JP5161613B2 - Beam-column joint structure - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a beam-to-column connection structure in which a plurality of steel pipe columns having different outer diameters are bonded and a plurality of steel beams having different beams are bonded.

  Conventionally, in the steel beam-column joint, the diameters of the upper and lower floor columns may be different due to design reasons. However, as shown in FIG. If the steel beam 3 is different in size or the height to which the steel beam 3 is attached is different, a flat diaphragm 6 is provided on the part where the upper and lower flanges 3a and 3b of the steel beam 3 are attached. This is necessary and increases the number of the diaphragms 6 to be attached, resulting in an increase in cost. For reasons of construction management, the distance between the diaphragms 6 must be about 150 mm, which is a size required for inspection.

  Further, in the portion where the steel beam 3 is connected to the square steel pipe column 2, in order to efficiently transmit the force from the steel beam 3 to the square steel tube column 2, the portion where the upper and lower flanges 3a, 3b of the steel beam 3 are attached is provided. It needs to be reinforced. The most common method is to attach a flat plate reinforcing material called a diaphragm 6 at a position where the upper and lower flanges 3a, 3b of the steel beam 3 are attached. The diaphragm 6 is different each time the mounting height of the upper and lower flanges 3a, 3b of the steel beam 3 is different. Is provided.

  In the case of a through diaphragm type in which a square steel pipe column 2 is cut and a flat plate 50 mm to 80 mm larger than the column outer diameter is attached, the diaphragm 6 is thicker by about 6 mm to 10 mm than the thickness of the upper and lower flanges 3 a and 3 b of the steel beam 3 to be attached. Is used. There is also an inner diaphragm type in which a flat plate is attached only to the hollow interior of the square steel pipe column 2. Further, the outer diameter is substantially equal to the outer diameter of the square steel pipe column 2 and is thick over a range longer than the beam formation of the steel beam 3 to be attached (the height from the lower flange 3b to the upper flange 3a of the steel beam 3). An integrated connection hardware formed with a portion has also been proposed.

  For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-329614 (Patent Document 1) proposes an example of a column-to-column connection structure of a column stop. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-248234 (Patent Document 2) discloses a rectangular cross section having an outer diameter that is substantially the same as the outer diameter of a column of a square section tube to be joined and having a plate thickness equal to or greater than the thickness of the column. In some cases, a thick-walled portion is integrally cast at an internal corner of a column-beam joint made of a tube over a longer range than the beam of the beam to be joined.

JP 2001-329614 A JP 2001-248234 A

  However, in the above-described conventional example, in order to perform the welding inspection of the diaphragm 6, it is necessary to leave the distance between the diaphragms 6 by about 150 mm. Such as the necessity of carrying out the process of reinforcing the both ends of the beam diagonally thickly, it takes time and effort due to constraining problems, and the size of the beam becomes large, which is uneconomical. In some cases, the beam collapse shape in the ultimate state of the originally intended frame cannot be guaranteed. In addition, there was a problem in quality due to an increase in complicated processing.

  Moreover, in the case of a steel beam having a large beam, a diaphragm in which a thick part is integrally cast over a longer range than the beam of a beam to be joined as in Patent Document 2, the construction work is increased because the weight is increased. There was a problem that it was difficult and the cost was high.

  The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to join a plurality of steel pipe columns having different outer diameters using a lightened tubular diaphragm, and to form a different beam on the steel pipe column. Provided is a column beam connection structure that can easily join a plurality of steel beams and can effectively suppress deformation of the tubular diaphragm and maintain rigidity by a deformation suppressing portion provided inside the tubular diaphragm. It is something to be done.

