JP5473752B2 - Temperature rising roll soaking method and apparatus - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a roll device that raises the temperature of an electrode plate of a lithium ion secondary battery in the manufacturing process of the lithium ion secondary battery, and in particular, to achieve uniform temperature in the width direction of the roll surface of the temperature raising roll. The present invention relates to a method for temperature equalizing roll and a device therefor.

  In recent years, lithium ion secondary batteries have been widely used as power sources for portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and notebook personal computers. Further, in recent years, with the expansion of applications such as use in motorcycles, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and the like that use a motor as a power source, there has been a demand for higher capacity of lithium secondary batteries.

  Therefore, in order to realize a high capacity of the lithium secondary battery, materials constituting the electrode plate of the lithium secondary battery have been changed to various materials. Along with such a material change, a new process for processing after heating the electrode plate to a high temperature state of 100 ° C. or higher has become necessary. There are various heating methods such as IR heaters and hot air to raise the temperature of the electrode plate. However, in order to shorten the heating time and the manufacturing space, in this process, a heated metal or ceramic roll is used. In general, a method of bringing the electrode plate into contact with and raising the temperature is employed.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the electrode plate 2 is made by contacting a plate 2 for a lithium secondary battery in which a predetermined film is applied in advance with a heating roll 1 that is a cylindrical rotating heated roll. Is raised to the target temperature, and finally the processing is performed by the processing machine 3.

  In this case, it is known that the integrated heat amount greatly affects the battery characteristics after the product from when the electrode plate 2 is heated by the heating roll 1 until it is processed by the processing machine 3. For example, even if the electrode plate temperature during the heat treatment fluctuates by 1 ° C., fatal problems such as a large difference in battery capacity after the product or a sudden increase in the defective rate of the battery occur.

  In spite of such a strict temperature control process, it is necessary to reduce the unit price of the product. Therefore, in this process, heat treatment is not performed with a single sheet width of the electrode plate 2, but a sheet having a plurality of widths. In general, a method is used in which the sheet is divided into a single sheet of the electrode plate 2 after the heat treatment. For this reason, the quality variation of the electrode plate 2 after the product is proportional to the temperature variation in the width direction of the wide sheet-shaped electrode plate during the heat treatment step.

  Therefore, when the temperature of the electrode plate 2 is increased, it is very important to make the temperature uniform in the width direction. Therefore, in this process, production is performed under a strict temperature control standard that the temperature variation of the sheet-like electrode plate 2 is within ± 1 ° C. in the width direction. Along with this, extremely strict temperature management is required in which the temperature variation in the width direction is within ± 1 ° C. even in the temperature raising roll 1 serving as a heating source.

  As described above, in this step, the temperature of the roll surface of the temperature-raising roll 1 for raising the temperature of the electrode plate 2 is required even though the temperature management is required to be highly accurate in the width direction. In general, the design conditions are such that the temperature of the roll surface of the heating roll 1 is uniform in a state where the electrode plate 2 is not in contact. This is because the conditions for manufacturing the electrode plate 2, such as the manufacturing speed, temperature, and physical properties of the battery electrode plate, are frequently changed even after the apparatus is introduced.

  Even when the electrode plate 2 is not flowing, it is very difficult to make the roll surface temperature of the heating roll 1 uniform in the width direction. FIG. 6 shows the distribution of the surface temperature of the heating roll 1 when the electrode plate 2 is not in contact. The heated heating roll 1 has a problem that the temperature at the end of the roll decreases as shown in FIG.

  That is, heat release from the roll center is only from the roll surface, but the roll end is not only the roll surface but also the roll end is a heat dissipation surface, so the area that is radiated heat is large compared to the roll center, This is because the temperature drops. In order to solve such a problem, various methods have been proposed as a method for equalizing the roll surface temperature.

