JP5319946B2 - POS register and POS system - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electronic device, control method and program therefor, POS register, use of specific function authentication system, and POS system having an unauthorized use restraining effect and capable of surely recording the image of an operator. <P>SOLUTION: The electronic device includes: an imaging unit 202 for photographing an image of an operator performing a specific function; a face detecting unit 203 for detecting a face of the operator from the image; a non-volatile recording unit 205 for recording the image, when the face of the operator is detected from the image by the face detecting unit 203; and a limited function execution unit 206 for executing specific functions, when the image is recorded by the non-volatile recording unit 205. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an electronic device having a function whose use is restricted, a control method and program thereof, a POS register, a specific function use authentication system, and a POS system, and in particular, an effect of suppressing unauthorized use of a function whose use is restricted. The present invention relates to an electronic device having the same, a control method and program thereof, a POS register, a specific function use authentication system, and a POS system.

  In stores of retail stores such as supermarkets and convenience stores, registers having a POS (Point Of Sale) function for managing the contents of commercial transactions (hereinafter referred to as POS registers) are widely used.

  In POS, the contents of a commercial transaction (item name, quantity, payment amount, change, etc.) are recorded as data called a journal along with the date and time when the transaction was performed.

  In addition to the above items (transaction date and time, journal), the POS register also records information about the operator of the register. Therefore, before operating the register, the store clerk inputs an operator's information into the register by reading an identification card equipped with a barcode or IC tag with a dedicated reader, and then operates the register.

  However, with such an authentication method, it is determined whether or not the operation is performed by the legitimate owner of the ID even if the other person improperly used the ID to impersonate a store clerk. I can't do it. That is, even a malicious third party can operate the POS register illegally as long as the store clerk's ID is obtained. Similarly, even if the ID is forged, the POS register can be manipulated illegally.

  As a result, the cash in the POS register may be taken out illegally.

  As a technique aiming at improving crime prevention in a retail store, there is a “surveillance camera device” disclosed in Patent Document 1. In the invention disclosed in Patent Document 1, a television camera is installed at the entrance of a store or the like, and the entrance door is opened only when the face is recorded reliably to allow entry into the store or the like.

Further, as a technology related to a personal authentication device having an effect of preventing unauthorized use against unauthorized users, there is a “personal authentication device” disclosed in Patent Document 2. The invention disclosed in Patent Document 2 captures an authenticated person and determines whether or not a part of the body captured in the captured image belongs to a person who has authority to use. It is determined whether or not.
JP-A-6-86295 JP 2002-288671 A

However, when a surveillance camera as envisaged by the invention disclosed in Patent Document 1 is applied for authentication at the time of operating the POS register, the shooting direction may be changed by a malicious person. That is, even if the surveillance camera is installed so as to photograph the vicinity of the POS register, if the camera is pointed in a different direction and another person is present there, an image of the person operating the POS register is obtained. The POS register is operated without being recorded.
In addition, when the POS register is operated when the shooting direction is changed by a malicious person, a third party crosses the front of the surveillance camera, or a load is piled up, the operator becomes blind spot of the surveillance camera. If it enters, even a legitimate operator who has the authority to operate cannot operate the POS register, and there is a possibility that the customer service may be hindered.

  Furthermore, although the authentication accuracy of the authentication technique based on image processing has improved, the authentication rate is not 100%. For this reason, the possibility that it is determined that the person who has the authority to use the photographed image is not the person who has the authority to use is not zero. Therefore, in the case of the POS register, as in the invention disclosed in Patent Document 2, when a part of the body of the person having the use authority is not copied in the photographed image, it is assumed that the unauthorized access is processed. Therefore, it is frequently determined that unauthorized access is made due to misauthentication, which may interfere with customer service.

  As described above, an electronic device that has an effect of preventing unauthorized use and can reliably record an image of the person who performed the operation, a control method and program thereof, a POS register, a specific function use authentication system, and a POS system are not provided. It was.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and has an effect of preventing unauthorized use, and can electronically record an image of a person who has performed an operation, a control method and program thereof, a POS register, and a specific function An object is to provide an authentication system and a POS system.

