JP4996227B2 - Toner for electrophotography - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic toner used in electrophotography, electrostatic recording method, electrostatic printing method and the like.

In the field of electrophotographic toner, with the development of an electrophotographic system, development of a toner corresponding to high image quality and high speed is required. From the viewpoint of high image quality, it is necessary to reduce the particle size of the toner, and so-called chemical toners obtained by chemical methods such as a polymerization method and an emulsifying dispersion method have been proposed instead of the conventional melt-kneading method. In such a method, toner particles are prepared through a process of dispersing a raw material of toner at a submicron level using a surfactant and then aggregating and coalescing the particles to a toner particle size. In general, the production of chemical toners includes a step of removing unnecessary surfactants outside the system by washing after coalescence. If this step is insufficient, the surfactant remains in the toner, which not only adversely affects the toner physical properties such as chargeability, but also may deteriorate the toner performance such as storage stability and environmental stability. As for the residual amount of the surfactant in the toner, for example, in Patent Document 1, the residual amount of the surfactant in each color toner is made substantially the same, so that a high-quality image can be obtained while suppressing the difference between colors. There is knowledge that it will be.
From the above points, it has been desired to remove the used surfactant as much as possible in the toner prepared by the chemical method.
In addition, along with the recent increase in speed and image quality, the image quality is improved by reducing the particle size of the toner. On the other hand, image deterioration such as deterioration in durability and fading due to a decrease in powder fluidity is regarded as a problem. It has become.
As a method for improving problems such as image characteristics, a toner composition (Patent Document 2) is disclosed in which toner base particles are coated with two kinds of organic fine particles having different average particle diameters and silica, and an external additive is used. Attempts have also been made to increase the coverage.

JP 2005-266340 A JP 2005-520210 A

However, when the coating rate of the external additive is increased, the thermal conductivity from the fixing machine is deteriorated, resulting in adverse effects such as deterioration of the fixing property, and it has been desired to achieve both high image quality and fixing property.
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic toner having excellent toner fixing properties and improved development characteristics such as photoreceptor fog, and a method for producing the same.

The present invention
(1) A toner containing a binder resin containing polyester, a nonionic surfactant and an external additive, wherein the content of the nonionic surfactant is 0.05 to 0.5% by weight. The external additive contains negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.05 μm and positively chargeable organic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.6 μm An electrophotographic toner, and (2) a step of emulsifying a binder resin containing polyester in an aqueous medium in the presence of a nonionic surfactant to obtain resin particles (step 1),
A step of aggregating and coalescing the resin emulsion obtained in the step 1 to obtain coalesced particles (step 2);
The step of washing and solid-liquid separation of the coalesced particles to obtain toner particles (Step 3), and the negatively charged inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.05 μm, and 0.1 A step of obtaining a toner by surface treatment with an external additive containing positively chargeable organic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of ˜0.6 μm (step 4)
A method for producing an electrophotographic toner comprising:
About.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrophotographic toner having excellent toner fixing properties and improved development characteristics such as photoreceptor fog, and a method for producing the same.

Electrophotographic Toner The electrophotographic toner of the present invention is a toner containing a binder resin containing polyester, a nonionic surfactant and an external additive, and the content of the nonionic surfactant is the above. 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, and the external additive has negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.05 μm, and a number average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.6 μm And positively-charged organic fine particles having

[Binder resin containing polyester]
The binder resin used in the present invention contains polyester from the viewpoint of toner fixability and durability. The content of the polyester is preferably 60% by weight or more, more preferably 70% by weight or more, still more preferably 80% by weight or more, and substantially 100% by weight from the viewpoint of fixing property and durability in the binder resin. Is more preferable.
Examples of binder resins other than polyester include known resins used in toners, such as styrene-acrylic resins, epoxy resins, polycarbonates, and polyurethanes.

The raw material monomer of the polyester is not particularly limited, and a known alcohol component and a known carboxylic acid component such as carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or carboxylic acid ester are used.
Examples of the alcohol component include alkylenes of bisphenol A such as polyoxypropylene-2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane and polyoxyethylene-2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (carbon number of 2 to 3). ) Oxide (average addition mole number 1-16) adduct, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, hydrogenated bisphenol A, sorbitol, or their alkylene (2-4 carbon atoms) oxide (average) Addition mole number 1-16) Additions etc. are mentioned.
This alcohol component may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

The carboxylic acid component includes dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, adipic acid and succinic acid, alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as dodecenyl succinic acid and octenyl succinic acid, or carbon. Trivalent or higher polyvalent carboxylic acids such as succinic acid, trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid substituted with alkenyl groups of 2 to 20, anhydrides of these acids and alkyls of these acids (1 to 3 carbon atoms) ) Esters and the like.
This carboxylic acid component may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

The polyester can be produced, for example, by subjecting the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component to condensation polymerization at a temperature of about 180 to 250 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere, if necessary, using an esterification catalyst. .
As the esterification catalyst, an esterification catalyst such as a tin compound such as dibutyltin oxide or tin dioctylate or a titanium compound such as titanium diisopropylate bistriethanolamate can be used. The amount of the esterification catalyst used is preferably 0.01 to 1 part by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 0.6 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component.

