JP5490289B2 - Railway vehicle - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a railway vehicle, and more particularly to a railway vehicle capable of improving passenger comfort by bringing the surface temperature of a window glass close to the room temperature of a passenger cabin.

  Heating in conventional railcars uses a heater provided under the seat to warm the surrounding air and raise the warm air by natural convection, thereby heating the entire cabin and seating the warm air generated by the air conditioner. The air is blown out from the air outlet provided underneath, and the interior of the room is raised to warm the entire room, or the warm air generated by the air conditioner is blown out from the air outlet provided on the ceiling and diffused by a fan such as a cross-flow fan In general, a method of warming the entire guest room is made (Patent Documents 1 and 2).

Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2008-49984 (for example, FIG. 2) JP-A-1-94013 (for example, FIG. 3)

  However, in the case of a railway vehicle, the window glass that is in direct contact with the outside air has a low temperature. However, in the conventional railway vehicle described above, even if the room temperature of the cabin can reach the desired temperature, the surface of the window glass The temperature could not be close enough to the room temperature of the room. In particular, in the case of a seat of a type in which the passenger is seated on the back side toward the side wall side where the window glass is provided (so-called long seat), the convection of warm air is blocked by the seat and it is difficult for the warm air to reach the back side of the passenger. Can't warm the window glass enough.

  Since the window glass has a large area and a large viewing angle when viewed from the passenger, the passenger is cooled by the radiant heat generated from the surface of the window glass, and the heating effect is impaired. Further, since the warm air in the passenger cabin is cooled by the window glass and becomes heavier, a downdraft (so-called cold draft) along the window glass is generated, so that the cold air hits the passenger and the heating effect is impaired. As a result, there is a problem that passenger comfort is impaired during heating.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a railway vehicle capable of improving passenger comfort by bringing the surface temperature of the window glass closer to the room temperature of the passenger room. It is said.

In order to achieve this object, a railway vehicle according to claim 1 includes a window glass attached to a side structure, a seat disposed with a rear surface facing the side structure, and the seat and the floor surface. A temperature control device that warms the air in the lower space formed therebetween, and has a suction opening that opens in the lower space of the seat and an air outlet that opens in the cabin space facing the window glass. The air outlet and the air inlet are communicated with each other, the air passage formed between the back surface of the seat and the side structure, the exhaust opening opened in the lower space of the seat, and the middle of the air passage And a branch passage that communicates the outlet and the outlet, and the ventilation passage extends vertically from the vertical ventilation passage and extends in the horizontal direction from the vertical ventilation passage. And located closer to the suction port than the vertical ventilation path. Comprising at least a horizontal air passage, the branch passage is provided with at least a vertical branch passage that extends in a vertical direction is connected directly below the vertical air passage.

The railway vehicle according to claim 2 is the railway vehicle according to claim 1 , wherein the outlet of the branch path is located below the inlet of the ventilation path.

  According to the railway vehicle according to claim 1, a ventilation path is formed between the back surface of the seat and the side structure, and the passenger cabin space facing the window opening and the air inlet opening in the lower space of the seat by the ventilation path. As the air in the lower space is warmed by the temperature control device, the warmed air (warm air) is taken into the ventilation path from the suction port and the ventilation path. The warm air taken in is raised by the natural body flow or forced convection by the blower toward the air outlet through the air passage, and the warm air that has reached the air outlet is blown out from the air outlet to the cabin space. As a result, the window glass is warmed by the warm air blown out from the air outlet.

  As described above, according to the present invention, the window glass can be warmed by the warm air blown from the outlet, so that the surface temperature of the window glass can be brought close to the room temperature of the cabin efficiently. As a result, it is possible to prevent the passenger from being cooled by the radiant heat generated from the surface of the window glass, and to ensure the effect of heating, so that the passenger comfort can be improved during heating. There is.

  Also, the warm air blown out from the air outlet into the cabin space warms the window glass while rising along the window glass, so the air (cold air) in the cabin space that is cooled and heavy by the window glass descends. The occurrence of a cold draft can be efficiently suppressed. As a result, it is possible to prevent the cool air descending along the window glass from hitting the passenger and to secure the effect of heating, so that there is an effect that the comfort of the passenger during heating can be improved.

In addition , it has a discharge opening that opens in the lower space of the seat, and is formed by branching from the middle of the ventilation path, and has a branch path that connects the discharge opening and the air outlet. Even when the air enters from the air outlet, it is possible to prevent such dust, dust, and the like from being separated into the branch path and entering the ventilation path (the ventilation path closer to the suction port than the connection with the branch path). As a result, there is an effect that dust, dust, and the like adhere to the ventilation path, and that warm air that has passed through the ventilation path to which the dust, dust, etc. have adhered can be suppressed from being blown to the cabin.

  That is, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, the vertical ventilation path extends in the vertical direction, and the horizontal ventilation path extends from the vertical ventilation path in the horizontal direction. Since it is connected directly below the vertical ventilation path of the ventilation path and extends in the vertical direction, if garbage or dust enters from the outlet, the dirt or dust is perpendicular to the ventilation path. When it reaches the ventilation path, it can be dropped along the vertical ventilation path in the vertical direction, that is, it can be dropped toward the vertical branch path. As a result, it is possible to prevent dust, dust, etc. falling on the vertical ventilation path from entering the horizontal ventilation path, and to drop to the vertical branch path (separate into the branch path). As a result, dust, dust, etc. It is possible to suppress entry into the ventilation path (the ventilation path closer to the suction port than the connection with the branch path).

  In addition, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, since the branch road has a discharge port that opens to the lower space, it is possible to discharge and collect dust, dust, and the like separated into the branch path from the discharge port. As a result, there is an effect that clogging of the branch path can be suppressed. Similarly, even when the passenger inadvertently drops the property to the outlet, there is an effect that the property can be discharged from the discharge port to the lower space and recovered.

According to the railway vehicle of the second aspect , in addition to the effect achieved by the railway vehicle of the first aspect, the outlet of the branch path is positioned below the inlet of the air passage. When the air in the lower space is warmed, the warmed air (warm air) is taken into the ventilation path from the suction port, and taken into the branch path from the discharge port. In addition, there is an effect that it is possible to suppress the warm air that has passed through the branch path to which dust, dust, or the like is attached, being blown to the cabin.