  In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides, as a first aspect, an imaging means for capturing an image of an operator who executes a specific function, a restriction function execution means for executing a specific function, and an operator from the image. A face detecting means for detecting the face of the camera, a non-volatile recording means for recording the image when the face detecting means detects the operator's face from the image, and a specific function when the non-volatile recording means records the image. There is provided an electronic apparatus characterized by including a restriction function executing means to be executed.

  In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides, as a second aspect, a POS register to which the electronic device according to the first aspect of the present invention is applied, and a specific function is to open a drawer. A POS register characterized by the above is provided.

  In order to achieve the above object, as a third aspect of the present invention, the electronic device according to the first aspect of the present invention, a database for storing images taken by the imaging means, and a database are stored. The specific function use authentication system is characterized in that an information processing device for searching for an image is connected via a network.

  In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a POS register according to the second aspect of the present invention as a fourth aspect, a database for storing images taken by the imaging means, and a database stored in the database. The present invention provides a POS system characterized in that an information processing apparatus for retrieving images is connected via a network.

  In order to achieve the above object, according to a fifth aspect of the present invention, an operator's face is photographed at the timing when an operation for executing a specific function is performed, and the operator's face is detected from the photographed image. The present invention provides a method for controlling an electronic device, which performs a face detection process, records an image of face detection success, and then executes a specific function.

  In order to achieve the above object, according to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided, as a sixth aspect, a process of taking an image of an operator at a timing when an operation for executing a specific function is performed on a computer that controls an electronic device, An electronic device characterized by performing a face detection process for detecting an operator's face from the captured image, a process for recording the image that has been successfully detected, and a process for executing a specific function after the recording is completed A control method program is provided.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, it can provide the electronic device which has the control effect of unauthorized use, and can record the image of those who performed operation reliably, its control method and program, a POS register, a specific function use authentication system, and a POS system .

  FIG. 1 shows a configuration of an electronic apparatus according to the present invention. The electronic device 200 includes an imaging unit 202 that captures an image of an operator who executes a specific function, a restriction function execution unit 206 that executes a specific function, and a face detection unit 203 that detects an operator's face from the image. When the face detection unit 203 detects the operator's face from the image, a non-volatile recording unit 205 that records the image, and a restriction function execution unit that executes a specific function when the non-volatile recording unit 205 records the image 206.

  As shown in FIG. 2, by causing the control unit 201, which is a substantial computer that controls the electronic device, to execute the program, the face detection unit 203 and the restriction function execution unit 206 are performed on the control unit 201 by software processing. In addition to the configuration, the imaging unit 202 and the non-volatile recording unit 205 may be operated in accordance with a command from the control unit 201.

  As illustrated in FIG. 3, the electronic device 200 includes a face image database 400 that stores images captured by the imaging unit 202 and a face image search terminal 500 that searches for images stored in the face image database 400. By connecting via the network 300, it is utilized as a specific function use authentication system.

  FIG. 4 shows a configuration when the electronic device according to the present invention is used as a POS register. The POS register 600 includes an imaging unit 602 that captures an image of an operator who performs an operation for opening a drawer, a face detection unit 603 that detects an operator's face from the image, and a face detection unit 603 that operates from the image. A non-volatile recording unit 605 that records an image when a person's face is detected, and a drawer opening / closing control unit 606 that executes a process of opening the drawer when the non-volatile recording unit 605 records an image.

  As shown in FIG. 5, by causing the control unit 601 that is a substantial computer that controls the POS register 600 to execute a program, the face detection unit 603 and the drawer opening / closing control unit 606 are executed on the control unit 601 by software processing. In addition, the imaging unit 602 and the non-volatile recording unit 605 may be operated in accordance with a command from the control unit 601.

  As shown in FIG. 6, the POS register 600 includes a face image database 400 that stores images captured by the imaging unit 602 and a face image search terminal 500 that searches for images stored in the face image database 400. By connecting via the network 300, it is utilized as a POS system.

  Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described by taking a POS register and a POS system using the POS register as an example.

[First Embodiment]
A first embodiment in which the present invention is suitably implemented will be described. FIG. 7 shows the configuration of the POS register according to the present embodiment.
The POS register 100 includes a control unit 101, an imaging unit 102, a display unit 103, an operation unit 104, a communication unit 105, and an electronic lock 106.

