JP5451023B2 - Image forming method and fixing method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an image forming method, a fixing method, and a toner used in a printer, a copying machine, a facsimile, or the like using an electrophotographic technique or an electrostatic recording technique.

  Conventionally, in an image forming apparatus, a contact heating type apparatus has been widely used as an apparatus for heating and fixing an unfixed toner image formed and supported on a recording material as a permanently fixed image. In this contact heating type fixing device, a rotating member (hereinafter referred to as a fixing roller) whose surface temperature in contact with a recording material is heated to a predetermined fixing temperature is brought into contact with the recording material at a nip portion to perform recording. The unfixed toner image on the material is heat-fixed as a permanently fixed image.

  As a heating method for the fixing roller, there is a conventional internal heating method. In this method, heating means (heating source: heater or the like) is disposed inside the fixing roller, and the fixing roller is heated from the inside to heat the surface of the fixing roller to a predetermined fixing temperature. However, in the internal heating method, since it is necessary to heat the entire roller, it takes time, and the on-demand property is inferior.

  For this reason, various studies have been made in order to cope with the on-demand property, and among them, the film heat fixing method is a useful fixing method. This is a system in which the heater directly heats through the film, so that the heat of the heater can be efficiently applied to the recording material. However, since surf fixing uses a film, the film may be broken during long-term use.

  As a new fixing method to eliminate such concerns, an external heating method (surface heating method) has been studied.

  Since the external heating type apparatus directly heats the fixing roller from the outside with a ceramic heater, a halogen heater, or the like, the surface of the fixing roller can be rapidly heated. Therefore, the warm-up time compared to the internal heating system and the time from when a print signal is received until the recording material on which the unfixed toner image is formed is heated and fixed (hereinafter referred to as the first printout time). Can be shortened. Along with these, on-demand is also improved, which is preferable. Moreover, since the above-mentioned malfunction does not arise from not using a film, it is preferable.

  As a technique relating to such an external heating method, for example, there is a technique in which the inside of the fixing roller is thermally insulated and the outermost layer is made to have a high thermal conductivity by inserting a heat conductive filler. (For example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2) However, although this technology shortens the warm-up time and increases the on-demand property, there is room for improvement such as the recording material is likely to be wound around the fixing roller or a low temperature offset is likely to occur. I'm leaving.

  In order to improve wrapping and low temperature offset, PFA (copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether) with high releasability is placed on the surface layer, and technology to reduce the adhesiveness to paper is disclosed. (For example, Patent Document 3). However, since such a heat conductive filler has a very high affinity with the toner, it is disadvantageous for wrapping if a large amount of the heat conductive filler is exposed. On the other hand, if the exposure is too small, the heat transfer efficiency is lowered, the fixing temperature is increased, and the on-demand property is deteriorated, so there is room for further improvement.

  Further, in order to improve the wrapping resistance, it is very effective to provide a release layer excellent in releasability with the recording material on the surface of the image heating member, and various studies have been made (for example, Patent Documents 4, 5, and 6). However, the heat transfer rate from the recording material to the image heating member decreases due to a reduction in the heat capacity of the surface layer. Therefore, the heating device needs to give high energy to the image heating member. Also, the low-temperature offset resistance is not sufficient, leaving room for improvement.

  Accordingly, there is a need for an image forming method capable of fixing at a lower temperature and improving low temperature offset resistance.

  In response to such demands, studies have been made to improve low-temperature fixability by controlling toner surface properties (see, for example, Patent Documents 7, 8, and 9). However, sufficient fixing performance cannot be exhibited under conditions where the image heating member is easily cooled, such as in a low-temperature environment, leaving room for improvement.

  On the other hand, in the toner, the viscoelasticity and melt viscosity of the toner are often discussed from the viewpoint of achieving both durability and fixability (lowering the fixing temperature). Generally, since toner deteriorates due to mechanical frictional force in the developing device, it is advantageous to increase the viscoelasticity and melt viscosity of the toner. However, the fixing process is disadvantageous because it consumes more energy. Methods that satisfy the balance between these two have been studied so far.

  On the other hand, when considering the internal structure of the toner particles in the study for achieving both durability and fixability, it is necessary to discuss the stress resistance and the fixability of the toner in units of one particle. The unit hardness (micro compression hardness) is an effective index. The hardness (micro compression hardness) of one particle of the toner indicates the degree of deformation (elasticity / plasticity) of the toner particles. Therefore, in the transfer process in which the toner particles can be deformed due to pressure applied to the toner particles, such as contact transfer, the hardness of one toner particle (micro compression hardness) is not limited to stress resistance and fixability, but also to transferability. But it is an important indicator.

  For example, a capsule toner composed of a heat-meltable core material made of a thermoplastic resin having a low glass transition point and an outer shell mainly composed of amorphous polyester has been proposed. In this capsule toner, it is possible to achieve both low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and stress resistance by defining the relationship between the amount of displacement compressed when a load is applied to one particle of toner and the load within a specific range. (For example, refer to Patent Document 10 and Patent Document 11).

  Further, a load-displacement curve obtained by performing a micro-compression test of one particle of toner has an inflection point, and the load at the inflection point is larger than the load received by the toner in the developing device. Toner has been proposed. By using this toner, it is disclosed that although it is easily crushed in the fixing step, a stable charging characteristic with excellent stress resistance in the developing device can be obtained (for example, see Patent Document 12). However, the contact time between the fixing roller and the recording material is becoming shorter in recent image forming methods that are being accelerated. Therefore, since these toners have a structure in which the core material having a low glass transition point is covered with a relatively thick outer shell, a release agent is useful in a short contact time between the fixing roller and the recording material. May not be able to exit, and may be offset to the roller. In addition, since this capsule toner is covered with a relatively thick outer shell, it is effective in the heat and pressure fixing process, but the light load fixing process satisfies the low temperature fixing property and the high gloss of the image. Is difficult.

  Furthermore, a toner by an association method is proposed in which toner particles are given a certain hardness by causing the binder resin of the toner particles to have a high molecular weight body and a low molecular weight body. It is disclosed that this toner by the association method is excellent in durability stability without being adversely affected by the frictional charging action by the toner carrier and the toner layer regulating member in the non-magnetic one-component development system (for example, Patent Documents). 13). This toner by the association method can be obtained through a step of salting out / fusing resin particles, colorant particles and release agent particles. Since the resin particle structure is controlled so that the molecular weight of the resin constituting each layer decreases as it goes from the center to the surface layer, there is a point that should be improved in blocking resistance and high temperature offset resistance.

  As described above, in the system using the image heating member having the release layer, there is a demand for a technique capable of improving the low temperature fixing property and the low temperature offset resistance by improving the image forming method, the fixing method, and the toner. .

  Furthermore, in addition to the above requirements, in systems using an image heating member having a release layer, further improvement in image forming method, fixing method, and toner is required to achieve higher speed and high-definition full-color images. Currently, there is a need for a technique that can improve high durability and high transferability while maintaining high glossiness of an image.

JP 2004-317788 A JP 2007-121441 A JP 2004-86202 A JP 2003-173096 A JP 2002-278338 A JP 2003-186327 A Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-6541 JP 2004-145243 A JP 2004-157423 A Patent No. 0300318 Patent No. 03391931 JP-A-2005-300937 JP 2004-109601 A

  An object of the present invention is to achieve both low-temperature fixability, low-temperature offset resistance, and high glossiness of an image even when an image heating member having a release layer is used.

  Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to maintain and improve low-temperature fixability, low-temperature offset resistance, and high glossiness of an image when using an image heating member having a release layer, and has high durability and high transfer. Is to improve the performance.

  As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that an image heating member having a release layer is combined with an image heating member having an optimized heat capacity and surface composition and a toner having a controlled toner structure. As a result, the present invention has been found. That is, the above object can be achieved by the following image forming method, fixing method and toner.

[1] A charging step of charging the electrostatic latent image carrier with charging means, an exposure step of exposing the charged electrostatic latent image carrier to form an electrostatic latent image, and the electrostatic latent image with toner A development process for developing and forming a toner image, a transfer process for transferring the toner image to a recording material with or without an intermediate transfer member, and a recording material carrying the toner image can be rotated with a pressure member. In an image forming method including a fixing step of fixing by heating and pressing by passing a nip formed by an image heating member,
The image heating member is heated from the outermost surface by an external heating means,
The image heating member is a roller having a release layer having a thickness of 5 μm or more and 200 μm or less as an outermost layer, a heat storage layer as a lower layer, and an elastic layer as a lower layer,
The image heating member contains a heat conductive filler having a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W / mK or more, and the heat conductive filler is an Al and / or Zn compound.
When the surface of the image heating member is measured by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer), the abundance ratio of Al and / or Zn elements derived from the heat conductive filler is set to 0. 0 with respect to the total amount of elements detected by EPMA. 10 mass% or more and 3.00 mass% or less,
Heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer is not more than 100 J / m ² K or more 600J / m ² K,
The toner has toner particles having containing a binder resin, a colorant and a wax component, a toner having an inorganic fine powder,
Number average particle diameter D ₁ of the said toner, not less than 3.00 8.00Myuemu less, 1 particles of toner having a particle diameter D ([mu] m) that satisfies _{D 1 -0.20μm ≦ D ≦ D 1} + 0.20μm in the micro compression test, the 1 particles bets toner at a loading rate 9.8 × 10 ^-5 N / sec 9 against. When a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N when a load is applied to 8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is X ₂₀ (μm) and the maximum displacement of the particle is X ₁₀₀ (μm ) , An image forming method characterized by satisfying the following formulas (1) and ( 2 ).
( 1 ) 0.100 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.900
( 2 ) 0.010 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.080

[2] In a micro-compression test for the toner , 9. 1 at a loading speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec. When a load is applied up to 8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N, the load-displacement curve has an inflection point, and the inflection point has a toner load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N or more and 8.5 × 10 ⁻⁴ N or less. The image forming method according to [1], wherein the image forming method occurs when the image is received.

[3] Displacement amounts X ₁₀₀ (μm) and X ₂₀ (μm) of the toner are
0.400 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.850, 0.015 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.060
The image forming method according to, characterized in that satisfy (1) or (2).

  [4] The image forming method as described in [1] to [3], wherein the toner has a viscosity at 100 ° C. of 15000 Pa · s or more and 65000 Pa · s or less as measured by a flow tester.

[5] The molecular weight (M1) of the main peak measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the tetrahydrofuran (THF) soluble content of the toner is 10,000 to 80,000,
In the molecular weight distribution chart, when the height of the molecular weight (M1) of the main peak is H (M1) and the height of the molecular weight 4,000 is H (4,000),
H (4,000): H (M1) = (0.100 to 0.950): 1.00
The image forming method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein:

[ 6 ] The image forming method according to [1] to [ 5 ], wherein the image heating member has a surface roughness Rz of 1.0 μm or more and 10.0 μm or less.

[ 7 ] The image forming method as described in [1] to [ 6 ], wherein the heat storage layer of the image heating member contains 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less of a heat conductive filler.

[ 8 ] The image forming method according to any one of [1] to [ 7 ], wherein the image heating member has a micro hardness of 30 ° to 68 °.

[ 9 ] The image forming method according to any one of [1] to [ 8 ], wherein the elastic layer has a thermal conductivity of 0.15 W / mK or less.

[ 10 ] In a fixing method in which a toner image formed on a recording material is heated and pressurized and fixed by passing through a nip formed by a pressure member and a rotatable image heating member.
The image heating member is heated from the outermost surface by an external heating means,
The image heating member is a roller having a release layer having a thickness of 5 μm or more and 200 μm or less as an outermost layer, a heat storage layer as a lower layer, and an elastic layer as a lower layer,
The image heating member contains a heat conductive filler having a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W / mK or more, and the heat conductive filler is an Al and / or Zn compound.
When the surface of the image heating member is measured by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer), the abundance ratio of Al and / or Zn elements derived from the heat conductive filler is set to 0. 0 with respect to the total amount of elements detected by EPMA. 10 mass% or more and 3.00 mass% or less,
Heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer is not more than 100 J / m ² K or more 600J / m ² K,
The toner has toner particles having containing a binder resin, a colorant and a wax component, a toner having an inorganic fine powder,
Number average particle diameter D ₁ of the said toner, not less than 3.00 8.00Myuemu less, 1 particles of toner having a particle diameter D ([mu] m) that satisfies _{D 1 -0.20μm ≦ D ≦ D 1} + 0.20μm in the micro compression test, the 1 particles bets toner at a loading rate 9.8 × 10 ^-5 N / sec 9 against. When a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N when a load is applied to 8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is X ₂₀ (μm) and the maximum displacement of the particle is X ₁₀₀ (μm ) , A fixing method characterized by satisfying the following formulas (1) and ( 2 ).
( 1 ) 0.100 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.900
( 2 ) 0.010 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.080

  According to the present invention, even in the case of an image forming method and a fixing method using an image heating member (fixing member) having a release layer, one toner particle used in the present invention has a specific micro compression hardness. The fixing property (low-temperature fixing property, low-temperature offset resistance, high glossiness of the image) and durability are excellent in balance, the transfer efficiency is high, and a stable image can be obtained over a long period of time. In addition, since one particle of the toner used in the present invention has a specific micro-compression hardness, even when the toner is subjected to a load in the developing device by performing continuous printing of a large number of sheets, the stress resistance is good. Therefore, a stable image can be obtained over a long period of time.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

  The present invention relates to an image forming method, a fixing method, and a toner. A charging step for uniformly charging an image carrier, a latent image forming step for forming a latent image by exposing the charged image carrier, With respect to the developing process for developing the electrostatic latent image to form a toner image and the transfer process for transferring the developed image onto a recording material, a conventionally known electrophotographic process can be applied and is not particularly limited.

The image forming method of the present invention comprises a charging step of charging an electrostatic latent image carrier with a charging means, an exposure step of exposing the charged electrostatic latent image carrier to form an electrostatic latent image, and the electrostatic A development process for developing a latent image with toner to form a toner image, a transfer process for transferring the toner image to a recording material with or without an intermediate transfer member, and pressurizing the recording material carrying the toner image In an image forming method having a fixing step of fixing by heating and pressing by passing a nip formed by a member and a rotatable image heating member,
The image heating member is heated from the outermost surface by an external heating means,
The image heating member is a roller having a release layer having a thickness of 5 μm or more and 200 μm or less as an outermost layer, a heat storage layer as a lower layer, and an elastic layer as a lower layer,
The image heating member contains a heat conductive filler having a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W / mK or more, and the heat conductive filler is an Al and / or Zn compound.
When the surface of the image heating member is measured by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer), the abundance ratio of Al and / or Zn elements derived from the heat conductive filler is set to 0. 0 with respect to the total amount of elements detected by EPMA. 10 mass% or more and 3.00 mass% or less,
Heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer is not more than 100 J / m ² K or more 600J / m ² K,
The toner is a toner having toner particles containing at least a binder resin, a colorant and a wax component, and an inorganic fine powder,
The number average particle diameter D _{1 of the} toner is 3.00 μm or more and 8.00 μm or less,
In the micro-compression test for the toner, the particle diameter of the toner to be measured was D (μm), and a load of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N was applied to one particle of the toner at a loading speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec. When the maximum displacement amount is X ₁₀₀ (μm) and the displacement amount when the load is 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is X ₂₀ (μm), the following formulas (1) to (3) are satisfied. This is an image forming method.
(1) D ₁ = D ± 0.20 μm
(2) 0.100 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.900
(3) 0.010 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.080

  First, the image heating member of the present invention will be described.