  In Patent Document 1, as shown in FIG. 7, a method is generally used in which the heater 4 incorporated in the temperature raising roll 1 is divided into three parts in the width direction, and the amount of heat generated by the end heater 4a is larger than that of the center heater 4b. Known to. Reference numeral 5 denotes a rotation axis of the temperature raising roll 1. By using such a configuration, it is possible to compensate for the large amount of heat released at the end of the roll by increasing the amount of heat generated by the heater at the end, and the temperature in the width direction of the roll surface of the temperature raising roll 1 can be adjusted. A temperature raising roll that can be made uniform has been proposed.

  Further, in the state where the electrode plate 2 is not in contact, the roll surface temperature is uniform at the central portion of the heating roll 1 as shown in FIG. A method is generally used in which an effective width is set and heat treatment is performed by contacting the electrode plate within the range of the effective width.

JP 2006-185696 A

  In the method of temperature-uniforming the surface temperature of the temperature-raising roll described in Patent Document 1, in the state where the electrode plate 2 that is a work for production is not in contact with the temperature-raising roller 1, that is, in the no-load state, the roll surface is in the width direction. Even when the temperature of the heating plate 1 is uniform, when the electrode plate 2 comes into contact with the heating roll 1, as shown in FIG. The temperature curve is such that the temperature decreases only on the side.

  Therefore, there is a problem that during production, the electrode plate 2 cannot be heat-treated in a state where the temperature is uniform in the roll width direction. This is because heat is taken away only from the roll surface of the heating roll 1 where the electrode plate 2 is in contact, that is, from the center side of the roll, so that the roll surface temperature is lowered only at that portion, but the electrode plate 2 is in contact. Since no heat is lost to the electrode plate 2 from the surface of the roll that is not present, that is, from the end of the roll, temperature drop hardly occurs, and temperature variation occurs as shown in FIG.

  When the electrode plate 2 is brought into contact when the temperature of the temperature raising roll 1 varies in the width direction, the amount of heat received by the electrode plate 2 from the temperature raising roll 1 naturally varies in the width direction. There is a problem that temperature variation occurs in the width direction of the electrode plate 2 in such a manner that the temperature variation of the roll 1 is directly transferred to the workpiece temperature.

  The present invention provides a method and an apparatus capable of soaking the temperature variation in the width direction of the surface of the temperature raising roll 1 and uniforming the amount of heat received by the electrode plate 2 as a workpiece from the temperature raising roll 1 in the width direction. With the goal.

  The temperature-raising roll temperature equalizing method of the present invention is to send a belt-shaped workpiece in contact with the temperature-raising roll to a set temperature, and to feed the workpiece in contact with the center of the temperature-raising roll, Variation in temperature of the roll surface in the width direction of the heating roll by bringing a strip-shaped dummy work adjusted to the temperature immediately before contacting the heating roll into contact with both ends of the center of the heating roll It is characterized by reducing.

  Further, the temperature rising roll temperature equalizing device of the present invention is a temperature rising roll temperature equalizing device that feeds the belt-shaped work in contact with the temperature increasing roll and adjusts the temperature, and the work is in the width direction of the temperature increasing roll. A belt-shaped dummy work that is fed in contact with the surfaces on both sides of the central portion in the width direction of the temperature raising roll and circulates to the temperature raising roll is provided. A temperature adjusting portion is provided in a circulation path of the workpiece, and the temperature of the dummy workpiece is adjusted and then circulated to the heating roll.

  According to this configuration, by bringing the dummy workpiece into contact with the part of the temperature rising roll that is not in contact with the workpiece, heat is uniformly taken away in the roll width direction of the temperature rising roll, and the roll surface temperature is reduced. Heat equalization in the roll width direction.

Configuration diagram of temperature rising roll temperature equalizing apparatus for executing temperature rising roll temperature equalizing method of the present invention The perspective view of the temperature rising roll soaking apparatus of the embodiment The block diagram of the temperature rising roll soaking apparatus of another embodiment Further, a configuration diagram of a temperature raising roll soaking apparatus according to another embodiment Sectional view of a conventional general workpiece processing device Measurement result explanatory diagram of the temperature in the width direction of the roll surface at the time of conventional non-production Cross-sectional view of conventional heating roll Measurement result explanatory diagram of the temperature in the width direction of the roll surface during production in the conventional example

Hereinafter, the temperature rising roll soaking method of the present invention will be described based on specific embodiments.
(Embodiment 1)
FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show a temperature rising roll temperature equalizing apparatus that heats an electrode plate 2 as a workpiece with a temperature increasing roll 1 and sends it to a processing machine 3.