  The control unit 101 includes a memory 101a that temporarily stores image data input from the imaging unit 102, and a CPU 101z that controls each unit of the POS register 100 and performs image processing on the image data. In the CPU 101z, a face detection processing unit 101b for performing face detection processing on image data held in the memory 101a and an associating unit 101c for associating image data with journal information are formed by software processing. . Note that a known face detection process can be applied as the process of the face detection processing unit 101b. The control unit 101 outputs the image data held in the memory 101a to the display unit 103 for display. In addition, the control unit 101 performs association processing by the association unit 101c on the image data temporarily stored in the memory 101a at a specific timing.

  The imaging unit 102 is fixed to the POS register housing so that the face is within the imaging range when the operator operates the operation unit 104. The imaging unit 102 captures images at predetermined time intervals and transfers the image data to the memory 101a. The display unit 103 displays an image corresponding to the image data input from the memory 101 a by the control unit 101, that is, an image captured by the imaging unit 102. By displaying the image captured by the imaging unit 102 on the display unit 103, as will be described later, when performing an operation of opening the drawer, it can be confirmed in advance whether an image capable of detecting a face is captured by the imaging unit 102. . The operation unit 104 is a key group or a touch panel for inputting a journal to the POS register, and includes a key (or a soft key) for opening the drawer. Information that associates image data with journal information (hereinafter, information that has been associated) is input from the association unit 101 c to the communication unit 105. The communication unit 105 outputs the information to the outside (transmits to the face image database 400 via the network 300 as will be described later). The electronic lock 106 is a mechanism that opens and closes the drawer, and opens the drawer when an unlock signal is input from the control unit 101.

As shown in FIG. 8, the POS register 100 is connected to the face image database 400 and the face image search terminal 500 via the network 300.
When the face image database 400 receives the association processed information from the POS register 100, the face image database 400 accumulates the information. As shown in FIG. 9, the face image database stores information corresponding to the fields of date and time, journal, and face image in association with each other. By storing the date and time information in the face image database 400 in association with the face image, it becomes easy to identify a person who may have been used illegally when the POS register 100 is used illegally. That is, if it is determined that the POS register 100 has been used illegally during a certain time period, the person indicated by the face image associated with the time included in that time period has been used illegally.
Further, by storing the journal information in the face image database 400, it becomes easy to identify a person who may have used the POS register 100 illegally. That is, if there is an image associated with an unnatural transaction content journal (for example, “subtotal 0 custody 0”), it can be determined that the person indicated by the image has a high possibility of unauthorized use.

  The face image search terminal 500 is an information processing apparatus capable of communicating with the face image database 400 via the network 300, and a general computer terminal can be applied.

An operation of storing the face image data and journal information in the face image database 400 will be described. FIG. 10 shows an operation flow of the POS register 100 when the POS register 100 is operated.
The control unit 101 monitors whether an operation for opening the drawer is performed via the operation unit 104 (step S101). When an operation for opening the drawer is not performed (step S101 / No), the control unit 101 displays an image corresponding to the image data temporarily stored in the memory 101a on the display unit 103, and then opens the drawer. It is monitored again that the operation for the operation is performed via the operation unit 104.

  If an operation for opening the drawer is performed (step S101 / Yes), the control unit 101 temporarily stores the image data input from the imaging unit 102 at the timing in the memory 101a, and then performs face detection processing. The unit 101b is activated. The face detection processing unit 101b performs face detection processing on the image data input from the memory 101a (step S102).

  If the face detection processing unit 101b fails in face detection (step S103 / No), the control unit 101 temporarily stores the image data input from the imaging unit 102 at that timing in the memory 101a, and then performs face detection. The processing unit 101b is activated and the face detection process is attempted again (step S102).

  On the other hand, if the face detection processing unit 101b succeeds in face detection (step S103 / Yes), the control unit 101 activates the association unit 101c, and the image data stored in the memory 101a and the input from the operation unit 104 are input. The journal data is associated (step S104).