  The image heating member of the present invention has a three-layer structure of a release layer, a heat storage layer, and an elastic layer in order from the surface of the image heating member, and the release layer has a thickness of 5 μm to 200 μm. This release layer is an important configuration in using various media and toners in combination in order to remarkably enhance the release effect between the image heating member and the toner. However, since the thermal conductivity of the release layer is low, the amount of heat required for fixing increases due to loss when the amount of heat is applied by the heater. According to the study by the present inventors, the range of the release layer thickness capable of suppressing the loss of heat while providing high release properties was 5 μm or more and 200 μm or less. If the thickness of the release layer is less than 5 μm, the releasability between the image heating member and the toner is lowered, and problems during fixing such as low temperature offset occur. If it exceeds 200 μm, the low temperature offset is improved, but the heat capacity of the surface is lowered, so the temperature of the heater must be increased. For this reason, it is important that the thickness of the release layer is 5 μm or more and 200 μm or less, and more preferably 5 μm or more and 100 μm or less.

  In such an image heating member configuration, as a result of repeated investigations for lowering the fixing temperature, it has been important to control the physical properties and existence state of the heat conductive filler and the physical properties of the heat storage layer. In addition, the heat conductive filler of this invention contains Al and / or Zn. This is because when Al and / or Zn is contained, the filler easily obtains high thermal conductivity, and is very easy to apply to the image heating member of the present invention.

That is, in the present invention,
(A) The abundance ratio of Al and / or Zn elements derived from the heat conductive filler when the surface of the image heating member is measured by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer) is 0 with respect to the total amount of elements detected by EPMA. .10 mass% or more and 3.00 mass% or less, (B) the thermal conductivity of the thermal conductive filler is 5.0 W / mK or more, and (C) the thermal capacity of the heat storage layer is 100 J / m ² K or more, 600 J It was important to control to / m ² K or less.

  First, (A) will be described. The image heating member of the present invention has a three-layer structure of a release layer, a heat storage layer, and an elastic layer. However, as described above, since there is a release layer having a low thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of the surface is lowered, so that the fixing temperature is raised. Then, when examination which raises the heat conductivity of a mold release layer was conducted, it discovered that fixing temperature could be lowered significantly by making a small amount of heat conductive fillers exist in the mold release layer surface. In the present invention, EPMA was used as a method for detecting the heat conductive filler on the surface of the release layer. EPMA measures an element existing at a depth of several μm from the surface, and detected Al and Zn elements correspond to the amount of thermally conductive filler existing at a depth of several μm from the surface. According to the study by the present inventors, the above effect was obtained when the ratio of Al and / or Zn detected by EPMA measurement was 0.10% by mass or more based on the total amount of elements detected. As the reason for this, the present inventors consider as follows. When the release layer receives heat from the heater, the heat reaches the heat storage layer through the release layer and is stored. At this time, since the release layer has low thermal conductivity, a heat loss is generated. Here, if there is a heat conductive filler in an amount such that the Al and / or Zn abundance ratio is 0.10% by mass or more on the surface of the release layer, the heat is efficiently supplied to the heat storage layer via the highly heat conductive filler. Communicated. Thus, it is considered that heat loss is unlikely to occur, and the image heating member can be heated to a desired temperature at the minimum necessary heater temperature.

For this reason, the greater the amount of the heat conductive filler on the releasable surface, the higher the thermal conductivity and the greater the effect of lowering the fixing temperature. However, in general, the heat conductive filler containing Al and / or Zn has a much higher affinity with the toner than the rubber forming the roller. Therefore, if a large amount is contained in the release layer, the release effect is lost, and even if the toner has D ₁ , X ₁₀₀ / D, and X ₂₀ / D of the present invention, a low temperature offset occurs. According to the study by the present inventors, when the Al and / or Zn presence ratio detected by EPMA measurement is 3.00 mass% or less, the low temperature offset resistance can be satisfied while lowering the fixing temperature.

  Therefore, the surface of the image heating member is 0.10% by mass or more and 3.00% by mass with respect to the total amount of elements in which the presence ratio of Al and / or Zn elements is measured when the surface of the image heating member is measured by EPMA. The following amount of thermally conductive filler is required. If it is less than 0.10% by mass, there is not enough filler to mediate the surface and the heat storage layer, and the amount of heat received from the heater is greatly lost before being transferred to the heat storage layer, and the fixing temperature rises. On the other hand, if it exceeds 3.00% by mass, the amount of the heat conductive filler is large, so that the adhesive force between the release layer and the toner is increased, and the low temperature offset resistance is remarkably deteriorated.

  Next, the thermal conductivity of the thermal conductive filler (B) will be described. The heat conductive filler in the image heating member configuration of the present invention needs to efficiently transfer heat from the release layer surface to the heat storage layer. For this reason, it is necessary to have a high thermal conductivity. Specifically, if it is 5.0 W / mK or more, heat can be efficiently transferred to the heat storage layer even with a small amount of filler on the surface. If it is less than 5.0 W / mK, the heat loss increases with a decrease in heat transfer efficiency, and the fixing temperature increases.

  When the heat conductive filler is slightly present on the surface of the image heating member by (A) and the heat conductivity of the heat conductive filler is adjusted to be high by (B), the surface of the heat conductive filler as described in (A). And the effect of thermally mediating the heat storage layer is greatly increased. Due to the synergistic effect of (A) and (B), the image heating member can achieve both high releasability and high heat transfer efficiency between the surface and the heat storage layer, thereby improving low temperature offset resistance and lowering the fixing temperature. I can do it.

The heat capacity of the heat storage layer (C) will be described. The image heating member in the present invention comprises means for heating from the outside. Here, considering the movement of heat, the heat generated by the heater is received by the image heating member and further applied to the toner on the recording material to be fixed. However, since the heater and the recording material fixing portion are separated from each other, heat must be held in the heat storage layer for a certain period of time. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the heat capacity of the heat storage layer. Specifically, 100 J / m ² K or more was necessary. On the other hand, if the heat capacity is too large, the temperature of the surface of the image heating member increases slowly. Therefore, the on-demand property is inferior and the amount of heat necessary for fixing increases. In order to eliminate such harmful effects, the heat capacity of the heat storage layer was required to be 600 J / m ² K or less. Therefore, heat of the heat storage layer is important to the 100 J / m ² K or more 600 J / m ² K or less. When the heat capacity is less than 100 J / m ² K, the amount of heat radiation increases and the recording material is easily deprived of heat. For this reason, the thermal energy applied to the image heating member increases. If it exceeds 600 J / m ² K, the temperature increase rate of the image heating member is lowered, the warm-up time is extended, and the on-demand property is inferior.

  Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the image heating member of the present invention (hereinafter also referred to as a fixing roller) will be described.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the image heating member 30 of the present invention forms an elastic layer (hereinafter, also referred to as a heat insulating elastic layer) 32 having a low thermal conductivity and elasticity on the outer periphery of a cored bar 31. A heat storage layer 33 is formed outside the heat insulating elastic layer 32, and a release layer (not shown) is further formed outside.

  The cored bar 31 of the image heating member of the present invention is formed of, for example, a metal material such as aluminum, iron, or SUM material, or another rigid material such as ceramic. Since the core 31 is insulated from the surface of the fixing roller by the heat insulating elastic layer 32, it may have low thermal conductivity and low heat capacity. The form may be a hollow cylinder.

  The heat insulating elastic layer 32 formed on the outer periphery of the cored bar 31 is a rubber layer having a low thermal conductivity, and the thermal conductivity is adjusted to be smaller than that of the heat storage layer 33. In the present invention, it is preferable that the elastic layer has a thermal conductivity of 0.15 W / mK or less because the heat quantity of the heat storage layer is difficult to escape to the cored bar and there is no loss of heat quantity.

  The thickness of the heat insulating elastic layer 32 is not particularly limited, but is 1.0 mm or more and 5.0 mm or less in order to configure the fixing roller 30 having a small diameter without having an effective heat insulating property and a large heat capacity. Preferably it is 2.0 mm or more and 4.0 mm or less.

  The heat insulating elastic layer is fired after forming a compound in which a hollow filler is mixed with an organopolysiloxane composition or a compound in which a water-absorbing polymer and water are mixed in an organopolysiloxane composition from the viewpoint of durability and heat insulating properties. And what was formed by hardening is preferable.

  A method for forming the heat insulating elastic layer 32 will be exemplified below.

  For example, a silicone rubber composition, which is formed by blending 0.1 mass% or more and 200.0 mass% or less of a hollow filler having an average particle diameter of 500 μm or less with 100 parts by mass of a thermosetting organopolysiloxane composition. A balloon rubber layer formed by heat-curing the composition is used.

  Here, as the hollow filler, there is a microballoon material or the like that reduces the thermal conductivity like sponge rubber by having a gas portion in the cured product. Such materials may be any of glass balloons, silica balloons, carbon balloons, phenol balloons, acrylonitrile balloons, vinylidene chloride balloons, alumina balloons, zirconia balloons, shirasu balloons and the like.

  The amount of the hollow filler is 0.1 to 200.0 parts by mass, preferably 0.2 to 150.0 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermosetting organopolysiloxane composition. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 100.0 parts by mass or less. In this case, it is preferable to blend so that the content of the hollow filler in the silicone rubber composition for a fixing roller is 10% to 80%, particularly 15% to 75% by volume. If the volume ratio is too small, the decrease in thermal conductivity tends to be insufficient, and if it is too large, molding and blending are difficult, and the molded product may be brittle without rubber elasticity.

  Alternatively, for example, the silicone rubber heat insulating layer 32 may be formed by a method of adding a water-absorbing polymer and water. Examples of the silicone rubber composition include 100 parts by mass of an organopolysiloxane composition, 0.1 to 50.0 parts by mass of a water-absorbing polymer, 10 to 200 parts by mass of water, and other platinum compound catalysts. To form a composition to which a curing catalyst such as SiH and a crosslinking agent such as SiH polymer are added. Thereafter, this may be thermoformed to form the heat insulating elastic layer 32.

  In this case, heating is performed in the following three or two stages. That is, in the first stage, the silicone base polymer is not substantially cured and does not evaporate, and is heated at 100 ° C. or lower, preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 80 ° C. or lower for 10 hours to 30 hours. Mold. Next, in the second stage, the molded product is heated at 120 ° C. or more and 250 ° C. or less, preferably 120 ° C. or more and 180 ° C. or less for 1 to 5 hours, and the contained water and impurities contained in water are contained. Evaporate moisture. And in the final third stage, the obtained porous body is heated at 180 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower for 2 to 8 hours to advance the curing, thereby achieving the desired porous property. A silicone rubber layer of a rubbery elastic body is completed.

  Therefore, it is desirable that the heat insulating elastic layer 32 is formed of a liquid silicone composition mainly composed of a balloon such as a microballoon or an organopolysiloxane containing a water-absorbing polymer. The heat insulating elastic layer thus obtained is superior in heat insulation and durability and has less thermal expansion than the sponge silicone rubber heat insulating layer or the solid rubber heat insulating layer.

  Next, the heat storage layer 33 formed on the outer periphery of the heat insulating elastic layer 32 will be described. The heat storage layer 33 is a solid rubber layer in which a layer in which a powdery heat conductive filler (hereinafter also simply referred to as “filler”) is mixed with, for example, silicone rubber or fluororubber is formed on the heat insulating elastic layer 32. It is mentioned as a suitable form. It is preferable for the heat storage layer to have the above configuration because the amount of heat applied to the heat storage layer via the release layer diffuses quickly throughout the heat storage layer.

  It is important that the thermal conductivity of the heat storage layer is higher than that of the heat insulating elastic layer 32. Preferably, the thermal conductivity is higher than that of general solid rubber, and it is desirable to set it to 0.30 W / m · K or more.

  By making the thermal conductivity of the internal heat insulating layer lower than the thermal conductivity of the heat storage layer, the heat transferred from the surface of the fixing roller is unevenly distributed in the heat storage layer near the surface, and is easily maintained. Further, by increasing the thermal conductivity of the heat storage layer, heat can be absorbed and released quickly in the heat storage layer.

  The thickness of the heat storage layer 33 is preferably 20 μm or more and 500 μm or less.

  The heat storage layer 33 in which the filler is dispersed and the heat capacity is increased has elasticity while having elasticity. For this reason, if the heat storage layer is too thick, the surface of the fixing roller becomes hard and the adhesion to the recording material is deteriorated. Therefore, it becomes difficult to perform uniform toner image fixing. For this reason, as for the thermal storage layer 33, 500 micrometers or less are desirable.

  On the other hand, if the heat storage layer is too thin, it is difficult to uniformly disperse the filler and make the heat capacity uniform, which causes uneven fixing. Therefore, the heat storage layer 33 is preferably 20 μm or more.

  The heat conductive filler used in the present invention has a heat conductivity of 5.0 W / mK or more. The shape of the filler may be any shape. In the present invention, the heat conductive filler contains Al and / or Zn. These are essential because they have a high heat transfer rate and tend to lower the fixing temperature. Examples of the heat conductive filler that can be used in the present invention include powdered heat conductive fillers such as alumina, zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, zinc nitride, metal aluminum, metal zinc, an aluminum-containing alloy, and a zinc-containing alloy. .

  The amount of the heat conductive filler mixed is preferably 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less because the on-demand property is enhanced and heat can be easily retained. Here, when the mixing amount of the heat conductive filler is less than 10% by mass, the heat amount of the heat storage layer cannot reach the heat amount required in the present invention. On the other hand, if it exceeds 50% by mass, the heat capacity of the heat storage layer becomes excessive, so that the warm-up time tends to be extended due to a decrease in the heating rate.

  Any method can be used as the method for producing the heat storage layer of the present invention. For example, methods such as dipping coating, spray coating, and ring coating in which a liquid resin is coated and formed using a cylindrical coating head around a cylindrical core metal. In particular, ring coating can be preferably used because the heat storage layer can be uniformly applied.