  Furthermore, by arranging the outlet of the branch passage below the inlet of the air passage, dust, dust, etc., separated into the branch passage and discharged from the outlet to the lower space are discharged from the inlet into the air passage. Therefore, there is an effect that it is possible to prevent dust, dust, and the like from being sent back to the cabin from the ventilation path. That is, in the configuration in which the discharge port is located above the suction port, when dust or dust is discharged from the discharge port, when the dust or dust falls, it reaches the suction port and the suction port However, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, this can be avoided.

(A) is a side view of the railway vehicle in 1st Embodiment of this invention, (b) is sectional drawing of the railway vehicle in the Ib-Ib line | wire of Fig.1 (a). It is an expanded sectional view of the side structure which expanded and showed II of Drawing 1 (b). It is an expanded sectional view of the side structure which expanded and showed III of FIG. (A) is sectional drawing of the side structure in 2nd Embodiment, (b) is sectional drawing of the side structure in 3rd Embodiment. It is an expanded sectional view of the side structure in a 4th embodiment. It is an expanded sectional view of the side structure in a 5th embodiment.

  Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. First, the configuration of the railway vehicle 100 will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 1A is a side view of the railway vehicle 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the railway vehicle 100 taken along line Ib-Ib in FIG. is there. In addition, the seat 10 has shown the side surface for the simplification of drawing.

  As shown in FIG. 1A, the railway vehicle 100 includes a floor structure 3, a side structure 5, a roof structure 7, a window glass 6, a seat 10, and a temperature control device 16.

  The floor structure 3 is a member that forms a region on which passengers board, and as shown in FIGS. 1 (a) and 1 (b), on the carriage 1 that rolls on the rail R (upper side in FIG. 1 (a)). ). One side structure 5 is a member that stands on each side of the floor structure 3 (on both sides in the direction perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1B) and constitutes the wall of the railway vehicle 100. The detailed configuration of the side structure 5 will be described later.

  The roof structure 7 is a member that connects the upper side (the upper side in FIG. 1A) of the pair of side structures 5 and constitutes the roof of the railway vehicle 100. The window glass 6 is made of translucent glass, and is fitted in a window opening 5a opened in the side structure 5 as shown in FIG.

  The seat 10 is for a passenger to sit on, and includes a backrest 12 and a seat portion 14 as shown in FIG. The backrest 12 is a member for supporting the back of the passenger, and a back surface 12 a is attached to an inner wall 23 that is a side surface of the side structure 5 on the passenger cabin side. The seat 14 is a member that supports the passenger's bottom, and is formed to protrude from the side structure 5 toward the passenger cabin.

  The temperature control device 16 is a device that sucks in the air in the cabin and sends out the warmed air A (see FIG. 2). As shown in FIG. 1B, the floor structure 3 side of the seat portion 14 (see FIG. 1). (B) It is attached to the seat part lower surface 14a (refer FIG. 2) which is the surface of the lower side. Therefore, the warmed air A can be efficiently sent to the passengers. That is, since the warmed air A naturally convects in the direction of ascending the passenger cabin, the warmed air A can be efficiently sent to the passengers by using the convection.

  Moreover, the air outlet of the temperature control device 16 has the same interval as the window glass 6 in the width direction of the seat 10 (FIG. 1B, the direction perpendicular to the paper surface) and is on the side of the floor structure 3 corresponding to the window glass 6 (FIG. 1 ( b) arranged on the lower side). Therefore, it becomes possible to arrange | position the blower outlet 35 mentioned later to the orthogonal | vertical direction upper side with respect to the suction inlet 33 mentioned later. Therefore, the air A can be sent to the outlet 35 without impairing the convection.

  Next, the configuration of the side structure 5 will be described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the side structure 5 shown by enlarging II in FIG. 1B, and FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the side structure 5 shown by expanding III of FIG. . 2 and 3, the flow of air A is indicated by solid arrows.

  As described above, the side structure 5 is a member constituting the wall of the railway vehicle 100, and as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the outer wall 21, the inner wall 23, the partition wall 25, the ventilation path 31, A suction port 33, an air outlet 35, a top plate 27, a holding member 28, and a facing member 29 are provided.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the outer wall 21 is a member that is made of a metal plate and forms the outer wall of the railway vehicle 100, and the inner wall 23 is a member that partitions the passenger cabin, and the backrest 12 is attached to the outer wall 21. . The partition wall 25 is a wall disposed between the outer wall 21 and the inner wall 23, and is continuously formed from the upper surface of the floor structure 3 to the lower end of the window glass 6.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the ventilation path 31 is an air path connecting the suction port 33 and the blower outlet 35, and is configured as a space between the inner wall 23 and the partition wall 25.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the suction port 33 is an opening on the floor structure 3 side (lower side in FIG. 2) of the ventilation path 31, and opens in a lower space 37 that is a space between the seat 14 and the floor structure 3. doing. Therefore, the air A sent out from the temperature control device 16 flows into the ventilation path 31 through the suction port 33.

  Therefore, since a part of the air A warmed by the temperature control device 16 is circulated, it is possible to reduce hot flashes on the passenger's legs. That is, a part of the air A warmed by the temperature control device 16 is circulated through the ventilation path 31, and the amount of the air A that flows to the front end side (the left side in FIG. 2) of the seat portion 14 and hits the leg of the passenger is reduced. be able to. As a result, the total amount of air discharged from the temperature control device 16 can be ensured, and heating of the passenger's legs can be prevented while ensuring heating performance.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the air outlet 35 is an opening on the window glass 6 side (the upper side in FIG. 2) of the ventilation path 31, and opens on the passenger cabin side on the lower end side of the window glass 6. Therefore, the air A that has circulated through the ventilation path 31 is discharged to the lower end side of the window glass 6. The window glass 6 is warmed by the air A. As a result, the movement of heat due to radiation from the passenger to the window glass 6 can be reduced, and passenger comfort can be improved.

