significant effect on survival (MST = 24 days, P = 0.0001) (FIG. 5B).

  We then assayed 20-2b in a more challenging model where direct inhibition by IFNα was not as sensitive as Daudi and did not respond as much to immunotherapy with v-mab. Raji is about 1000 times less sensitive to the direct action of IFNα2b compared to Daudi. However, Raji has a CD20 antigen density similar to Daudi (Stein et al., 2006, Blood 108: 2736-44) and responds to v-mab, although significantly less than Daudi (Goldenberg et al. , 2009, Blood 113, 1062-70). The efficacy of 20-2b was studied in a progressive Raji model with treatment started 5 days after tumor inoculation (FIG. 6A). Groups received a total of 6 injections (250 pmol each) over 2 weeks. 734-2b did not improve survival over saline (MST = 16 days), consistent with Raji's insensitivity to IFNα (FIG. 6A). V-mab significantly improved survival over saline (MST = 26 days, P <0.0001) (FIG. 6A). 20-2b was superior to all other treatments (MST = 33 days, P <0.0001) (FIG. 6A).

  Finally, we have human lymphomas that are less sensitive to the direct action of IFNα, have a CD20 antigen density approximately 25 times lower compared to Daudi or Raji and are resistant to anti-CD20 immunotherapy. The efficacy of 20-2b was studied using NAMALWA (FIG. 6B). Groups received either a total of 6 doses of either 20-2b or 734-2b (250 pmol each). Another group received a total of 7 doses of v-mab (3.5 nmol each). The group treated with saline showed an MST of 17 days (FIG. 6B). Treatment with 734-2b showed a very slight but significant improvement in survival (MST = 20 days, P = 0.0012) (FIG. 6B). 20-2b (MST = 34 days) was superior to 734-2b (P = 0.004) administered at a 14-fold higher dose as well as v-mab (MST = 24 days, P = 0.026) ( FIG. 6B).

Conclusion These results undoubtedly demonstrate that targeting IFNα with an anti-CD20 MAb makes the immune cytokine more potent and effective than either agent alone or in combination. MAb targeting of IFNα to tumors may be able to make single agent dosing schedules less frequent, reduce or eliminate the side effects associated with IFN treatment, and provide a significant enhancement in efficacy. In addition, targeted IFNα can induce an immune response directed against acute tumors, possibly inducing immune memory by multifaceted stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity (Belardelli et al, 2002, Cytokine Growth). Factor Rev 12: 119-34). Other groups have produced MAb-IFNa produced by chemical coupling that has revealed some of the potential clinical benefits of such constructs (Pelham et al., 1983, Cancer Immunol Immunother 15). : 210-16; Ozzello et al., 1998, Breast Cancer Res Treat 48: 135-47). Recombinant MAb-IFNα, including murine IFNα and anti-HER2 / neu MAb, shows potent inhibition of transgenic (HER2 / neu) mouse B cell lymphomas in immunocompetent mice and produces a protective adaptive immune response by immune memory It could also be induced (Huang et al., 2007, J Immunol 179: 6881-88).

  We have shown that treatment with 20-2b stimulates local recruitment and activation of many immune cells, including NK, T4, T8, and dendritic cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity and ADCC. We anticipate that we can potentially induce immune memory directed at the tumor. However, mouse cells are much less sensitive to human IFNα2b than human cells (about 4 logs) (Kramer et al., 1983, J Interferon Res 3: 425-35; Weck et al., 1981, J Gen Virol 57 : 233-37). Thus, in the mouse model in the in vivo studies described above, the anti-lymphoma activity of 20-2b can contribute very little, if any, to the IFNα2b activation of the mouse immune response. Rather, death is mainly due to the direct action of IFNα2b on lymphoma cells.

  We have shown that 20-2b increased ADCC, which may be the most important MOA for anti-CD20 immunotherapy. However, human IFNα2b is only a very weak stimulator of immune effector cells in the mouse host, and IFNα-enhancing ADCC probably does not do as it does in humans. Even with these limitations, in vivo results demonstrate that 20-2b can be a very effective anti-lymphoma drug, and v-mab or non-targeted MAb in the IFNα-sensitive Daudi model -Shows efficacy over 100 times that of IFNα. Even with a lymphoma model that is relatively insensitive to the direct action of IFNα (Raji / NAMALWA) or resistant to anti-CD20 immunotherapy (NAMALWA), 20-2b is a v-mab or It showed better efficacy than non-targeted MAb-IFNα.

  Fusion of IFNα2b to v-mab increases its in vivo efficacy, prolongs circulation time, and allows tumor targeting. The therapeutic significance of Pk was demonstrated in the Daudi model, where delayed-removed PEGASYS was superior to fast-removed PEG-introns that showed higher specific activity (data not shown). 20-2b was significantly more potent than either PEGASYS or 734-2b, suggesting that lymphoma targeting with anti-CD20 MAb is important for its superior potency and efficacy. Surprisingly, the targeting effect was evident even in in vitro assays. In in vitro growth experiments that only allowed lymphoma inhibition by signaling, 20-2b was 25 times lower compared to non-targeted MAb-IFNα, either alone or in combination with v-mab It showed activity at concentration. In an ex vivo setting, all three MOAs of anti-CD20 can be involved. Even in the absence of CDC activity, 20-2b was more effective at depleting lymphoma from the blood than IFNα or v-mab, either alone or in combination with v-mab. The effects of MAb targeting in in vitro / ex vivo studies are somewhat surprising since MAbs, effectors, and target cells are all confined throughout the experiment. We expect that 20-2b will have a substantially greater impact in vivo in human patients.

  The IFNα2b and v-mab components of 20-2b can apparently act additively or synergistically to contribute to their enhanced efficacy. In vitro proliferation assays suggested at least an additive effect, established by the results of ex vivo studies that the combination of v-mab and 734-2b was superior to either agent alone. . This can be achieved ex vivo by increasing the ADCC activity of v-mab as part of 20-2b or in combination with 734-2b, but ADCC does not function in in vitro proliferation assays, This suggests that there is a further mechanism. Signals transmitted by CD20 associated with v-mab can enhance the IFNα signal, resulting in enhanced efficacy. Alternatively, binding of v-mab, a slowly internalizing MAb, can prevent internalization / downregulation of type I IFN receptors, resulting in a longer effective IFNα-inducible signal.

Example 19. Production of DDD module based on erythropoietin (EPO) Construction of EPO-DDD2-pdHL2 for expression in mammalian cells The EPO cDNA sequence is amplified by PCR and composed of the following at its C-terminus EPO fused to the polypeptide resulted:
KSHHHHHHGSGGGGGSGGGCGHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA (SEQ ID NO: 88)

PCR amplification was achieved using the full length human EPO cDNA clone as a template and the following oligonucleotides as primers:
EPO Xba I left
TCTAGACACAGGACCCTCATCATGGGGGTGCACGAATGTCC (SEQ ID NO: 91)
EPO BamHI Right
GGATCCATGATGGTGATGATGGTGTGACTTTCTGTCCCCCTGCTCGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 92)

  The PCR unprimer was cloned into the pGemT vector. A DDD2-pdHL2 mammalian expression vector for ligating EPO was prepared by digesting with XbaI and BamHI restriction endonucleases. The EPO amplimer was excised from pGemT using XbaI and BamHI and ligated into the DDD2-pdHL2 vector to generate the expression vector EPO-DDD2-pdHL2.