  FIG. 2 shows an example of a ring coating apparatus. A column 2 is vertically mounted on the gantry 1, and a precision ball screw 3 is vertically mounted on the gantry 1 and the upper part of the column 2. Two linear guides 14 are attached to the column 2 in parallel with the precision ball screw 3. The LM guide 4 is connected to the linear guide 14 and the precision ball screw 3, so that the rotary motion is transmitted from the servo motor 5 via the pulley 6 so that the LM guide 4 can be moved up and down. In the column 2, a ring-shaped coating head 8 that discharges the coating liquid is attached to the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical core body 15. Further, a bracket 7 is attached on the LM guide 4. A workpiece lower holder 9 that holds and fixes the core body 15 is vertically attached to the bracket 7, and a central axis of the workpiece upper holder 10 that holds the opposite core body 15 is attached to the upper portion of the bracket 7. The workpiece holder is arranged so as to be concentric with the workpiece holder 9 so as to hold the core body 15.

  The center axis of the ring-shaped coating head 8 is supported so as to be parallel to the moving direction of the workpiece lower holder 9 and the workpiece upper holder 10. Further, when the workpiece lower holder 9 and the workpiece upper holder 10 are moved up and down, the central axis of the discharge port which is an annular slit opened inside the coating head 8, the workpiece lower holder 9 and the workpiece upper holder The center axis of the tool 10 is adjusted to be concentric. With such a configuration, the central axis of the discharge port which is the annular slit of the coating head 8 can be aligned with the central axis of the core body 15, and the inner peripheral surface of the ring-shaped coating head and the core body A uniform gap is formed between the outer peripheral surfaces of 15.

  The coating solution supply port 11 is connected to a material supply valve 13 via a coating solution conveying pipe 12. The material supply valve 13 includes a mixing mixer, a material supply pump, a material fixed amount discharge device, a material tank, and the like in front of the material supply valve 13 so that a fixed amount (a constant amount per unit time) can be discharged.

  In order to keep the temperature in the circumferential direction constant in the process of semi-curing the unvulcanized liquid rubber formed on the outer periphery of the core body and the process of curing and bonding the semi-cured liquid rubber and the resin liquid after application lamination It is preferable to use a method of heating while rotating the rubber roller. As the heat source, a far-infrared ceramic heater, a near-infrared heater, a lamp heater, a UV heater, a micro heater, or the like that can heat the rubber roller without contact is desirable.

  A plurality of these heat sources are arranged at regular intervals in the longitudinal direction of the rubber roller in order to continuously change the heating temperature from both ends of the rubber roller toward the center. The number of heat sources is appropriately determined according to the heating temperature change pattern in the longitudinal direction of the rubber roller, but as the number increases, the temperature change in the longitudinal direction of the rubber roller can be controlled delicately and accurately. It becomes possible.

  The image heating member of the present invention forms a release layer (not shown) on the outer periphery of the heat storage layer 33. The release layer is often formed of silicone rubber, fluororubber, fluororesin or the like. In the present invention, a solid rubber layer mainly composed of fluororubber is preferable because it has high releasability from the toner and stability of the surface of the release layer. The “main component” as used herein refers to a component that occupies 70% by mass or more of the total components of the release layer, and the above-described effects can be obtained when the content is 70% by mass or more.

  As a method for forming the release layer, any method such as dipping coating using a dispersion, spray coating, ring coating, etc. can be used as in the case of the heat storage layer. Among them, ring coating can be preferably used because the filler can be unevenly distributed in the vicinity of the surface of the heat storage layer when the release layer is formed.

  In the image heating member of the present invention, it is also important to control the roughness of the image heating member surface. Specifically, the surface roughness Rz of the image heating member is preferably 1.0 μm or more and 10.0 μm or less. When Rz is 1.0 μm or more and 10.0 μm or less, the specific surface area of the surface of the image heating member increases, and heat can be efficiently stored in the image heating member during heating from the outside. Further, since moderate unevenness exists, the releasability from the toner can be improved.

When the Rz on the surface of the image heating member is less than 1.0 μm, the contact area between the toner and the image heating member is large, so that the releasability is lowered. For example, D ₁ , X ₁₀₀ / D, X _{20 of the} present invention. Even with a toner having / D, there is a tendency that a low temperature offset tends to occur. On the other hand, when Rz on the surface of the image heating member is larger than 10.0 μm, the unevenness on the surface of the image heating member becomes too large. As a result, since it becomes difficult to uniformly apply heat to the toner, the loss of heat increases, so that the fixing temperature tends to increase.

  As a method of controlling Rz, a method of mechanically polishing the surface can be mentioned. As the surface roughening method, a known polishing method such as polishing by adhering abrasive particles or abrasive particles to a tape or paper and pressing it can be used. Further, a sand blasting method in which abrasive particles are hit against the surface can be used. Among these, when polishing is performed using polishing paper, the control of Rz is easy and can be preferably used.

The image heating member of the present invention preferably has an appropriate hardness. When the image heating member has an appropriate hardness, the releasability from the toner is enhanced. Specifically, the micro hardness of the heating member is preferably 30 ° or more and 68 ° or less. If it is less than 30 °, the nip area tends to increase when the pressure at the fixing nip is set to a desired value. Therefore, as the contact point between the recording material and the image heating member increases, the toner is easily held by the image heating member. For example, the toner having D ₁ , X ₁₀₀ / D, and X ₂₀ / D of the present invention. However, the low temperature offset tends to deteriorate. If it exceeds 68 °, the hardness of the image heating member becomes excessive, and the fixing nip is narrowed, so that the application of heat to the toner tends to be insufficient. Therefore, there is a tendency that a large amount of heat is required to fix the toner.

  The image heating member of the present invention preferably has a configuration capable of quickly applying heat to the recording material after receiving the amount of heat from the heater. Therefore, it is desirable that the fixing roller 30 has a small diameter, and a range of 5 mm to 20 mm in outer diameter is desirable.

  Next, an image forming apparatus for carrying out the image forming method of the present invention will be described.

(1) Example of Image Forming Apparatus FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a laser beam printer (hereinafter abbreviated as a printer) 1 as an example that suitably illustrates the image forming apparatus of the present embodiment.

  Image information is input to the printer 1 from an image information providing device (not shown) such as a host computer provided outside the printer body. The printer 1 performs a series of image forming processes in which an image corresponding to the input image information is formed and recorded on a sheet-like recording material (recording medium) P according to a known electrophotographic system.

  The printer 1 includes a process cartridge 4 that holds a drum-like rotatable electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter abbreviated as a photosensitive member) 2 as a latent image carrier, a primary charging mechanism 8, and a developing device 3. I have. Further, a laser scanner unit (hereinafter abbreviated as “scanner”) 5 for forming an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the image information on the outer peripheral surface of the photoreceptor 2 by an exposure processing step corresponding to the image information input from the image information providing apparatus. It has. Further, a roll-shaped rotatable transfer body 6 that performs a process of transferring an image to the recording material P, and a fixing device 7 as an image heating apparatus that performs a fixing process on the recording material P that has undergone the image transfer process by heating and pressing. It has.

  The process cartridge 4 is detachably supported with respect to the printer body. When maintenance such as repair of the photosensitive member 2 and supply of developer to the developing device 3 is necessary, the maintenance is performed by opening the cover 9 supported by the main body so as to be opened and closed and then replacing the process cartridge 4 together. Speeding up and simplification.

  The primary charging mechanism 8 is configured to charge the outer peripheral surface of the rotating photosensitive member 2 to a specified potential distribution by applying a specified bias before the exposure processing step by the scanner 5.

  The scanner 5 outputs a laser La corresponding to the image information from the image information providing apparatus. The laser La scans and exposes the charged outer peripheral surface of the photoreceptor 2 through a window 4a provided in the process cartridge body. As a result, an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the image information is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photoreceptor 2.

  Next, a series of image forming processes in the printer 1 will be described. When the start button or the like (not shown) provided on the printer main body is pressed, the rotation of the photosensitive member 2 is started. The photoreceptor 2 is driven to rotate at a specified peripheral speed in the clockwise direction indicated by the arrow K1. At the same time, the outer peripheral surface of the photoreceptor 2 is charged to a specified potential distribution by the primary charging mechanism 8 to which a specified bias is applied.

  Next, the charged portion of the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 2 is scanned and exposed by the scanner 5 in accordance with image information from the image information providing apparatus. Thereby, an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the image information is formed on the portion of the photoreceptor 2. The electrostatic latent image is developed by the developer of the developing device 3 to be visualized as a toner image.

  On the other hand, the recording material P is fed from the paper feed cassette 11 by the paper feed roller 12 driven at a predetermined timing. The recording material P fed from the paper feed cassette 11 is fed to a transfer nip portion formed between the photosensitive member 2 and the transfer member 6 by a registration roller pair 12a at a predetermined control timing, and the transfer nip portion. Is being nipped and conveyed. In this nipping and conveying process, the toner image on the photosensitive member 2 side is sequentially transferred to the recording material P side by the transfer member 6.

  The recording material P that has been subjected to the transfer process is subjected to heat fixing processing of the toner image by the fixing device 7 and then passes through the fixing paper discharge unit 10 that is rotatably supported by the printer main body. 13 is discharged outside the apparatus. The discharged recording material P is stacked on a tray 14 attached to the upper surface of the printer main body. As described above, a series of image forming processes is completed.

(2) Fixing device 7
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a fixing device 7 which is an image heating device of an external heating system as an example that suitably illustrates the present embodiment.

  Reference numeral 30 denotes a fixing roller (fixing rotating body) as a rotatable heating member that heats an image on the recording material at the nip portion. Reference numeral 63 denotes a rotatable pressure roller as a pressure member. The pressing member 63 may be a fixed pad.

  The fixing roller 30 and the pressure roller 63 are arranged substantially in parallel in the vertical direction, and are pressed against each other by a pressure spring (not shown) at the end. Thus, a fixing nip portion (pressure nip portion) Nt having a predetermined width is formed between them in the recording material conveyance direction.

  The fixing roller 30 is rotationally driven by a driving means (not shown) in a clockwise direction indicated by an arrow at a predetermined peripheral speed. The pressure roller 63 rotates following the rotation of the fixing roller 30. Note that the fixing roller 30 and the pressure roller 63 may be separately rotated.

  Reference numeral 21 denotes a heating means (heating source) for heating the fixing roller 30 from the outside thereof. In this embodiment, the heating means 21 is a plate heater (hereinafter abbreviated as a heater). The heater 21 is fixedly held on the heater holder 24 and arranged in parallel on the upper side of the fixing roller 30. The holder 24 is pressed with a constant pressure by a pressurizing mechanism (not shown), and the heater 21 is adjusted so as to come into pressure contact with the upper surface of the fixing roller 30 with a predetermined pressure. The heater 21 is always in contact with the fixing roller 30 at the same position, and forms a heating nip portion Nh having a predetermined width in the rotational direction of the fixing roller 30 with the fixing roller 30.

  The rotating fixing roller 30 is heated from the outside by the heater 21 at the heating nip portion Nh, and is given a necessary and sufficient amount of heat to fix the unfixed toner image T on the recording material P at the fixing nip portion Nt. .

  As described above, after the toner image T is formed in the image forming portion, the recording material P is sent to the fixing device 7 and introduced into the fixing nip portion Nt formed by the fixing roller 30 and the pressure roller 63. It is nipped and conveyed. In the process in which the recording material P is nipped and conveyed through the fixing nip portion Nt, the recording material P is heated by the fixing roller 30 and receives the nip portion pressure so that the unfixed toner image T is thermally pressed as a permanently fixed image on the recording material P surface. It is fixed.

  As described above, in the image heating member of the present invention, after the image heating member has a three-layer structure, (A) the amount of the heat conductive filler on the surface is adjusted, (B) the heat conductivity of the heat conductive filler is adjusted, C) Controlling the heat capacity of the heat storage layer was important. The object of the present invention can be achieved by a combination of the image heating member satisfying (A), (B) and (C) and the toner described below.

  Next, the toner used in the image forming method and the fixing method will be described.

The toner of the present invention is a toner having toner particles containing at least a binder resin, a colorant and a wax component, and an inorganic fine powder,
The number average particle diameter D _{1 of the} toner is 3.0 μm or more and 8.0 μm or less,
In the micro-compression test for the toner, the particle diameter of the toner to be measured is D (μm), and a load of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is applied to one particle of the toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec. When the maximum displacement amount is X ₁₀₀ (μm) and the displacement amount when the load is 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is X ₂₀ (μm), the following formulas (1) to (3) are satisfied. To do.
(1) D = D1 ± 0.20
(2) 0.100 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.900
(Preferably, 0.400 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.850)
(3) 0.010 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.080
(Preferably, 0.015 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.060)

The toner of the present invention has a number average particle diameter (D ₁ ) of 3.00 μm or more and 8.00 μm or less.

When the number average particle diameter of the toner exceeds 8.00 μm, toner particles for developing an electrostatic charge image become large, so that it is difficult to develop faithfully for a high-resolution and high-definition latent image. When electrical transfer is performed, the toner tends to scatter. In addition, the toner having a number average particle size of less than 3.00 μm is, for example, the toner having X ₁₀₀ / D and X ₂₀ / D of the present invention. Mirror image power and van der Waals force increase, making it difficult to perform faithful development for scattering during transfer and high-resolution, high-definition latent images.

  In order to measure the particle size of the toner, for example, a method using a Coulter counter can be mentioned.

<Measurement of number average particle diameter of toner>
0.1 to 5 ml of a surfactant (alkylbenzene sulfonate) is added to 100 to 150 ml of the electrolyte solution, and 2 to 20 mg of a measurement sample is added thereto. The electrolyte solution in which the sample is suspended is dispersed for 1 to 3 minutes using an ultrasonic disperser, and a particle size distribution of 2 to 40 μm is measured using a 100 μm aperture with a Coulter counter multisizer, based on the volume. The average particle size shall be calculated.

In a micro-compression test for toner, when the particle diameter of the toner to be measured is D (μm) and a load of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is applied to one particle of the toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec the maximum displacement amount X ₁₀₀ of that is 0.100 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.900, means that the deformation of the toner particle size at this time is 10.0 to 90.0%. Further, the displacement amount X ₂₀ when the load is 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is 0.010 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.080, which means that the deformation rate of the toner particle size at this time is 1.0 to 1.0. It means 8.0%. In other words, the toner of the present invention having the above characteristics is hardly deformed at a relatively small load and maintains its shape, so that the toner is suppressed from being deteriorated by a stress that is received in the developing device, and stable for a long time. Developability can be maintained. On the other hand, in a transfer process in which toner particles can be deformed due to a relatively large load, such as contact transfer, which is greater than the stress received in the developing device, the contact area to the transfer material is high because the deformation rate of the toner particles is high. Increases and is easily transferred. Further, the toner is easily deformed in the fixing process, and the contact surface between the toner and the fixing portion is increased, so that the heat transfer is good, and the toner exhibits excellent fixability with respect to the image heating apparatus used in the present invention. To do.

