JP5484311B2 - 移動装置への無線エネルギー転送方法およびシステム - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
- H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
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Description
この米国の非仮出願の特許出願は、Koon Hoo Teo外により2009年12月3日に出願された、MERL−2218の、「Wireless Energy Transfer with Negative Index Material(負のインデックス材料を有する無線エネルギー転送)」と題する、出願番号12/630,498、およびKoon Hoo Teo外により2010年1月13日に出願された、MERL−2259の、「System and Method for Energy Transfer(エネルギー転送のためのシステムおよび方法)」と題する、出願番号12/686,466に関し、これら両方の出願は引用によってここに組込まれる。
誘導カプリング(結合)は、コードレスの電子歯ブラシあるいはハイブリッド車のバッテリーを充電するような、多数の無線エネルギー転送アプリケーションにおいて使用される。変圧器のような結合誘導子では、ソース(送信側)、たとえば1次コイル、は電磁界としてエネルギーを発生し、また受信側、たとえば2次コイル、は、シンク(受信側)を通過するエネルギーが最適化されるように、たとえば、ソースのエネルギーにできるだけ類似するように、その電磁界の境界を定める。エネルギーを最適化するために、ソースとシンクの間の距離はできるだけ小さくすべきである。その理由は、より大きな距離にわたっては、誘導方法は非常に効果がないからである。
共振カプリング(結合)では、2つの共振する電磁気物体、すなわちソースおよびシンク、は共振条件の下で相互に作用する。共振結合は、ソースからシンクへ中程度の距離、たとえば共振振動数波長の数分の1の距離、を超えてエネルギーを転送する。
カプリング(結合)モード理論によれば、カプリング(結合)の強さはカプリング(結合)係数kによって表わされる。カプリング(結合)の向上は、結合係数kの絶対値の増加によって表わされる。結合モード理論に基づいて、共振結合システムの共振振動数は多数の周波数へ分割される。たとえば、2つの物体共振コンパイルシステムでは、カプリング(結合)効果により、偶数および奇数モード周波数と名付けられた2つの共振周波数を観察することができる。2つの正確に同一の共振構造によって形成された、2つの物体共振システムの結合係数は、次式(1)による偶数および奇数モードの分割により計算される。
k=π|feven−fodd|・・・(1)
この発明の実施の形態1は、少なくとも1つの自由度があるエネルギーソース(エネルギー源)とエネルギーシンク(エネルギー受容体)との間のエバネッセント波の結合が、導波管の表面の少なくとも一部でエバネッセント波を発生するように構成された導波管としてソースを実現し、且つシンクがエネルギー転送エリア内で導波管への結合を維持しながら該導波管に沿って移動するように、該シンクを配置することによって、最適化することができるという認識に基づく。
エバネッセント波は、ニアフィールド定常波であり、その強度は、ニアフィールド定常波が形成される境界からの距離に応じた指数関数的減衰を示す。エバネッセント波235は、構造体210と、波動に関して異なる特性を備えた他の「媒体」、たとえば空気、との間の境界で形成される。外部エネルギーがEM構造体によって受信されるとき、エバネッセント波が形成され、該エバネッセント波はEM構造体210の表面からのニアフィールドの波長の3分の1内で最も強い。
ウィスパリングギャラリーモード(WGM)は、エバネッセント波がEM構造体の表面によって内部に反射されるかあるいは焦点に集められる、エネルギー分布パターンである。最小の反射損および放射損により、WGMパターンは異常に高いQ係数に達するので、WGMは無線エネルギー転送に役立つ。
図4はバタフライエネルギー分布パターンを示す。2つのEM構造体411および412が互いに結合されて1つの結合システムを形成する場合、該結合システムの優位周波数は偶数および奇数周波数によって表わされる。偶数および奇数周波数でのニアフィールド分布は、偶数モード結合システム410および奇数モード結合システム420として定義される。2つのEM構造体の結合システムの偶数および奇数モードの代表的特性は、EMフィールドが偶数モードでは同相である場合、EMフィールドは奇数モードでは異相である、ということである。
偶数および奇数モード結合システムは、バタフライペアとして定義された、ニアフィールド強度の偶数および奇数モード分布パターン発生する。バタフライペアのEMニアフィールド強度分布は、各EM構造体の中心に0度および90度で指向された2本の線431および432、すなわちバタフライペアの不感地帯、において最小に達する。しかしながら、強度分布を変更し、不感地帯の位置および/または方向を削除し、および/または変更することが、しばしば望まれる。
図5は、交差ペア500として定義されたこの発明の実施の形態1によるニアフィールド強度の分布パターンを示す。交差ペア分布パターンは各EM構造体の中心に0度および90度で指向された最適ゾーン531および532を有する。すなわち、交差ペアパターンの最適ゾーンは、バタフライペアパターンの不感地帯に対応する。したがって、バタフライペアおよび交差ペアパターンの1つの重要な特性は、それぞれの不感地帯が重複しておらず、このため、両方の種類のパターンが利用される場合に不感地帯を削除することを許容することである。バタフライとクロシングパターンは同一オーダの大きさのシステムQ係数および結合係数を有する。