  In addition, since the air A discharged from the air outlet 35 rises along the window glass 6, it prevents a cold draft (a phenomenon in which the air cooled by the window descends) and improves passenger comfort. be able to.

  Moreover, the blower outlet 35 is extended from the one end side of the both ends of the window glass 6 to the other end side along the window glass 6 to the width direction (FIG. 2 paper surface perpendicular | vertical direction) of the seat 10. As shown in FIG. Therefore, the whole window glass 6 can be warmed in the width direction.

  Further, the formation of the air outlet 35 is omitted in the wall portion between the window glass 6 and the window glass 6 adjacent to the window glass 6. Therefore, sending air A to the wall portion is omitted, and air A is sent only to the window glass 6 whose temperature is likely to be lower than that of the wall portion. Therefore, the air-conditioning environment of the guest room of the railway vehicle 100 can be made uniform.

  In addition, the suction port 33 extends from the one end side to the other end side of the both ends of the air blowing port of the temperature adjusting device 16 along the air blowing port of the temperature adjusting device 16 in the width direction of the seat 10 (perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 2). It is extended to. Therefore, the suction port 33 can mainly take in the air A from the blower port of the temperature control device 16. For example, when the suction port 33 is configured to include a filter that cleans the air from the air outlet of the temperature control device 16, the cleaned air A can be mainly sent.

  Moreover, as shown in FIG. 2, since the attachment position of the temperature control apparatus 16 is a position with a distance with respect to the lower end side of the window glass 6, the height difference of the ventilation path 31 can be ensured long. . In addition, since the temperature difference between the inlet 33 and the outlet 35 is large, strong convection can be generated in the ventilation path 31. Therefore, it is possible to warm the window glass 6 by sending the air A to the window glass 6 without requiring the power for feeding the air A. As a result, the air conditioning efficiency can be increased without complicating the air conditioning structure.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the top plate 27 is a member configured as a plate-like body having a substantially L-shaped cross section and connected to the upper end (upper side in FIG. 3) of the inner wall 23, And a side wall surface 27b. The extended surface 27a is a flat surface formed on the side opposite to the side to which the inner wall 23 is connected, and faces the roof structure 7 (see FIG. 1B) side (upper side in FIG. 3). The side wall surface 27b is a flat surface formed continuously with the extending surface 27a, and extends toward the roof structure 7 (see FIG. 1B) side (upper side in FIG. 3) with respect to the extending surface 27a. And facing the guest room (left side in Fig. 3).

  As shown in FIG. 3, the holding member 28 is a member that sandwiches the rubber G attached to the window glass 6 with the edge of the outer wall 21 that forms the window opening 5 a (see FIG. 1A). The U-shaped cross section is configured to be attached to the upper end of the partition wall 25, and the U-shaped opening is disposed toward the window glass 6 side (right side in FIG. 3).

  The holding member 28 includes a side wall surface 28a at a portion opposite to the opening, and the side wall surface 28a is configured as a plane included in the plane including the side wall surface 27b described above. Since the blower outlet 35 is formed between the side wall surface 27b and the side wall surface 28a, the blower outlet 35 is opened in a horizontal direction (left-right direction in FIG. 3). For example, when the blower outlet 35 is opened in the vertical direction, the fallen foreign matter is likely to enter. On the other hand, in this Embodiment, since the blower outlet 35 is opened in the horizontal direction, it can make it difficult to enter the fallen foreign material.

  The facing member 29 is a member for preventing foreign matter from entering the air outlet 35. As shown in FIG. 3, the facing member 29 is configured as a semicircular plate-like body in a sectional view, and is viewed from the side (from the left side to the right side in FIG. 3). ) Is configured to cover the entire outlet 35 described later.

  That is, the facing member 29 is configured to have a width dimension (dimension value in the vertical direction in FIG. 3) larger than the interval (dimension value in the vertical direction in FIG. 3) between the sidewall surface 27b and the sidewall surface 28a. It is disposed at a position that is a predetermined distance away from 28a in the horizontal direction (left-right direction in FIG. 3) and that overlaps both the side wall surface 27b and the side wall surface 28a in a side view. Therefore, it is possible to prevent foreign matters from entering the facing member 29 and the air outlet 35.

  Further, the facing member 29 is disposed in a state having a gap 38 which is a gap between the side wall surface 28a. Therefore, even if it is a case where the facing member 29 is arrange | positioned in the opening direction of the blower outlet 35, and mixing of a foreign material is prevented, the distribution | circulation of the air A is securable.

  Further, the facing member 29 is disposed in a state having a gap 39 which is a gap between the extended surface 27a. Therefore, even if the foreign matter passes through the gap 38 and falls onto the extended surface 27a, the foreign matter that has dropped from the gap 39 can be easily taken out.

  Further, since the facing member 29 is configured to have a semicircular cross section on the passenger compartment side (left side in FIG. 3), when heated by the air A from the air outlet 35, the movement of heat by radiation is performed radially. Therefore, since heat can be given to passengers evenly, passenger comfort can be improved.

  As described above, the top plate 27 includes the side wall surface 27b extending toward the roof structure 7 (see FIG. 1B) side (upper side in FIG. 3) with respect to the extended surface 27a. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the foreign matter that has fallen on the extended surface 27 a from falling into the ventilation path 31 through the outlet 35. That is, since the blower outlet 35 is formed at a position separated from the extended surface 27a to the upper side (upper side in FIG. 3), it is possible to prevent the foreign matter from falling into the ventilation path 31.

  In addition, since the facing member 29 is disposed in the opening direction of the air outlet 35 described later (the left direction in FIG. 3), the inside of the ventilation path 31 can be hidden. Therefore, the appearance of the interior of the railway vehicle 100 can be improved.

  The ventilation path 31 is a flow path for circulating the air A warmed by the temperature control device 16 from the floor structure 3 side toward the lower end side of the window glass 6, and as shown in FIG. 23 is a space formed by separating the space between the two walls by a partition wall 25. Thus, since the ventilation path 31 is formed in the space between the outer wall 21 and the inner wall 23, in order to install the ventilation path 31, it is unnecessary to secure a separate space. As a result, a large cabin space can be secured.