Mammalian cell expression of EPO-DDD2 EPO-pdHL2 was linearized by digestion with SalI enzyme and stably transfected into Sp / ESF myeloma cells by electroporation. Clones were selected on medium containing 0.15 μM MTX. Clone numbers 41, 49, and 37 can each produce about 0.5 mg / L of EPO by ELISA using a Nunc Immobilizer nickel chelate plate to capture the His tag fusion protein and detect with anti-EPO antibody. Indicated. Approximately 2.5 mg of EPO-DDD2 was purified by IMAC from a 9.6 liter serum-free rotating bottle culture.

Example 20. Production of DNL conjugates comprising four EPO-DDD2 moieties linked to 734-EPO, C _H3- AD2-IgG-h734 734-EPO was produced as described above for 20-2b. SE-HPLC analysis of protein A purified 734-EPO showed a major peak and a higher molecular size shoulder (not shown). The residence time of the main peak was consistent with the covalent complex composed of IgG and 4 EPO groups. The shoulder portion is likely due to a non-covalent dimer of the IgG-EPO conjugate. SDS-PAGE analysis by Coomassie blue staining and anti-EPO immunoblot analysis showed that, under non-reducing conditions, the product had an Mr greater than 260 kDa (not shown), consistent with an estimated MW of about 310 kDa. Under reducing conditions, bands corresponding to the three component polypeptides of 734-EPO (EPO-DDD2, heavy chain-AD2, and light chain) were evident and considered to be quantitatively similar (not shown) ). Non-product contaminants were not detected.

Recombinant human EPO (Calbiochem) was used as a positive control to assay EPO-DDD2 and 734-EPO for their ability to stimulate proliferation of EPO-responsive TF1 cells (ATCC). TF1 cells were amplified in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% FBS but not GM-CSF in 96 well plates containing 1 × 10 ⁴ cells / well. The concentration (unit / ml) of the EPO construct was determined using a commercially available kit (human erythropoietin ELISA kit, manufactured by Stem Cell Research, catalog number 01630). Cells were cultured for 72 hours in the presence of rhEPO, EPO-DDD2, or 734-EPO at concentrations ranging from 900 U / ml to 0.001 U / ml. Viable cell densities were compared in an MTS assay where OD490 was measured in a 96 well plate reader after 6 hours incubation using 20 μl MTS reagent / well. Dose response curves and EC ₅₀ values were generated using Graph Pad Prism software (FIG. 7). Both EPO-DDD2 and 734-EPO showed in vitro bioactivity that was approximately 10% of rhEPO.

Example 21. Generation of DDD module based on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) Construction of G-CSF-DDD2-pdHL2 for expression in mammalian cells G-CSF cDNA sequence was amplified by PCR and at its C-terminus, G-CSF fused to the polypeptide composed of SEQ ID NO: 88 was generated. PCR amplification was achieved using a full length human G-CSF cDNA clone (Invitrogen IMAGE human catalog number 97002RG clone ID5759022) as a template and the following oligonucleotides as primers:
G-CSF XbaI Left
TCTAGACACAGGACCCTCATCATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 93)
G-CSF BamHI-Right
GGATCCATGATGGTGATGATGGTGGTACTTGGCTGGGCAAGGTGGCGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 94).

  The PCR unprimer was cloned into the pGemT vector. A DDD2-pdHL2 mammalian expression vector for ligating G-CSF was prepared by digesting with XbaI and BamHI restriction endonucleases. The G-CSF amplimer was excised from pGemT using XbaI and BamHI and ligated into the DDD2-pdHL2 vector to generate the expression vector G-CSF-DDD2-pdHL2.

Mammalian cell expression of G-CSF-DDD2 G-CSF-pdHL2 was linearized by digestion with SalI enzyme and stably transfected into Sp / ESF myeloma cells by electroporation. Clones were selected on medium containing 0.15 μM MTX. Clone number 4 was shown to produce 0.15 mg / L G-CSF-DDD2 by sandwich ELISA.

Purification of G-CSF-DDD2 from batch culture grown in rotating bottles Clone no. 4 was grown in 34 rotating bottles containing a total of 20 L of hybridoma SFM with 0.4 μM MTX to reach final culture I let you. The supernatant is clarified by centrifugation, filtered (0.2 μM), diafiltered into 1 × binding buffer (10 mM imidazole, 0.5 M NaCl, 50 mM NaH ₂ PO ₄ , pH 7.5) and concentrated. did. The concentrate was purified by IMAC.

Construction and expression of G-CSF-DDD2 in E. coli G-CSF-DDD2 was also expressed as a soluble protein in E. coli by microbial fermentation. The coding sequence was amplified by PCR using G-CSF-DDD2-pdHL2 DNA as a template. The unprimer was cloned into the pET26b E. coli expression vector using NdeI and XhoI restriction sites. Proteins were expressed intracellularly in BL21pLysS host cells by inducing LB shake flasks at 18 ° C. with 100 μM IPTG for 12 hours. Soluble G-CSF-DDD2 was purified from cell lysates by IMAC.

Construction and expression of N-DDD2-G-CSF (C17S) in E. coli An alternative G-CSF-DDD2 module is a G -Produced by fusing a DDD2 sequence and a peptide spacer to the N-terminus of CSF (C17S). N-DDD2-G-CSF (C17S) was expressed in E. coli and purified by IMAC.

Example 22. _HR1-17S, a _C H3 -AD2-IgG-hR1 the generated redox conditions of the DNL conjugate comprising a C H3 -AD2-IgG-hR1 4 one coupled to the N-DDD2-G-CSF ( C17S) moieties HR1-17S was produced by mixing with excess N-DDD2-G-CSF (C17S) followed by purification with protein A affinity chromatography. SE-HPLC analysis of hR1-17S purified with protein A showed a major peak and a higher molecular size shoulder (not shown). The residence time of the main peak was consistent with the covalent complex composed of IgG and 4 G-CSF groups. The shoulder portion is likely due to a non-covalent dimer of the IgG-G-CSF conjugate. SDS-PAGE analysis and anti-G-CSF immunoblot analysis with Coomassie blue staining showed that, under non-reducing conditions, the product had an Mr consistent with a reduced MW of about 260 kDa. Under reducing conditions, bands representing the three component polypeptides of hR1-17S (N-DDD2-G-CSF (C17S), heavy chain-AD2, and light chain) were detected (not shown).