From the viewpoint of storage stability of the toner, the softening point of the polyester is preferably 70 to 165 ° C, and the glass transition point is preferably 50 to 85 ° C. The acid value is preferably 6 to 35 mgKOH / g, more preferably 10 to 35 mgKOH / g, and still more preferably 15 to 35 mgKOH / g, from the viewpoint of manufacturability during emulsification. The desired softening point and acid value can be obtained by adjusting the condensation polymerization temperature and reaction time.
From the viewpoint of the durability of the toner, the number average molecular weight of the polyester is preferably 1,000 to 10,000, and more preferably 2,000 to 8,000.

When the binder resin contains a plurality of binder resins, the softening point, glass transition point, acid value, number average molecular weight and melt viscosity of the binder resin are all as a mixture of the binder resins. Means the value of
In the present invention, polyester includes not only polyester but also polyester modified to such an extent that its properties are not substantially impaired. Examples of the modified polyester include grafting and blocking with phenol, urethane, epoxy and the like by the methods described in JP-A-11-133668, JP-A-10-239903, JP-A-8-20636, and the like. And a composite resin having two or more kinds of resin units including a polyester unit.

Further, the binder resin for toner of the present invention can contain two kinds of polyesters having different softening points from the viewpoint of fixability and durability, and the softening point of one polyester (a) is 70 to 115 ° C. The softening point of the other polyester (b) is preferably 115 ° C. or higher and 165 ° C. or lower.
The weight ratio (a / b) between the polyester (a) and the polyester (b) is preferably 10/90 to 90/10, and more preferably 50/50 to 90/10.

[Nonionic surfactant]
The electrophotographic toner of the present invention contains 0.05 to 0.5% by weight of a nonionic surfactant. By containing the nonionic surfactant in the above amount, it is considered that the toner can be plasticized and the fixing property is improved. The amount of the nonionic surfactant is more preferably 0.05 to 0.3% by weight, and further preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by weight in the toner, from the viewpoints of fixability and image characteristics.

The nonionic surfactant is not particularly limited in its type, and examples thereof include polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, and the like. Among them, from the viewpoints of fixability and image characteristics, in the present invention, polyoxyethylene (average added mole number: 10 to 60 mole) alkyl (carbon number 8 to 18) ether is preferably used, more preferably alkyl. Examples thereof include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers having a group having 12 to 18 carbon atoms and / or an average added mole number of 12 to 18. Specifically, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether can be preferably used.
In this invention, the said nonionic surfactant can also be used individually by 1 type, but can also be used in combination of 2 or more type.

[External additive]
The toner for electrophotography of the present invention has negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.05 μm and a number average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.6 μm as external additives. Those containing positively chargeable organic fine particles are used. When a surfactant such as a nonionic surfactant is used for the toner, the image performance may be inferior due to the influence of the environment or the like, resulting in photosensitive member fogging due to deterioration in developing characteristics such as charging property. As in the present invention, by using an external additive containing specific negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles and specific positively chargeable organic fine particles, it is possible to improve the development characteristics by balancing the charge and to improve the photoreceptor fog. Conceivable.

In the present invention, the charging polarity can be determined by frictional charging with iron powder.
As the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles, for example, fine particles of an inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of silica, titania, alumina, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide and tin oxide are preferable. From the viewpoint of imparting and fluidity, at least one kind of inorganic oxide is preferably silica.
Any silica produced by a known method can be used, but those produced by a dry method or a high-temperature hydrolysis method are preferred from the viewpoint of silica dispersibility.

The negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles are preferably a hydrophobized inorganic oxide from the viewpoint of charging stability. Here, the hydrophobized inorganic oxide means an inorganic oxide having a degree of hydrophobization measured by a methanol titration method of 40 or more, preferably 50 to 99, more preferably 60 to 98. In addition, the measurement of the degree of hydrophobicity by the methanol titration method is specifically performed by the following method.
That is, 0.2 g of an inorganic oxide for measuring the degree of hydrophobicity is added to a glass container having an inner diameter of 7 cm and a capacity of 2 liters or more containing 100 ml of ion-exchanged water, and stirred with a magnetic stirrer. The tip of the burette containing methanol is put into the liquid, 20 ml of methanol is added dropwise with stirring, and stirring is stopped after 30 seconds. The operation of observing the state after 1 minute of stirring is repeated. When the total amount of methanol added when the inorganic oxide does not float on the water surface 1 minute after the stirring is stopped is Y (ml), the value obtained by the following formula is calculated as the degree of hydrophobicity. The water temperature in the beaker (glass container) is adjusted to 20 ° C. ± 1 ° C. and the measurement is performed.
Hydrophobicity = [Y / (100 + Y)] × 100

  The hydrophobizing agent for hydrophobizing the inorganic oxide is not particularly limited, but hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDS), isobutyltrimethyl trioxide is used as a treating agent for imparting negative chargeability. Examples include silane coupling agents such as methoxysilane and octylsilane; silicone oil treatment agents such as dimethyl silicone oil. In the present invention, from the viewpoint of securing charging stability and powder fluidity, at least one of the treatment agents is preferably selected from silicone oil treatment agents.