  The electrode plate 2 before coming into contact with the temperature raising roll 1 is brought into contact with the temperature raising roll 1 through the roll 6, the preheating roll 7 and the roll 8, and the electrode plate 2 in contact with the temperature raising roll 1 is made up of the roll 9, It is stretched so as to be carried into the processing machine 3 via 10. As shown in FIG. 7, the temperature raising roll 1 is controlled at a set temperature by incorporating heaters 4a and 4a and a central heater 4b therein.

  The electrode plate 2 is in contact with the central portion of the temperature rising roll 1, and a strip-shaped dummy work having the same heat capacity and the same thermal conductivity as the electrode plate 2 is formed on the roll surfaces on both sides of the center portion of the temperature increasing roll 1. 11a and 11b are in contact.

  After the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b come into contact with the temperature raising roll 1, they pass through the roll 12, the cooling rolls 14a, 14b, and 14c constituting the temperature adjusting unit 13, the roll 6, the preheating roll 7, and the roll 8. The ring is formed so as to circulate in contact with the heating roll 1. What is necessary is just to install the number which can reach | attain the target temperature to cool the magnitude | size and number of the cooling rolls which cool the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b.

  The contact portion of the electrode plate 2 in the preheating roll 7 is the central portion in the width direction, and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are in contact with the preheating roll 7 on both sides of the center portion in the width direction where the electrode plate 2 is in contact. Yes.

  Specifically, the electrode plate 2 at 40 ° C. comes into contact with the preheating roll 7 and is preheated to 60 ° C., and then comes into contact with the heating roll 1. The temperature raising roll 1 is temperature-controlled at a set temperature of 200 ° C. The dummy workpieces 11a and 11b that have passed through the temperature raising roll 1 have risen in temperature to 200 ° C., and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b have passed through the cooling rolls 14a, 14b, and 14c and are about 30 ° C., which is lower than 40 ° C. Then, the workpiece 2 is in contact with the same preheating roll 7 that has been preheated by contact with the workpiece 2 and is preheated to the same temperature as the workpiece 2, and then is in contact with the heating roll 1.

  At this time, it is desirable that the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are configured so that the contact time, the length, and the positional relationship in contact with each other in the circumferential direction are the same. By adopting such a configuration, the temperature-raising roll 1 is deprived of heat uniformly from the roll surface in the width direction. Therefore, as compared with the conventional example, the temperature rise roll 1 is dramatic in terms of uniformizing the temperature in the width direction of the roll surface. Improvements can be made.

  Moreover, it is preferable that the gap d between the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b on the roll surface of the heating roll 1 be as close as possible. This is because the portion of the roll surface of the heating roll 1 that is not in contact with the electrode plate 2 or the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b is not deprived of heat from the roll surface, so that the electrode plate 2 or the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are The temperature is higher than the part in contact. This becomes a cause of temperature variation in the roll width direction. However, in reality, there is a risk that the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b come into contact with each other when the gap d is extremely small due to meandering or the like when the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are conveyed. For this reason, the gap d may be vacant as long as it is within the range of temperature variations allowed on the roll surface. Specifically, when the width of the electrode plate 2 is 700 mm to 800 mm and the width of the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b is 50 mm to 100 mm, the gap d is generally 10 mm to 20 mm. The allowable gap d is caused by the allowable temperature variation range, the physical properties of the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b, the conveyance speed, the ambient atmosphere temperature, and the internal structure of the heating roll. By selecting properly, the effect can be enhanced.