In particular, in a toner having a core-shell structure obtained by a suspension polymerization method or the like that satisfies the above X ₁₀₀ / D and X ₂₀ / D described later, the binder resin and / or wax component constituting the core portion is soft. Even if the binder resin that forms the shell part has an appropriate hardness and / or thickness, excellent stress resistance, transferability and offset resistance during fixing Synergistically combined.

That is, when X ₁₀₀ / D is smaller than 0.100, transferability and low-temperature fixability are not sufficiently exhibited. For example, if the deformability of the toner is low, the contact surface between the toner and the fixing unit is not sufficient, and the thermal conductivity from the fixing roller to the toner is poor. Therefore, the toner is likely to be offset at a low temperature on the fixing roller. When it is larger than 0.900, the high temperature offset resistance at the time of fixing is lowered. In the image heating apparatus used in the present invention, when a high temperature offset of the toner occurs or the low temperature fixability is not sufficiently exhibited and even a slight low temperature offset occurs, the toner offset to the fixing roller is used as the image used in the present invention. It becomes easy to contaminate the heating source of the heating device. In particular, the contamination of the heating source due to the offset becomes remarkable when the heat conductive filler is more than 3.00% by mass in the release layer of the image heating apparatus. As a result, the heat source cannot apply stable heat to the fixing roller during long-term use, and a stable and high-definition image cannot be obtained.

When X ₂₀ / D is smaller than 0.010, the toner has low deformability, and therefore, toner particles may be lost due to a slight load. As a result, at the time of fixing, the missing toner, particularly a toner piece having a small wax component, is offset on the surface of the fixing roller, and the heating source is likely to be gradually contaminated by the toner. As a result, the heat source cannot apply stable heat to the fixing roller during long-term use, and a stable and high-definition image cannot be obtained.

When X ₂₀ / D is larger than 0.080, the toner particles are deformed by the stress received in the developing device, and the developability tends to be lowered.

  For the micro compression test in the present invention, an ultra micro hardness tester ENT1100 manufactured by Elionix Co., Ltd. was used. This device obtains the load load-indentation depth curve by continuously measuring the load and indentation depth on the indenter during loading and unloading when the indenter is pushed into the sample. From this, data such as micro compression hardness and elastic modulus are obtained. The measuring method using the apparatus is described in the ENT1100 operation manual issued by Elionix, Inc., and is specifically as follows.

A 20 μm × 20 μm square flat indenter was used as the working indenter, and the measurement environment was measured at a temperature of 27 ° C. and a humidity of 60% RH. The maximum load was set to 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N, and the load was applied at a speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec. After reaching the maximum load (9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N), the load was left for 0.1 sec. The amount of displacement at the elapse of 0.1 sec after reaching the maximum load was defined as the maximum displacement amount X ₁₀₀ (μm).

On the other hand, the maximum load is set to 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N, the load is applied at a speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec, and the displacement when the load reaches 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N The amount was X ₂₀ (μm).

  In actual measurement, a toner is applied on a ceramic cell, and minute air is blown so that the toner is dispersed on the cell. The cell is set in the apparatus and measured.

For the measurement, while looking through the microscope attached to the apparatus, a toner screen having an inorganic fine powder on the measurement screen (horizontal width: 160 μm, vertical width: 120 μm) is selected. In order to eliminate the displacement error as much as possible, a toner particle diameter satisfying D ₁ (number average particle diameter) = D ± 0.20 μm is selected and measured. Although toner particles having an arbitrary inorganic fine powder are selected from the measurement screen, the toner particle diameter measuring means measures the major and minor diameters of the toner particles using the software attached to the ultrafine hardness meter ENT1100, The aspect ratio [(major axis + minor axis) / 2] obtained from them was defined as D (μm).

In the measurement, 100 arbitrary toner particles having an inorganic fine powder satisfying the above-mentioned conditions are selected, the maximum displacement X ₁₀₀ is measured, and the maximum value of the maximum displacement X ₁₀₀ (μm) obtained is measured. , And the remaining 80 toner particles obtained by removing 10 toner particles from the smallest value in order of increasing or decreasing order were used as data. For each of the 80 selected toner particles, the maximum displacement amount X ₁₀₀ (μm) is divided by the toner particle diameter D (μm), and an arithmetic average value of 80 X ₁₀₀ / D is obtained to obtain X ₁₀₀ / D. . X ₂₀ / D and Y / X ₁₀₀ were determined in the same manner.

  FIG. 5 shows a graph representing a load-displacement curve in the micro compression test of the toner of the present invention (toner 1 of the example).

  The various physical properties related to the micro compression test can be satisfied by adjusting the manufacturing method and manufacturing conditions of the toner particles, the wax component, the physical properties of the binder resin, and the like.

The toner of the present invention preferably has a viscosity at 100 ° C. of 15000 Pa · s or more and 65000 Pa · s or less, more preferably 16000 Pa · s or more and 45000 Pa · s or less, as determined by a flow tester heating method. In the micro-compression test for the toner, when a load of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is applied to one particle of the toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec, the load-displacement curve is inflection point. It is preferable to have. Further, the bending point is preferably generated when the toner receives a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N or more and 8.5 × 10 ⁻⁴ N or less, and is 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N. More preferably, it occurs when receiving a load of 5.9 × 10 ⁻⁴ N or less.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the “bending point” in the present invention is an inclination of a graph (“increase amount of load” with respect to “increase amount of displacement”) in a load-displacement curve obtained by a micro compression test. It is a small point.

Specifically, the “bending point” in the present invention can be determined as follows. In the load-displacement curve obtained by the micro-compression test of the toner, the load applied to the toner when the amount of displacement is x (μm) is P (x) (N / sec). When the maximum load applied to one particle of toner is 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N, the slope of the straight line connecting the point of displacement x and the point of (x−0.2) on the graph, and the displacement The ratio of the slope of the straight line connecting the point x and the point (x + 0.2) can be expressed by a function f (x) as shown in the following equation (4).

In the toner of the present invention, f (x) has the minimum value f (x) _min before P reaches 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N. At this time, the point on the graph at the time of the displacement amount x satisfying f (x) _min ≦ 0.5 and satisfying f (x) _min is the “bending point” in the present invention. That is, it means that the inclination after the bending point is smaller than the inclination of the graph up to the bending point (“increase in load” with respect to “increase in displacement”).

A toner having a low viscosity measured by a flow tester temperature rising method as in the present invention is superior in low-temperature fixability and image glossiness, but generally has a low stress resistance. However, in the toner of the present invention, the load-displacement curve has a bending point in the micro-compression test of the toner, and the “load-displacement curve portion having a large inclination” up to the bending point can withstand a relatively small load. The “load-displacement curve portion with a small inclination” after the bending point means that the bending point is easily deformed. In other words, the toner of the present invention can withstand a relatively small load such as a stress applied in the developing device while satisfying low-temperature fixability and image glossiness. If it occurs when the bending point receives a load smaller than 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N, the deformability of the toner due to the stress received in the developing device increases and the stress resistance tends to decrease.

If it occurs when the bending point is subjected to a load greater than 8.5 × 10 ⁻⁴ N, the deformability of the toner when subjected to a relatively large load is lowered, and the transferability and glossiness of the image are degraded. In addition, the wax component does not ooze out from the toner surface instantaneously at the time of fixing, and the toner is offset at a low temperature on the surface of the fixing roller, so that the heat source is likely to be contaminated by the toner. As a result, the heat source cannot apply stable heat to the fixing roller, and a stable and high-definition image may be obtained during long-term use.

  The above-mentioned various physical properties relating to the viscosity at 100 ° C. by the flow tester temperature raising method and the “bending point” are satisfied by adjusting the manufacturing method and manufacturing conditions of the toner particles, the physical properties of the wax component and the binder resin, respectively. It is possible.

  The toner of the present invention has a main peak molecular weight (M1) of 10,000 to 80,000 in the molecular weight distribution measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the tetrahydrofuran (THF) soluble content of the toner. In the molecular weight distribution chart, when the height of the molecular weight (M1) of the main peak is H (M1) and the height of the molecular weight 4,000 is H (4,000), H (4,000): H (M1 ) = (0.100 to 0.950): 1.000 is preferably satisfied. That is, it is preferable from the viewpoint of fixability to contain a component having a molecular weight of about 4,000. When H (4,000) is less than 0.100 with respect to H (M1), the low-temperature fixability is lowered, which is not preferable. When H (4,000) exceeds 0.950 with respect to H (M1), the high temperature offset resistance is lowered, which is not preferable.

  Examples of the wax component that can be used in the toner according to the present invention include the following. Paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, petroleum wax such as petrolactam and derivatives thereof, montan wax and derivatives thereof, hydrocarbon wax and derivatives thereof by Fischer-Tropsch method, polyolefin wax and derivatives thereof such as polyethylene and polypropylene, carnauba wax, can Natural waxes such as delilla wax and derivatives thereof (the derivatives include oxides, block copolymers with vinyl monomers, graft modified products), fatty acids such as higher aliphatic alcohols, stearic acid, palmitic acid, acid amide waxes, Ester wax, ketone, hydrogenated castor oil and derivatives thereof, plant wax, animal wax, silicone wax. These wax components may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The content of the wax component used in the present invention is preferably 2.0% by mass or more and 17.0% by mass or less, more preferably 5.0% by mass or more and 16.0% by mass with respect to the total amount of toner. It is as follows. If the content of the wax component is less than 2.0% by mass, even if a fixing roller having a release layer is used, the releasing effect at the time of fixing cannot be sufficiently exhibited, and a part of the toner is fixed to the fixing roller. May cause contamination of the heating source of the image heating apparatus. On the other hand, when the content is larger than 17.0% by mass, the wax component tends to be unevenly distributed on the surface of the toner particle when mechanical stress such as excessive friction is applied in the developing device, and it is liable to cause problems such as fogging and fusing.

  Further, the wax component preferably has a maximum endothermic peak temperature in the range of 60 ° C. or more and 120 ° C. or less in the DSC curve at the time of temperature rise measured by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) apparatus, more preferably It may be 62 ° C. or higher and 110 ° C. or lower, more preferably 65 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower. When the maximum endothermic peak temperature is less than 60 ° C., the storage stability of the toner and the developability such as fogging are lowered. On the other hand, when the maximum endothermic peak temperature exceeds 120 ° C., the plastic effect imparted to the toner is small, and part of the toner is likely to be offset to the fixing roller during fixing, which may contaminate the heating source of the image heating apparatus.

  The wax component used in the present invention preferably contains a hydrocarbon wax. Other wax components include the following. Amide waxes, higher fatty acids, long chain alcohols, ketone waxes, ester waxes, and derivatives such as these graft compounds and block compounds. If necessary, two or more wax components may be used in combination.

  Examples of the hydrocarbon wax used in the present invention include the following. Petroleum waxes and derivatives thereof such as paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax and petrolactam; Fischer-Tropsch wax and derivatives thereof by the Fischer-Tropsch method; polyolefin waxes and derivatives thereof such as polyethylene wax and polypropylene wax. Derivatives include oxides, block copolymers with vinyl monomers, and graft modified products. Further examples include hydrogenated castor oil and derivatives thereof, vegetable waxes and animal waxes. These wax components may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  Among these, when the hydrocarbon wax by the Fischer-Tropsch method is used, it is possible to maintain good offset resistance to the fixing roller while maintaining good developability particularly in contact development over a long period of time. These hydrocarbon waxes may contain an antioxidant within a range that does not affect the chargeability of the toner.

  The toner particles used in the present invention may be produced by any method, but a production method of granulating in an aqueous medium such as a suspension polymerization method, an emulsion polymerization method, or a suspension granulation method. It is preferable that it is manufactured by. In the case of toner particles produced by a general pulverization method, it is very difficult to add a large amount of the wax component to the toner particles. In the production method of granulating toner particles in an aqueous medium, even if a large amount of wax component is added to the toner particles, the wax component does not exist on the surface of the toner particles and can be encapsulated. Therefore, since the image heating apparatus used in the present invention is an external heating system, it is possible to prevent the toner from being offset to the fixing roller and contaminating the heating source as much as possible. As a result, a stable and high-definition image can be obtained over a long period of time. Among these production methods, the suspension polymerization method is one of the most preferred production methods from the viewpoint of long-term development stability due to the inclusion of the wax component in the toner particles and the production cost because no solvent is used during production.

  Hereinafter, the most suitable suspension polymerization method for obtaining the toner particles used in the present invention will be exemplified and the production method of the toner particles will be described. The binder resin, colorant, wax component and other additives as required are uniformly dissolved or dispersed by a dispersing machine such as a homogenizer, a ball mill, a colloid mill, an ultrasonic dispersing machine, and the polymerization initiator. Is dissolved to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition. Next, toner particles are produced by suspending the polymerizable monomer composition in an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer and performing polymerization. The polymerization initiator may be added simultaneously with the addition of other additives to the polymerizable monomer, or may be mixed immediately before being suspended in the aqueous medium. Also, a polymerization initiator dissolved in a polymerizable monomer or solvent can be added immediately after granulation and before starting the polymerization reaction.

  The toner particles obtained by the suspension polymerization method have a complete capsule structure containing a wax component. The toner of the present invention preferably has a bending point in a load-displacement curve as shown in FIG. The inflection point is related to the internal structure of the toner particles. The “load-displacement curve portion” having a large inclination to the inflection point is a shell portion, and the “load-displacement curve portion” having a small inclination after the inflection point is a core. It is inferred that it represents the displacement of the part. Further, in the toner of the present invention, the type of the binder resin, the molecular weight distribution of the binder resin, the viscosity of the binder resin, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder resin, the glass transition of the binder resin in the core portion and the shell portion. By making the temperature (Tg) difference, the type of wax component, the content of the wax component, etc. preferable, the displacement of the shell portion and the core portion during the micro compression test can be optimized. It is possible to optimize the characteristic micro compression hardness.

  Examples of the binder resin used in the present invention include commonly used styrene-acrylic copolymers, styrene-methacrylic copolymers, epoxy resins, and styrene-butadiene copolymers. As the polymerizable monomer, a vinyl polymerizable monomer capable of radical polymerization can be used. As the vinyl polymerizable monomer, a monofunctional polymerizable monomer or a polyfunctional polymerizable monomer can be used.

  The following are mentioned as a polymerizable monomer for producing | generating a binder resin. Styrene; Styrenic monomers such as o- (m-, p-) methylstyrene, m- (p-) ethylstyrene; methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, Propyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, octyl acrylate, octyl methacrylate, dodecyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, stearyl acrylate, stearyl methacrylate, behenyl acrylate, behenyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, Acrylic acid ester monomers such as 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, Ether-based monomers; butadiene, isoprene, cyclohexene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylic acid amide, such as ene-based monomers methacrylamide.