Here, that the inorganic fine particles have negative chargeability means that the inorganic fine particles exhibit a negative charge amount when they are triboelectrically charged with the iron powder. The charge amount of the inorganic fine particles can be measured using a blow-off charge amount measuring device. In the present invention, the charge amount of the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles is preferably −10 to −500 μC / g, and more preferably −15 to −400 μC / g.
The treatment amount of the hydrophobizing agent with respect to the inorganic fine particles is not particularly limited as long as the desired charge amount and the degree of hydrophobicity can be obtained, but from the viewpoint of charging stability, 1 to 7 mg / m 2 per surface area of the inorganic fine particles. ² is preferred.

  When the combination of the hydrophobizing agent and the inorganic fine particles is described as “hydrophobizing agent-inorganic fine particles”, the preferred combination for the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles is hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) -silica, dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDS). ) -Silica, silicone oil-silica, mixture of HMDS and silicone oil-silica, isobutyltrimethoxysilane-titania, silicone oil-titania, octylsilane-titania, etc. Among them, HMDS-silica, DMDS-silica , Silicone oil-silica, mixture of HMDS and silicone oil-silica and isobutyltrimethoxysilane-titania are preferred, HMDS-silica, DMDS-silica, silicone oil-silica and a mixture of HMDS and silicone oil Objects - silica are more preferable, and a mixture of HMDS and silicone oil - silica and silicone oil - more preferably silica, silicone oil - Silica is particularly preferred.

A commercially available product can be used as the hydrophobic negatively charged inorganic fine particles.
Suitable commercial products of HMDS-silica include H3004, H2000, HDK H30TM, HDK H20TM, HDK H13TM, HDK H05TM (above, Wacker), TS530 (above, Cabot), RX300, RX200, RX50, NAX-50. (Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and the like.
Examples of suitable commercial products of DMDS-silica include R976, R974, R972 (above, Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and the like.
Suitable commercially available silicone oil-silica include HDK H30TD, HDK H20TD, HDK H13TD, HDK H05TD (above, Wacker), TS720 (above, Cabot), RY-50, NY-50 (above, Nippon Aerosil). Company).
As a suitable commercial product of a mixture of HMDS and silicone oil-silica, HDK H30TX, HDK H20TX, HDK H13TX, HDK H05TX (above, Wacker) and the like can be mentioned.
As a suitable commercial product of isobutyltrimethoxysilane-titania, JMT-150IB (above, Teica) etc. are mentioned.

  The negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles preferably contain two or more types of negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having different particle diameters from the viewpoint of durability and fluidity, and one of them is 0.005 μm or more and 0.02 μm. It is preferable that the other is 0.02 μm or more and 0.05 μm or less. In this case, two or more different negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles may be used, or one or more negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a plurality of particle size distributions may be used.

  Positively chargeable organic fine particles include styrene and its derivatives; acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid. Ethylenic monocarboxylic acids such as butyl acid and esters thereof; N such as N, N-dimethylaminomethyl (meth) acrylate, N, N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate and N, N-diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate , N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate; N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide such as N, N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethylaminopropyl (meth) acrylamide; Acrylate, fluorine-based monomers such as perfluoro acrylate; silicone-based monomer. From the viewpoint of imparting chargeability to the toner, ethylenic monocarboxylic acid and its ester are preferable, (meth) acrylic acid and its alkyl (1 to 4 carbon atoms) are preferable, and methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate are preferable. More preferred are copolymers. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

Here, the positively chargeable organic fine particles having positive chargeability means that the positively chargeable organic fine particles exhibit a positive charge amount when frictionally charged with the iron powder. The charge amount of the positively chargeable organic fine particles can be measured using a blow-off type charge amount measuring device. In the present invention, the charge amount of the positively chargeable organic fine particles is preferably +10 to +500 μC / g, more preferably +15 to +400 μC / g.
Examples of the treatment agent for imparting positive charge include aminosilanes; silicone oil treatment agents such as amino-modified silicone oil and epoxy-modified silicone oil.
The number average particle diameter of the positively chargeable organic fine particles is 0.1 to 0.6 μm, but from the viewpoint of suppressing aggregation of the toners in a high humidity environment and improving the durability of the toner, 0.5 micrometer is more preferable and 0.2-0.5 micrometer is still more preferable.
From the viewpoint of enhancing the durability of the toner, the number average particle diameter of the positively chargeable organic fine particles is preferably larger than the number average particle diameter of the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles.