Example 23 Production and Use of a DNL Construct Comprising Two Different Antibody Portions and Cytokines As discussed above, comprising a tetrameric IFN-α2b covalently linked to veltuzumab, a humanized anti-CD20 mAb Thus, the monospecific immune cytokine 20-2b produced by the dock-and-lock (DNL) method showed very potent antitumor activity in vitro and in human lymphoma xenografts. However, lymphomas and leukemias that express little or no CD20 are expected to be resistant to treatment with 20-2b. HLA-DR is expressed in many hematopoietic tumors and some solid tumors. Bispecific immune cytokines that can target IFN-α to both CD20 and HLA-DR include a wide variety of hematopoietic malignancies, including those that express CD20, HLA-DR, or both It may be a more effective therapeutic agent for. Since each component of the multifunctional complex (veltuzumab, anti-HLA-DR F (ab) ₂ , and IFN-α2b) independently has anti-tumor activity, we have identified bispecific immune cytokines Was potentially evaluated to be even more potent than the monospecific immune cytokine, 20-2b.

We herein described two copies of IFN-α2b and hL243 (humanized anti-HLA-DR; IMMU-114) site-specifically bound to veltuzumab (humanized anti-CD20). The production and characterization of the first bispecific MAb-IFNα, designated 20-C2-2b, containing stabilized F (ab) ₂ is reported. In vitro, 20-C2-2b inhibits each of 4 lymphomas and 8 myeloma cell lines, and in all but one (HLA-DR ⁻ / CD20 ⁻ ) myeloma line, More effective than monospecific CD20 targeted MAb-IFNα or a mixture comprising parent antibody and IFNα, suggesting that 20-C2-2b should be useful in the treatment of various hematopoietic malignancies . 20-C2-2b exhibits greater cytotoxicity against KMS12-BM (CD20 ⁺ / HLA-DR ⁺ myeloma) than monospecific MAb-IFNα targeting only HLA-DR or CD20, It has been shown that all three components of 20-C2-2b can contribute to toxicity. Our findings indicate that the responsiveness of a given cell to MAb-IFNα depends on its sensitivity to IFNα and specific antibodies, and the expression and density of the targeted antigen.

  20-C2-2b displays antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) but does not display CDC and can target both CD20 and HLA-DR, thus expressing either or both antigens Useful for the treatment of a wide range of hematopoietic cancers. Bispecific immune cytokines are considered to be particularly effective in removing putative cancer stem cells associated with myeloma that are resistant to current therapeutic regimens and reported to express CD20.

Materials and Methods Antibodies and cell cultures. Abbreviations used in the following discussion are as follows: 20 (C _H 3-AD2-IgG-v-mab, anti-CD20 IgG DNL module); C2 (C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243, anti-HLA) -DR Fab ₂ DNL module); 2b (Dimeric IFNα2B-DDD2 DNL module); 734 (Anti-in-DTPA IgG DNL module used as a non-targeting control). The following MAbs are available from Immunomedics, Inc. Provided by: Vertuzumab or v-mab (anti-CD20 IgG ₁ ), hL243γ4p (Immu-114, anti-HLA-DR IgG ₄ ), mouse anti-IFNα MAb, and v-mab (WR2) and hL243 (WT) Rat anti-idiotype MAb. Heat inactivated FBS was obtained from Hyclone (Logan, Utah). All other cell culture media and supplements were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, Calif.).

  Sp / ESF cells, a cell line derived from Sp2 / 0 with excellent growth properties, were maintained in hybridoma serum-free medium. NHL and MM cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FBS, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 10 mM L-glutamine, and 25 mM HEPES. Daudi, Ramos, Raji, Jeko-1, NCI-H929, and U266 human lymphoma cell lines were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA). The sources of the MM cell line are as follows: KMS11, KMS12-PE, and KMS12-BM are from Dr. Takemi Otsuki (Kawasaki Medical University, Okayama, Japan); CAG, OPM-6, and MM. 1R is from Dr. Joshua Epstein (University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Alaska), Dr. Kenji Oritani (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan), and Dr. Steven Rosen (Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois). All cell lines were confirmed by the supplier and were acquired within 6 months of their use, with passages less than 50 times. We did not reconfirm the cell line.

DNL construct. Monospecific MAb-IFNα (20-2b-2b, 734-2b-2b, and C2-2b-2b) and bispecific HexAb (20-C2-C2) are as described in the examples above. Using the DNL method, the IgG-AD2 module was generated by combining with the DDD2 module. 734-2b-2b containing tetrameric IFNα2b and MAb h734 [anti-indium-DTPA IgG ₁ ] was used as a non-targeting control MAb-IFNα.

Construction of mammalian expression vectors, and subsequent production of production clones and purification of C _H3- AD2-IgG-v-mab are disclosed in the examples above. The expressed recombinant fusion protein has an AD2 peptide linked to the carboxyl terminus of the C _H 3 domain of v-mab through a flexible linker peptide 15 amino acids in length. Co-expression of heavy chain-AD2 and light chain polypeptides results in the formation of an IgG structure comprising two AD2 peptides. The expression vector was transfected into Sp / ESF cells (Sp2 / 0 engineered cell line) by electroporation. The pdHL2 vector contains the gene for dihydrofolate reductase, thus allowing clonal selection with methotrexate (MTX) as well as gene amplification. Stable clones were isolated from 96-well plates selected with medium containing 0.2 μM MTX. Clones were screened for C _H 3-AD2-IgG-vmab productivity by sandwich ELISA. Modules were produced in rotating bottle cultures using serum-free culture.

  Recombinant fusion of the DDD2 peptide to the carboxyl terminus of human IFNα2b via a flexible linker peptide 18 amino acids in length produced a DDD module, IFNα2b-DDD2, as discussed in Example 16. As with all DDD modules, the expressed fusion protein forms a naturally stable homodimer.

Production, characterization, and use of various C _H 1-DDD2-Fab modules were performed as discussed in Examples 1-7. The sequence of the C _H 1-hinge-C _H 2-C _H 3 domain was excised using SacII and EagI restriction enzymes, which was excised from the C-DDD2-hMN-14-pdHL2 expression vector using the same enzymes. _A C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243 expression vector was generated from the hL243-IgG-pdHL2 vector by substitution with a 507 bp sequence encoding _H 1-DDD2. After transfection the _{C H 1-DDD2-Fab-} hL243-pdHL2 the Sp / ESF cells by electroporation, the fusion protein was captured using a 96-well microtiter plates coated with mouse anti-human kappa chain, Western Stable MTX resistant clones were screened for productivity by sandwich ELISA detected with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human Fab. Modules were produced in a rotating bottle culture.

Rotating bottle cultures in serum-free H-SFM media and fed-batch bioreactor production have yielded comparable yields to other IgG-AD2 and cytokine-DDD2 modules produced to date. By affinity chromatography using MabSelect (GE Healthcare Inc.) and His-the Select HF nickel affinity gel (Sigma _Co.), the C H 3-AD2-IgG- v-mab and IFN alpha 2b-DDD2, described previously As described (Rossi et al., Blood 2009, 114: 3864-71), respectively. The culture broth containing the C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243 module was applied directly to a KappaSelect affinity gel (GE Healthcare), which was washed to baseline with PBS, 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5 Eluted with.