  Thereafter, the control unit 101 outputs the association processed information to the communication unit 105, and transmits the information to the face image database 400 via the network 300 (step S105). If the transmission of the association-processed information to the face image database 400 is normally completed (step S106 / Yes), the control unit 101 outputs an unlock signal to the electronic lock 106, and opens the drawer (step S106). S107). On the other hand, if the transmission of the association-processed information to the face image database 400 is not normally completed (step S106 / No), the control unit 101 stores the image data input from the imaging unit 102 at that timing in the memory 101a. The face detection processing unit 101b is activated and the face detection process is attempted again (step S102).

  The association-processed information accumulated in the face image database 400 as described above can be referred to (searched) from the face image search terminal 500 via the network 300 by specifying the date and time, video type, face image, and the like. is there. Therefore, when the POS register 100 is illegally used, it is possible to easily identify the person who performed the illegal operation based on the face image recorded together with the operation date and time information. Further, when an illegal operation is performed, the evidence can be reliably left in the face image database 400.

As described above, in the POS register 100 according to the present embodiment, the image capturing unit 102 is fixed to the POS register 100, and the image capturing direction cannot be different from the predetermined direction. Can be taken reliably.
Further, if the operator's face is detected from the image taken at the timing when the operator tries to open the drawer, and the data including the image cannot be normally transferred to the face image database, the drawer will not open. That is, when opening the drawer, it is essential to capture and record a face image, so that an effect of preventing unauthorized use of the POS register can be obtained.
In addition, when face detection from a captured image or data transfer to the face image database fails, face detection fails because the face detection process is performed again without performing unauthorized access processing (such as outputting an alarm sound). Even if it does, it is difficult to interfere with customer service.

  Here, it has been described that if the data transfer to the face image database fails, the face detection process is restarted using another image data. However, in such a case, only the data transfer may be restarted. good.

[Second Embodiment]
A second embodiment in which the present invention is suitably implemented will be described. FIG. 11 shows the configuration of the POS register according to the present embodiment. Although it is substantially the same as the POS register 100 of 1st Embodiment, the point provided with the non-volatile memory 107 which records the information output from the correlation part 101c, and the information recorded on the non-volatile memory 107 are arbitrary timings. The control unit 101 obtains the data and outputs it to the outside via the communication unit 105 (sends to the face image database 400 via the network 300).

  As in the first embodiment, the POS register 100 is connected to the face image database 400 and the face image search terminal 500 via the network 300.

  FIG. 12 shows an operation flow of the POS register 100 when the POS register 100 according to the present embodiment is operated. Although the operation is almost the same as that of the first embodiment, when the information that has been associated by the association unit 101c can be normally recorded in the nonvolatile memory 107 (step S206 / Yes), the control unit 101 performs the electronic lock 106. The difference is that an unlock signal is output.

  The association-processed information recorded in the nonvolatile memory 107 is sent to the communication unit 105 by the control unit 101 periodically or in response to an input operation via the operation unit 104, and the face information is transmitted from the communication unit 105 via the network 300. It is sent to the image database 400.

  The POS register according to the present embodiment opens the drawer after the operation via the operation unit 104 is performed because the drawer opens when the information that has been associated by the association unit 101c can be normally recorded in the nonvolatile memory 107. No waiting time related to communication with the face image database 400 occurs during Accordingly, since the communication environment between the POS register 100 and the face image database 400 is not good, it is possible to quickly open the drawer even when it takes time to transfer the information after the association processing, and the association processing has been completed. Even if the information cannot be transferred, the drawer can be opened. Therefore, in the store or the like, the time to wait for the customers is shortened, so that more customers can be handled within the unit time.

  In this embodiment, the face image database 400 is omitted, and the face image search terminal 500 can directly refer to the information recorded in the nonvolatile memory 107 of the POS register 100 as shown in FIG. Also good. That is, the function as the face image database 400 can be incorporated in the POS register 100.