In order to achieve the above object, the first structure of the column beam connection structure according to the present invention is such that a tubular diaphragm and a flat diaphragm are joined via a short steel pipe column, and the outer diameters of these two diaphragms are different. It is a column beam connection structure in which a plurality of steel beam columns and a plurality of steel beam beams having different beam formations are connected, and the mounting height of the flanges of the plurality of steel beam beams having different beam formations to the steel tube column. The height in the axial direction is set in a range including the height of attachment of the flanges on different sides of the flanges to the steel pipe column and smaller than the largest beam of the plurality of steel beams; and A tubular diaphragm having an outer diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of the steel pipe column, the tubular diaphragm being planar at one end in the axial direction thereof and being deformed to be extended in the inner diameter direction of the tubular diaphragm It is provided, wherein with the first tubular columns on the plane of the axial end portion of the tubular diaphragm is welded, the second tubular columns are welded to the other axial end of the tubular diaphragm, the second A flat diaphragm is joined to the other end of the steel pipe column, a third steel pipe column is welded to the flat diaphragm, and the steel beam is welded to the outer peripheral surface of the tubular diaphragm.

  Moreover, the 2nd structure of the beam-column joining structure which concerns on this invention is the said 1st structure. WHEREIN: The said deformation | transformation suppression part was joined over the whole inner peripheral surface at the axial direction one end part of the said tubular diaphragm. It is characterized by being formed in a flat plate shape.

  Further, in the third configuration of the beam-column joint structure according to the present invention, in the first configuration, the deformation suppressing portion is joined to one end portion in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm and over the entire inner peripheral surface, It is formed in the shape of a plate having an inclined portion that spreads outward from the center portion.

  Further, a fourth configuration of the column beam joint structure according to the present invention is the first configuration, wherein the deformation suppressing portion is joined to one end portion in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm and over the entire inner peripheral surface, It is characterized by being formed in a plate shape having a curved portion that spreads outward from the center portion.

  Moreover, the 5th structure of the beam-column joining structure which concerns on this invention is the said 1st structure. WHEREIN: The said deformation | transformation suppression part was joined over the whole inner peripheral surface at the axial direction one end part of the said tubular diaphragm. A flat plate and an inclination that stands on the flat plate portion and is joined to a predetermined inner peripheral surface to which the steel beam is welded at a predetermined position in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm and spreads outward from the center portion And a wedge-shaped portion having a portion.

  Moreover, the 6th structure of the column beam junction structure which concerns on this invention is characterized by the center part of the said deformation | transformation suppression part being opened in the said 2nd-5th structure.

  The seventh configuration of the beam-column joint structure according to the present invention is characterized in that, in the first configuration, the first steel pipe column welded on the plane of the one axial end portion of the tubular diaphragm is omitted. And

  According to the column beam connection structure according to the present invention, a plurality of steel pipe columns having different outer diameters are joined using a lightened tubular diaphragm, and a plurality of steel beams having different beam formations are easily attached to the steel pipe column. The tubular diaphragm can be joined, and the deformation of the tubular diaphragm can be effectively restrained by the deformation restraining portion provided at one end of the tubular diaphragm in the axial direction, so that the rigidity can be maintained.

  An embodiment of a beam-column joint structure according to the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a perspective explanatory view showing a configuration of a first embodiment of a beam-column joint structure according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of FIG. 1, and FIG. It is the top view which shows the structure of the tubular diaphragm of embodiment, sectional drawing, and a perspective view.

  1 and 2, reference numeral 1 denotes a plurality of rectangular steel pipe columns 2 having different outer diameters, and a beam formed between the lower flange 3 b and the upper flange 3 a of the H-shaped steel beam 3. This is a column beam connection structure in which steel beams 3 made of a plurality of H-shaped steels having different heights are bonded.

Reference numeral 4 denotes a tubular diaphragm, and the square steel pipes of the lower flanges 3b on the sides of the upper and lower flanges 3a, 3b of the plurality of steel beams 3 having different beam formations with respect to the square steel pipe column 2 and having different mounting height positions. axial height of the tubular diaphragm 4 in a range that includes a mounting height (vertical direction in FIG. 3 (b)) is set against the pillar 2, and the vertical axis direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 (see FIG. 3 (b) The height of the direction) is set to a size smaller than the beam forming dimension of the steel beam 3 of the largest beam among the plurality of steel beams 3 joined to the square steel pipe column 2.