  When the coverage of the external additive on the surface of the toner particles is defined by the following formula, the coverage of the inorganic fine particles is preferably 50 to 170% from the viewpoint of both the fluidity and durability of the toner, and 60 to 150 % Is more preferable, 70 to 130% is more preferable, and 80 to 130% is still more preferable. Moreover, from the same viewpoint, the coverage of the organic fine particles is preferably 0.2 to 3.0%, more preferably 0.5 to 2.5%, and still more preferably 1.0 to 2.0%.

[Where Dt is the volume-median particle size (μm) of the target toner, dn is the number average particle size (μm) of the external additive n, and ρt is the toner (toner base particle) before treatment with the external additive) Ρn is the true density of the external additive n, Cn is the weight ratio of the external additive n to the coarsely pulverized product (external additive n / coarly pulverized product), and m is the external additive for which the coverage is to be obtained. Indicates the number of types of external additives contained in. ]
In the present invention, the true density of the toner base particles is 1.2, the true density of the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles is 2.2, and the true density of the positively chargeable organic resin fine particles is 1.5.

Regarding the amount of the external additive used for the toner, the amount of the inorganic fine particles used is 1 to 6 weights with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner before the treatment with the external additive, from the viewpoint of fluidity and charging stability of the obtained toner. Parts, preferably 1.5 to 3.5 parts by weight. Further, the amount of inorganic fine particles used is preferably 1 to 5 parts by weight, more preferably 1.5 to 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner before processing with the external additive, and the amount of organic fine particles used is externally added. The amount is preferably 0.1 to 2 parts by weight, more preferably 0.2 to 1 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the toner before treatment with the agent.
In the present invention, other inorganic fine particles and organic fine particles may be contained as long as the effect is not impaired.

  In the present invention, conventionally, the toner is plasticized by containing the above-mentioned amount of a nonionic surfactant that has been desirably removed from the viewpoint of adversely affecting image characteristics. In addition to improving the fixability, image deterioration such as a decrease in charging characteristics and photoreceptor fogging, which is considered to be due to the presence of the surfactant, can be improved by containing the above external additive.

Further, the electrophotographic toner of the present invention can contain a colorant, a charge control agent, a fixability improver, a release agent and the like.
The colorant is not particularly limited, and any known colorant such as black, yellow, magenta, and cyan can be used. Specifically, carbon black, inorganic composite oxide, chrome yellow, hansa yellow, benzidine yellow, selenium yellow, quinoline yellow, permanent orange GTR, pyrazolone orange, vulcan orange, watch young red, permanent red, brilliantamine 3B, Various pigments such as brilliantamine 6B, quinacridone, dupont oil red, pyrazolone red, resol red, rhodamine B lake, lake red C, bengal, methylene blue chloride, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, malachite green oxalate, acridine, xanthene , Azo, benzoquinone, azine, anthraquinone, indico, thioindico, phthalocyanine, aniline black It can be used alone or in combination of two or more various dyes thiazole like.

The content of the colorant is preferably 25 parts by weight or less, more preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin, from the viewpoint of coloring power and image transparency. Preferably it is 3-10 weight part.
The colorant may be in the form of a dry powder, a masterbatch in which the colorant is dispersed in advance in the resin, or a water-containing colorant such as a wet cake or water dispersion. However, it is preferable to use a masterbatch or a hydrated colorant from the viewpoint of dispersibility of the colorant in the toner.

As release agents, low molecular weight polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutene; silicones having a softening point upon heating; fatty acid amides such as oleic acid amide, erucic acid amide, ricinoleic acid amide and stearic acid amide; carnauba Plant waxes such as wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, tree wax, jojoba oil; animal waxes such as beeswax; mineral and petroleum systems such as montan wax, ozokerite, ceresin, paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax Wax etc. are mentioned. These mold release agents can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
The content of the release agent is 100% by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin or, when a colorant is used, in consideration of the addition effect and the adverse effect on the chargeability, and the total amount of the binder resin and the colorant is 100. The amount is usually about 1 to 20 parts by weight, preferably 2 to 15 parts by weight with respect to parts by weight.