この発明の実施の形態1は、導波管の表面でエバネッセント波を発生するように構成された異なるタイプの導波管を使用する。たとえば、1つの実施の形態1では、導波管は誘電体導波管、たとえばシリンダー310、であり、それは、エネルギーの受信の際に、その表面の導電性カバーがない部分に、エバネッセント波を発生する。
1つの実施の形態1では、シンクのEM構造体は、図7に示されるように、ループ700として実現される。半径rのループが、半径aの導線710および比誘電率εを有するコンデンサー720によって形成される。コンデンサーのプレート領域はAである。また、プレート同士は距離dで分離される。ループ700は軸線705を有する。この実施の形態1の1つのバリエーション(変形例)では、ループは共振構造体である。しかしながら、他の実施の形態1は、構造体の異なる実施例、たとえばディスク、を使用する。別の実施の形態1では、ループは、ループの軸線が導波管に垂直になるように、回転される。
Claims (21)
- エネルギーを無線で転送するように構成されたシステムであって、
エネルギーを受信することに応答して、ソースの表面の少なくとも一部でエバネッセント波を発生するように構成された該ソースと、
前記エバネッセント波の少なくとも前記一部の結合を介してエネルギーを前記ソースから無線で受信するように構成されたシンクと、
前記シンクからエネルギーを受信するように構成された負荷と、を備え、
前記負荷と前記シンクとは、前記エバネッセント波の少なくとも前記一部がエネルギー転送エリア内で前記ソースと前記シンクとの間で結合されるように、前記ソースの表面に沿って移動するように構成される、システム。 - 前記ソースは導波管である、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記エネルギーを前記ソースへ供給するように構成されたドライバをさらに備える、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記結合が向上されるように、エネルギー転送エリア内に設けられた負のインデックス材料(NIM)をさらに備える、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記ソースと前記シンクとは共振構造体である、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記NIMは前記シンクの所定の位置に基づいて配置される、請求項2のシステム。
- 前記負荷はエレベータ車両である、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記負荷は列車である、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記シンクは、偶数のバタフライパターン、奇数のバタフライパターン、偶数の交差パターンおよび奇数の交差パターンからなるグループのパターンから選択されたエネルギー分布パターンに基づいて配置される、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記NIMは負の誘電率特性および負の透磁率特性を有する、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記エネルギーの少なくとも一部を前記ドライバへ供給するように構成される電力計をさらに備える、請求項3のシステム。
- 前記導波管は、前記エバネッセント波を発生するように構成されたスロットを含む、請求項2のシステム。
- 前記導波管は光導波管である、請求項2のシステム。
- 前記シンクはループを含み、前記ループは、該ループの軸線が前記導波管に垂直になるように、回転される、請求項2のシステム。
- エネルギーをニアフィールドの結合によって無線で転送する方法であって、
ソースとシンクとのニアフィールドの結合によって該シンクへエネルギーを無線で転送するように構成された該ソースを設ける工程であって、前記ソースと前記シンクは、エネルギーを受信することに応答して、EM(電磁気の)ニアフィールドを発生するように構成された非放射構造体である、工程と、
前記ソースのニアフィールドおよび前記シンクのニアフィールドがエネルギー転送エリア内で結合されるように、前記ソースの表面に沿って前記シンクを移動させる工程と、
を備える、方法。 - 前記ニアフィールドが導波管の表面の少なくとも一部で発生されるように、前記ソースを導波管として実現することをさらに備える、請求項15の方法。
- 前記エネルギーをドライバから前記ソースへ供給すること、また前記エネルギーを前記シンクから負荷に供給すること、をさらに備える、請求項15の方法。
- 前記負荷はエレベータ車両または列車である、請求項17の方法。
- 前記ソースから前記シンクへの前記エネルギーの転送の間に使用されなかった該エネルギーをドライバに供給することをさらに備える、請求項15の方法。
- 前記ソースから前記シンクへの前記エネルギーの転送の間に使用されなかったエネルギーの量を決定すること、
前記量を表すフィードバック制御信号をドライバへ送信すること、
前記転送中に使用されなかったエネルギーを最小化するように前記ドライバのエネルギーを制御すること、
をさらに備える、請求項15の方法。 - 負のインデックス材料(NIM)を使用して、前記結合を増大することをさらに備える、請求項17の方法。
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US12/686,497 US8384247B2 (en) | 2010-01-13 | 2010-01-13 | Wireless energy transfer to moving devices |
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