  Further, the tubular diaphragm 4 has an outer diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of the large-diameter square steel pipe column 2 on the lower side, and the tubular diaphragm 4 and the tubular diaphragm 4 are connected to each other. The outer shape in the circumferential direction is configured with substantially the same shape. The tubular diaphragm 4 is provided with a vertical portion on the lower end side having a tube thickness larger than that of the square steel tube column 2.

One end of the tubular diaphragm 4 in the axial direction (upper end in FIG. 2) has a flat plate portion 5f formed in a planar shape (the upper surface in FIG. 2 is a flat surface) and extends in the inner diameter direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 . deformation suppressing portion 5 is provided, the deformation suppressing portion 5 of the present embodiment, and the in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 one end (upper end in this embodiment) of the (vertical direction in FIG. 3 (b)) The tubular diaphragm 4 has a flat plate portion 5f formed in a flat plate shape joined over the entire inner peripheral surface 4a. Such a tubular diaphragm 4 has a U-shaped cross section as shown in FIG.

  A flat diaphragm 6 is welded to the upper end portion of the large-diameter square steel pipe column 2 disposed at the lower part, and the beam of the steel beam 3 on the side of the large diameter and smaller beam is further formed on the diaphragm 6. The lower end of the shorter square steel pipe column 2 is welded and joined. And the axial direction other end part (lower end part) of the tubular diaphragm 4 is welded to the upper end part of the square steel pipe column 2 with a large diameter and a short length, and one end part of the axial direction (vertical direction in FIG. 2) of the tubular diaphragm 4 The small-diameter square steel pipe column 2 is welded on the flat surface portion 5d formed of the upper surface of the deformation suppressing portion 5.

  Further, the lower flanges 3b of the large and small steel beams 3 corresponding to the height position of the diaphragm 6 are welded to the diaphragms 6, respectively, and the upper flange 3a of the large and small steel beams 3 formed on the outer surface of the tubular diaphragm 4 is welded. Are welded to each other, and the web 3c of the large and small steel beam 3 is welded and joined to the outer peripheral surface of the tubular diaphragm 4 and the short square steel pipe column 2.

  When the tubular diaphragm 4 is pulled by the steel beam 3 due to an earthquake or traffic vibration and a horizontal external force is applied, the deformation suppressing portion 5 joined over the entire circumference of the inner peripheral surface 4a of the tubular diaphragm 4 is used. A horizontal external force can be resisted, and thereby deformation of the tubular diaphragm 4 can be suppressed.

  With the above configuration, it is possible to simplify the selection of diaphragms, examination of welding work, and inspection of welded parts due to the difference in the height direction of the beam flange, which was difficult with steel beam-column joints. It is possible to reduce the amount and the amount of welding material used and to improve the reliability of the quality of the welded portion.

  Corresponding to the difference in the outer diameter of the upper and lower pillars, it can also cope with the 50mm and 100mm beam flange steps, which was impossible in the past. In the conventional example of FIG. 9, a single-plate diaphragm 6 is used. However, since a plate material exceeding 50 mm is not commercially available, the material cost increases. However, the tubular diaphragm 4 of this embodiment is hollow and thus has a weight. The material cost can be reduced.

  In particular, the tubular diaphragm 4 and the deformation suppressing portion 5 can be formed by casting or forging, but the material cost can be greatly reduced as compared with a solid columnar one. The tubular diaphragm 4 and the deformation suppressing portion 5 may be integrally formed by casting, or the deformation suppressing portion 5 separately created inside the tubular diaphragm 4 may be joined by welding or the like.

  In addition, the designer can select an optimal beam without considering the troublesomeness of the delivery. In addition, the welding amount is smaller than when a plurality of flat diaphragms 6 are welded, thermal effects and welding defects are reduced, and a high-quality steel building can be achieved. Moreover, since the tubular diaphragm 4 has the same outer diameter as the square steel pipe column 2, the internal space of the building can be used effectively.

  Next, the structure of 2nd Embodiment of the beam-column junction structure based on this invention is demonstrated using FIG. FIG. 4 is a plan view, a cross-sectional view, and a perspective view showing the configuration of the tubular diaphragm of the second embodiment of the column beam joint structure according to the present invention. In addition, what was comprised similarly to the said 1st Embodiment attaches | subjects the same code | symbol, and abbreviate | omits description.