[Third Embodiment]
A third embodiment in which the present invention is preferably implemented will be described. FIG. 14 shows a configuration of the POS register according to the present embodiment. Although it is almost the same as the POS register 100 of the first embodiment, it further includes an authentication unit 101d. When the face image detection unit 101b succeeds in face detection, the authentication unit 101d transmits the image data temporarily stored in the memory 101a to the face image database 400 via the communication unit 105, and has been registered. Request authentication of whether it is a face image of a person who has usage authority. Further, the CPU 101z receives the authentication result from the face image database 400 via the communication unit 105, and when the previously transmitted image is an image of a person who has usage authority, it is temporarily stored in the memory 101a. Image data to be output to the associating unit 101c.

  As in the first embodiment, the POS register 100 is connected to the face image database 400 and the face image search terminal 500 via the network 300.

  In the present embodiment, the face image database 400 is pre-registered with face images of persons who have use authority. In the face image database 400, images transmitted from the POS register are images of persons who have use authority. Is determined (authenticated) in response to a request from the POS register.

  FIG. 15 shows an operation flow of the POS register 100 when the POS register 100 according to the present embodiment is operated. Since the operations in steps S301 to S303 are the same as those in steps S101 to S103 in the first embodiment and the operations in steps S306 to S309 in steps S104 to S107 in the first embodiment, steps S304 and S305 are performed. Only the operation will be described.

  If the face detection processing unit 101b succeeds in face detection (step S303 / Yes), the control unit 101 activates the authentication unit 101d, and the image data stored in the memory 101a is transmitted to the face image database via the communication unit 105. In addition to transmitting to 400, authentication is requested as to whether or not the face image is of a person who has registered use authority (step S304).

When acquiring the authentication result from the face image database 400 via the communication unit 105, the control unit 101 determines whether the authentication is successful (step S305). When an authentication OK response is obtained from the face image database 400 (step S305 / Yes), the process proceeds to step S306, where the control unit 101 activates the association unit 101c and the image data stored in the memory 101a and the operation unit 104. Is associated with the journal data input from (step S306).
On the other hand, when a response of authentication NG is obtained (step S305 / No), the process returns to step S302 and the face image is detected again.

  The POS register according to the present embodiment can open the drawer only if the person has the use authority for which the face image is registered in the face image database in advance. In other words, since the number of people who can open the drawer is limited, the effect of suppressing unauthorized use for a person who has usage authority increases.

  It should be noted that here, the face image database 400 is pre-registered with the face image of the person who has use authority, and in the face image database 400, is the image transmitted from the POS register the image of the person who has use authority? Whether or not is determined (authenticated) in response to a request from the POS register, it goes without saying that an authentication server may be provided separately from the face image database 400.

[Fourth Embodiment]
A fourth embodiment in which the present invention is preferably implemented will be described. FIG. 16 shows the configuration of the POS register according to this embodiment. Although it is the structure which has the authentication part 101d similarly to 3rd Embodiment, the exchange of data inside differs.

  As in the first embodiment, the POS register 100 is connected to the face image database 400 and the face image search terminal 500 via the network 300.

  FIG. 17 shows an operation flow of the POS register 100 when the POS register 100 according to the present embodiment is operated. The operations in steps S401 to S403 are the same as those in steps S101 to S103 in the first embodiment.

  If the face detection processing unit 101b succeeds in face detection (step S403 / Yes), the control unit 101 activates the association unit 101c and the authentication unit 101d, and inputs the image data stored in the memory 101a and the operation unit 104. The authentication request is generated while associating with the recorded journal data (step S404).

  Thereafter, the control unit 101 outputs the association-processed information and the authentication request to the communication unit 105, and transmits the information to the face image database 400 via the network 300 (step S405). When the transmission of the association-processed information to the face image database 400 has been completed normally (step S406 / Yes), a response from the face image database 400 is waited for. On the other hand, if transmission of the association-processed information to the face image database 400 has not been completed normally (step S406 / No), the control unit 101 stores the image data input from the imaging unit 102 at that timing in the memory 101a. The face detection processing unit 101b is activated and the face detection process is attempted again (step S402).

  When an authentication OK response is obtained from the face image database 400 (step S407 / Yes), the control unit 101 outputs an unlock signal to the electronic lock 106, and opens the drawer (step S408). Further, when an authentication NG response is obtained from the face image database 400 (step S407 / No), the control unit 101 temporarily stores the image data input from the imaging unit 102 in the memory 101a at that timing. Then, the face detection processing unit 101b is activated to try the face detection process again (step S402).