  Next, a second embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. According to the railway vehicle 100 in the first embodiment, the side wall surface 27b and the side wall surface 28a are arranged on the same plane, and the air outlet 35 is formed in the gap between the side wall surface 27b and the side wall surface 28a. However, according to the railway vehicle in the second embodiment, the side wall surface 27b is positioned closer to the partition wall 25 side (right side in FIG. 4) than the side wall surface 28a.

  In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same part as above-mentioned 1st Embodiment, the description is abbreviate | omitted, and it is the same also about 3rd Embodiment, 4th Embodiment, and 5th Embodiment mentioned later. And

  FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the side structure 205 in the second embodiment, and corresponds to FIG. Moreover, in Fig.4 (a), the flow of the air A is shown with the solid line arrow.

  The railway vehicle according to the second embodiment includes a side structure 205 having a top plate 227 as shown in FIG. The top plate 227 is a side wall surface from the seat 10 side (left side in FIG. 4A) to the partition wall 25 side (right side in FIG. 4A) in the direction connecting the seat 10 side (left side in FIG. 4) to the partition wall 25 side. An extended surface 227a extending beyond 28a and an end of the extended surface 227a on the partition wall 25 side (right side in FIG. 4) are extended to the holding member 28 side (upper side in FIG. 4A). Side wall surface 227b.

  Therefore, it is possible to prevent the foreign matter from dropping into the ventilation path 31. That is, since the side wall surface 227b is located on the partition wall 25 side (right side in FIG. 4A) with respect to the side wall surface 28a, the facing member 29 and the side wall surface rather than the gap 238a between the facing member 29 and the side wall surface 28a. The gap 238b between the 227b and the 227b becomes wider toward the partition wall 25 (right side in FIG. 4A).

  Therefore, the frequency with which the foreign matter falling through the gap 238a falls on the extended surface 227a through the facing member 29 side (left side in FIG. 4A) of the gap 238b increases. That is, the foreign matter that has fallen through the gap 238a falls to a position away from the air outlet 235, so that the foreign matter can be prevented from dropping into the ventilation path 31.

  Next, a third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. According to the railway vehicle 100 in the first embodiment, the side wall surface 27b and the side wall surface 28a are arranged on the same plane, and the air outlet 35 is formed in the gap between the side wall surface 27b and the side wall surface 28a. However, according to the railway vehicle in the third embodiment, the air outlet 335 is formed through the upper plate member 327, and the lower plate member 325a is disposed below the air outlet 335.

  FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of the side structure 305 in the third embodiment, and corresponds to FIG. Moreover, in FIG.4 (b), the flow of the air A is shown by the solid line arrow. The railway vehicle according to the third embodiment includes a side structure 305 having an upper plate member 327 and a partition wall 325 as shown in FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 4B, the upper plate member 327 is disposed so as to cover the upper side of the ventilation path 31 (upper side of FIG. 4B), and the window glass 6 side (FIG. 4B). A blowout port 335 is formed through the right side.

  The partition wall 325 is formed with a lower plate member 325a at an upper end (upper side in FIG. 4B). The lower plate member 325a is formed in a flat plate shape and has a predetermined gap from the upper plate member 327. The partition wall 325 extends from the upper end (the upper end in FIG. 4B) to the window glass 6 side (the right side in FIG. 4B).

  The lower plate member 325a includes a recovery surface 325b configured as a horizontal flat surface facing the roof structure 7 (see FIG. 1B), and the recovery surface 325b is connected to the upper plate member 327. It is located vertically below the blowout port 335 formed through. Thereby, since the collection | recovery surface 325b blocks the view from a guest room, it can suppress that the inside of the ventilation path 31 is visually recognized from the blower outlet 335, and can aim at the design improvement in a guest room.

  Further, in this way, the upper plate member 327 is arranged immediately below the air outlet 335, and the upper wall surface 327a of the upper plate member 327 is configured horizontally, so that, for example, the passenger drops the property to the air outlet. Even in this case, not only can the fallen object be received by the upper plate member 327 and the entry into the ventilation path 31 can be suppressed, but the fallen object can be recovered.

  Furthermore, according to the third embodiment, as described above, it is possible to improve the design and improve the effect of preventing falling objects from entering. Measures such as attaching a member to the air outlet can be eliminated, and a sufficient cross-sectional area for air A to pass can be ensured accordingly. As a result, the amount of air A blown out can be secured while improving the design and improving the effect of preventing falling objects from entering.

  Further, since the lower plate member 325a is disposed on the lower side in the vertical direction of the air outlet 335, the air A is located on the inner wall 23 side (the left side in FIG. 4B) from the lower plate member 325a. Since it flows toward the blower outlet 335 after raising 31, it flows from the inner wall 23 to the window glass 6 side (FIG. 4 (b) right side).

  Therefore, even after being discharged from the air outlet 335 to the cabin, the air A flows toward the window glass 6, so that the window glass 6 can be efficiently heated, and the surface temperature of the window glass 6 is set to the room temperature of the cabin. Can be approached efficiently. Therefore, it can suppress that a passenger is cooled by the movement of the heat by the radiation to the surface of this window glass 6, and can secure the effect of heating. As a result, it is possible to improve passenger comfort during heating.

  Next, a fourth embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. According to the railcar 100 in the first embodiment, the foreign matter is provided by including the air outlet 35 that opens in the horizontal direction and the facing member 29 that is disposed facing the air outlet 35 with a gap 38 therebetween. However, according to the railway vehicle in 4th Embodiment, the 1st ventilation path 431a which distribute | circulates the air A, the horizontal ventilation path 431b, and the case where it mixes in the ventilation path 31 was demonstrated. In addition to the second vertical ventilation path 431c, a recovery path 431d for recovering foreign matters is provided.

  FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the side structure 405 in the fourth embodiment, and corresponds to an enlarged view of a part of FIG. 2 (upper part of seat and lower part of seat). In FIG. 5, the flow of the air A is indicated by a solid line arrow, the falling direction of the foreign matter is indicated by a broken line arrow, and the same applies to FIG. 6.

