JP5484477B2 - 界面層を有する膜電極複合体 - Google Patents
界面層を有する膜電極複合体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5484477B2 JP5484477B2 JP2011533334A JP2011533334A JP5484477B2 JP 5484477 B2 JP5484477 B2 JP 5484477B2 JP 2011533334 A JP2011533334 A JP 2011533334A JP 2011533334 A JP2011533334 A JP 2011533334A JP 5484477 B2 JP5484477 B2 JP 5484477B2
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- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013545 self-assembled monolayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver bromide Chemical compound [Ag]Br ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium atom Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCGWQDWYSQAFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenelead Chemical compound [Pb]=[Te] OCGWQDWYSQAFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus hexaoxide Chemical class O1P(O2)OP3OP1OP2O3 VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000927 vapour-phase epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
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Description
アノード反応: CH3OH+H2O→CO2+6H++6e−
カソード反応: 3/2O2+6H++6e−→3H2O
電池全体の反応: CH3OH+3/2O2→CO2+2H2O
1990年代初期に最初に開発されたDMFCは、低効率と低エネルギー密度並びにその他の問題のため採用されなかった。触媒の改良およびその他の最近の開発は、電力密度を20倍に増加し、効率は最終的に40%に達し得る。これらの電池は、約50℃〜120℃の温度範囲でテストされてきた。この低い動作温度と燃料改質装置の必要がないことで、DMFCは、携帯電話、ノート型パソコン、カメラ、そして他の消費者製品、自動車電力装置に至るまで、といった超小型から中規模サイズの応用に対して、優れた候補となる。DMFCの欠点の一つは、メタノールから水素イオンと二酸化炭素への低温の酸化に、より活性な触媒が必要とされ、一般的により大量に高価な白金(および/またはルテニウム)触媒を必要とすることを意味している。
金属導体、半導体、炭化物、窒化物、または酸化物を含んでもよく、RuO2, SiC, GaN, TiO2, SnO2, WCx, MoCx, ZrC, WNx, MoNxなどが挙げられる。本明細書を通して使われているように、化学式で使われる場合下付き文字『x』は、正の整数(例えば、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、など)全てを表す。ナノワイヤは弱酸で劣化しない材料から作られ、それにより、ナノワイヤは様々な異なる燃料電池の反応物と共用できることが適切である。更なる実施形態において、カーボンナノチューブおよびカーボンナノ繊維は、『ウィスカ』または『ナノウィスカ』、特に直径100nmを超える、または直径約200nmを超えるウィスカを除き、本発明の実施で利用されうる。
様々なアスペクト比を有すナノワイヤ(調整した直径のナノワイヤを含む)の成長は、例えば以下に記載されている。Gudiksen 等 (2000) "Diameter-selective synthesis of semiconductor nanowires" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 8801-8802; Cui 等. (2001) "Diameter-controlled synthesis of single-crystal silicon nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 2214-2216; Gudiksen 等 (2001) "Synthetic control of the diameter and length of single crystal semiconductor nanowires" J. Phys. Chem. B 105,4062-4064; Morales 等 (1998) "A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires" Science 279, 208-211; Duan 等 (2000) "General synthesis of compound semiconductor nanowires" Adv. Mater. 12, 298-302; Cui 等 (2000) "Doping and electrical transport in silicon nanowires" J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 5213-5216; Peng等(2000) "Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals" Nature 404, 59-61; Puntes 等 (2001) "Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: The case of cobalt" Science 291, 2115-2117; USPN 6,306,736 to Alivisatos 等 (October 23, 2001) 題名 "Process for forming shaped group III-V semiconductor nanocrystals, and product formed using process;" USPN 6,225,198 to Alivisatos 等 (May 1, 2001) 題名"Process for forming shaped group II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals, and product formed using process"; USPN 6,036,774 to Lieber 等 (March 14, 2000) 題名 "Method of producing metal oxide nanorods"; USPN 5,897,945 to Lieber 等 (April 27, 1999) 題名 "Metal oxide nanorods"; USPN 5,997,832 to Lieber 等 (December 7, 1999) "Preparation of carbide nanorods;" Urbau 等(2002) "Synthesis of single-crystalline perovskite nanowires composed of barium titanate and strontium titanate" J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 1186; Yun 等 (2002) "Ferroelectric Properties of Individual Barium Titanate Nanowires Investigated by Scanned Probe Microscopy" Nanoletters2, 447; C. E. Baddour and C. Briens (2005) “Carbon nanotube synthesis: A review” International Jpurnal of Chemical Reactor Enginering 3 R3; および K. P De Jong and J.W.Geus (2000) “Carbon Nanofibers: Catalytic Synthesis and Applications”42 481.