Since the POS register according to the present embodiment can only open the drawer unless the user has the use authority registered in the face image database in advance, the person who can open the drawer is limited. The effect of suppressing unauthorized use for those who have usage rights is increased.
In addition, since the number of times image data is transmitted to the face image database 400 is only one, the processing speed is improved as compared with the third embodiment.

Each said embodiment is an example of suitable implementation of this invention, and this invention is not limited to this.
For example, in each of the above-described embodiments, the configuration in which the POS register, the face image database, and the face image search terminal are connected to the network via a wired communication line is exemplified, but these are connected to the network via a wireless line. It does not matter.
In each of the above embodiments, the POS register has been described as an example. However, the present invention can be applied to devices other than the POS register as long as the electronic device has a function whose use is restricted in order to prevent unauthorized use. For example, the present invention can also be applied to an ATM or a safe equipped with an electronic lock.
As described above, the present invention can be variously modified.

It is a figure which shows the structure of the electronic device which concerns on this invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of the electronic device which concerns on this invention which implement | achieved the function by software processing. It is a figure which shows the structure of the specific function utilization authentication system which concerns on this invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS register | resistor based on this invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS register based on this invention which implement | achieved the function by software processing. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS system based on this invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS register which concerns on 1st Embodiment which implemented this invention suitably. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS system using the POS register which concerns on 1st Embodiment. It is a figure which shows the association processed information stored in a face image database. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of operation | movement when the POS register which concerns on 1st Embodiment is operated. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS register which concerns on 2nd Embodiment which implemented this invention suitably. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of operation | movement when the POS register which concerns on 2nd Embodiment is operated. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS system which a face image search terminal refers directly to the information currently recorded on the POS register. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS register which concerns on 3rd Embodiment which implemented this invention suitably. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of operation | movement when the POS register which concerns on 3rd Embodiment is operated. It is a figure which shows the structure of the POS register which concerns on 4th Embodiment which implemented this invention suitably. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of operation | movement when the POS register which concerns on 4th Embodiment is operated.

Explanation of symbols

100, 600 POS registers 101, 201, 601 Control unit 101a Memory 101b, 203, 603 Face detection unit 101c Association unit 101d Authentication unit 101z CPU
102, 202, 602 Imaging unit 103 Display unit 104 Operation unit 105 Communication unit 106 Electronic lock 107 Non-volatile memory 200 Electronic device 205, 605 Non-volatile recording unit 206 Restriction function execution unit 300 Network 400 Face image database 500 Face image search terminal 606 Drawer opening / closing Control unit

Claims (7)

Timing at which an operator who operates a user interface that accepts an operation for performing the opening of the drawer is fixed so as to fall within the imaging range, and an image of the operator that performs the opening of the drawer is operated to perform the opening of the drawer imaging means for imaging in,
Face detection means for detecting an operator's face from the image;
Means for acquiring related information to be recorded in association with the image;
Association means for associating the related information with the image;
Non-volatile recording means for recording the image together with the related information when the face detection means succeeds in detecting the operator's face from the image;
When the nonvolatile recording means records the image, a restriction function execution means for opening the drawer ;
A POS register comprising display means for displaying an image taken by the imaging means . 2. The POS register according to claim 1 , wherein the nonvolatile recording means is means for recording the image data on an external recording device. Based on the image taken by the imaging means at the timing when the operation for opening the drawer is performed, the authentication device is requested to determine whether or not the operator is authorized, and the operator 3. The POS register according to claim 1 , wherein, when notified from the authentication device that the person has authority, the restriction function execution unit causes the drawer to be opened . 4. 2. The POS register according to claim 1 , wherein the nonvolatile recording means is a nonvolatile memory. 5. The POS register according to claim 4, further comprising communication means for transmitting the image recorded in the nonvolatile memory to an external recording device for recording. 6. The POS register according to claim 1 , wherein the related information includes a date and time when the device is operated. The POS register according to any one of claims 1 to 6, a database for accumulating images taken by the imaging unit, and an information processing apparatus for retrieving images accumulated in the database via a network A POS system characterized by being connected.

Images