Examples of charge control agents include benzoic acid metal salts, salicylic acid metal salts, alkyl salicylic acid metal salts, catechol metal salts, metal-containing bisazo dyes, tetraphenylborate derivatives, quaternary ammonium salts, alkylpyridinium salts, and the like. Can be mentioned.
The content of the charge control agent is preferably 10 parts by weight or less, and more preferably 0.01 to 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

The softening point of the toner is preferably 60 to 140 ° C., more preferably 60 to 130 ° C., and still more preferably 60 to 120 ° C. from the viewpoint of low-temperature fixability. Moreover, 30-80 degreeC is preferable from a durable viewpoint, and, as for a glass transition point, 40-70 degreeC is more preferable. In addition, the measuring method of a softening point and a glass transition point is based on these measuring methods in resin.
From the viewpoint of high image quality, the volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the toner particles is preferably 1 to 10 μm, more preferably 2 to 9 μm, and even more preferably 3 to 9 μm. Further, the CV values of the above-mentioned aggregated particles, coalesced particles and toner particles are all preferably 30 or less, more preferably 25 or less. Here, the particle size and particle size distribution of the toner particles can be measured by the method described later.
The toner for electrophotography obtained by the present invention can be used as a one-component developer or as a two-component developer by mixing with a carrier.

Method for Producing Electrophotographic Toner As a method for producing the toner of the present invention, any of a method of melting and kneading a toner raw material and then pulverizing and classifying, a method of producing by a chemical method such as a polymerization method or an emulsifying dispersion method can be used. However, a chemical method such as an emulsion aggregation method is preferable from the viewpoint of controlling the content of the surfactant.
The method for producing an electrophotographic toner of the present invention includes a step of emulsifying a binder resin containing polyester in an aqueous medium in the presence of a nonionic surfactant to obtain resin particles (step 1), A step of aggregating and coalescing the resin emulsion obtained in 1 to obtain coalesced particles (step 2), a step of washing and filtering the coalesced particles to obtain toner particles (step 3), and a toner particle Surface treatment with an external additive containing negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.05 μm and positively chargeable organic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.6 μm And obtaining a toner (step 4).

[Step 1]
Step 1 is a step of obtaining resin particles by emulsifying a binder resin containing polyester in the presence of a nonionic surfactant in an aqueous medium.
In the case of obtaining resin particles by emulsifying the binder resin in the aqueous medium, together with the binder resin and the nonionic surfactant, if necessary, the aforementioned colorant, release agent, charge control agent, Furthermore, additives such as reinforcing fillers such as fibrous substances, antioxidants, and anti-aging agents can be used.

The aqueous medium in which the binder resin is dispersed is mainly composed of water, that is, water is 50% by weight or more. From the environmental viewpoint, the content of water in the aqueous medium is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 90% by weight or more, more preferably 95% by weight or more, and further preferably 100% by weight.
Examples of components other than water include organic solvents that dissolve in water, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and tetrahydrofuran. Among these, from the viewpoint of preventing mixing into the toner, alcohol-based organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and butanol, which are organic solvents that do not dissolve the resin, can be used. In the present invention, it is preferable to atomize the binder resin using only water without substantially using an organic solvent.

In the present invention, a nonionic surfactant is present when the binder resin is emulsified. The nonionic surfactant that can be used is as described above.
The amount of the nonionic surfactant used in step 1 is preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin, from the viewpoint of the stability of the emulsified particles and the fixability of the obtained toner. 1.0-8 weight part is more preferable, and 1.0-5 weight part is still more preferable.

Furthermore, in the present invention, from the viewpoint of improving the emulsion stability of the binder resin, other surfactants can be used together with the nonionic surfactant. Examples thereof include anionic surfactants such as sulfate ester, sulfonate, phosphate ester, and soap; cationic surfactants such as amine salt type and quaternary ammonium salt type.
Specific examples of the anionic surfactant include sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecylsulfate, sodium alkyl ether sulfate, sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate, sodium dialkylsulfosuccinate and the like. Specific examples of the cationic surfactant include alkylbenzene dimethyl ammonium chloride, alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, distearyl ammonium chloride and the like.

When an anionic surfactant is used in combination, the amount of the anionic surfactant used is 0.5 to 4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin from the viewpoint of emulsion stability and aggregation control. Preferably, 1.0 to 3 parts by weight is more preferable, and 1.0 to 2 parts by weight is still more preferable.
The amount of the surfactant contained in the obtained toner can be controlled by the amount of the surfactant added in Step 1 and the conditions of the washing step, and can be quantified by the method described later.

In step 1, it is preferable to add an aqueous alkaline solution to the binder resin and disperse the binder resin and the additive used as necessary.
The alkaline aqueous solution preferably has a concentration of 1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight, and still more preferably 1.5 to 7.5% by weight. As for the alkali to be used, it is preferable to use an alkali that enhances the surface activity when the polyester becomes a salt. Specific examples thereof include monovalent alkali metal hydroxides such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
After dispersion, preferably after neutralizing at a temperature above the glass transition point of the binder resin, an aqueous medium is added at a temperature above the glass transition point, and a phase inversion emulsification is performed to produce a resin emulsion. Can do.