The purity of the DNL module was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and SE-HPLC (not shown). Analysis under non-reducing conditions shows that IFNα2b-DDD2 and C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243 exist as disulfide-linked dimers prior to the DNL reaction (not shown). This phenomenon, which is always seen in DDD modules, is beneficial for protecting reactive sulfhydryl groups from irreversible oxidation. In contrast, C _H 3-AD2-IgG-v-mab (not shown) exists as both a monomer and a disulfide-linked dimer and is reduced to the monomer during the DNL reaction. . SE-HPLC analysis was consistent with the non-reducing SDS-PAGE results and showed the monomeric species as well as the dimer module converted to monomeric form upon reduction. Sulfhydryl groups are protected in both forms by contributing to the disulfide bond between AD2 cysteine residues. Reduced SDS-PAGE showed that each module was almost homogeneously purified, and the component polypeptide containing each module was identified (not shown). In the case of C _H 3-AD2-IgG-v-mab, heavy chain-AD2 and kappa light chain were identified. In the case of C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243, hL243-Fd-DDD2 and kappa light chain polypeptide were isolated (not shown). In the case of IFNα2b-DDD2, one major band and one minor band were separated (not shown) and were determined to be unglycosylated and O-glycosylated species, respectively.

Production of 20-C2-2b by DNL. Three DNL modules (C _H 3-AD2-IgG-v-mab, C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243, and IFN-α2b-DDD2) were mixed in equimolar amounts to obtain bsMAb-IFNα, 20- C2-2b was produced. Following an overnight docking step under mild reducing conditions (1 mM reduced glutathione) at room temperature, oxidized glutathione was added (2 mM) to promote disulfide bond formation (rocking). Using three consecutive affinity chromatography steps, 20-C2-2b was purified to near homogeneity. First, the DNL mixture was purified with Protein A (MAbSelect) which binds to the C _H 3-AD2-IgG-v-mab group and removes unreacted IFNα2b-DDD2 or C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243. The material bound to protein A was further purified by IMAC using a His-Select HF nickel affinity gel that specifically bound to the IFNα2b-DDD2 moiety and removed any constructs lacking this group. A final processing step using hL243-anti-idiotype affinity gel removed any molecule lacking C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243.

  One skilled in the art can obtain a ligand for each of the three effector moieties and use affinity chromatography to purify the DNL complex containing any combination of effector moieties as long as it can bind to the column material. You will understand that you can. The selected DNL construct is one that binds to each of the three columns containing ligands for each of the three effector moieties and can be eluted after washing to remove unbound complex.

The following examples represent several similar preparations of 20-C2-2b. Equimolar amounts of C _H 3-AD2-IgG-v-mab (15 mg), C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243 (12 mg), and IFN-α2b-DDD2 (5 mg) were mixed in a 30 mL reaction volume. 1 mM reduced glutathione was added to the solution. After 16 hours at room temperature, 2 mM oxidized glutathione was added to the mixture and it was kept at room temperature for an additional 6 hours. The reaction mixture was applied to a 5 mL protein A affinity cam, which was washed to baseline with PBS and eluted with 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5. The eluate, which contained approximately 20 mg of protein, was neutralized with 3M Tris-HCl, pH 8.6 and HisSelect binding buffer (10 mM imidazole, 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaH ₂₎ before being applied to a 5 mL HisSelect IMAC column. Dialyzed to PO ₄ , pH 8.0). The column was washed to baseline with HisSelect binding buffer and eluted with 250 mM imidazole, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaH ₂ PO ₄ , pH 8.0.

  The IMAC eluate, which contained approximately 11.5 mg of protein, was applied directly to the WP (anti-hL243) affinity cam, which was washed to baseline with PBS and eluted with 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5. This process resulted in 7 mg of highly purified 20-C2-2b. This is approximately 44% of the theoretical yield of 20-C2-2b, which is 50% of the total starting material (16 mg in this example), each with 25% 20-2b-2b and 20-C2- C2 was produced as a byproduct.

  Analytical method. Size exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) was performed using an Alliance HPLC system (Waters Corp., Milford Mass.) Equipped with a BioSuite 250, 4 μm UHR SEC column. Immunoreactivity was assessed by mixing excess WT, anti-IFNα, or WR2 with 20-C2-2b prior to analysis of the resulting immune complex by SE-HPLC. SDS-PAGE was performed under reducing and non-reducing conditions using 12% and 4-20% gradient Tris-glycine gels (Invitrogen, Gaithersburg, MD), respectively.

  Electrospray ionization time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry (LC / MS) performed on a 1200 series HPLC attached to a 6210 TOF MS (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif.) did. 20-C2-2b was reduced with 10 mM tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes and using a 10-minute gradient of 20-90% acetonitrile in 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution, Poroshell 300SB, It isolate | separated by the reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) using a 5 micrometer C8 column (made by Agilent). For TOF MS, the capillary voltage and fragmentor voltage were set to 5500 and 200V, respectively.

  IFNα2b specific activity was determined using the iLite human interferon alpha cell based assay kit (PBL Interferon Source, Piscataway, NJ). Pegylated interferon alpha-2b (from Schering Corp) was used as a positive control.

Cell binding and apoptosis. Cell binding and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry using reagents, software and recommended protocols (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) For Guava PCA and Guava Express and Guava Nexin, respectively. For binding assays, live cells were incubated with MAb or MAb-IFNα diluted in 1% BSA-PBS for 1 hour at 4 ° C. Cells were pelleted, washed twice with 1% BSA-PBS, and then incubated with 2 μg / mL PE-conjugated mouse anti-human IgG-Fc (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, Alab.) For 1 hour at 4 ° C. After three washes, binding was measured by flow cytometry. For the apoptosis assay, cells (5 × 10 ⁵ / ml) were incubated with the indicated MAb or MAb-IFNα in a 24-well plate for 48 hours, after which the percentage of Annexin-V positive cells was quantified.

In vitro cytotoxicity. Cells are seeded in 48-well plates (300 μl / well) at a predetermined optimal initial density (1-2.5 × 10 ⁵ cells / mL) in the presence of increasing concentrations of the indicated agents, Incubated at 37 ° C. until the density of untreated cells increased more than 10-fold (4-7 days). The relative viable cell density at the end of the assay was determined using the CellTiter 96 cell proliferation assay (Promega, Madison, Wis.).

Daudi ex vivo depletion from whole blood. Blood samples were collected based on protocols approved by the New England Institutional Review Board (Wellsley, Mass.). Daudi (5 × 10 ⁴ ) cells were mixed with heparinized whole blood (150 mL) from healthy volunteers and incubated with 1 nM MAb or MAb-IFNα for 2 days at 37 ° C. and 5% CO ₂ . Cells are stained with FITC anti-CD19, FITC anti-CD14, APC anti-CD3, or APC mouse IgG ₁ isotype control MAb (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) And flow using FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). Analyzed by cytometry. Daudi cells are monocyte gated CD19 +. Normal B and T cells are CD19 + and CD3 + cells of the lymphocyte gate, respectively. Monocytes are monocyte gated CD14 + cells.