  The railway vehicle according to the fourth embodiment includes a side structure 405 having an upper plate member 427 and a separation wall 426 as shown in FIG. The upper plate member 427 is disposed so as to cover the upper side (the upper side in FIG. 5) of the ventilation path 431, and the air outlet 435 is formed through the window glass 6 side (the right side in FIG. 5).

  The separation wall 426 is configured as a plate-like body whose structure is bent into a U-shaped cross section as an end on the lower side (lower side in FIG. 5), and a predetermined interval is maintained between the inner wall 23 and the partition wall 25. It is arranged. Therefore, the first ventilation path 431a is formed between the inner wall 23 and the separation wall 426, and the recovery path 431d is formed between the partition wall 25 and the separation wall 426.

  The first ventilation path 431 a is connected to a suction port 433 configured as an opening on the lower side of the seat 10, and the recovery path 431 d is configured as an opening on the lower side of the seat 10 and disposed below the suction port 433. Connected to the outlet 441.

  Further, the upper end (upper side in FIG. 5) of the separation wall 426 is separated from the lower wall surface 427b configured as the lower surface of the upper plate member 427 in the vertical direction by a predetermined distance, as shown in FIG. A horizontal ventilation path 431b is formed between the upper end (upper side in FIG. 5) of the separation wall 426 and the lower wall surface 427b in the vertical direction (up and down direction in FIG. 5).

  Further, the upper end of the separation wall 426 is further away from the window glass 6 than the outer edge farthest away from the window glass 6 at the outer edge of the outlet 435, and in the vertical direction (vertical direction in FIG. 5), A second vertical ventilation path 431 c is formed between the upper end of the separation wall 426.

  For example, even when foreign matter such as dust or dust enters from the air outlet 435, the foreign matter is separated into the recovery path 431d via the second vertical ventilation path 431c. That is, the recovery path 431d is formed below the second vertical ventilation path 431c in the vertical direction, and the first ventilation path 431a is connected to the second vertical ventilation path 431c via the horizontal ventilation path 431b. Falls through the second vertical ventilation path 431c, it is prevented from entering the horizontal ventilation path 431b and sent to the recovery path 431d. Thereafter, the foreign matter sent to the recovery path 431d is discharged from the discharge port 441 to the lower space 37, so that it can be easily recovered.

  On the other hand, the air A sent out from the temperature control device 16 and sucked from the suction port 433 rises vertically through the first ventilation path 431a, and then moves in the horizontal direction through the horizontal ventilation path 431b. The vertical ventilation path 431c is raised vertically and discharged from the air outlet 435.

  That is, in the fourth embodiment, it is possible to achieve both the discharge of air A and the recovery of foreign matter. Further, even if foreign matter passes through the outlet 435, it is discharged from the outlet 441. Therefore, it is not necessary to reduce the opening area of the outlet 435 so that the foreign matter does not pass through. (5 dimensional value in the left-right direction) can be reduced, or a net or the like can be omitted. Therefore, since the opening area can be set large and the flow rate of the air A can be increased, the window glass 6 can be efficiently warmed.

  As a result, it is possible to prevent passengers from being cooled by the movement of heat due to radiation to the surface of the window glass 6 and to ensure the heating effect, thereby improving passenger comfort during heating.

  Further, since the suction port 433 is formed above the discharge port 441 (upper side in FIG. 5), foreign matter such as dust and dust discharged from the discharge port 441 can be prevented from entering the suction port 433. . Moreover, the suction inlet 433 and the discharge outlet 441 are divided by the lower end part 433a of the separation wall 426, and the lower end part 433a is the roof structure 7 rather than the suction inlet of the temperature control apparatus 16 (refer FIG.1 (b)). It is arranged on the side (upper side in FIG. 5).

  Therefore, when foreign matter such as dust or dust is discharged from the discharge port 441, it can be discharged below the suction port of the temperature control device 16. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the temperature control device 16 from sucking dust and sending it to the cabin again. As a result, the air A in the cabin can be kept clean.

  Further, by arranging the lower end portion 433a below the temperature control device 16 as a whole, when a passenger's property, such as a metal accessory such as a key, falls as a foreign object from the air outlet 435, the temperature control is performed. It is possible to prevent the temperature adjustment device 16 from being damaged by preventing the device 16 from colliding.

  Next, a fifth embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. According to the railway vehicle 100 in the first embodiment, the case where the space between the inner wall 23 and the partition wall 25 is configured only by the ventilation path 31 has been described. However, according to the railway vehicle in the fifth embodiment, air In addition to the first ventilation path 531a for circulating A, the collection path 531d for collecting foreign matter is provided.

  FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the side structure 505 in the fifth embodiment, and corresponds to an enlarged view of a part of FIG. 2 (upper part of seat and lower part of seat).

  The railcar in the fifth embodiment includes a side structure 505 having a separation wall 526 as shown in FIG.

  The separation wall 526 is configured as a plate-like body that is bent in a cross-sectional shape as a lower end (lower side in FIG. 6), and maintains a predetermined interval between the inner wall 23 and the partition wall 25. It is arranged. Therefore, the first ventilation path 531 a is formed between the inner wall 23 and the separation wall 526, and the recovery path 531 d is formed between the partition wall 25 and the separation wall 526. The first ventilation path 531 a is connected to a suction port 533 configured as an opening on the lower side of the seat 10, and the recovery path 531 d is configured as an opening on the lower side of the seat 10 and disposed below the suction port 533. Connected to the outlet 541.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 6, the upper end portion of the separation wall 526 (the upper side in FIG. 6) is separated from the lower wall surface 27 c configured as the lower surface of the top plate 27 by a predetermined distance in the vertical direction. A horizontal ventilation path 531b is formed between the end of the upper side (upper side in FIG. 6) of the separation wall 526 and the side wall surface 27b in the vertical direction (up and down direction in FIG. 6).

  Further, the upper end portion of the separation wall 526 is further away from the window glass 6 than the outer edge farthest from the window glass 6 at the outer edge of the outlet 35, and in the vertical direction (vertical direction in FIG. 6), A second vertical ventilation path 531 c is formed between the upper end of the separation wall 526.