The addition rate of the aqueous medium is preferably from 0.1 to 50 g / min, more preferably from 0.5 to 40 g / min, and even more preferably from 1 to 30 g / min per 100 g of the resin from the viewpoint that emulsification can be effectively carried out. min. This addition rate is generally maintained until an O / W type emulsion is substantially formed, and there is no particular limitation on the addition rate of water after the formation of the O / W type emulsion.
Examples of the aqueous medium used for the production of the resin emulsion include the same as the above-mentioned aqueous medium, preferably deionized water or distilled water.
The amount of the aqueous medium is preferably from 100 to 2,000 parts by weight, more preferably from 150 to 1,500 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin, from the viewpoint of obtaining uniform aggregated particles in the subsequent aggregation treatment. From the viewpoint of stability and handleability of the obtained emulsified particle liquid, the solid content concentration of the resin emulsion is preferably 7 to 50% by weight, more preferably 7 to 40% by weight, and still more preferably 10 to 35% by weight. The amount of the aqueous medium is selected so that In addition, non-volatile components, such as resin and a nonionic surfactant, are contained in solid content.

Further, the temperature at this time is preferably in the range of not less than the glass transition point and not more than the softening point of the binder resin from the viewpoint of preparing a fine resin emulsion. By carrying out the emulsification at a temperature within the above range, the emulsification is carried out smoothly and no special apparatus is required for heating. From this point, the temperature is a glass transition point of the binder resin + 10 ° C. or higher (meaning a temperature of “10 ° C. higher than the glass transition point”, hereinafter the same notation is similarly understood). Further, the softening point is preferably −5 ° C. or lower.
The volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the resin particles in the resin emulsion thus obtained is preferably 0.02 to 2 μm, more preferably, in order to perform uniform aggregation in the subsequent aggregation treatment. It is 0.05-1 micrometer, More preferably, it is 0.05-0.6 micrometer. Here, “volume median particle size (D ₅₀ )” means a particle size at which the cumulative volume frequency calculated by the volume fraction is 50% when calculated from the smaller particle size. The measuring method is as described later.

As another method for obtaining a dispersion in which resin particles are dispersed, for example, a method of emulsifying and dispersing a polycondensable monomer as an objective resin particle raw material in an aqueous medium by, for example, mechanical shearing or ultrasonic waves. Can be mentioned. At this time, if necessary, additives such as a polycondensation catalyst and a surfactant are also added to the water-soluble medium. And polycondensation is advanced by, for example, heating the solution. For example, when the resin is polyester, the above-mentioned polyester polycondensable monomer and polycondensation catalyst can be used, and the above-mentioned surfactants can be used similarly.
Usually, polycondensation resins do not proceed in an aqueous medium in principle because they are dehydrated during polymerization. However, for example, when a polycondensable monomer is emulsified in an aqueous medium together with a surfactant that causes micelles to form in the aqueous medium, the monomer is placed in a micro hydrophobic field in the micelle. Then, dehydration occurs, and the generated water can be discharged into an aqueous medium outside the micelles to allow polymerization to proceed. In this way, a dispersion in which the resin particles of the polycondensation resin are emulsified and dispersed in an aqueous medium is obtained with low energy.

[Step 2]
Step 2 is a step of obtaining coalesced particles by aggregating and coalescing the resin emulsified particles obtained in the above step 1.
(Aggregation process)
In the aggregation step, the solid content concentration in the resin emulsion is preferably set to the above-described value in order to cause uniform aggregation. From the viewpoint of achieving both the dispersion stability of the mixed solution and the cohesiveness of fine particles such as a binder resin and a colorant, the pH value in the system is preferably 2 to 10, more preferably 2 to 9, and 3 to 8 Further preferred.
From the same viewpoint, the temperature in the system in the aggregation step is preferably equal to or lower than the glass transition point of the binder resin, and more preferably equal to or lower than −10 ° C.

  In the aggregation step, it is preferable to add an aggregating agent in order to effectively perform aggregation. As the aggregating agent, a quaternary salt cationic surfactant, an organic aggregating agent such as polyethyleneimine, an inorganic aggregating agent such as an inorganic metal salt, an ammonium salt or a divalent or higher metal complex is used. Examples of inorganic metal salts include metal salts such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, barium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum hydroxide, Examples thereof include inorganic metal salt polymers such as calcium sulfide.

  Examples of ammonium salts include ammonium halide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium benzoate, and ammonium salicylate. Examples of quaternary ammonium salts include tetraalkylammonium halides. From the viewpoint of productivity, ammonium sulfate. Preferred examples include ammonium chloride, tetraammonium bromide, and tetrabutylammonium bromide. These flocculants may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

The amount of the flocculant used varies depending on the valence of the charge of the flocculant used, but when a monovalent flocculant is used, 2 to 50 wt. Part is preferable, 3.5 to 40 parts by weight is more preferable, and 3.5 to 30 parts by weight is further preferable.
The flocculant is preferably added after being dissolved in an aqueous medium, and it is preferable to sufficiently stir at the time of adding the flocculant and after the addition.
In this step, it is preferable to add another resin emulsion to the obtained dispersion of aggregated particles. This resin emulsion can be prepared and adjusted in the same manner as in Step 1 above, and the resin particles in the resin emulsion can contain the same additives as the resin particles obtained in Step 1. The addition timing of the other resin emulsion can be appropriately adjusted according to the amount of the resin particles to be adhered and the volume-median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the target toner.