  The deformation suppressing portion 5 of the tubular diaphragm 4 shown in FIG. 4 is at one end portion (upper end portion in the present embodiment) in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 (vertical direction in FIG. 4B) and on the entire inner peripheral surface 4a. It is formed in the shape of a plate having an inclined portion 5a that is joined over and spreads in the axial direction (vertical direction in FIG. 4 (b)) of the tubular diaphragm 4 from the central portion toward the outside.

  In the present embodiment, the deformation suppressing portion 5 formed in a plate shape having an inclined portion 5a extending in the axial direction (vertical direction in FIG. 4B) of the tubular diaphragm 4 from the central portion toward the outside is the tubular diaphragm. 4 is joined over the entire circumference of the inner peripheral surface 4a, the tubular diaphragm 4 can be reinforced in a wide range in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 (vertical direction in FIG. 4B). Other configurations are the same as those in the first embodiment, and the same effects can be obtained.

  In addition, the deformation suppressing portion 5 of the tubular diaphragm 4 is opened by providing an opening 5 b penetrating the central portion of the deformation suppressing portion 5, so that the entire circumference of the inner peripheral surface 4 a of the tubular diaphragm 4 is provided. It is possible to further reduce the weight while suppressing the deformation of the tubular diaphragm 4 by the deformation suppressing portion 5 formed continuously. Other configurations are the same as those in the first embodiment, and the same effects can be obtained. In the first embodiment shown in FIG. 3 and described above, an opening that penetrates the central portion of the deformation suppressing portion 5 may be provided in the same manner.

  Next, the structure of 3rd Embodiment of the beam-column joining structure based on this invention is demonstrated using FIG. FIG. 5 is a plan view, a cross-sectional view, and a perspective view showing a configuration of a tubular diaphragm of a third embodiment of a column beam joint structure according to the present invention. In addition, what was comprised similarly to each said embodiment attaches | subjects the same code | symbol, and abbreviate | omits description.

  The deformation suppressing portion 5 of the tubular diaphragm 4 shown in FIG. 5 is at one end portion (upper end portion in the present embodiment) in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 (vertical direction in FIG. 5B) and on the entire inner peripheral surface 4a. It is formed in the shape of a plate having a curved portion 5c that is joined over and spreads in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 from the central portion toward the outside (the vertical direction in FIG. 5B). Other configurations are the same as those of the above-described embodiments, and the same effects can be obtained. In the present embodiment as well, an opening 5b is provided at the center of the deformation suppressing portion 5 and opened. Other configurations are the same as those of the above-described embodiments, and the same effects can be obtained.

  Next, the structure of 4th Embodiment of the beam-column joining structure which concerns on this invention is demonstrated using FIG. FIG. 6 is a plan view, a cross-sectional view, and a perspective view showing the configuration of the tubular diaphragm of the fourth embodiment of the column beam joint structure according to the present invention. In addition, what was comprised similarly to each said embodiment attaches | subjects the same code | symbol, and abbreviate | omits description.

  The deformation suppressing portion 5 of the tubular diaphragm 4 shown in FIG. 6 is one end (in the vertical direction of FIG. 6B) of the tubular diaphragm 4 in the same manner as in the first embodiment shown in FIG. In the present embodiment, the flat plate portion 5f is joined to the entire inner peripheral surface 4a at the upper end portion), and is erected on one side of the flat plate portion 5f, and the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 (FIG. 6 ( (b) (vertical direction) in a predetermined position (center position in the present embodiment) and joined to a predetermined inner peripheral surface 4a to which the steel beam 3 is welded, and the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 from the central portion toward the outside It is formed to have a wedge-shaped portion 5e having an inclined portion 5a that spreads in the vertical direction of FIG. 6 (b). Other configurations are the same as those of the above-described embodiments, and the same effects can be obtained.

  Next, the structure of 5th Embodiment of the beam-column joining structure which concerns on this invention is demonstrated using FIG. FIG. 7 is a plan view, a cross-sectional view, and a perspective view showing the configuration of the tubular diaphragm of the fifth embodiment of the column beam joint structure according to the present invention. In addition, what was comprised similarly to each said embodiment attaches | subjects the same code | symbol, and abbreviate | omits description.