  For example, even when foreign matter such as dust or dust enters from the air outlet 35, the foreign matter is separated into the recovery path 531d via the second vertical ventilation path 531c. That is, the recovery path 531d is formed vertically below the second vertical ventilation path 531c, and the first ventilation path 531a is connected to the second vertical ventilation path 531c via the horizontal ventilation path 531b. Falls through the second vertical ventilation path 531c, it is prevented from entering the horizontal ventilation path 531b and is sent to the recovery path 531d. Thereafter, the foreign matter sent to the recovery path 531d is discharged from the discharge port 541 to the lower space 37, so that it can be easily recovered.

  On the other hand, the air A sent from the temperature control device 16 and sucked from the suction port 533 rises vertically through the first ventilation path 531a, and then moves in the horizontal direction through the horizontal ventilation path 531b. The vertical ventilation path 531c is vertically lifted and discharged from the outlet 35.

  That is, in the fifth embodiment, it is possible to achieve both the discharge of air A and the recovery of foreign matter. Further, even if foreign matter passes through the outlet 35, it is discharged from the outlet 541. Therefore, it is not necessary to reduce the opening area of the outlet 35 so that the foreign matter does not pass through. 6) (dimension value in the left-right direction) or attaching a net or the like can be omitted. Therefore, since the opening area can be set large and the flow rate of the air A can be increased, the window glass 6 can be efficiently warmed.

  As a result, it is possible to prevent passengers from being cooled by the movement of heat due to radiation to the surface of the window glass 6 and to ensure the heating effect, thereby improving passenger comfort during heating.

  Further, since the suction port 533 is formed above the discharge port 541 (upper side in FIG. 6), foreign matters such as dust and dust discharged from the discharge port 541 can be prevented from entering the suction port 533. . Moreover, the suction inlet 533 and the discharge outlet 541 are divided by the lower end part 533a of the separation wall 526, and the lower end part 533a is the roof structure 7 rather than the suction inlet of the temperature control apparatus 16 (refer FIG.1 (b)). It is arranged on the side (upper side in FIG. 6).

  Therefore, when foreign matter such as dust or dust is discharged from the discharge port 541, it can be discharged below the suction port of the temperature control device 16. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the temperature control device 16 from sucking dust and sending it to the cabin again. As a result, the air A in the cabin can be kept clean.

  Further, by arranging the lower end portion 533a below the temperature control device 16 as a whole, when a passenger's property, such as a metal accessory such as a key, falls as a foreign object from the air outlet 35, the temperature control is performed. It is possible to prevent the temperature adjustment device 16 from being damaged by preventing the device 16 from colliding.

The recovery paths 431d and 531d described above include the “vertical branch path” described in claim 1 , and the regions (see FIGS. 5 and 6) formed in a straight line of the recovery paths 431d and 531d are the claims. 1 corresponds to “vertical branch path”.

  As described above, the present invention has been described based on the embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It can be easily guessed.

  For example, the numerical values (for example, the number and size of each component) given in the above embodiments are examples, and other numerical values can naturally be adopted.

  In the first embodiment, the case has been described in which the air outlet 35 is opened in the horizontal direction and the facing member 29 is disposed in a state where the air outlet 35 has a gap 38 in the opening direction. The top plate 27, the holding member 28, and the facing member 29 are omitted, and a plate having a plurality of through holes is provided, and the upper edge of the inner wall 23 and the upper edge of the partition wall 25 are provided on the plate. It is good also as a structure which connects the whole clearance gap with a part.

  In this case, by setting the opening area of the through hole to be smaller than the foreign matter to be excluded, it is possible to achieve both the removal of the foreign matter and the delivery of the air A to the window. That is, since the plate can be easily manufactured, the product cost can be reduced.

  In each of the above embodiments, the case where the air outlets 35, 235, 335, and 435 are configured as one opening has been described. However, the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto, and a plurality of through holes are provided in the opening. You may insert the plate which it has. In this case, it is possible to further prevent foreign matters from being mixed.

  Moreover, although the case where the temperature control apparatus 16 comprised as an apparatus which sucks in the air of a guest room and warms and sends out air was demonstrated in 1st Embodiment, it is not necessarily restricted to this, Lower space 37 You may provide the heater (heating element) arrange | positioned. Or it is good also as a structure which the duct from the temperature control apparatus arrange | positioned at another place sends air to the lower space 37. FIG. That is, it is only necessary that warm air is sent into the lower space 37 than the air below the window glass 6.