The addition amount of the resin particles in the other resin emulsion to the aggregated particles is based on 100 parts by weight of the resin in the aggregated particles from the viewpoint of uniformly covering the aggregated particles with the resin particles in the resin emulsion. The amount of the resin constituting the resin particles to be added is preferably 5 to 100 parts by weight, more preferably 10 to 90 parts by weight, and still more preferably 20 to 80 parts by weight.
In the said process, said another resin emulsion can be divided | segmented and added in 1 time or in multiple times. In the present invention, from the viewpoint of achieving a narrow particle size distribution of the obtained toner particles, it is preferable to add the toner particles in a plurality of divided portions.

  In the case where another resin particle emulsion is added in one or a plurality of divided portions, it is added to 100 parts by weight of the resin in the aggregated particles from the viewpoint of controlling the particle size distribution of the formed aggregated particles. When the resin constituting the particles is added in an amount of less than 30 parts by weight, the addition of the flocculant is optional. In the case where 30 parts by weight or more of another resin particle emulsion is added, it is preferable to add a flocculant from the viewpoint of aggregability and the particle size distribution of the agglomerated particles to be formed, and the resin particles and the flocculant are independently added. It is more preferable to add them simultaneously or alternately, and it is more preferable to add them independently at the same time.

In this step, when another resin emulsion is added in multiple portions, the amount of resin particles contained in each resin emulsion is preferably the same, and the flocculant is added in portions. In this case, it is preferable that the same amount of each flocculant.
When adding another resin emulsion divided into a plurality of times as described above, there is no particular limitation on the number of times, but from the viewpoint of the particle size distribution and productivity of the formed aggregated particles, 2 to 10 times is required. Preferably, 2 to 8 times is more preferable.
In addition, from the viewpoint of cohesiveness and the particle size distribution of the formed aggregated particles, in the addition of the resin emulsion multiple times, 5 to 15 minutes after the addition, further 5 to 30 minutes, especially 5 minutes to 2 hours. It is preferable to make it age | cure | ripen, and it is more preferable to provide the said ageing | curing | ripening time in each addition of multiple times addition.

In the present invention, it is preferable to add a surfactant after aggregating the resin emulsified particles, and alkyl ether sulfate, alkyl sulfate, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate represented by the following formula (1): More preferably, at least one selected from the group consisting of:
R—O— (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) nSO ₃ M (1)
(In the formula, R represents an alkyl group, n represents an average addition mole number of 0 to 15, and M represents a monovalent cation.)

  In the formula (1), the alkyl group represented by R is preferably 6 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of adsorptivity to aggregated particles and persistence to toner. Includes those having 8 to 15 carbon atoms, and specific examples include an octyl group, a decyl group, a dodecyl group, a tetradecyl group, a pentadecyl group, and an octadecyl group. n is an average added mole number of 1 to 15, and is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5, from the viewpoint of particle size control. M is a monovalent cation, and is preferably sodium, potassium, or ammonium, more preferably sodium or ammonium, from the viewpoint of particle size control.

Further, the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of the adsorptivity to the aggregated particles and the persistence to the toner, the formula (2)
R-Ph-SO ₃ M (2)
(In the formula, R represents a linear alkyl group, Ph is a phenyl group, and M is a monovalent cation. The linear alkyl group is the same as the linear one of R in formula (1). The linear alkyl group includes, for example, an octyl group, a decyl group, a dodecyl group, a tetradecyl group, an octadecyl group, and the like, and examples of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate include Sodium sulfate is preferably used.
The alkyl ether sulfate, alkyl sulfate, or linear alkyl benzene sulfonate may be used singly or in combination of two or more.

The addition amount of at least one selected from the group consisting of the alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfates, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates is a resin constituting the aggregated particles from the viewpoints of aggregation stoppage and persistence to the toner. Preferably it is 0.1-15 weight part with respect to 100 weight part, More preferably, it is 0.1-10 weight part, More preferably, it is 0.1-8 weight part.

In the present invention, from the viewpoint of improving the image quality, the volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the aggregated particles is preferably 1 to 10 μm, more preferably 2 to 10 μm, and further preferably 2 to 9 μm.
The obtained agglomerated particles are subjected to a step of coalescing the agglomerated particles (a coalescence step).