  These polymerizable monomers are used alone or in general, and the theoretical glass transition temperature (Tg) described in publication polymer handbook 2nd edition III-p139-192 (John Wiley & Sons) is 40 ° C. or higher. A polymerizable monomer is appropriately mixed and used so as to exhibit 75 ° C. or lower. When the theoretical glass transition temperature is less than 40 ° C., problems are likely to occur from the viewpoint of storage stability and durability stability of the toner, whereas when it exceeds 75 ° C., the low-temperature fixability is lowered.

  In the production of toner particles for use in the toner of the present invention, it is preferable to add a low molecular weight polymer because the THF soluble content of the toner has a preferable molecular weight distribution. The low molecular weight polymer can be added to the polymerizable monomer composition when toner particles are produced by suspension polymerization. As the low molecular weight polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is in the range of 2,000 to 5,000, and Mw / Mn is less than 4.5, preferably Is preferably less than 3.0.

  Examples of low molecular weight polymers are homopolymers or copolymers obtained by polymerizing styrene or styrene derivatives, such as low molecular weight polystyrene, low molecular weight styrene-acrylate copolymers, low molecular weight styrene-acrylic copolymers. A polymer is mentioned.

  A preferable addition amount of the low molecular weight polymer is 1 part by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

  In the present invention, a polar resin having a carboxyl group such as a polyester resin or a polycarbonate resin can be used in combination with the above-described binder resin.

  For example, in the case of directly producing toner particles by a suspension polymerization method, when a polar resin is added during the polymerization reaction from the dispersion step to the polymerization step, a polymerizable monomer composition that becomes toner particles and an aqueous dispersion medium are exhibited. Depending on the polarity balance, the presence state of the polar resin can be controlled so that the added polar resin forms a thin layer on the surface of the toner particles or exists with a gradient from the toner particle surface toward the center. . That is, the addition of the polar resin can reinforce the shell portion of the core-shell structure, which can contribute to optimizing the micro compression hardness of the toner of the present invention.

  A preferable addition amount of the polar resin is 1 part by mass or more and 25 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 2 parts by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. If the amount is less than 1 part by mass, the presence state of the polar resin in the toner particles tends to be non-uniform. On the other hand, if it exceeds 25 parts by mass, the layer of the polar resin formed on the surface of the toner particles becomes thick.

  Examples of the polar resin used in the present invention include polyester resins, epoxy resins, styrene-acrylic acid copolymers, styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers, and styrene-maleic acid copolymers. In particular, a polyester resin having a molecular weight of 3,000 or more and 10,000 or less as a main peak as the polar resin is preferable because the toner particles can have good fixability and negative triboelectric charging characteristics.

Moreover, it is preferable that the glass transition temperature (Tgp) of the polyester resin and the glass transition temperature (Tgt) of the toner satisfy the following (4) to (6).
(4) 60 ° C. ≦ Tgp ≦ 80 ° C. (preferably 62 ° C. ≦ Tgp ≦ 77 ° C.)
(5) 50 ° C. ≦ Tgt
(6) 10 ° C. ≦ Tgp−Tgt ≦ 30 ° C. (preferably 12 ° C. ≦ Tgp−Tgt ≦ 25 ° C.)

  When the glass transition temperature (Tgt) of the toner is lower than 50 ° C., even if the shell portion is reinforced with a polyester resin, the storage stability and stress resistance of the toner may be weakened.

  When the glass transition temperature (Tgp) of the polyester resin is lower than 60 ° C., the strength of the shell portion is weak, and the storage stability and stress resistance of the toner may be weak. In some cases, the toner according to the present invention cannot satisfy the micro compression hardness. When the glass transition temperature (Tgp) of the polyester resin is higher than 80 ° C., the fixability is lowered.

  The glass transition temperature of the toner largely depends on the Tg of the styrene-acrylic copolymer, styrene-methacrylic copolymer, epoxy resin, and styrene-butadiene copolymer, which are the main contents of the binder resin. That is, the part where the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder resin in the core part is reflected is large. Therefore, when the glass transition temperature (Tgp) of the polyester resin is higher than the glass transition temperature (Tgt) of the toner, but the difference is smaller than 10 ° C., the difference in hardness between the core portion and the shell portion of the toner is small. In some cases, the toner according to the present invention cannot satisfy the minute compression hardness. Particularly, when the glass transition temperature (Tgp) of the polyester resin is high (for example, 80 ° C.), the glass transition temperature (Tgt) of the toner is also high, so that the low-temperature fixability is poor. Therefore, a part of the toner is likely to be offset to the fixing roller at the time of fixing, which may contaminate the heating source of the image heating apparatus.

  If the glass transition temperature (Tgp) of the polyester resin is higher than 30 ° C. than the glass transition temperature (Tgt) of the toner, the substantial glass transition temperature of the toner will be lowered. Further, the stress resistance of the toner due to the stress received in the developing device is lowered, and a stable and high-definition image cannot be obtained during long-term use.

  As described above, the optimum polar resin is added to the shell part to enhance the stress resistance and storage stability of the toner, and the binder resin and wax component of the core part are adjusted to be optimal conditions for fixing. That is, by optimizing the functionality of each of the core portion and the shell portion, it is possible to synergistically improve the stress resistance, storage stability, and fixability of the toner.

  It is preferable to satisfy the above-described various physical properties related to the above-described micro compression test by adjusting the kind, physical properties (for example, glass transition temperature (Tg)), and addition amount of the polar resin.

  In the present invention, a crosslinking agent may be used when the binder resin is synthesized in order to increase the stress resistance of the toner particles and to control the molecular weight of the THF soluble component of the toner.

  Examples of the bifunctional crosslinking agent include the following. Divinylbenzene, bis (4-acryloxypolyethoxyphenyl) propane, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6 -Hexanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol # 200, # 400, # 600 diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene Glycol diacrylate, polyester-type diacrylate (MANDA Nippon Kayaku), and diacrylate above instead of diacrylate Thing.

  The following are mentioned as a polyfunctional crosslinking agent. Pentaerythritol triacrylate, trimethylol ethane triacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate, tetramethylol methane tetraacrylate, oligoester acrylate and its methacrylate, 2,2-bis (4-methacryloxypolyethoxyphenyl) propane, diallyl phthalate, tri Allyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl trimellitate. The addition amount of these crosslinking agents is preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 5 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer.

  The following are mentioned as a polymerization initiator used for the toner of the present invention. 2,2′-azobis- (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 1,1′-azobis (cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis Azo or diazo polymerization initiators such as -4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile and azobisisobutyronitrile; benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, diisopropyl peroxycarbonate, cumene hydroperoxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl Peroxide-based polymerization initiators such as peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl-peroxypivalate.

  Although the usage-amount of these polymerization initiators changes with the target degree of polymerization, generally they are 3 mass parts or more and 20 mass parts or less with respect to 100 mass parts of polymerizable vinylic monomers. The kind of the polymerization initiator varies slightly depending on the polymerization method, but is used alone or in combination with reference to the 10-hour half-life temperature.

  The toner of the present invention contains a colorant as an essential component in order to impart coloring power. Examples of the colorant preferably used in the present invention include the following organic pigments, organic dyes, and inorganic pigments.

  Examples of organic pigments or organic dyes as cyan colorants include copper phthalocyanine compounds and derivatives thereof, anthraquinone compounds, and basic dye lake compounds. Specific examples include the following. C. I. Pigment blue 1, C.I. I. Pigment blue 7, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 1, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 2, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 3, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 4, C.I. I. Pigment blue 60, C.I. I. Pigment blue 62, C.I. I. Pigment blue.

  Examples of the organic pigment or organic dye as the magenta colorant include the following. Condensed azo compounds, diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds, anthraquinones, quinacridone compounds, basic dye lake compounds, naphthol compounds, benzimidazolone compounds, thioindigo compounds, perylene compounds. Specific examples include the following. C. I. Pigment red 2, C.I. I. Pigment red 3, C.I. I. Pigment red 5, C.I. I. Pigment red 6, C.I. I. Pigment red 7, C.I. I. Pigment violet 19, C.I. I. Pigment red 23, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 2, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 3, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 4, C.I. I. Pigment red 57: 1, C.I. I. Pigment red 81: 1, C.I. I. Pigment red 122, C.I. I. Pigment red 144, C.I. I. Pigment red 146, C.I. I. Pigment red 150, C.I. I. Pigment red 166, C.I. I. Pigment red 169, C.I. I. Pigment red 177, C.I. I. Pigment red 184, C.I. I. Pigment red 185, C.I. I. Pigment red 202, C.I. I. Pigment red 206, C.I. I. Pigment red 220, C.I. I. Pigment red 221, C.I. I. Pigment Red 254.

  Examples of the organic pigment or organic dye as the yellow colorant include compounds typified by condensed azo compounds, isoindolinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, azo metal complexes, methine compounds, and allylamide compounds. Specific examples include the following. C. I. Pigment yellow 12, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 13, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 14, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 15, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 17, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 62, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 74, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 83, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 93, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 94, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 95, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 97, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 109, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 110, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 111, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 120, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 127, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 128, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 129, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 147, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 151, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 154, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 155, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 168, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 174, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 175, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 176, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 180, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 181, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 191, C.I. I. Pigment Yellow 194.

  Examples of the black colorant include carbon black and those prepared by using the above yellow colorant / magenta colorant / cyan colorant to black.

  These colorants can be used alone or in combination and further in the form of a solid solution. The colorant used in the toner of the present invention is selected from the viewpoints of hue angle, saturation, brightness, light resistance, OHP transparency, and dispersibility in the toner.

  The colorant is preferably used by adding 1 part by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer or binder resin.

In the present invention, when toner particles are obtained using a polymerization method, it is necessary to pay attention to the polymerization inhibitory property and water phase migration property of the colorant, and preferably, a hydrophobic treatment with a substance that does not inhibit polymerization is performed. It is better to apply it to the colorant. In particular, since dye-based colorants and carbon black have many polymerization inhibiting properties, care must be taken when using them.
In addition, as a method for suppressing the polymerization inhibitory property of the dye-based colorant, a method of polymerizing a polymerizable monomer in the presence of these dyes in advance can be mentioned, and the obtained colored polymer is composed of a polymerizable monomer composition. Add to product.

  Moreover, about carbon black, you may process with the substance (for example, polyorganosiloxane etc.) which reacts with the surface functional group of carbon black besides the process similar to the said dye.

  As the dispersion stabilizer used in preparing the aqueous medium, known inorganic and organic dispersion stabilizers can be used.

  Specifically, the following are mentioned as an example of an inorganic dispersion stabilizer. Tricalcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc phosphate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium metasilicate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, bentonite, silica, alumina .

  Examples of the organic dispersant include the following. Polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, starch.

  Commercially available nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants can also be used. Examples of such surfactants include the following. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium pentadecyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium oleate, sodium laurate, potassium stearate, calcium oleate.

  As the dispersion stabilizer used in preparing the aqueous medium used in the toner of the present invention, an inorganic poorly water-soluble dispersion stabilizer is preferable, and it is preferable to use a poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer that is soluble in acid. .

  In the present invention, when preparing an aqueous medium using a hardly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer, the amount of these dispersion stabilizers used is 0.2 mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. It is preferable that it is at least 2.0 parts by mass. Moreover, in this invention, it is preferable to prepare an aqueous medium using 300 to 3000 mass parts of water with respect to 100 mass parts of polymerizable monomer compositions.

  In the present invention, when preparing an aqueous medium in which the above poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer is dispersed, a commercially available dispersion stabilizer may be used as it is. In order to obtain particles of a dispersion stabilizer having a fine uniform particle size, an aqueous medium may be prepared by generating a poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer in a liquid medium such as water under high-speed stirring. For example, when tricalcium phosphate is used as a dispersion stabilizer, a preferred dispersion stabilizer can be obtained by mixing sodium phosphate aqueous solution and calcium chloride aqueous solution under high speed stirring to form fine particles of tricalcium phosphate. Can do.

  In the toner of the present invention, a charge control agent can be mixed with toner particles and used as necessary. By adding a charge control agent, the charge characteristics can be stabilized, and the optimum triboelectric charge amount can be controlled according to the development system.

  As the charge control agent, a known one can be used, and a charge control agent that has a high charging speed and can stably maintain a constant charge amount is particularly preferable. Further, when the toner particles are produced by a direct polymerization method, a charge control agent having a low polymerization inhibition property and substantially free from a solubilized product in an aqueous medium is particularly preferable.

  Examples of the charge control agent that control the toner to be negatively charged include the following. Organic metal compounds and chelate compounds are effective, and monoazo metal compounds, acetylacetone metal compounds, aromatic oxycarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, oxycarboxylic acids, and dicarboxylic acid-based metal compounds. Other examples include aromatic oxycarboxylic acids, aromatic mono- and polycarboxylic acids and metal salts thereof, anhydrides, esters, and phenol derivatives such as bisphenol. Further examples include urea derivatives, metal-containing salicylic acid compounds, metal-containing naphthoic acid compounds, boron compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, calixarene, and resin charge control agents.

  Examples of the charge control agent that controls the toner to be positively charged include the following. Nigrosine-modified products such as nigrosine and fatty acid metal salts; guanidine compounds; imidazole compounds; quaternary ammonium salts such as tributylbenzylammonium-1-hydroxy-4-naphthosulfonate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, and the like Onium salts such as phosphonium salts and lake pigments thereof; triphenylmethane dyes and lake pigments thereof. Gallic acid, ferricyanide, ferrocyanide, etc.); metal salt of higher fatty acid; resin charge control agent.

  The toner of the present invention can contain these charge control agents alone or in combination of two or more.

  Among these charge control agents, a salicylic acid-based compound containing a metal is preferable in order to fully exhibit the effects of the present invention, and the metal is particularly preferably aluminum or zirconium. The most preferred charge control agent is an aluminum 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylate compound.

  A preferable blending amount of the charge control agent is 0.01 parts by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer or the binder resin. . However, it is not essential to add a charge control agent to the toner of the present invention, and the toner does not necessarily contain a charge control agent by actively utilizing frictional charging with the toner layer thickness regulating member or the toner carrier. There is no need to let it.

  An inorganic fine powder is added to the toner particles of the present invention as a fluidity improver.

  Examples of the inorganic fine powder externally added to the toner particles of the present invention include fine powder such as silica fine powder, titanium oxide fine powder, alumina fine powder or double oxide fine powder thereof. Among the inorganic fine powders, silica fine powder and titanium oxide fine powder are preferable.

Examples of the silica fine powder include dry silica or fumed silica produced by vapor phase oxidation of silicon halide, wet silica produced from water glass, and sol-gel silica produced by a sol-gel method. As the inorganic fine powder, dry silica having less silanol groups on the surface and inside the silica fine powder and less Na ₂ O and SO ₃ ²⁻ is preferable. The dry silica may be a composite fine powder of silica and another metal oxide produced by using a metal halogen compound such as aluminum chloride or titanium chloride together with a silicon halogen compound in the production process.