  As in the fourth embodiment shown in FIG. 6 and described above, the deformation suppressing portion 5 of the tubular diaphragm 4 shown in FIG. 7 is one end (the main part in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 (vertical direction in FIG. 7B)). In the embodiment, the flat plate portion 5f is bonded to the entire inner peripheral surface 4a at the upper end portion), and a wedge-shaped portion 5e is erected on one side of the flat plate portion 5f. An opening 5b penetrating the part is provided and opened. Other configurations are the same as those of the above-described embodiments, and the same effects can be obtained.

  Next, the structure of 6th Embodiment of the beam-column joining structure which concerns on this invention is demonstrated using FIG. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional explanatory view showing the configuration of the sixth embodiment of the column beam joint structure according to the present invention. In addition, what was comprised similarly to each said embodiment attaches | subjects the same code | symbol, and abbreviate | omits description.

  In the present embodiment, a plurality of rectangular steel pipe columns 2 having different outer diameters are joined, and a plurality of steel beams 3 having different beam formations are joined to the square steel tube columns 2, and upper and lower flanges 3 a, Similar to the second embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 4 corresponding to the mounting positions of both the upper and lower flanges 3a and 3b of the steel beam 3 in the case where the mounting height positions of both of the square steel pipe columns 2 of 3b are different. Two tubular diaphragms 4 are provided on the upper and lower sides.

  In FIG. 8, the tubular diaphragm 4 provided in the lower part is configured to have an outer diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of the large-diameter square steel pipe column 2 on the lower side, and the square steel pipe column 2. And the tubular diaphragm 4 have substantially the same outer shape in the circumferential direction. The tubular diaphragm 4 is provided with a vertical portion on the lower end side having a tube thickness larger than that of the square steel tube column 2.

  And the axial direction other end part (lower end part) of the tubular diaphragm 4 is welded to the upper end part of the large diameter square steel pipe column 2 arrange | positioned at the lower part, and also the axial direction one end part (upper end part) of this tubular diaphragm 4 The lower end portion of the square steel pipe column 2 having a medium diameter and shorter than the beam of the steel beam 3 on the smaller beam side is welded and joined to the flat surface portion 5d. And the axis | shaft of the medium diameter tubular diaphragm 4 comprised by having the outer diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of this square steel tube pillar 2 with a short medium diameter in the upper end part of the square steel tube pillar 2 with a medium diameter and short length The other end (lower end) in the direction is welded, and the small-diameter square steel pipe column 2 is formed on the flat surface 5d formed from the upper surface of the deformation suppressing portion 5 at one end in the axial direction (vertical direction in FIG. 8) of the tubular diaphragm 4. Are welded.

  Further, the upper and lower flanges 3a and 3b of the large and small steel beams 3 are welded to the outer peripheral surfaces of the large and small tubular diaphragms 4, respectively, and the web 3c of the large and small steel beams 3 is connected to the upper and lower tubular diaphragms 4 and short corners. The steel pipe column 2 is welded and joined to the outer peripheral surface.

  In this way, when the beam formation of the steel beam 3 is different and the mounting height positions of the upper and lower flanges 3a and 3b are also different, the upper and lower flanges 3a and 3b having different mounting height positions by using two tubular diaphragms 4 vertically. Can be joined to each tubular diaphragm 4 by welding. Other configurations are the same as those of the above-described embodiments, and the same effects can be obtained.

  In each of the above embodiments, an example in which the flat portion 5d formed on one end side in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm 4 is used as an upper end portion has been described. However, the lower portion is a small-diameter square steel pipe column 2 and the upper portion is a large-diameter corner. When the steel pipe column 2 is disposed, the flat portion 5d can be used as the lower end portion by turning the top and bottom of the tubular diaphragm 4 upside down.