Results Purification and characterization of 20-C2-2b. Bispecific MAb-IFNα is an IgG-AD2 module, C _H 3-AD2-IgG-v-mab, two different dimeric DDD modules, C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243, and IFNα2b-DDD2. Produced by mixing with. In addition to 20-C2-2b, two by-products, 20-C2-C2 and 20-2b-2b, are expected to be formed because any DDD module and two AD2 groups bind randomly. The

In non-reducing SDS-PAGE (not shown), 20-C2-2b (about 305 kDa) is a cluster of bands located between 20-C2-C2 (about 365 kDa) and 20-2b-2b (255 kDa) bands. Isolated. In reducing SDS-PAGE, five polypeptides including 20-C2-2b (v-mab HC-AD2, hL243 Fd-DDD2, IFNα2b-DDD2 and co-migration v-mab, and hL243 kappa light chain) were separated. (Hidden). IFNα2b-DDD2 and hL243 Fd-DDD2 are not present in 20-C2-C2 and 20-2b-2b. MAbSelect binds to all three major species produced in the DNL reaction, but removes any excess amounts of IFNα2b-DDD2 and C _H 1-DDD2-Fab-hL243. The His-Select unbound fraction mainly contained 20-C2-C2 (not shown). The unbound fraction from WT affinity chromatography contained 20-2b-2b (not shown). Each of the samples was subjected to SE-HPLC and immunoreactivity analysis. These analyzes confirmed the results and conclusions of the SDS-PAGE analysis.

  After reduction of 20-C2-2b, the five component polypeptides were separated by RP-HPLC and individual ESI-TOF deconvolution mass spectra were generated for each peak (not shown). Natural but bacterially expressed recombinant IFNα2 has Thr-106 O-glycosylated (Adolf et al., Biochem J 1991; 276 (Pt 2): 511-8). The inventors have determined that approximately 15% of the polypeptide comprising the IFNα2b-DDD2 module is O-glycosylated and can be separated from the non-glycosylated polypeptide by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE. (Hidden). LC / MS analysis of 20-C2-2b identified both O-glycosylated and non-glycosylated species of IFNα2b-DDD2 with mass accuracy of 15 ppm and 2 ppm, respectively (not shown). The observed mass of the O-glycosylated form shows an O-linked glycan with the structure NeuGc-NeuGc-Gal-GalNAc, which was also expected (<1 ppm) for 20-2b-2b (non- display). LC / MS identified both v-mab and hL243 kappa chain, and hL243-Fd-DDD2 (not shown) as a single unmodified species with an observed mass consistent with the calculated mass (<35 ppm) . The two major glycoforms of v-mab HC-AD2 have been identified as having masses of 53,714.73 (70%) and 53,877.33 (30%), respectively, typically IgG Were shown to be G0F and G1F N-glycans related to (not shown). This analysis also confirmed that the amino terminus of HC-AD2 was modified with pyroglutamic acid, as expected for a polypeptide with an amino terminal glutamine.

  SE-HPLC analysis of 20-C2-2b showed a residence time (6.7 minutes) consistent with its calculated mass, with a larger 20-C2-C2 (6.6 minutes) mass and a smaller 20-2b Several higher molecular weights likely to represent a major protein peak between -2b (6.85 min) mass as well as a non-covalent dimer formed by self-binding of IFNα2b Peaks were separated (not shown).

  The immune response assay demonstrated the homogeneity of 20-C2-2b, where each molecule contains three functional groups (not shown). Incubation of 20-C2-2b with an excess of antibody against any of the three component modules resulted in the quantitative formation of high molecular weight immune complexes and the disappearance of the 20-C2-2b peak. His-Select and WT affinity unbound fractions did not immunoreact with WT and anti-IFNα, respectively (not shown).

Cell binding. MAb-IFNα showed binding activity similar to their parent MAb (FIG. 8A). Below the saturating concentration, similar binding levels were observed with 20-C2-2b and hL243γ4p. The antigen density of HLA-DR is about 6 times greater than CD20 in these cells, allowing more 20-C2-2b binding compared to 20-2b-2b. The binding curves analyzed using a one-site binding nonlinear regression model show that 20-C2-2b can achieve a 4.7-fold higher B _max compared to 20-2b-2b, and their binding affinity It was demonstrated that no significant difference was observed between sexes (K _d is about 4 nM) (FIG. 8B).

  IFNa biological activity. The specific activity of various MAbs-IFNα was measured using a cell-based reporter gene assay and compared to pegylated interferon alpha-2b (FIG. 8C). As expected, the specific activity of 20-C2-2b with two IFNα2b groups (2454 IU / pmol) is greater than that of 20-2b-2b (4447 IU / pmol) or 734-2b-2b (3764 IU / pmol). Is also significantly lower, but larger than pegylated interferon alpha-2b (P <0.001). The difference between 20-2b-2b and 734-2b-2b was not significant. When normalized to IU / pmol of total IFNα, the variation in specific activity between all agents is very small. Based on these data, the specific activity of each IFNα2b group of MAb-IFNα is approximately 30% of recombinant IFNα2b (approximately 4000 IU / pmol).

In vitro cytotoxicity: NHL. The results of the in vitro cytotoxicity assay with B cell NHL are summarized in Table 3. The relative antigen density of HLA-DR and CD20 in each cell line has been reported (Stein et al., Blood 2010, forthcoming). Targeting index (TI) represents the fold increase in potency of targeted MAb-IFNα compared to non-targeted MAb-IFNα (734-2b-2b), and EC ₅₀ values represent total IFNα concentration (I-EC ₅₀ ). Daudi is very sensitive to cell killing by IFNα2 (I-EC ₅₀ = 14 pM), as demonstrated by the untargeted MAb-IFNα, 734-2b-2b. Targeting CD20 against Daudi with monospecificity 20-2b-2b (I-EC ₅₀ = 0.4 pM) further enhanced potency by 25 fold (TI = 25), with previous results (Rossi et al., Blood 2009; 114: 3864-71). The enhanced potency of bispecific 20-C2-2b (I-EC ₅₀ = 0.08 pM; TI = 125) is 5 times greater than 20-2b-2b, which adds to the antigen density of HLA-DR Can be attributed to its high binding activity and tetravalent tumor binding. It is unlikely that hL243-induced signaling contributes to further cytotoxicity at these low concentrations. A mixture of v-mab, hL243γ4p, and 734-2b-2b (v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b) is equivalent to 734-2b-2b alone, and hL243-induced signaling does not contribute to the high TI of 20-C2-2b The conclusion was supported.

  In Daudi, apoptosis was induced with as little as 1 pM with any MAb-IFNα, but not with 10 pM v-mab or hL243γ4p (FIG. 9A). Treatment with 20-2b-2b or 20-C2-2b resulted in significantly more apoptotic cells than 734-2b-2b or v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b (P <0.0005). No significant difference was observed between 734-2b-2b and the mixture.