  The inorganic fine powder is externally added to the toner particles in order to improve the fluidity of the toner and make the toner particles uniformly charged. By hydrophobizing the inorganic fine powder, it is possible to adjust the charge amount of the toner, improve the environmental stability, and improve the characteristics in a high-humidity environment. It is preferable to use it. When the inorganic fine powder added to the toner absorbs moisture, the charge amount as the toner is reduced, and the developability and transferability are easily lowered.

  As treatment agents for the hydrophobic treatment of inorganic fine powder, unmodified silicone varnish, various modified silicone varnishes, unmodified silicone oil, various modified silicone oils, silane compounds, silane coupling agents, other organosilicon compounds, organotitanium Compounds. These treatment agents may be used alone or in combination.

  Among these, inorganic fine powder treated with silicone oil is preferable. More preferably, the hydrophobicity-treated inorganic fine powder treated with silicone oil treated with silicone oil simultaneously or after the hydrophobic treatment of the inorganic fine powder with a coupling agent increases the charge amount of the toner particles even in a high humidity environment. It is good for maintaining high and reducing selective developability.

{Measuring method}
Hereinafter, various measurement methods for the fixing roller of the present invention and the filler used therefor will be described.

(1) EPMA (Electron Beam Microanalyzer) Measurement of Fixing Roller Surface In the present invention, Al and / or Zn elements are measured with respect to the total amount of elements detected when the surface of the fixing roller is measured by an electron beam microanalyzer (EPMA). The existence ratio is prescribed. At this time, the Al element and the Zn element are derived from the heat conductive filler. EPMA measures elements existing to a depth of several μm from the surface, and the ratio of Al and Zn to the total amount of elements corresponds to the amount of thermally conductive filler existing at a depth of several μm from the surface. Therefore, when the abundance ratio of Al or Zn is high, it indicates that more heat conductive filler exists in the surface portion.

<Measurement conditions>
Apparatus: Electron beam microanalyzer EPMA-1610 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation)
Acceleration voltage: 15 kV
Irradiation current: 20 nA
Measurement time: 500msec
Beam diameter: 10 μm

(2) Thermal conductivity measurement of heat conductive filler, heat storage layer, heat insulation elastic layer and heat capacity per unit area of heat storage layer ○ Measurement of heat capacity per unit area of heat storage layer In the present invention, the heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer is It prescribes. Here, the surface area of the heat storage layer refers to the area of the surface of the heat storage layer that appears when all the release layers are peeled off. Therefore, the “surface area of the test piece” also represents only the area of the surface that appears when peeling as described above.

The heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer is obtained by the following equation.
Heat capacity per unit area of fixing roller = volume of test piece × volume heat capacity ÷ surface area of test piece, or
= Volume heat capacity x specific heat capacity x heat storage layer 33 thickness Formula (A)

  Therefore, in order to calculate the heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer, it is necessary to first measure the specific heat capacity and the volume heat capacity. Specific heat capacity and volumetric heat capacity were determined as follows.

  First, a test piece having a length of 5 mm and a width of 5 mm is cut out from the heat storage layer 33 of the fixing roller 30, and the test piece is measured with a dry automatic densimeter (model number AccuPyc1330, Shimadzu Corporation) to obtain a mass density. Next, the test piece is measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (model number DSC8240, manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) to determine the specific heat capacity.

Since the volumetric heat capacity is obtained from the following equation, it is calculated from the value obtained above.
Volumetric heat capacity = mass density x specific heat capacity

  The heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer was calculated by substituting the specific heat capacity and the volume heat capacity thus obtained into the formula (A).

(3) Measurement of thermal conductivity of thermal conductive filler / heat storage layer / insulating elastic layer Thermal conductivity is measured using a Fourier transform type thermal thermal diffusivity measuring device (model number FTC-1, ULVAC-RIKO Co., Ltd.). taking measurement. When measuring a heat storage layer or a heat insulating elastic layer, measurement in the thickness direction is performed. And from the following formula | equation, the heat conductivity of the heat conductive filler and the heat conductivity of the thickness direction of a thermal storage layer or a heat insulation elastic layer are calculated | required.
Thermal conductivity = thermal diffusivity x mass density x specific heat capacity

(4) Rz measuring method on the surface of the image heating member Measurement was performed at a measuring distance of 4 mm using Surfcoder SE-3300 (manufactured by Kosaka Laboratory). The measurement locations were both end portions at a position 30 mm to 40 mm from the rubber end of the image heating member and a central portion at a position 110 mm to 120 mm from the rubber end. Measurements were made in the axial direction and the circumferential direction at each location, and the average value of the six measured values was defined as Rz.

(5) Measurement of micro hardness of image heating member The micro hardness of the image heating member is measured in a peak hold mode in a 23 ° C./55% RH environment using a micro hardness meter MD-1 type (manufactured by Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.). Value. Specifically, the image heating member is placed on a metal plate, and a metal block is placed on the image heating member so that the image heating member does not roll. Press the measuring terminal accurately at the center and read the value after 5 seconds. A total of three points are measured at both ends and the center of the image heating member at a position of 30 mm or more and 40 mm or less from the rubber end of the image heating member. The average value of the measured values obtained in total of 6 points was defined as micro hardness.

  Hereinafter, various measurement methods other than the micro compression hardness according to the toner of the present invention will be described.

(6) Measuring Method of Toner Viscosity at 100 ° C. by Flow Tester Temperature Raising Method For the viscosity at 100 ° C. of toner by the flow tester temperature raising method, a flow tester CFT-500D (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) is used. Measurements were performed under the following conditions according to the operation manual.
Sample: 1.0 g of toner is weighed and molded by pressing it with a pressure molding machine having a diameter of 1 cm at a load of 20 kN for 1 minute.
-Die hole diameter: 1.0mm
-Die length: 1.0mm
・ Cylinder pressure: 9.807 × 10 ⁵ (Pa)
Measurement mode: Temperature rising method Temperature rising rate: 4.0 ° C./min

  By the above method, the viscosity (Pa · s) of the toner at 50 ° C. to 200 ° C. was measured to obtain the viscosity (Pa · s) at 100 ° C.

(7) the number-average particle diameter measuring method toner having a number average particle diameter of the toner (D ₁₎ (D ₁₎ is using a Coulter Multisizer (manufactured by Coulter Co.), the number distribution, the interface to output the volume distribution (day And a PC9801 personal computer (manufactured by NEC) were connected and performed according to the operation manual of the apparatus.

Specifically, first, a 1% NaCl aqueous solution was prepared using primary sodium chloride as the electrolytic solution. As the electrolytic solution, commercially available ISOTON R-II (manufactured by Coulter Scientific Japan Co., Ltd.) can also be used. To 100 ml of the electrolytic aqueous solution, 5 mg of a measurement sample (toner) and 0.1 ml of a contamination aqueous solution (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are added. The electrolyte in which the sample is suspended is dispersed for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser, and the number average particle size is measured by measuring the volume and number of toner particles of 2.0 μm or more using the 100 μm aperture with the Coulter Multisizer. Find (D ₁ ).

(8) Method of measuring molecular weight distribution and molecular weight by toner gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of tetrahydrofuran (THF) soluble part of toner The molecular weight distribution and molecular weight of THF soluble part of the toner of the present invention are measured by a GPC measuring device (HLC). -8120GPC manufactured by Tosoh Corporation), and measured under the following measurement conditions according to the operation manual of the apparatus.

<Measurement conditions>
Column (manufactured by Showa Denko KK): Shodex GPC KF-801, Shodex GPC KF-802, Shodex GPC KF-803, Shodex GPC KF-804, Shodex GPC KF-805, Shodex GPC KF-806, G 807 (diameter: 8.0mm, length: 30cm), 7 stations, temperature: 40 ° C
・ Flow rate: 0.6ml / min
・ Detector: RI
Sample concentration: 10 μl of 0.1% by mass sample

Sample preparation was performed by placing a toner sample to be measured in tetrahydrofuran (THF), allowing it to stand for 6 hours, and then shaking it sufficiently (until the samples were united), and then allowing it to stand for 1 day or longer. And what passed the sample processing filter (pore size 0.45 micrometer) was made into the sample for GPC measurement. The calibration curve used was a molecular weight calibration curve prepared using at least about 10 monodispersed polystyrene standard samples, for example, those having a molecular weight of about 10 ^{2 to} 10 ⁷ manufactured by Tosoh Corporation.

(9) Method for Measuring Maximum Endothermic Peak Temperature in DSC Endothermic Curve at Temperature Increase Measured with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Apparatus of Wax Component In DSC Endothermic Curve at Temperature Increase Measured with DSC Apparatus for Wax Component For example, DSC-7 manufactured by Perkin Elmer or DSC-2920 manufactured by TA Instruments Japan can be used for measurement of the maximum endothermic peak temperature. In the present invention, a DSC-2920 manufactured by TA Instruments Japan was used, and the operation was performed according to the operation manual of the apparatus. Specifically, an aluminum pan was used as a measurement sample, and an empty pan was set as a control. The temperature was increased from 20 ° C. with an amplitude of ± 1.5 ° C. and a period of 1 / min. The temperature was raised to 180 ° C. in min, and the maximum endothermic peak temperature of the wax component was obtained from the obtained DSC curve at the time of temperature rise.

(10) Measurement of glass transition temperature Tg In the present invention, a differential thermal analysis measurement device (DSC measurement device) and DSC-7 (manufactured by Perkin Elmer) can be used.

The sample to be measured is precisely weighed from 5 to 20 mg, preferably 10 mg. This is put in an aluminum pan, an empty aluminum pan is used as a reference, and the following operation is performed for the purpose of deleting the previous history first. The temperature is raised from room temperature to 200 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C./min in an N ₂ atmosphere and kept at 200 ° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, it is rapidly cooled and the temperature is lowered to 10 ° C. and kept at 10 ° C. for 10 minutes. Then, it heats up to 200 degreeC with the temperature increase rate of 10 degree-C / min. In this temperature raising process, an endothermic peak of the main peak in the temperature range of 40 to 100 ° C. is obtained.

  At this time, the point of intersection between the baseline line before the endothermic peak and after the end point and the differential heat curve is defined as the glass transition temperature Tg in the present invention.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to fixing roller and toner production examples, but these do not limit the present invention in any way.

◎ Manufacture of fixing roller (Manufacture of heat storage layer coating solutions 1 to 5)
As a silicone rubber raw material composition, 70 parts by mass of addition-type silicone rubber (manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd. (trade name: DY35-561A / B)) and alumina as a filler (trade name of Showa Denko Co., Ltd. (trade name) : Alumina beads CB-A50S)) was mixed in an amount of 30 parts by mass. This was diluted with methyl ethyl ketone so as to have a solid content concentration of 10%, and kneaded to obtain a heat storage layer coating solution 1. The liquid viscosity was 3.0 × 10 ⁻² Pa · s. Further, as shown in Table 1, the filler type was selected and the blending ratio was adjusted to obtain heat storage layer coating solutions 2 to 6 and a comparative coating solution. “Alumina” in the table is Showa Denko Co., Ltd. alumina (trade name: Alumina Beads CB-A50S), “Zinc oxide” is Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. zinc oxide (trade name: LPZINC-11), “Zirconia” indicates zirconia (trade name: AZI) manufactured by Aszac Co., Ltd.

(Manufacture of dispersion for release layer)
-Manufacture of release layer dispersions 1, 3 and 4 For PFA dispersion (trade name: NEOFLON AD-2CR, Daikin Industries, Ltd.), alumina (Showa Denko Co., Ltd. (trade name: Alumina beads) as a filler) CB-A50S)) was blended so that the content of PFA with respect to the solid content was 1.00% by mass to obtain a release layer dispersion 1. The same operations were carried out with the content ratios being 0.05 mass% and 3.00 mass%, and release layer dispersions 3 and 4 were produced. Table 2 shows the main component and filler content.

-Manufacture of Release Layer Dispersion 2 Addition-type silicone rubber (Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd. (trade name: DY35-561A / B)) 99 parts by weight alumina as filler (Showa Denko Co., Ltd.) (Product name: Alumina Beads CB-A50S) was blended in an amount of 1 part by mass. This was diluted with methyl ethyl ketone so as to have a solid content concentration of 10% to obtain a release layer dispersion 2. Table 2 shows the main component and filler content.

(Method for manufacturing fixing roller 1)
[1] Manufacture of elastic layer Addition-curing liquid silicone rubber material KE1218A solution (main agent) / B solution (curing agent) manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. : Acrylonitrile, softening temperature: 160 ° C. or higher and 170 ° C. or lower) was added 3 parts by mass and polyethylene glycol 1 part by mass, and stirring was continued for 15 minutes to obtain a silicone rubber.

  The silicone rubber obtained above was cast on a SUM metal core having an outer diameter of 8 mm, subjected to primary vulcanization at 150 ° C. for 1 hour, and then removed from the mold and taken out. Next, after secondary vulcanization at 200 ° C. for 4 hours, heat treatment was further performed at 230 ° C. for 4 hours, thereby producing a fixing roller precursor 1-1 having an elastic layer having a thickness of 2 mm. . This elastic layer was balloon rubber, and the thermal conductivity was 0.12 W / mK.

[2] Production of heat storage layer The heat storage layer coating solution 1 was applied to the fixing roller precursor 1-1 using a ring coating apparatus. At this time, the conditions of the ring coating apparatus were a moving speed of 15 mm / s and a material discharge rate of 2100 mm ³ / sec. Thereafter, the mixture was heated in a 300 ° C. hot air circulating heating furnace for 60 minutes to obtain a fixing roller precursor 1-2 having a heat storage layer having a thickness of 150 μm composed of a solid rubber layer and a filler.

The thermal conductivity of the filler was 23.0 W / mK, the heat capacity per unit surface area of the heat storage layer was 250 J / m ² K, the heat conductivity of the heat storage layer was 0.32 W / mK, and the thickness of the heat storage layer was 150 μm.

[3] Production of Release Layer A PFA dispersion (trade name: NEOFLON AD-2CR, Daikin Industries, Ltd.) was applied to the fixing roller precursor 1-2 using a ring coating apparatus. The conditions for the ring coating apparatus were a moving speed of 15 mm / s and a material discharge rate of 2100 mm ³ / sec. After drying, baking was carried out at 300 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a release layer having a thickness of 50 μm composed of a solid rubber layer and a filler. Thereafter, the surface was polished with polishing paper (polishing machine: Super Finisher manufactured by Matsuda Seiki, polishing paper: 3M Imperial Lapping Film 30 mic silicon carbide abrasive grain type), and fixing roller 1 was obtained.

The fixing roller 1 had an Rz of 6.0 μm, an outer diameter of 12 mm, a rubber part length of 230 mm, and an outer peripheral surface (shown as a hatched portion S in FIG. 1) of 8671 mm ² . The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3. The “surface existence ratio” in the table indicates the existence ratio of Al and / or Zn with respect to the total amount of elements detected when the fixing roller is measured by EPMA. Here, Al and Zn elements are derived from the heat conductive filler.