Moreover, you may provide the heater (heating element) arrange | positioned in the ventilation path 31,431,531. Or it is good also as a structure which a duct sends air to the ventilation path 31,431,531 from the temperature control apparatus arrange | positioned at another place. That is, air that is warmer than the air below the window glass 6 may be sent into the ventilation paths 31, 431, and 531.
<Means>
In order to achieve this object, a railway vehicle of Technical Idea 1 includes a window glass attached to a side structure, a seat disposed with its back facing the side structure, and the seat and the floor surface. A temperature control device that warms the air in the lower space formed therebetween, and has a suction opening that opens in the lower space of the seat and an air outlet that opens in the cabin space facing the window glass. The air outlet and the air inlet are communicated with each other, and a ventilation path formed between the back surface of the seat and the side structure is provided.
The railway vehicle according to technical idea 2 is the railway vehicle according to technical idea 1, and includes a side wall surface standing on the cabin side in the cabin space, and the outlet is opened on the side wall surface. .
The railway vehicle according to technical idea 3 is the railway vehicle according to technical idea 2, and includes a facing member facing the side wall surface at a predetermined interval, and the facing member is disposed at a position facing the air outlet. ing.
The railway vehicle according to technical idea 4 is the railway vehicle according to technical idea 3, comprising an extended surface extending from the side wall surface toward the seat, and between the extended surface and the facing member. A gap is provided.
The railway vehicle according to technical idea 5 is the railway vehicle according to technical idea 4, wherein the air outlet is disposed at a position separated from the extended surface.
The railway vehicle described in the technical idea 6 is the railway vehicle according to any one of the technical ideas 2 to 5, wherein the side wall surface has at least a surface located between the air outlet and the extended surface. It is formed so as to recede from the surface located above the air outlet to the opposite side of the cabin.
The railway vehicle according to technical idea 7 is the railway vehicle according to technical idea 1, wherein an upper plate member having an upper wall surface extending toward the ceiling side in the cabin space, and a predetermined distance from the upper plate member. A lower plate member facing each other while being spaced apart, and the air outlet is opened in the upper wall surface.
The railway vehicle according to technical idea 8 is the railway vehicle according to any one of technical ideas 1 to 7, wherein the railway vehicle has a discharge port that opens in a lower space of the seat and is branched from the middle of the ventilation path. A branch passage that communicates the discharge port and the outlet, and the ventilation passage extends vertically from the vertical ventilation passage and extends vertically from the vertical ventilation passage and the vertical ventilation passage. At least a horizontal ventilation path located closer to the suction port than a path, and the branch path includes at least a vertical branch path connected directly below the vertical ventilation path and extending in the vertical direction.
The railway vehicle according to technical idea 9 is the railway vehicle according to technical idea 8, wherein the outlet of the branch path is located below the inlet of the ventilation path.
<Effect>
According to the railcar described in the technical idea 1, a ventilation path is formed between the rear surface of the seat and the side structure, and the airflow opening opens into the lower space of the seat, and the guest room faces the window glass. Since the air outlet in the space communicates with the air outlet, when the air in the lower space is warmed by the temperature control device, the warmed air (warm air) is taken into the ventilation path from the suction port, and the ventilation The warm air taken into the road is raised toward the air outlet by natural body flow or forced convection by the blower, and the warm air that has reached the air outlet is blown out from the air outlet to the cabin space. . As a result, the window glass is warmed by the warm air blown out from the air outlet.
As described above, according to the present invention, the window glass can be warmed by the warm air blown from the outlet, so that the surface temperature of the window glass can be brought close to the room temperature of the cabin efficiently. As a result, it is possible to prevent the passenger from being cooled by the radiant heat generated from the surface of the window glass, and to ensure the effect of heating, so that the passenger comfort can be improved during heating. There is.
Also, the warm air blown out from the air outlet into the cabin space warms the window glass while rising along the window glass, so the air (cold air) in the cabin space that is cooled and heavy by the window glass descends. The occurrence of a cold draft can be efficiently suppressed. As a result, it is possible to prevent the cool air descending along the window glass from hitting the passenger and to secure the effect of heating, so that there is an effect that the comfort of the passenger during heating can be improved.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 2, in addition to the effects produced by the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 1, the railway vehicle has a side wall surface standing facing the cabin side in the cabin space, Therefore, there is an effect that it is possible to suppress the belongings and the like that have been accidentally dropped by the passenger from entering the ventilation port from the air outlet.
In other words, in a railway vehicle, if an air outlet is provided within the reach of passengers, any property (such as tickets, ornaments, or hair) that has been accidentally dropped by the passenger may enter the ventilation path from the air outlet. If you enter, not only will the property be lost, but it will also clog the ventilation path and cause air conditioning problems. For this reason, it is necessary to prevent falling objects from entering the outlet. On the other hand, it is preferable that the opening area of the air outlet is large in order to ensure the air flow rate.
On the other hand, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, as described above, since the air outlet is opened on the side wall surface, it is avoided that the air outlet opens on the trajectory when an object falls. Therefore, even when a passenger inadvertently drops his belongings, the falling object can be prevented from entering the ventilation path from the air outlet.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 3, in addition to the effects exhibited by the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 2, the railway vehicle includes a facing member that faces the side wall surface with a predetermined distance therebetween, and the facing member faces the air outlet. Since the structure is arranged at the position, there is an effect that it is possible to improve the design and the effect of preventing falling objects from entering while securing the amount of warm air blown out.
That is, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, the air outlet is shielded by the facing member that faces the side wall surface with a predetermined distance therebetween, so that warm air passes between the facing surfaces of the side wall surface and the facing member. Therefore, it is possible to secure an air passage having a sufficient cross-sectional area, and as a result, it is possible to secure a blowing amount of warm air while shielding the air outlet.
Here, in the railway vehicle, in order to provide a comfortable living space for the passengers, it is preferable that the inside of the ventilation path is not visually recognized. Since the facing member is arranged to face the facing position, for example, as compared with the configuration in which a lattice-like member is attached to the air outlet, the air flow path is secured while ensuring the amount of warm air blown out as described above. Since the interior of the room can be made more difficult to visually recognize, the design in the cabin can be improved.
Furthermore, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, the facing member is disposed opposite to the position facing the air outlet on the side wall surface, and the opening surface of the air outlet is shielded by the facing member. Even if the fallen object that caused the object to fall inadvertently bounces off on the fallen surface and the air outlet is located on the extended line in the rebound direction, the fallen object is reliably prevented from entering the ventilation path. be able to.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 4, in addition to the effect produced by the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 3, the railway vehicle includes an extended surface extending from the side wall surface toward the seat, and the extended surface and the facing member For example, even when the passenger drops his belongings between the opposing surfaces of the side wall surface and the facing member, the falling object can be received by the extended surface. The fallen object can be recovered from the gap between the extended surface and the facing member.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 5, in addition to the effect exhibited by the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 4, the air outlet is arranged at a position separated from the extending surface. Even if an object is dropped between the opposing surfaces of the side wall surface and the facing member, and the fallen object bounces off at the extended surface, the bounced fallen object is reflected away from the extended surface. It has the effect that it can suppress more reliably that it enters into a ventilation path from.
In addition, objects such as garbage and dust on the extended surface, or belongings that are inadvertently placed by passengers move toward the side wall surface on the extended surface due to the inclination of the vehicle body, etc. Even when it passes through the gap between the surface and the facing member, the above-described object can be prevented from entering the ventilation path from the outlet by separating the outlet from the extending surface. There is an effect.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 6, in addition to the effect exhibited by the railway vehicle described in any of the technical ideas 2 to 5, it is located between the outlet surface and the extension surface in the side wall surface. For example, the passenger falls the property between the opposing surfaces of the side wall surface and the facing member. Even if the fallen object bounces off the extended surface, the distance from the position where the fallen object bounces off to the air outlet can be separated, so that the bounced fallen object can be vented from the air outlet to the ventilation path. There is an effect that it is possible to more surely suppress the entry into.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 7, in addition to the effect produced by the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 1, the upper plate member having an upper wall surface extending toward the ceiling side in the cabin space, Since the upper plate member includes a lower plate member that is opposed to the upper plate member with a predetermined interval and has an opening at the upper wall surface, the warm air can be improved while improving the design and improving the effect of preventing falling objects from entering. There is an effect that it is possible to ensure the amount of blowout.
That is, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, it is a configuration in which the passage between the opposed surfaces of the upper plate member and the lower plate member arranged to face each other is a passage of warm air from the air passage, and the outlet is opened in the upper plate member. A lower plate member can be disposed immediately below the air outlet. Thereby, it can suppress that the inside of a ventilation path is visually recognized from a blower outlet, and can aim at the improvement of the design property in a guest room.
Further, in this way, if the lower plate member is arranged directly below the air outlet, for example, even when the passenger drops the property to the air outlet, the falling object is received by the lower plate member, and the ventilation is performed. In addition to suppressing entry into the mouth, falling objects can be recovered.
Furthermore, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, as described above, it is possible to improve the design and the effect of preventing falling objects from entering. Measures such as attaching a member to the air outlet can be eliminated, and a sufficient cross-sectional area can be secured for warm air to pass therethrough. As a result, it is possible to ensure the amount of warm air blowout while improving the design and improving the effect of preventing falling objects from entering.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 8, in addition to the effect exhibited by the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 1 to 7, the railway vehicle has a discharge port that opens in a lower space of the seat, and from the middle of the ventilation path. Since it is configured to have a branch path that is formed by branching and communicates between the discharge port and the air outlet, for example, even when dust or dust enters from the air outlet, such dust or dust is separated into the branch path , It is possible to suppress the entry into the ventilation path (the ventilation path closer to the suction port than the connecting portion with the branch path). As a result, there is an effect that dust, dust, and the like adhere to the ventilation path, and that warm air that has passed through the ventilation path to which the dust, dust, etc. have adhered can be suppressed from being blown to the cabin.
That is, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, the vertical ventilation path extends in the vertical direction, and the horizontal ventilation path extends from the vertical ventilation path in the horizontal direction. Since it is connected directly below the vertical ventilation path of the ventilation path and extends in the vertical direction, if garbage or dust enters from the outlet, the dirt or dust is perpendicular to the ventilation path. When it reaches the ventilation path, it can be dropped along the vertical ventilation path in the vertical direction, that is, it can be dropped toward the vertical branch path. As a result, it is possible to prevent dust, dust, etc. falling on the vertical ventilation path from entering the horizontal ventilation path, and to drop to the vertical branch path (separate into the branch path). As a result, dust, dust, etc. It is possible to suppress entry into the ventilation path (the ventilation path closer to the suction port than the connection with the branch path).
In addition, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, since the branch road has a discharge port that opens to the lower space, it is possible to discharge and collect dust, dust, and the like separated into the branch path from the discharge port. As a result, there is an effect that clogging of the branch path can be suppressed. Similarly, even when the passenger inadvertently drops the property to the outlet, there is an effect that the property can be discharged from the discharge port to the lower space and recovered.
According to the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 9, in addition to the effect exhibited by the railway vehicle described in the technical idea 8, since the outlet of the branch path is positioned below the inlet of the air passage, When the air in the lower space is warmed by the device, the warmed air (warm air) is taken into the ventilation path from the suction port, and is prevented from being taken into the branch path from the discharge port, Accordingly, there is an effect that it is possible to suppress the warm air that has passed through the branch path to which dust, dust, or the like is attached, being blown to the cabin.
Furthermore, by arranging the outlet of the branch passage below the inlet of the air passage, dust, dust, etc., separated into the branch passage and discharged from the outlet to the lower space are discharged from the inlet into the air passage. Therefore, there is an effect that it is possible to prevent dust, dust, and the like from being sent back to the cabin from the ventilation path. That is, in the configuration in which the discharge port is located above the suction port, when dust or dust is discharged from the discharge port, when the dust or dust falls, it reaches the suction port and the suction port However, according to the railway vehicle of the present invention, this can be avoided.