ある実施形態において、ナノワイヤは、基質表面にこれらの細長い構造を成長することまたは合成することによって製造される。例えば、米国特許出願公開第US-2003-0089899-A1号は、気相エピキタシー法を用いて固体基質へ付着した金属コロイドから半導体ナノワイヤの一様な集合の成長方法を開示している。Greene 等 ("Low-temperature wafer scale production of ZnO nanowire arrays", L. Greene, M. Law, J. Goldberger, F. Kim, J. Johnson, Y. Zhang, R. Saykally, P. Yang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 3031-3034, 2003) は、溶液をベースにした比較的低温のワイヤ成長工程を用いてナノワイヤを合成する代替方法が開示されている。様々な他の方法は、他の細長いナノ材料の合成のために使われる。米国特許第5,505,928号, 第6,225,198号, 第6,306,736号で開示された界面活性剤をベースにしてより短いナノワイヤを製造するための合成法、そして、例えばUS-2002/0179434 Dai 等参照の、カーボンナノチューブの既知の製造方法、そして同様に例えばMorales and Lieber, Science, V.279, p. 208 (Jan. 9, 1998) 参照の、成長基質を使用しないナノワイヤ成長のための方法、を含む。ここに述べるように、これらの異なる材料のどれでもあるいは全てを、本発明での使用のため、ナノワイヤを製造することにおいて利用することができる。応用のために、様々な種類のIII-V族、II-VI族、およびIV族の半導体は、利用されうるし、これは製造される基質あるいは物の最終的な応用により決まる。一般的に、そのような半導体ナノワイヤは例えばUS-2003-0089899-A1で記載され、ここに参照される。
、分岐ナノワイヤの成長について述べた上記の引用文に記載されている。ここで、結果として生じるナノ構造は、約1.5未満のアスペクト比を有する。
(April 2, 2002) to Empedocles 題名 "Nanowire heterostructures for encoding information." 同様のアプローチは他のヘテロ構造の成長に適用されることも可能である。
米国特許出願公開第2007-0212538号と米国特許出願公開第2008-0280169号の至る所に記載されているように、そこで開示されるナノワイヤ構造および相互接続されたナノワイヤネットワークは、様々な燃料電池の用途と構成において使われることができる。例えば、ナノワイヤまたは相互接続されたナノワイヤネットワークを有する触媒、および、ナノワイヤ/ネットワークの表面に分散される活性触媒ナノ粒子を、生成することができる。典型的な触媒ナノ粒子は、Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re, No, Fe, Co, Ag, Au, Cu, Zn、Sn、そのような構成要素を二以上の含む金属合金ナノ粒子、を含むが、これに限定されない。これらの触媒は、燃料電池カソードとして用いられることができ、例えばカソードは、ナノワイヤまたは相互接続されたナノワイヤネットワークおよびPt触媒ナノ粒子を備える。触媒は、例えばPtRu触媒ナノ粒子を使用することにより、燃料電池アノードとしても用いられうる。
燃料電池用膜電極複合体の製造方法もまた、例えば、図1A−1Cを参照して図2のフローチャート200に示すように提供される。好適な実施形態において、フローチャート200の202で、プロトン伝導性膜層102が準備される。その後、フローチャート200の204で、界面層116は、プロトン伝導性膜層に隣接して配置される。フローチャート200の206で、一以上のナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒106は、その後、界面層116に隣接して配置される。
実施例1:界面層を有するMEAの形成
アノード噴霧前の準備
1.真空プレート、アノード噴霧マット、イソプロパノールを有する噴霧テンプレートを洗浄する。
1.クリーンバイアル内で必要となるRtRu/CまたはPtRu/NWの量を測定する。
1.温度が摂氏90℃になった後、噴霧プログラムを開始する。
本発明のナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒(例:PtRu/ナノワイヤ触媒)は、市販の炭素担持触媒(例:PtRu/カーボンブラックまたはカーボンペーパー)に比べて明確な利点を有している。その利点としては、一次孔(primary pores)がないこと(例:20nm未満の細孔がないこと)、ナノワイヤ触媒の多孔性構造と使用されるイオノマーとの間で大きさが適合していること、浸炭ナノワイヤから電流を効率的に回収できることが挙げられる。
本発明のナノワイヤ結合電気化学的触媒を含む5cm2のメタノール燃料電池の性能特性をさまざまな方法で決定する。図3に、EW1000ナフィオンイオノマーを用いた燃料電池におけるナノワイヤに結合したPtRu触媒の電圧と出力密度(PD)とを示す。40℃で3Mメタノール溶液のDMFCにおいて0.5mg/cm2の非常に低い充填率で28%のPtRu結合ナノワイヤ触媒を含む触媒の0.23VにおけるPDは、48mW/cm2と計算された。
膜電極複合体のアノード電極は、次の手順により製造される。炭化水素膜は、真空テーブル上に置かれ、開口5cm2のマスクにより被覆される。真空テーブルは60℃に熱せられている。
Claims (27)
- (a)プロトン伝導性膜層と、
(b)上記プロトン伝導性膜層の表面上に設けられた界面層と、
(c)上記界面層に隣接する1つ以上のナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒と、を含み、
上記界面層は、上記プロトン伝導性膜層と上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒との間に配置され、