(Method for manufacturing fixing roller 2)
By changing the silicone rubber used for the elastic layer to an addition type silicone rubber (manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd. (trade name: DY35-561A / B)) and adjusting the polishing after forming the release layer, the Rz is 11. A fixing roller 2 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 except that the thickness was 0 μm. The thermal conductivity of the elastic layer was 0.25 W / mK. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for manufacturing fixing roller 3)
When forming the release layer, a layer having a thickness of 60 μm is formed by spray coating, and after drying, a 50 μm layer is further formed by using a ring coating apparatus, so that the release layer has a thickness of 110 μm. A fixing roller 3 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 2 except that polishing was not performed after layer formation. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for manufacturing fixing roller 4)
When forming a release layer, a layer having a thickness of 140 μm is formed by spray coating, and after drying, a 50 μm layer is further formed using a ring coating apparatus, so that the thickness of the release layer is 190 μm. Was manufactured in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 to obtain the fixing roller 4. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 5)
A fixing roller 5 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 except that the thickness of the release layer was changed to 5 μm using a ring coating apparatus. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 6)
A fixing roller 6 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 5 except that the release layer dispersion used in forming the release layer was changed to the release layer dispersion 2. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for manufacturing fixing roller 7)
The heat storage layer coating solution to be used is changed to the heat storage layer coating solution 2, and when the heat storage layer is formed, a layer having a thickness of 200 μm is formed by spray coating, and after drying, an additional 50 μm is formed using a ring coating device. A fixing roller 7 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 except that the thickness of the heat storage layer was changed to 250 μm by forming a layer. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for manufacturing fixing roller 8)
The heat storage layer coating solution to be used is changed to the heat storage layer coating solution 3, and when the heat storage layer is formed, a layer having a thickness of 50 μm is formed by spray coating, and after drying, an additional 50 μm is formed using a ring coating apparatus. A fixing roller 8 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 except that the thickness of the heat storage layer was changed to 100 μm by forming a layer. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for manufacturing fixing roller 9)
A fixing roller 9 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 8 except that the heat storage layer coating solution used was changed to the heat storage layer coating solution 4. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3. For the comparative fixing roller 1 only, the “surface existence ratio” in the table indicates the existence ratio of zirconium with respect to the total amount of elements detected by EPMA measurement. Zirconium is derived from zirconia used in the comparative fixing roller 1 instead of the heat conductive filler.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 10)
A fixing roller is formed except that when the heat storage layer is formed, a layer having a thickness of 220 μm is formed by spray coating, and after drying, a layer having a thickness of 50 μm is further formed by using a ring coating apparatus, so that the thickness of the heat storage layer is set to 270 μm. 7 and a fixing roller 10 was obtained. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 11)
A fixing roller is formed except that when the heat storage layer is formed, a layer having a thickness of 30 μm is formed by spray coating, and after drying, a layer having a thickness of 50 μm is further formed by using a ring coating apparatus so that the thickness of the heat storage layer is 80 μm. 8 and the fixing roller 11 was obtained. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 12)
When forming a release layer, a layer having a thickness of 170 μm is formed by spray coating, and after drying, a 50 μm layer is further formed by using a ring coating apparatus, so that the release layer has a thickness of 220 μm. Was manufactured in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 to obtain a fixing roller 12. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 13)
A fixing roller 13 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 except that a 3 μm layer was formed using a ring coating apparatus when forming the release layer. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 14)
A fixing roller 14 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 except that the release layer dispersion used for forming the release layer was changed to the release layer dispersion 3. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 15)
A fixing roller 15 was obtained in the same manner as in the fixing roller 1 except that the release layer dispersion used in forming the release layer was changed to the release layer dispersion 4. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

(Method for Manufacturing Fixing Roller 16)
A fixing roller 16 was obtained in the same manner as the fixing roller 1 except that the release layer dispersion used in forming the release layer was changed to the release layer dispersion 5. The outline of the produced roller is as shown in Table 3.

Toner Production Next, a method for producing toner used in the examples of the present invention will be described. The physical properties of toners 1 to 26 shown below are shown in Table 4.

<Production Example of Toner 1>
With respect to 100 parts by mass of the styrene monomer, C.I. I. 16.5 parts by mass of Pigment Blue 15: 3 and 3.0 parts by mass of an aluminum compound of di-tertiary butylsalicylic acid [Bontron E88 (manufactured by Orient Chemical Industries)] were prepared. These were introduced into an attritor (manufactured by Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.) and stirred at 200 rpm at 25 ° C. for 180 minutes using zirconia beads (140 parts by mass) with a radius of 1.25 mm to prepare a master batch dispersion 1. .

On the other hand, after adding 450 parts by mass of 0.1 M Na ₃ PO ₄ aqueous solution to 710 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water and heating to 60 ° C., 67.7 parts by mass of 1.0 M CaCl ₂ aqueous solution was gradually added. An aqueous medium containing a calcium phosphate compound was obtained.

Master batch dispersion 1 40 parts by mass Styrene monomer 28 parts by mass n-butyl acrylate monomer 18 parts by mass Low molecular weight polystyrene 20 parts by mass (Mw = 3,000, Mn = 1,050, Tg = 55 ° C)
Hydrocarbon wax 9 parts by mass (Fischer-Tropsch wax, maximum endothermic peak = 78 ° C., Mw = 750)
Polyester resin 5 parts by mass (terephthalic acid: isophthalic acid: propylene oxide modified bisphenol A (2 mol adduct): ethylene oxide modified bisphenol A (2 mol adduct) = 30: 30: 30: 10 polycondensate, acid No. 11, Tg = 74 ° C., Mw = 11,000, Mn = 4,000)
The above material was heated to 65 ° C., and uniformly dissolved and dispersed at 5,000 rpm using a TK homomixer (manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.). In this, 7.1 mass part of 70% toluene solution of polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate was dissolved to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition.

The polymerizable monomer composition is put into the aqueous medium, and stirred at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes with a TK homomixer at a temperature of 65 ° C. and in an N ₂ atmosphere to prepare the polymerizable monomer composition. Then, the temperature was raised to 67 ° C. while stirring with a paddle stirring blade, and when the polymerization conversion of the polymerizable vinyl monomer reached 90%, a 0.1 mol / liter sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added. The pH of the aqueous dispersion medium was adjusted to 9 by addition. Furthermore, it heated up at 80 degreeC with the temperature increase rate of 40 degreeC / h, and was made to react for 4 hours. After completion of the polymerization reaction, the residual monomer in the toner particles was distilled off under reduced pressure. After cooling the aqueous medium, hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH to 1.4, and the mixture was stirred for 6 hours to dissolve the calcium phosphate salt. The toner particles were separated by filtration and washed with water, and then dried at a temperature of 40 ° C. for 48 hours to obtain cyan toner particles 1.

  With respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles, 1.5 parts by mass of hydrophobic silica fine powder surface-treated with hexamethyldisilazane (number average primary particle size: 7 nm), surface with i-butyltrimethoxysilane and dimethyl silicone oil The toner 1 of the present invention was obtained by dry-mixing 0.2 parts by mass (number average primary particle size: 30 nm) of the treated anatase-type titanium oxide fine powder with a Henschel mixer (manufactured by Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.) for 5 minutes.

<Production Example of Toner 2>
In the preparation of the polymerizable monomer composition of the production example of toner 1, the addition amount of a 70% toluene solution of a polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate, Except for changing to 6.2 parts by mass, the toner 2 of the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in the toner 1 production example.

<Production Example of Toners 3 to 5>
In the preparation of the polymerizable monomer composition of Production Example of Toner 1, the addition amount of low molecular weight polystyrene (Mw = 3,000, Mn = 1,050, Tg = 55 ° C.) is 5.0 parts by mass, and styrene. The addition amount of the monomer is 43 parts by mass, and the addition amount of the 70% toluene solution of the polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate is 4.9 parts by mass, respectively. 4.8 parts by mass, 4.7 parts by mass, except that the wax is changed to behenyl behenate: maximum endothermic peak = 72 ° C., Mw = 700. 3 to 5 were obtained.

<Production Examples of Toners 6 to 8>
In the preparation of the polymerizable monomer composition of Example 1, no styrene monomer was added, and the amount of low molecular weight polystyrene (Mw = 3,000, Mn = 1,050, Tg = 55 ° C.) added was 48. The addition amount of a 70% toluene solution of a mass part and a polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate is 4.1 parts by mass, 5.1 parts by mass, and 5.3, respectively. Toners 6 to 8 of the present invention were obtained in the same manner as in the production example of toner 1 except that the addition amount of parts by mass and the amount of polyester was changed as shown in Table 4.

<Production Example of Toner 9>
In the preparation of the polymerizable monomer composition of Production Example of Toner 1, the addition amount of low molecular weight polystyrene (Mw = 3,000, Mn = 1,050, Tg = 55 ° C.) is 10 parts by mass, and the addition amount of polyester. 1 part by mass, the addition amount of the styrene monomer to 33.5 parts by mass, the addition amount of the n-butyl acrylate monomer to 22.5 parts by mass, the polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetra A toner 9 of the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in the production example of the toner 1 except that the addition amount of the 70% toluene solution of methylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate was changed to 7.7 parts by mass.

<Production Example of Toners 10 to 13>
In the production example of the toner 1, the addition amount of the 0.1M-Na ₃ PO ₄ aqueous solution is 360 parts by mass, 342 parts by mass, 576 parts by mass, 612 parts by mass, and 54.2 parts by mass of 1.0M-CaCl ₂ aqueous solution. Toners 10 to 13 of the present invention were obtained in the same manner as in the production example of toner 1 except that the amounts were changed to 51.5 parts by mass, 86.7 parts by mass, and 92.1 parts by mass.

<Production Example of Toners 14 and 15>
In the preparation of the polymerizable monomer composition of the production example of the toner 1, the addition amount of low molecular weight polystyrene (Mw = 3,000, Mn = 1,050, Tg = 55 ° C.) is 1.9 parts by mass and 0%, respectively. Toners 14 and 15 of the present invention were obtained in the same manner as in the toner 1 production example except that the mass parts were changed.

<Production Examples of Toners 16 to 21>
In the preparation of the polymerizable monomer composition of the production example of the toner 1, the addition amount of the styrene monomer is 33.0 parts by mass, the addition amount of the n-butyl acrylate monomer is 18.5 parts by mass, Polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate in 70% toluene solution added to 6.2 parts by weight, polyester resin modified with terephthalic acid: isophthalic acid: propylene oxide The toner of the present invention is the same as the production example of the toner 1 except that the ratio of bisphenol A (2 mol adduct): ethylene oxide modified bisphenol A (2 mol adduct) was changed and the glass transition point shown in Table 4 was obtained. 16 to 21 were obtained. Various physical properties of the toners 16 to 21 are shown in Table 4.

<Production Example of Toner 22>
In “Production Examples of Toners 16 to 21”, the toner 22 of the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in the production examples of the toners 16 to 21 except that the polyester resin was not added. Various physical properties of the toner 22 are shown in Table 4.

<Production Example of Toners 23 to 26>
Except for changing the addition amount of the wax as shown in Table 4, toners 23 to 26 of the present invention were obtained in the same manner as in the toner 1 production example. Various physical properties of the toners 23 to 26 are shown in Table 4.

<Production Example of Toner 27>
The following materials were mixed in advance, melt kneaded with a biaxial extruder, the cooled kneaded product was coarsely pulverized with a hammer mill, and the resulting finely pulverized product was classified to obtain toner particles. Inorganic fine powder was externally added to the obtained toner particles in the same manner as in the production example of Toner 1 to obtain Toner 27. Various physical properties of the toner 27 are shown in Table 4. A load-displacement curve in the minute compression test of the toner 27 is shown in FIG.
Binder resin 100 parts by mass [styrene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer resin (Mw = 30,000, Tg = 62 ° C.)]
・ C. I. Pigment Blue 15:35 parts by mass, aluminum compound of di-tertiary butylsalicylic acid 3 parts by mass [Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd .: Bontron E88]
Ester wax 6.0 parts by mass (behenyl behenate: maximum endothermic peak = 72 ° C., Mw = 700)

<Example 1>
Remodeling machine of LBP-2510 (manufactured by Canon Inc.) equipped with the fixing device 7 having the mechanism of FIG. 4 using the fixing roller 1 as an evaluation machine (process speed: 100 mm / sec, 16 sheets of A4 paper / min, fixing setting center) A temperature of 170 ° C., paper: color laser copier paper A4) manufactured by Canon Inc. was used, and the following image evaluation was performed under each environment. In the evaluation, 190 g of toner 1 was filled in the cartridge, mounted in the cyan station, and dummy cartridges were mounted in the other stations, and evaluations (1) to (4) were performed. FIG. 5 shows a load-displacement curve in a minute compression test of the toner 1.

  When (1) to (4) fixability evaluation was performed, good results were obtained for all.

  The results are shown in Table 5.

[Evaluation]
(1) Low temperature fixability For the evaluation, a modified fixing device modified so that the fixing temperature of the fixing unit can be adjusted was used. Evaluation was performed in a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N: temperature 23.5 ° C., humidity 60% RH) environment. After preparing an unfixed image with a toner amount of 0.6 mg / cm ² , a solid image of 5 cm square on A4 paper at a fixing temperature set at a temperature range of 120 to 200 ° C. at intervals of 5 ° C. 9 points were output. The image was reciprocated five times with sylbon paper applied with a load of 4.9 kPa, and the temperature at which the density reduction rate was 20% or more was evaluated as the minimum fixing temperature. A and B are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while C is a level that causes a problem in use.
A: Fixing lower limit temperature is less than 135 ° C. B: Fixing lower limit temperature is 135 ° C. or more and less than 145 ° C. C: Fixing lower limit temperature is 145 ° C. or more.

(2) Low temperature offset resistance test After the toner and the image forming apparatus are conditioned for 3 hours in a low temperature and low humidity environment (15 ° C., 10% RH), the heater is heated when the fixing roller surface temperature of the fixing device reaches 200 ° C. And 3 sheets of solid black images were passed. By this operation, the toner was adhered to the fixing roller and evaluated in a severe environment against low temperature offset. Create a chart for electrostatic offset testing with the first half of the image being solid black and the second half being white. Using A4 75g / m ² paper, the temperature of the entire fixing device is 100 sheets in a row from the state in which the temperature is adjusted to the ambient temperature. The image was drawn out. The degree of contamination due to low-temperature offset of the fixed image was visually evaluated.
Rank A: No low temperature offset occurs Rank B: Slightly low temperature offset occurs (practical level)
Rank C: Severely low-temperature offset occurs (difficult level for practical use)

(3) Image glossiness In a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N: temperature 23.5 ° C., humidity 60% RH) environment, a solid image having a toner paste amount of 0.5 mg / cm ² on paper is prepared. Using “PG-3D” (manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.), the glossiness of the fixed image at a measurement optical part angle of 75 ° was measured. A, B, and C are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while D and E are levels that cause a problem in use.
A: 30 or more B: 25 or more, less than 30 C: 23 or more, less than 25 D: 20 or more, less than 23 E: less than 20

(4) Warm-up time measurement The fixing device 7 having the mechanism shown in FIG. 4 using the fixing roller 1 is left in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment (15 ° C./10% RH) for 6 hours. The time to reach ° C was measured.