100 Railcar 3 Floor structure (floor surface)
5,205,305,405,505 Side structure 6 Window glass 10 Seat 12a Back surface 16 Temperature control device 325a Lower plate member 325b Collection surface (part of lower plate member)
27a, 227a Extended surface 27b Side wall surface 227b Side wall surface (surface located between the outlet and the extended surface)
327, 427 Upper plate member 327a, 427a Upper wall surface 28a Side wall surface (surface located above air outlet)
29 facing member 31,431,531 ventilation path 431a, 531a 1st ventilation path (a part of ventilation path, vertical ventilation path)
431b, 531b Horizontal ventilation path (part of ventilation path)
431c, 531c Second vertical ventilation path (part of the ventilation path, vertical ventilation path) 431d, 531d Recovery path (branch path)
33, 433, 533 Suction port 35, 235, 335, 435 Air outlet 37 Lower space 441 Discharge port

Claims (2)

A window glass attached to the side structure, a seat disposed with its back facing the side structure, and a temperature control device for heating air in a lower space formed between the seat and the floor surface. In the railway vehicle equipped,
A suction opening that opens in a lower space of the seat; and a blowout opening that opens in a guest room space that faces the window glass; and the communication between the blowout opening and the suction opening; and the rear surface of the seat and the side structure An air passage formed between ,
A discharge passage that opens in a lower space of the seat, and is formed by branching from the middle of the ventilation path, and includes a branch passage that communicates the discharge opening and the outlet.
The ventilation path includes at least a vertical ventilation path extending in a vertical direction, and a horizontal ventilation path extending in a horizontal direction from the vertical ventilation path and positioned closer to the suction port than the vertical ventilation path. ,
The railway vehicle is characterized in that the branch path includes at least a vertical branch path connected directly below the vertical ventilation path and extending in the vertical direction . Outlet of the branch path, a railway vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that located below the inlet of the air passage.

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