734-2b-2b has little effect on Raji (I-EC ₅₀ = 32 nM) and Ramos (I-EC ₅₀ > 80 nM), with a maximum inhibition (I _max ) of only 62% and 35%, respectively. Brought about. Under these conditions, hL243γ4p inhibited these Burkitt lymphoma lines, but not v-mab (not shown). The observed potentiation of 20-C2-2b potency (TI = 118) is 50-fold higher than that of 20-2b-2b (TI = 2) for Raji with a much higher HLA-DR antigen density than CD20. It was bigger than that. Unlike Daudi and Raji, the density of HLA-DR and CD-20 is similar to that of Ramos, but the TI of 20-C2-2b is 15 times greater than that of 20-2b-2b, and the activities of hL243 and IFNα2b are Indicates additive.

  The v-mab + hL234 + 734-2b mixture was more potent with either Raji and Ramos than either single agent alone. Targeting IFNα2b was critical to achieving maximum efficacy. In each of the three Burkitt lymphoma lines, 20-C2-2b was more effective than v-mab + hL234 + 734-2b containing the same number of anti-CD20 and anti-HLA-DR Fabs and twice the amount (and activity) of IFNα2b. It was.

The mantle cell lymphoma, Jeko-1, was significantly more sensitive to hL243γ4p (EC ₅₀ = 0.4 nM) and less sensitive to IFNα2b (minimum efficacy at 734-2b-2b). All treatments including hL243 were superior to 20-2b-2b (EC ₅₀ = 1 nM). 20-C2-2b showed a 2-fold potency increase compared to hL243γ4p or v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b. At 0.5 nM, hL243γ4p and 734-2b-2b induce similar levels of apoptosis, and treatment with v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b is twice as many annexins as compared to either agent alone. Their effects are considered additive because they resulted in -V positive cells (Figure 9A). v-mab alone has shown little effect and is likely to contribute little to the mixture. Both 20-C2-2b and the mixture were superior to 20-2b-2b due to the action of hL243 (P <0.002).

In vitro cytotoxicity: myeloma. Eight MM cell lines vary in HLA-DR levels (and only KMS12-BM expresses CD20) and sensitivity to IFNα2b (FIG. 10), but all respond to 20-C2-2b. The dose response curves for each of the 8 MM cell lines tested are shown in FIG. 11 and the results are summarized in Table 3. For example, 5 was highly responsive to IFNα2 (I-EC ₅₀ <1 nM for 734-2b-2b), but the HLA-DR antigen density was variable. Of these, only CAG with high HLA-DR density is inhibited by hL243γ4p (> 1 nM), and at higher concentrations (additive) response to a mixture of hL243γ4p and 734-2b-2b (hL243 + 734-2b) Showed increased sex. 20-C2-2b (I-EC ₅₀ = 10 pM) showed a significant potency enhancement against CAG (TI = 55).

  CAG apoptosis was evident after treatment with 1 nM hL243γ4p, 20-2b-2b, 734-2b-2b, or hL243 + 734-2b, but not 0.1 or 0.01 nM (FIG. 9B). 20-C2-2b induces apoptosis even at 0.01 nM, and the level observed with 0.1 nM 20-C2-2b is due to any other treatment at a concentration higher than 10 times (1 nM) It was equal to or higher than that.

Potency enhancement of 20-C2-2b was observed with OPM6 (TI = 2), U266 (TI = 7), and MM. Apparent but lower at 1R (TI = 10), each of them was highly IFNα responsive, but had a lower HLA-DR density and was not inhibited by hL243γ4p. An increase in potency against NCI-H929, which was highly responsive to IFNα but was HLA-DR ⁻ , was not observed with 20-C2-2b.

KMS12-BM has a high HLA-DR and CD20 antigen density and was surprisingly inhibited by 20-2b-2b (I-EC ₅₀ = 31 nM), but 734-2b-2b (I-EC ₅₀ > 100 nM) or v-mab. KMS12-BM was more sensitive to v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b (EC ₅₀ = 3 nM) compared to hL243 + 734-2b (EC ₅₀ = 0.7 nM) and then superior to hL243γ4p alone (EC ₅₀ = 3.5 nM). Each of these treatments resulted in a strong induction of apoptosis and the relative levels were consistent with the in vitro cytotoxicity results (FIG. 9C). In addition, v-mab + hL243 induced more apoptosis than hL243γ4p alone, but less than v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b. These results show that for HLA-DR ⁺ / CD20 ⁺ MM cells, the activity of all three components of 20-C2-2b (EC ₅₀ = 0.1 nM) contributes to cytotoxicity when combined. This suggests that two of them have virtually no effect when used alone.

Evaluation of two additional DNL constructs with KMS12-BM helped elucidate the enhanced potency of 20-C2-2b. hL243 IgG containing ₁ and tetramer IFNα2b (20-C2-2b 2 times the IFN alpha 2b in), the MAb-IFN [alpha] called C2-2b-2b, in comparison with 20-C2-2b, a less potent cytotoxicity (EC ₅₀ = 0.4 nM) and weaker apoptosis induction, supporting the contribution of v-mab. More relevant is that a bispecific MAb comprising 20-C2-C2, v-mab and 4 HLA-DR Fabs has a higher level of induction of apoptosis and greater than 50-fold potency compared to hL243γ4p. It was an observation that showed enhancement (EC ₅₀ = 0.06 nM) and that the cross-linking of HLA-DR and CD20 occurring at 20-C2-2b induced cytotoxicity, presumably through an intrinsic signaling cascade. Each construct was potent (EC ₅₀ <0.5 nm), but 20-C2-C2 (I _max = 67%) and C2-2b-2b (I _max = 70%) were 20-C2-2b ( I _max = 99%) was not killed as effectively as KMS12-BM, supporting that all three components were required to achieve the maximum effect. The v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b (I _max = 87%) mixture was the only other treatment that resulted in over 70% killing, demonstrating this hypothesis.

  Taken together, these data indicate that antigen density and sensitivity to IFNα2b action, and their MAb targeting are all important determinants of the in vitro responsiveness of specific cell lines to various MAb-IFNα. Demonstrate. However, in vivo tumor lethality can be increased by the action of ADCC and immune effector cells that can be stimulated by high local concentrations of IFNα2b.

  Effector function and stability in human serum. We have previously reported that 20-2b-2b exhibits enhanced ADCC compared to its parent v-mab (Rossi et al., Blood 2009; 114: 3864-71). By design, hL243γ4p reduces ADCC (Stein et al., Blood 2006; 108: 2736-44), however, 20-C2-C2 is significantly (P = 0.0001) compared to v-mab. ) Induced larger ADCC (not shown). In particular, 20-C2-2b induces ADCC significantly greater than either 20-2b-2b (P = 0.040) or 20-C2-C2 (P = 0.115), due to the presence of IFNα2b The effector function was enhanced. As previously demonstrated for 20-2b-2b (Rossi et al., Blood 2009; 114: 3864-71), 20-C2-2b does not induce CDC in vitro (not shown).