<Example 2 to Example 9, Comparative Example 1 to Comparative Example 7>
In Example 1, the evaluation was made in the same manner except that the fixing rollers were changed as shown in Table 5, respectively. The results are shown in Table 5. As a result, practically no problem was found in Examples 2 to 9. On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 1 to 7, there were practical problems such as inferior low-temperature offset resistance, increased fixing temperature, inferior fixing glossiness, or longer warm-up time.

<Example 1, Example 9, Example 10 to Example 12>
Similarly to Example 1, the evaluations of (1) to (10) were performed in the same manner except that the toner was changed from toner 2 to toner 4 as shown in Table 6 (Example 1 starts from (1)). In addition to (4), (5) to (10) were evaluated.) The results are shown in Table 6.

  As the results showed, virtually no problems were found in all the evaluation items.

[Evaluation]
(5) Resistance to high-temperature offset For the evaluation, a modified fixing device modified so that the fixing temperature of the fixing unit can be adjusted was used. Evaluation was performed in a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N: temperature 23.5 ° C., humidity 60% RH) environment. After preparing the toner amount of the unfixed image to be 0.6 mg / cm ² , the fixing temperature is set at a temperature range of 170 ° C. to 220 ° C. at intervals of 10 ° C. An image having a halftone with an image density of 0.5 and solid white other than that was output. The level of the offset appearing on the white background at this time was visually confirmed. A, B, and C are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while D and E are levels that cause a problem in use.
A: No offset is generated at all. B: A slight offset is generated at the end other than the portion where the paper is passed in the A4 portrait orientation at a fixing temperature of 220.degree.
C: An offset occurred in the entire longitudinal direction at a fixing temperature of 220 ° C.
D: At a fixing temperature of 210 ° C., a slight offset occurred at the end portion other than the portion that passed through the A4 portrait.
E: An offset occurred in the entire longitudinal direction at a fixing temperature of 210 ° C.

(6) Image fog Durability in image printing test that prints up to 10,000 images with 2% printing ratio in high temperature and high humidity (H / H: temperature 30 ° C, humidity 80% RH) environment. An image having a white background portion is output at the end of the evaluation, and the whiteness (reflectance Ds (%)) of the white background portion of the printout image measured by “REFLECTMETER MODEL TC-6DS” (manufactured by Tokyo Denshoku) and the transfer paper The fog density (%) (= Dr (%) − Ds (%)) was calculated from the difference in whiteness (average reflectance Dr (%)), and the image fog at the end of the durability evaluation was evaluated. An amberlite filter was used as the filter. A, B, and C are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while D and E are levels that cause a problem in use.
A: Less than 0.5% B: 0.5% or more and less than 1.0% C: 1.0% or more and less than 1.5% D: 1.5% or more and less than 3.0% E: 3.0% or more

(7) Transfer efficiency Durability in an image printing test that prints up to 10,000 images with a printing ratio of 2% in a high-temperature and high-humidity (H / H: temperature 30 ° C., humidity 80% RH) environment. When a solid image was output at the end of the evaluation, the transfer efficiency was determined from the change in weight between the toner amount on the drum and the toner amount on the transfer paper (the transfer efficiency was 100% when the entire toner amount on the drum was transferred onto the transfer paper). A) B and C are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while D is a level that causes a problem in use.
A: Transfer efficiency is 95% or more B: Transfer efficiency is 90% or more and less than 95% C: Transfer efficiency is 80% or more and less than 90% D: Transfer efficiency is 70% or more and less than 80%

(8) Restriction member (= developing blade) contamination Under normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N: temperature 23.5 ° C., humidity 60% RH) environment and high temperature and high humidity (H / H: temperature 30 ° C., humidity 80% RH) ) In an image output test that prints up to 10,000 images with a printing ratio of 2% under the environment, the regulating member (= developing blade) is observed after the end of the durability evaluation. The results were evaluated according to the following criteria and are shown in Table 6. A, B, and C are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while D and E are levels that cause a problem in use.
A: No contamination at all.
B: Slightly contaminated but no image defect occurred.
C: Contamination and slight image defects have occurred.
D: Contamination is conspicuous and image defects are conspicuous.
E: Contamination is severe and significant image defects are generated.

(9) Image density uniformity (heating unevenness)
Under normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N: temperature 23.5 ° C, humidity 60% RH) environment, high temperature and high humidity (H / H: temperature 30 ° C, humidity 80% RH) environment, and low temperature and low humidity (L / L: In an image output test that prints up to 10,000 images with a printing ratio of 2% under an environment of a temperature of 15 ° C. and a humidity of 10% RH, a solid image is output every 500 sheets and formed on paper. Evaluation was made as an average relative density of five points at the four corners and the center of the obtained image. The image density was measured by using a “Macbeth reflection densitometer RD918” (manufactured by Macbeth Co., Ltd.) to measure the relative density with respect to an image of a white background portion having a document density of 0.00. A and B are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while C is a level that causes a problem in use.

Using the original image density of 1.5, the relative density of 5 points was measured in the same manner as in (1), and the maximum density difference was measured.
A: 0.0 to less than 0.20 B: 0.20 to less than 0.35 C: 0.35 or more

(10) Blocking test (storability test)
10 g of toner was placed in a 50 cc polycup. The state of the toner when this was left in a constant temperature bath at 53 ° C. for 72 hours was visually judged as follows. A, B, and C are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while D and E are levels that cause a problem in use.
A: No blocking at all, almost the same as the initial state.
B: Although slightly agglomerated, it is in a state of collapsing with the rotation of the polycup, and there is no particular problem.
C: Although it is agglomerated, it is in a state where it is broken by hand.
D: Aggregation is intense.
E: Solidified.

<Comparative Example 8>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 5. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results show, the low-temperature fixability, the low-temperature offset resistance and the like deteriorated. This is considered to be caused by the fact that the contact surface of the toner fixing portion is not sufficient because X ₁₀₀ / D is small and the contact surface of the toner fixing portion is insufficient, and the thermal conductivity from the fixing roller to the toner is poor. .

<Examples 13 and 14>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 6 and toner 7 as shown in Table 6, respectively. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results showed, virtually no problems were found in all the evaluation items.

<Comparative Example 9>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 8. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results show, the high-temperature offset resistance, image density uniformity, etc. deteriorated. This is because X ₁₀₀ / D is large and H (4000) / H (M1) is also large, so that the toner is likely to be offset at a high temperature. As a result, the heating source of the image heating apparatus is contaminated with the offset toner and is stable. It is difficult to maintain the fixed fixing temperature, and it is presumed that the image density uniformity deteriorated.

<Comparative Example 10>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 9. The results are shown in Table 6. As the result shows, the fogging and the contamination of the regulating member deteriorated. This is presumed that since X20 / D is large, the toner particles are deformed by the stress received in the developing device, and the fogging and the contamination of the regulating member are deteriorated.

<Example 15>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 10. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results showed, virtually no problems were found in all the evaluation items.

<Comparative Example 11>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 11. The results are shown in Table 6. As the result shows, the contamination of the regulating member, the transfer efficiency, the fog, etc. deteriorated. This is presumably because the number average particle size of the toner is small, so that the fluidity of the toner is poor, the regulating member is contaminated, and the slipping at the time of transfer is deteriorated.

<Example 16>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 12. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results showed, virtually no problems were found in all the evaluation items.

<Comparative Example 12>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 11. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results show, the image density uniformity and the like deteriorated. This is because the number average particle size of the toner is large, so that high-resolution and high-definition latent images are difficult to be developed faithfully, and toner is easily scattered when electrostatic transfer is performed. Presumed to be.

<Examples 17 to 23>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed from toner 14 to toner 20. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results showed, virtually no problems were found in all the evaluation items.

<Comparative Example 13>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 21. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results show, fogging and the like deteriorated. This is presumably because the toner deteriorated due to the stress received in the developing device because the stress resistance was weakened because X ₁₀₀ / D was large and the viscosity was small.

<Comparative example 14>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 22. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results show, almost all evaluations deteriorated. This is presumably because the low temperature fixability, the low temperature offset resistance, and the stress resistance deteriorated because both X ₁₀₀ / D and X ₂₀ / D were large.

<Example 24>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 23. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results showed, virtually no problems were found in all the evaluation items.

<Example 25>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 24. The results are shown in Table 6. As the result shows, although there is substantially no problem, the low temperature offset resistance and the like are slightly deteriorated. This is presumably because the amount of wax added is small and the toner releasability during fixing is slightly deteriorated.

<Example 26>
Evaluation was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 25. The results are shown in Table 6. As the results showed, virtually no problems were found in all the evaluation items.

<Example 27>
Evaluation was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 26. The results are shown in Table 6. As the result shows, although there is substantially no problem, the contamination of the regulating member and the fogging are slightly deteriorated. This is because the amount of added wax is so large that the wax component is likely to be unevenly distributed on the surface of the toner particles, so that the fog and the contamination of the regulating member are slightly deteriorated when subjected to stress in the developing device. Presumed.

<Comparative Example 15>
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the toner was changed to toner 27. The results are shown in Table 6. FIG. 6 shows a load-displacement curve in the minute compression test of the toner 27. As the results show, fogging, transfer efficiency, restriction member contamination, etc. deteriorated. This is presumed to be because the stress resistance is very weak because X ₂₀ / D is large and there is no bending point.

It is a block diagram of the image heating member (image heating member 30) in this invention. It is a block diagram explaining the ring coating apparatus preferably used by this invention. 1 is a configuration diagram of an image forming apparatus (image forming apparatus 1) that can be used in the present invention. 1 is a configuration diagram of a fixing device (fixing device 7) in the present invention. FIG. 3 is a load-displacement curve in a minute compression test of toner 1. 6 is a load-displacement curve in a minute compression test of toner 26.

Claims (10)

A charging step of charging the electrostatic latent image carrier with charging means, an exposure step of exposing the charged electrostatic latent image carrier to form an electrostatic latent image, and developing the electrostatic latent image with toner Development process for forming a toner image, transfer process for transferring the toner image to a recording material with or without an intermediate transfer member, and an image heating member capable of rotating the recording material carrying the toner image with a pressure member In an image forming method having a fixing step of fixing by heating and pressing by passing through a nip formed by
The image heating member is heated from the outermost surface by an external heating means,
The image heating member is a roller having a release layer having a thickness of 5 μm or more and 200 μm or less as an outermost layer, a heat storage layer as a lower layer, and an elastic layer as a lower layer,
The image heating member contains a heat conductive filler having a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W / mK or more, and the heat conductive filler is an Al and / or Zn compound.
When the surface of the image heating member is measured by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer), the abundance ratio of Al and / or Zn elements derived from the heat conductive filler is set to 0. 0 with respect to the total amount of elements detected by EPMA. 10 mass% or more and 3.00 mass% or less,
Heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer is not more than 100 J / m ² K or more 600J / m ² K,
The toner is a toner having toner particles containing a binder resin, a colorant and a wax component, and an inorganic fine powder,
One particle of toner having a particle diameter D (μm) satisfying D ₁ −0.20 μm ≦ D ≦ D ₁ +0.20 μm, wherein the number average particle diameter D _{1 of the} toner is 3.00 μm or more and 8.00 μm or less. In a micro-compression test, a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N was applied to one particle of toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec up to 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N. An image forming method characterized by satisfying the following formulas (1) and (2), where X ₂₀ (μm) is the particle displacement and X ₁₀₀ (μm) is the maximum particle displacement.
(1) 0.100 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.900
(2) 0.010 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.080 In a minute compression test for the toner, when a load is applied to one particle of the toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec up to 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N, the load-displacement curve has a bending point. 2. The image formation according to claim 1, wherein the bending point is generated when the toner receives a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N or more and 8.5 × 10 ⁻⁴ N or less. Method. The amount of displacement X ₁₀₀ (μm) and X ₂₀ (μm) of the toner is
0.400 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.850
0.015 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.060
The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein:   The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein the toner has a viscosity at 100 ° C. of 15000 Pa · s or more and 65000 Pa · s or less as measured by a flow tester. The molecular weight (M1) of the main peak measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the toner in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is 10,000 to 80,000,
In the molecular weight distribution chart, when the height of the molecular weight (M1) of the main peak is H (M1) and the height of the molecular weight 4,000 is H (4,000),
H (4,000): H (M1) = (0.100 to 0.950): 1.00
The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein:   6. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein the surface roughness Rz of the image heating member is 1.0 μm or more and 10.0 μm or less.   The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein a heat conductive filler is contained in the heat storage layer of the image heating member in an amount of 10% by mass to 50% by mass.   The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein the image heating member has a micro hardness of 30 ° to 68 °.   9. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein the elastic layer has a thermal conductivity of 0.15 W / mK or less. In a fixing method in which a toner image formed on a recording material is heated and pressurized and fixed by passing through a nip formed by a pressure member and a rotatable image heating member.
The image heating member is heated from the outermost surface by an external heating means,
The image heating member is a roller having a release layer having a thickness of 5 μm or more and 200 μm or less as an outermost layer, a heat storage layer as a lower layer, and an elastic layer as a lower layer,
The image heating member contains a heat conductive filler having a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W / mK or more, and the heat conductive filler is an Al and / or Zn compound.
When the surface of the image heating member is measured by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer), the abundance ratio of Al and / or Zn elements derived from the heat conductive filler is set to 0. 0 with respect to the total amount of elements detected by EPMA. 10 mass% or more and 3.00 mass% or less,
Heat capacity per unit area of the heat storage layer is not more than 100 J / m ² K or more 600J / m ² K,
The toner is a toner having toner particles containing a binder resin, a colorant and a wax component, and an inorganic fine powder,
One particle of toner having a particle diameter D (μm) satisfying D ₁ −0.20 μm ≦ D ≦ D ₁ +0.20 μm, wherein the number average particle diameter D _{1 of the} toner is 3.00 μm or more and 8.00 μm or less. In a micro-compression test, a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N was applied to one particle of toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec up to 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N. A fixing method characterized by satisfying the following equations (1) and (2), where X ₂₀ (μm) is the particle displacement and X ₁₀₀ (μm) is the maximum particle displacement.
(1) 0.100 ≦ X ₁₀₀ /D≦0.900
(2) 0.010 ≦ X ₂₀ /D≦0.080

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