上記1つ以上のナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒は、ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒の少なくとも1層を含み、
上記界面層は、上記プロトン伝導性膜層と上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒の少なくとも1層との間に配置され、
上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒の少なくとも1層において、マイクロ細孔が全細孔の0.1%未満である、燃料電池用膜電極複合体。 - 上記プロトン伝導性膜は、非フッ素化炭化水素電解質ポリマーを含み、かつ、上記界面層は、全フッ素置換ポリマー電解質を含む請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記界面層は、炭素担持電気化学的触媒を含む請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記界面層は、カーボンブラックを含む請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記電気化学的触媒は、1nmから10nmのナノ粒子を含む請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記電気化学的触媒は、Pt、Au、Pd、Ru、Re、Rh、Os、Ir、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Ag、V、Cr、Mo、W、および、それらの合金または混合物からなる群から選択された金属を含むナノ粒子を含む請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記ナノ粒子は、PtRuを含む請求項6に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒および上記炭素担持電気化学的触媒は、Pt、Au、Pd、Ru、Re、Rh、Os、Ir、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Ag、V、Cr、Mo、W、および、それらの合金または混合物からなる群から選択された金属を含むナノ粒子を含む請求項3に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記ナノ粒子は、PtRuを含む請求項6に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記ナノワイヤは、C、RuO2、SiC、GaN、TiO2、SnO2、WCX、MoCX、ZrC、WNXおよびMoNXナノワイヤからなる群から選択され、xは正の整数である請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- アノード電極および/またはカソード電極をさらに含む請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記膜電極複合体は、メタノール燃料電池、蟻酸燃料電池、エタノール燃料電池、水素燃料電池、またはエチレングリコール燃料電池内の部品である請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒は、当量重量が1000以下の電解質イオノマーと接触している請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒は、相互接続されたネットワークを形成している請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- 上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒は、電解質イオノマーと接触している請求項1に記載の燃料電池用膜電極複合体。
- (a)プロトン伝導性膜層を設ける設置工程と、
(b)上記プロトン伝導性膜層の表面上に界面層を配置する配置工程と、
(c)上記界面層に隣接する1つ以上のナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒を配置する配置工程と、を含み、
上記1つ以上のナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒は、ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒の少なくとも1層を含み、
上記(c)の配置工程は、上記界面層が上記プロトン伝導性膜層と上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒の少なくとも1層の層との間に配置されるように、上記界面層に隣接する上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒の少なくとも1層を配置する工程を含み、
上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒の少なくとも1層において、マイクロ細孔が全細孔の0.1%未満である、燃料電池用膜電極複合体の製造方法。 - 上記(a)の設置工程は、非フッ素化炭化水素電解質ポリマーを含むプロトン伝導性膜を設ける工程を含み、
上記(b)の配置工程は、全フッ素置換ポリマー電解質を配置する工程を含む請求項16に記載の方法。 - 上記(b)の配置工程は、炭素担持電気化学的触媒を配置する工程を含む請求項16に記載の方法。
- 上記(b)の配置工程は、カーボンブラックを配置する工程を含む請求項16に記載の方法。
- 上記(b)の配置工程は、上記プロトン伝導性膜層上に上記界面層を噴霧する工程を含む請求項16に記載の方法。