  Further, the square steel pipe column 2 on the side welded onto the flat surface portion 5d at one axial end portion of the tubular diaphragm 4 can be omitted. For example, when the lower square steel pipe column 2 is omitted simply by joining and supporting the lower flange 3b of the steel beam 3 having a different beam structure to the tubular diaphragm 4 provided at the lower end of the square steel pipe column 2. Is also applicable.

  As an application example of the present invention, the present invention can be applied to a beam-column joint structure in which a plurality of steel beams having different beam structures are joined to a steel pipe column.

It is a perspective explanatory view showing the composition of the 1st embodiment of the column beam junction structure concerning the present invention. It is AA sectional drawing of FIG. It is the top view, sectional view, and perspective view showing the composition of the tubular diaphragm of a 1st embodiment of the beam-column joining structure concerning the present invention. It is the top view, sectional drawing, and perspective view which show the structure of the tubular diaphragm of 2nd Embodiment of the column beam junction structure which concerns on this invention. It is the top view, sectional drawing, and perspective view which show the structure of the tubular diaphragm of 3rd Embodiment of the column beam junction structure which concerns on this invention. It is the top view, sectional drawing, and perspective view which show the structure of the tubular diaphragm of 4th Embodiment of the column beam junction structure which concerns on this invention. It is the top view, sectional drawing, and perspective view which show the structure of the tubular diaphragm of 5th Embodiment of the column beam junction structure which concerns on this invention. It is sectional explanatory drawing which shows the structure of 6th Embodiment of the column beam junction structure which concerns on this invention. It is a figure explaining a prior art example.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Column beam connection structure 2 ... Square-shaped steel pipe column 3 ... Steel beam 3a, 3b ... Vertical flange 3c ... Web 4 ... Tubular diaphragm 4a ... Inner peripheral surface 5 ... Deformation suppression part 5a ... Inclination part 5b ... Opening part 5c ... Curve Part 5d ... Flat part 5e ... Wedge-like part 5f ... Flat plate part 6 ... Diaphragm

Claims (7)

A tubular diaphragm and a flat diaphragm are joined via a short steel pipe column, and these two diaphragms join together a plurality of steel pipe columns with different outer diameters, and a column to which a plurality of steel beams with different beam formations are joined. A beam joint structure,
Among the flanges of the plurality of steel beam beams having different beam formations, the flanges having different mounting height positions with respect to the steel pipe column are within a range including the mounting height positions with respect to the steel pipe column, and the plurality of steel beam beams A tubular diaphragm having an outer diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of the steel pipe column, the axial height of which is smaller than the largest beam of which is set, and
The tubular diaphragm is provided with a deformation suppressing portion that is planar at one end in the axial direction and extended in the inner diameter direction of the tubular diaphragm,
A first steel pipe column is welded on the plane of one axial end of the tubular diaphragm, and a second steel pipe column is welded to the other axial end of the tubular diaphragm . A column beam joining structure characterized in that a flat diaphragm is joined to an end, a third steel pipe column is welded to the flat diaphragm, and the steel beam is welded to the outer peripheral surface of the tubular diaphragm. 2. The beam-column joining structure according to claim 1, wherein the deformation suppressing portion is formed in a flat plate shape that is joined to one end portion in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm and over the entire inner peripheral surface. The deformation suppressing portion is formed in a plate shape having an inclined portion that is joined to one end portion in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm and over the entire inner peripheral surface and spreads outward from the center portion. The column beam joint structure according to claim 1. The deformation suppressing portion is formed in a plate shape having a curved portion that is joined to one end portion in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm and over the entire inner peripheral surface and spreads outward from the center portion. The column beam joint structure according to claim 1. The deformation suppressing unit is
A flat plate portion joined at one axial end of the tubular diaphragm and over the entire inner peripheral surface;
A wedge having an inclined portion standing on the flat plate portion and joined to a predetermined inner peripheral surface to which the steel beam is welded at a predetermined position in the axial direction of the tubular diaphragm and spreading outward from the central portion. And
The beam-column joint structure according to claim 1, wherein: The column beam connection structure according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein a central portion of the deformation suppressing portion is opened. The column beam connection structure according to claim 1, wherein the first steel pipe column welded on a plane of one axial end portion of the tubular diaphragm is omitted.

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