  Further, the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are contacted from the end to a position just inside the electrode plate 2 to a position just inside the edge rather than contacting the temperature increasing roll 1 in the range from the end of the temperature increasing roll 1 to immediately before the electrode plate 2. It is desirable. As described above, generally, the temperature rising roll 1 having a high temperature tends to have a lower temperature at the end of the roll than at the center of the roll because the end portion radiates more heat than the center of the roll. Therefore, rather than contacting the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b from the end of the heating roll 1, the end of the roll can be reduced by reducing the amount of heat taken up by the end of the roll so far by contacting from the inside of the roll end. As compared with the conventional example, a significant improvement is seen in that the temperature of the roll surface of the heating roll 1 is made uniform in the width direction.

  For example, the distance from this end is generally 20 mm to 60 mm when the roll length of the heating roll 1 is 1000 mm. Similarly, regarding the optimum distance from this end, the optimum distance between the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b and the end of the heating roll 1 is the allowable temperature variation range, the physical properties of the electrode plate, the conveyance speed, the ambient atmosphere temperature, the rising temperature. Since it originates in the internal structure of a warm roll, an effect can be heightened by selecting the distance suitable for these.

As described above, since the electrode plate 2 and the cooled dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are preheated by the single preheating roll 7, the following effects are obtained.
Dummy workpieces 11a, 11b after cooling due to variations in the temperature of the cooling roll due to variations in the temperature of the cooling water in the cooling rollers 14a, 14b, 14c, and variations in the ambient temperature around the cooling rollers 14a, 14b, 14c. Variations occur in the temperature reached by. The electrode plate 2 also varies in temperature before heat treatment due to variations in ambient ambient temperature. Therefore, by preheating the electrode plate 2 and the cooled dummy workpieces 11a and 11b with the preheating roll 7, the temperature of the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b can be made uniform.

At this time, when the temperature of the heating roll 1 is t1, the temperature that does not greatly affect the physical properties of the electrode plate 2 is t2, and the upper limit temperature when considering the variation in the initial temperature of the electrode plate 2 is tw, preheating Roll 7 temperature: t0 is
tw <t0 ≤ t1, t2
It is necessary to set the temperature so as to satisfy this condition. Further, the temperature at which the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are cooled: t3, the temperature variation allowed by the heating roll 1 is ± α, the temperature of the electrode plate 2 after the preheating roll 7 is twa, the dummy workpiece 11a after the preheating roll 7 Assuming that the temperature of 11b is t3a, the temperature of cooling the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b: t3 satisfies the condition of t3 <t0, and (twa−t3a) <α
It is necessary to cool to a temperature capable of satisfying: t3.

  With such a configuration, when the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b come into contact with each other at the same temperature when coming into contact with the heating roll 1, heat is evenly taken away from the roll surface of the heating roll 1 in the width direction. The result is that the temperature becomes uniform in the width direction on the roll surface, and a dramatic improvement can be achieved compared to the conventional example.

  As described above, the temperature of the temperature rising roll surface is uniform in the width direction as compared with the conventional example because heat is evenly removed from the surface of the temperature rising roll 1 in the width direction. explain in detail.

  When there is no production and no load is applied, the heater inside the roll is divided in the width direction and the temperature of each heater is individually controlled in order to make the temperature of the roll surface of the temperature raising roll 1 uniform in the width direction. The roll surface temperature can be kept within the desired temperature variation.

  However, due to structural reasons, the temperature rise roll 1 has a temperature variation as shown in FIG. 8 when it is loaded, that is, when the electrode plate 2 is heat-treated. As shown in FIG. 7, there is a thick part of the roll from the end heaters 4 a and 4 a and the central heater 4 b to the roll surface of the heating roll 1.

Therefore, when the heater temperature inside the roll is TH and the temperature of the roll surface is Ts,
TH> Ts
The temperature difference like this has occurred. This is because heat is released from the roll surface to the atmosphere (the amount of heat at this time: Q), and the surface of the heating roll 1 from the end heaters 4a, 4a and the central heater 4b inside the roll in order to compensate for the heat released. Heat transfer occurs to generate a temperature difference between TH and Ts. The relational expression at this time is expressed by the following general formula of thermodynamics.

Q = λ ÷ L · (TH-Ts) · A
However, (lambda): Thermal conductivity of the material of the thick part of a roll, L: Thickness length, A shows a roll surface area.