  Two different assays for the stability of 20-C2-2b in human serum yielded very similar results, showing a loss of about 3.5% / day, approximately 65% after 11 days at 37 ° C. % Remained (not shown).

  Ex vivo depletion of NHL from human whole blood. As shown in FIG. 12, Daudi cells have 20-2b-2b (69%), v-mab (49% depletion), hL243γ4p (46%), or 734-2b-2b (10%). Compared with, 20-C2-2b (91%) was more effectively depleted from whole blood (ex vivo). Both targeted MAbIFNα were less toxic to normal B cells compared to Daudi. Under these conditions, B cells were significantly depleted by 20-C2-2b (57%) and hL243γ4p (41%) but depleted by v-mab, 734-2b, or 20-2b-2b. There wasn't. Monocytes were depleted by hL243γ4p (48%), 734-2b-2b (30%), and 20-2b-2b (21%), but not by v-mab. 20-C2-2b (98%) is highly toxic to monocytes. None of the agents had a significant effect on T cells. Statistical significance with P <0.001 was determined by Student's t test for each of the% depletion differences shown above.

DISCUSSION We and others have shown that a fusion protein comprising MAb and IFNα targeting CD20 is more effective against NHL compared to the combination of MAb and IFNα in xenografts and syngeneic mouse models. And reported that MAb-IFNα was able to overcome the toxicity and Pk limitations associated with IFNα (Rossi et al., Blood 2009; 114: 3864-71; Xuan et al., Blood). 2010; 115: 2864-71). CD20 is an attractive candidate for targeted MAb-IFNα treatment of B cell lymphomas, but its expression is largely restricted to this lineage of malignancies and some individuals show low antigen density . Here we show that the first dual that may specifically target IFNα2b to both CD20 and HLA-DR and thus expand the hematopoietic tumor type in response to this immunocytokine treatment. We report a specific immune cytokine, 20-C2-2b.

Anti-HLA-DR MAbs efficiently induce apoptosis mediated by direct signaling without the need for additional cross-linking and are also potent inducers of ADCC and CDC (Stein et al., Blood 2006; 108: 2736-44; Rech et al., Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47: 2147-54). While ADCC can enhance therapeutic capacity, CDC is a major cause of side-effect pathology associated with MAb infusion (van der Kolk et al., Br J Haematol 2001; 115: 807-11). The humanized anti-HLA-DR MAb, hL243γ4p, used as a control in this study, was engineered to improve clinical safety by using human IgG ₄ isotype constant regions and resulting in reduced ADCC and CDC. It was. 20-C2-2b, like hL243γ4p, lacks CDC, but exhibits potent (enhanced) ADCC, making this agent an attractive candidate for immunotherapy in that anti-HLA-DR MAb Above all, it is unique.

  In an ex vivo setting, v-mab can deplete cells by signal transduction-induced apoptosis, ADCC, and CDC. MAb-IFNα can use enhanced ADCC and both MAb-induced and IFNα2b-induced signaling, but CDC cannot be used, and hL243-γ4p can only be used for direct signaling. Limited (Stein et al., Blood 2006; 108: 2736-44). Although extensive IFNα-mediated activation of innate and adaptive immunity that can occur in vivo is not achieved in this setting, it provides pharmacodynamic data. 20-C2-2b depleted lymphoma cells more effectively than normal B cells and did not affect T cells. However, 20-C2-2b efficiently removed monocytes. v-mab had no effect on monocytes, depletion was observed after treatment with hL243α4p and MAb-IFNα, 20-2b-2b and 734-2b-2b showed similar toxicity. Thus, the expected high potency of 20-C2-2b is due to the combined action of anti-HLA-DR and IFNα, which can be increased by HLA-DR targeting. These data suggest that monocyte depletion may be a pharmacodynamic effect associated with anti-HLA-DR as well as IFNα treatment, but this side effect is due to the monocyte population should be regenerated from hematopoietic stem cells. It is likely to be temporary.

The 4 NHL and 8 MM cell lines we have studied are heterogeneous naturally occurring in HLA-DR and CD20 expression and antigen density, and responsive to the actions of IFNα, hL243, and v-mab. All of these, including naturally occurring heterogeneity, affect MAb-IFNα immunotherapy. Lines 6 and 8 (out of 12 lines) were inhibited to different extents by hL243γ4p and 734-2b-2b, respectively (I _max > 30%). 20-C2-2b potently inhibited 11 lines of 12 cell lines (EC ₅₀ <1 nM) and 5 lines had EC ₅₀ ≦ 0.01 nM. Even the MM line (KMS11), which was not inhibited by 734-2b-2b and was most unaffected, responded to 20-C2-2b (EC ₅₀ = 17 nM).

Enhanced potency of 20-C2-2b over 734-2b-2b was observed in all lines except NCI-H929, which is HLA-DR ⁻ / CD20 ⁻ . Higher levels of HLA-DR antigen density and hL243 responsiveness correlate with higher TI of 20-C2-2b, demonstrating the additive activity of IFNα and hL243, and targeting in vitro It proved to be significant even in the same way. 20-C22b is superior to the v-mab + hL243 + 734-2b mixture in 10 of the above lines, further highlighting the impact of tumor targeting. This effect will be significantly greater in vivo, as previously demonstrated for 20-2b-2b (Rossi et al., Blood 2009; 114: 3864-71). Furthermore, in vivo targeted MAb-IFNα may elicit a strong anti-tumor immune response.

Most cells, including primary MM specimens, are non-clonal and have a plasma cell phenotype (CD138 ⁺ / CD19 ⁻ / CD20 ⁻ ), but the putative MM cancer stem cells are CD138 ⁻ , CD45, CD19, It expresses B cell surface antigens including CD20 and CD22 and is very similar to memory B cells (Matsui et al., Blood 2004; 103: 2332-6). Although various clinical approaches have caused a response, MM remains often incurable and resistant to various treatments due to the recurrence believed to be mediated by cancer stem cells. The putative stem cell B cell phenotype prompted clinical studies with rituximab in MM. However, what was realized was a limited effect on outcome (Treon et al., J Immunother 2002; 25: 72-81).

The in vitro results with KMS12-BM are convincing because KMS12-BM is CD20 ⁺ as well as the proposed MM stem cells. 20-C2-2b showed potent cytotoxicity and robustly induced apoptosis of KMS12-BM. Even though non-targeted MAb-IFNα and v-mab are ineffective as single agents, both clearly contribute to cytotoxicity when used in combination with hL243. The above results indicate that CD20 and HLA-DR bispecific binding can induce additional (strong) signals that further enhance toxicity to these cells, making them sensitive to IFNα. It also shows that you can.