- 上記(c)の配置工程は、1nmから10nmのナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒のナノ粒子を配置する工程を含む請求項16に記載の方法。
- 上記(c)の配置工程は、ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒のナノ粒子を配置する工程を含み、
上記ナノ粒子は、Pt、Au、Pd、Ru、Re、Rh、Os、Ir、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Ag、V、Cr、Mo、W、および、それらの合金または混合物からなる群から選択された金属を含む請求項21に記載の方法。 - 上記(c)の配置工程は、ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒のナノ粒子を配置する工程を含み、
上記ナノ粒子は、PtRuを含む請求項22に記載の方法。 - 上記(b)の配置工程は、Pt、Au、Pd、Ru、Re、Rh、Os、Ir、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Ag、V、Cr、Mo、W、および、それらの合金または混合物からなる群から選択された金属を含むナノ粒子を含む炭素担持電気化学的触媒を配置する工程を含む請求項18に記載の方法。
- 上記(b)の配置工程は、炭素担持電気化学的触媒を配置する工程を含み、
上記ナノ粒子は、PtRuを含む請求項24に記載の方法。 - 上記(c)の配置工程は、ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒のナノ粒子を配置する工程を含み、
上記ナノワイヤは、C、RuO2、SiC、GaN、TiO2、SnO2、WCX、MoCX、ZrC、WNX及びMoNXナノワイヤからなる群から選択され、xは正の整数である請求項16に記載の方法。 - 上記(c)の配置工程は、上記界面層上に上記ナノワイヤ担持電気化学的触媒を噴霧する工程を含む請求項16に記載の方法。
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JP2000243411A (ja) * | 1999-02-16 | 2000-09-08 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池用の電解質膜と電極との接合体およびその製造方法 |
US6306736B1 (en) * | 2000-02-04 | 2001-10-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Process for forming shaped group III-V semiconductor nanocrystals, and product formed using process |
US7301199B2 (en) * | 2000-08-22 | 2007-11-27 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Nanoscale wires and related devices |
KR20030072619A (ko) * | 2001-02-05 | 2003-09-15 | 카네카 코포레이션 | 프로톤 전도성 고분자막 및 그 제조방법 |
JP3884313B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-28 | 2007-02-21 | 株式会社東芝 | 炭素繊維合成用触媒及び炭素繊維の製造方法 |
US7541308B2 (en) * | 2001-04-11 | 2009-06-02 | Cabot Corporation | Fuel cells and other products containing modified carbon products |
US20040107869A1 (en) * | 2002-12-10 | 2004-06-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Catalyst ink |
JP4977945B2 (ja) * | 2003-12-18 | 2012-07-18 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 膜電極接合体及びその製造方法、並びに燃料電池 |
US7939218B2 (en) * | 2004-12-09 | 2011-05-10 | Nanosys, Inc. | Nanowire structures comprising carbon |
KR100670284B1 (ko) * | 2005-02-04 | 2007-01-16 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료전지 |
-
2009
- 2009-10-22 WO PCT/US2009/061684 patent/WO2010048405A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-10-22 US US13/124,790 patent/US20110275005A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-10-22 JP JP2011533334A patent/JP5484477B2/ja active Active
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US20110275005A1 (en) | 2011-11-10 |
JP2012507119A (ja) | 2012-03-22 |
WO2010048405A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
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