  As can be seen from this relational expression, it is clear that if the heater temperature TH is fixed, the temperature of Ts decreases as the roll thickness increases and the heat dissipation amount increases. In this manner, when the temperature difference between the heater and the roll surface is present, the further cooled workpiece comes into contact with the roll surface of the heating roll 1, and the amount of heat Qa deprived from the roll surface increases. At this time, as can be seen from the above relational expression, since the amount of heat taken away from the roll surface increases, the roll surface temperature at the location where the electrode plate 2 is in contact: the tendency that the temperature difference between Tsa and TH is further expanded, that is, It can be seen that the roll surface temperature Tsa after contact with the electrode plate 2 is lower than the roll surface temperature Ts before contact with the workpiece. However, the portion of the roll surface that is not in contact with the electrode plate 2 does not increase the amount of heat deprived from the roll surface: Qb, that is, the relational expression Qb = Q is satisfied. Ts maintains the same temperature. Therefore, it can be seen that a temperature difference occurs between the part where the workpiece is in contact with the part on the roll surface (Ta <Tb), and as a result, the temperature of the roll surface is not uniform in the width direction.

  In order to solve such problems, there is a method in which the thickness of the roll is set to 0 mm or the heater inside the roll is divided in the width direction, but the thickness of the roll is 0 mm due to a structural problem. In addition, there is a drawback that the heater inside the roll is finely divided in the width direction, so that the structure becomes too complicated and the cost required for manufacturing the heating roll becomes very high. Therefore, in the temperature rising roll temperature equalizing method of the present invention, the roll surface temperature of the temperature rising roll 1 is made uniform by bringing the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b into contact with both ends of the temperature rising roll that is not in contact with the electrode plate 2. Therefore, the structure is very simple and the introduction cost can be reduced.

  If the amount of heat per unit taken by the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b from the heating roll 1 is the same as that of the electrode plate 2 or is of a material or configuration that falls within an allowable range of temperature variation, the same heat capacity and the same thermal conductivity are obtained. It is not necessary to select materials or configurations.

(Embodiment 2)
FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of the present invention.
In the first embodiment, the temperature adjusting unit 13 that adjusts the temperature of the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b that have passed through the temperature raising roll 1 to increase the temperature, and then circulates them in the temperature raising roll 1 includes cooling rolls 14a, 14b, and 14c. Although it was comprised with the preheating roll 7, in this Embodiment 2, only the point by which the temperature control part 13 is comprised by the 1st, 2nd heat exchange zone 15a, 15b differs.

  The first heat exchange zone 15a that cools the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b whose temperature has increased in contact with the temperature raising roll 1 is a chamber 17a through which air 16a having a low temperature for cooling passes, for example, as a cooling fluid. And a passage guide 18a in which a plurality of rolls are arranged so that the dummy works 11a and 11b pass through the chamber 17a.

  The second heat exchange zone 15b for preheating the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b includes a chamber 17b through which, for example, preheated air 16b passes as a preheating fluid, and the chamber 17b is connected to the electrode plate 2 and the dummy. It is comprised with the channel | path guide 18b by which the some roll is arrange | positioned so that the workpiece | work 11a, 11b may pass.

  Due to such a configuration, the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b passing through the first heat exchange zone 15a are cooled by carrying out heat exchange with the air 16a while traveling in a zigzag shape while being guided by the passage guide 18a. Is done. The electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b passing through the second heat exchange zone 15b are preheated and carried out by exchanging heat with the air 16b while running in a zigzag shape while being guided by the passage guide 18b. .

(Embodiment 3)
FIG. 4 shows a third embodiment of the present invention.
In the second embodiment, cooling and preheating are performed by heat exchange by contact between the air 16a and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b, and heat exchange by contact between the air 16b and the electrode plates 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b. In the third embodiment, the heat exchanger 19 is provided in the first heat exchange zone 15a, the heater 20 is provided in the second heat exchange zone 15b, and the liquid 21 whose temperature is lowered for cooling, for example, is used as a cooling fluid. It flows into the heat exchanger 19 and the dummy workpieces 11 a and 11 b are cooled by the radiant heat of the heat exchanger 19. Further, the heater 20 is energized, and the electrode plate 2 and the dummy workpieces 11a and 11b are preheated by the radiant heat of the heater 20. The rest is the same as in the second embodiment.