  MAb-IFNα produced by DNL shows similar activity against recombinant IFNα. Recently, Xuan et al. Reported that anti-CD20-IFNα fusion protein produced by conventional recombination procedures showed a 300-fold reduction in IFNα activity (Xuan et al., Blood 2010; 115: 2864-71. ). This is noteworthy when compared to similar Daudi xenograft studies. In that study, a single 17 ng dose of 20-2b-2b was compared to the three 30 μg doses (more than 5000 fold) used for recombinant anti-CD20-hIFNα (Xuan et al. , Blood 2010; 115: 2864-71), which significantly improved survival (Rossi et al., Blood 2009; 114: 3864-71). Studies using IFNα-secreting tumors demonstrated that an enhanced immune response was induced by localized concentrations of IFNα (Ferrantini et al., Biochimie 2007 89: 884-93). This can also be achieved with highly active MAb-IFNα, but as reported by Xuan et al. (Blood 2010; 115: 2864-71), conventional recombinant MAb-IFNα with low activity is The tumor immune response cannot be mobilized and stimulated efficiently.

  Bispecific MAb-IFNα 20-C2-2b is attractive for the treatment of NHL because each of the three components is active against this disease. This study also shows that 20-C2-2b may be useful for the treatment of MM and other hematopoietic malignancies.

One skilled in the art can incorporate the techniques described herein for producing and using bispecific immune cytokines, or other DNL constructs containing three different effector moieties, into the DNL construct. It will be appreciated that antibodies, antibody fragments, cytokines, or other effectors that can be used in any combination.
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  All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and used without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. Although the present compositions and methods have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand the compositions and methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the present invention. Obviously, mutations can be applied to the steps or sequence of steps of the method. More particularly, certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related can be used in place of the agents described herein, and the same or similar results will be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (10)

A DNL (dock and lock) construct comprising three different effector moiety, wherein the effector moiety is a human RIα, RIβ, RIIα, or D DD (dimerization you from RIIβ protein kinase A (PKA) and docking domain) a D (anchor domain you from partial or AKAP protein) is coupled to one part, the DDD moiety of two copies, to form a dimer, the AD moiety A DNL construct that binds to form the DNL construct, comprising :
The effector moiety comprises a first antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof, a second antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof, and a cytokine;
A DNL construct, wherein the first antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof binds to an antigen different from the antigen to which the second antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof binds . The first and second antibodies or antigen-binding antibody fragments thereof are carbonic anhydrase IX, CCCL19, CCCL21, CSAp, CD1, CD1a, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11A, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD19, IGF-1R, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD29, CD30, CD32b, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD45, CD46, CD52, CD54, CD55, CD59, CD64, CD66a to e, CD67, CD70, CD74, CD79a, CD80, CD83, CD95, CD126, CD133, CD138, CD147, CD154, AFP, PSMA, CEACAM5, CEACAM-6, B7, fibronec Emissions of ED-B, H factor, Flt-1, Flt-3 , folate receptor, GROB, HMGB-1, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), HM1.24, insulin-like growth factor -1 (ILGF-1) , IFN-γ, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-2, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, IL-6, IL-8, IL -12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-25, IP-10, MAGE, mCRP, MCP-1, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, MIF, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5 , PAM4 antigen, NCA-95, NCA-90, Ia, HM1.24, EGP-1, EGP-2, HLA-DR, tenascin, Le (y), RANTES, T101, TAC, Tn antigen, Thomson-Friedenreich antigens, tumor necrosis antigens, TNF-alpha, TRAIL receptor (R1 and R2), is selected VEGFR, EGFR, PlGF, complement component C3, C3a, C3b, C5a, and the C 5 or Ranaru group bind antigen, DNL construct of claim 1. The first and second antibodies or antigen-binding antibody fragments thereof are hR1 (anti-IGF-1R), hPAM4 (anti-mucin), hA20 (anti-CD20), hA19 (anti-CD19), hIMMU31 (anti-AFP), hLL1 (Anti-CD74), hLL2 (anti-CD22), hMu-9 (anti-CSAp), hL243 (anti-HLA-DR), hMN-14 (anti-CEACAM5), hMN-15 (anti-CEACAM6), hRS7 (anti-EGP-1) And a DNL construct according to claim 2 selected from the group consisting of hMN-3 (anti-CEACAM6). The cytokine is human MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor), HMGB-1 (high mobility group box protein 1), TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL- 19, IL-23, IL-24, CCL19, CCL21 , RANTES, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, ENA-78, MCP-1, IP-10, Gro-β, eotaxin, interferon-α, -β, -Γ , G-CSF, GM-CSF, CSF , PDGF, Flt-3 ligand, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, CNTF, leptin, oncostatin M, VEGF, EGF , FGF, PlGF, insulin, hGH, calcitonin, Factor VIII, IGF, somatostatin, tissue plasminogen activator, and is selected from the group consisting of LIF, DNL construct of claim 1. A DNL (dock and lock) construct comprising three different effector moieties, wherein the effector moiety is derived from human RIα, RIβ, RIIα, or RIIβ protein kinase A (PKA) (dimerization and docking) Domain) part or AD (anchor domain) part derived from AKAP protein, and two copies of the DDD part form a dimer and bind to the AD part, A DNL construct forming a DNL construct, comprising:
The effector moiety comprises a first antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof, a second antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof, and a cytokine;
The first antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof binds to an antigen different from the antigen to which the second antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment binds;
A DNL construct , wherein the first antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof is hA20 , the second antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof is hL243, and the cytokine is human interferon-α2b. The hL243 antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR sequence CDR1 (NYGMN, SEQ ID NO: 1), CDR2 (WINTYTREPTYADDFKG, SEQ ID NO: 2), and CDR3 (DITAVVPTGFDY, SEQ ID NO: 3), and a light chain CDR sequence CDR1 ( 6. The DNL construct of claim 5 , comprising RASENYYSNLA, SEQ ID NO: 4), CDR2 (AASNLAD, SEQ ID NO: 5), and CDR3 (QHFWTTPWA, SEQ ID NO: 6).   The DNL construct of claim 1, wherein the three effector moieties are fusion proteins, each fusion protein comprising an AD and DDD moiety. The DNL construct is
(I) an IgG antibody, wherein each IgG heavy chain is bound to an AD moiety;
(Ii) two copies of an antigen-binding antibody fragment, each antibody fragment bound to a DDD moiety, and
(Iii) two copies of a cytokine, each cytokine being bound to a DDD moiety,
2. The two DDD moieties bound to an antibody fragment form a dimer that binds to an AD moiety, and the two DDD moieties bound to a cytokine form a dimer that binds to an AD moiety. DNL constructs. The amino acid sequence of the DDD part is SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, first 44 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 20, first 44 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, and sequence The DNL construct of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of number 59. The amino acid sequence of the AD part is SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, Sequence number 43, Sequence number 44, Sequence number 45, Sequence number 46, Sequence number 47, Sequence number 48, M Sequence number 49, Sequence number 50, Sequence number 51, Sequence number 52, Sequence number 53, Sequence number 54, Sequence The DNL construct of claim 1 , selected from the group consisting of: No. 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, or SEQ ID NO: 58.

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