  The present invention contributes to high performance of a battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery.

1 Heating roll 2 Electrode plate (workpiece)
3 Processing Machine 4a Heater 4b Center Heater 6 Roll 7 Preheating Roll 8 Roll 9, 10 Roll 11a, 11b Dummy Work 12 Roll 13 Temperature Control Units 14a, 14b, 14c Cooling Rolls 15a, 15b First and Second Heat Exchange Zones 16a , 16b Air 17a, 17b Chamber 18a, 18b Passage guide 19 Heat exchanger 20 Heater 21 Liquid d Clearance

Claims (11)

When the belt-shaped workpiece is brought into contact with the heating roll and set to the set temperature,
While sending the workpiece in contact with the center of the temperature raising roll,
A strip-shaped dummy work adjusted to a temperature immediately before the work comes into contact with the heating roll is brought into contact with both ends of the central portion of the heating roll, and the width of the roll surface in the width direction of the heating roll is adjusted. A heating roll soaking method that reduces temperature variations. The temperature-raising roll temperature-equalizing method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the dummy workpiece that has passed through the temperature-raising roll is increased in temperature and then circulated through the temperature-raising roll. The heating roll temperature-uniforming method according to claim 1, wherein the dummy work uses the same heat capacity and thermal conductivity as the work. The heating roll temperature-uniforming method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature difference between the workpiece and the dummy work is reduced by bringing the workpiece and the dummy work into contact with a single preheating roll before contacting the workpiece. A temperature rising roll temperature equalizing device that sends a temperature-adjusted roll-shaped work by contacting the temperature rising roll,
While configuring the workpiece to contact the surface of the central portion in the width direction of the heating roll,
Provide a belt-like dummy work that is sent out in contact with the surfaces on both sides of the central portion in the width direction of the heating roll and circulates to the heating roll,
A temperature rising roll temperature equalizing device provided in a circulation path of the dummy work and provided with a temperature adjusting portion for adjusting the temperature of the dummy work and circulating the dummy work to the temperature raising roll. The heating roll temperature equalizing device according to claim 5, wherein the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the dummy work are the same as the heat capacity and heat conductivity of the work. The temperature control unit is
A cooling roll that contacts and cools the dummy workpiece whose temperature has increased in contact with the heating roll;
The temperature rising roll temperature-equalizing device according to claim 5, further comprising a preheating roll that heats the dummy work that has passed through the cooling roll in contact with the dummy work so as to reduce a temperature difference with the work. The temperature rising roll temperature-equalizing device according to claim 7, wherein the workpiece before contacting the temperature rising roll and the dummy work before contacting the temperature rising roll are in contact with the single preheating roll. The temperature rising roll temperature-equalizing device according to claim 7, wherein the workpiece and the dummy work have the same contact time, length, and positional relationship in contact with each other in the circumferential direction. The temperature control unit is
A first heat exchange zone that cools the temperature-controlled fluid in contact with the dummy workpiece;
The temperature-adjusted fluid is brought into contact with the workpiece before contacting the heating roll and the dummy work before passing through the first heat exchange zone and contacting the heating roll, and the dummy workpiece and The temperature rising roll soaking apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a second heat exchange zone that reduces a temperature difference from the workpiece. The temperature control unit is
A first heat exchange zone having a heat exchanger supplied with fluid and cooling the dummy workpiece with radiant heat of the heat exchanger;
The heater that generates heat and preheats the workpiece before contacting the temperature raising roll and the dummy workpiece before passing through the first heat exchange zone and contacting the temperature raising roll with the radiant heat of the heater. The temperature increasing roll temperature-equalizing device according to claim 5, further comprising a second heat exchange zone that reduces a temperature difference between the dummy workpiece and the workpiece.

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