(Joint process)
This step is a step of uniting the aggregated particles obtained in the aggregation step.
In the present invention, the aggregated particles obtained in the aggregation step are heated and united. In the coalescence process, the temperature in the system is preferably equal to or higher than the temperature in the system in the aggregation process, but the target toner particle size, particle size distribution, shape control, and particle fusing property In view of the above, the glass transition point or higher of the binder resin is preferable, the softening point + 20 ° C. or lower is more preferable, the glass transition point + 5 ° C. or higher, the softening point + 15 ° C. or lower is more preferable, the glass transition point + 10 ° C. or higher, the softening point +10. More preferably, it is not higher than ° C. The stirring speed is preferably a speed at which the aggregated particles do not settle.
The coalescence process can be performed simultaneously with the aggregation process, for example, by continuously raising the temperature or by raising the temperature to a temperature at which aggregation and coalescence can be performed and then continuing stirring at that temperature.
From the viewpoint of high image quality, the volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the coalesced particles is preferably 1 to 10 μm, more preferably 2 to 10 μm, and even more preferably 3 to 9 μm.

[Step 3]
Step 3 is a step of obtaining toner particles by washing and solid-liquid separation of the coalesced particles obtained in Step 2. That is, the obtained coalesced particles become toner particles through a washing process, a solid-liquid separation process such as filtration and centrifugation, and a drying process as necessary. Here, the washing process is performed for the purpose of ensuring sufficient charging characteristics and reliability as a toner and ensuring its fixing property, removing metal ions on the toner surface, and removing residual surfactant and the like. Control the amount. It is also an effective control method to perform cleaning using an acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid or carbonic acid.
Washing is preferably performed a plurality of times, and the number of washings is preferably 2 to 5 times, although it varies depending on the amount of the nonionic surfactant used. The washing is preferably performed using a centrifugal dehydrator. Specifically, the dispersion containing the coalesced particles obtained in step 2 and 2 to 5 times the deionized water of the dispersion are mixed, and the centrifugal dehydrator is rotated at a peripheral speed of 30 to 60 m / s. It is preferable to perform the cleaning by the above. It is preferable to add deionized water while rotating the dispersion containing the coalesced particles obtained in step 2 with a centrifugal dehydrator.

  In the drying step, any method such as a vibration type fluidized drying method, a spray drying method, a freeze drying method, a flash jet method, or the like can be employed. The water content after drying of the toner particles is preferably adjusted to 1.5% by weight or less, more preferably 1.0% by weight or less, and still more preferably 0.5% by weight or less from the viewpoint of toner chargeability. Is preferred.

[Step 4]
In step 4, the toner particles obtained in step 3 are mixed with negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a number average particle size of 0.005 to 0.05 μm and positive particles having a number average particle size of 0.1 to 0.6 μm. This is a step of obtaining a toner by surface treatment with an external additive containing chargeable organic fine particles.
The external additive containing negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.05 μm and positively chargeable organic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.6 μm is described above. Just as you did.
In step 4, the surface treatment can be carried out in the same manner as a normal external addition treatment by a method such as a high speed stirrer such as a Henschel mixer or a spar mixer, or a dry mixing method such as a V-type blender.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and the like. In the following examples and the like, each property value was measured and evaluated by the following method.
[Acid value of resin]
Measured according to JIS K0070. However, as a measurement solvent, a mixed solvent of ethanol and ether was a mixed solvent of acetone and toluene (acetone: toluene = 1: 1 (volume ratio)).

[Softening point and glass transition point of resin]
(1) Softening point Using a flow tester (Shimadzu Corporation, “CFT-500D”), a 1 g sample was heated at a heating rate of 6 ° C./min, a load of 1.96 MPa was applied by a plunger, a diameter of 1 mm, Extrude from a 1 mm long nozzle. Plot the flow tester drop by the flow tester against the temperature, and let the softening point be the temperature at which half the sample flowed out.

(2) Glass transition point The temperature was raised to 200 ° C. using a differential scanning calorimeter (Seiko Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd., DSC210), and the sample was cooled from that temperature to 0 ° C. at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min. Measured in ° C / min. When a peak is observed at a temperature 20 ° C. or more lower than the softening point, the peak temperature is measured. When a peak is not observed at a temperature 20 ° C. or higher lower than the softening point, a step is observed. The temperature at the intersection of the tangent line indicating the maximum slope of the curve and the extension line of the base line on the high temperature side of the step is read as the glass transition point. The glass transition point is a physical property peculiar to the amorphous part of the resin, and is generally observed in amorphous polyester, but is observed when amorphous part exists even in crystalline polyester. There is.

[Number average molecular weight of resin]
The molecular weight distribution is measured by gel permeation chromatography and the number average molecular weight is calculated by the following method.
(1) Preparation of sample solution The resin is dissolved in chloroform so that the concentration is 0.5 g / 100 ml. Subsequently, this solution is filtered using a fluororesin filter having a pore size of 2 μm [manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., “FP-200”] to remove insoluble components to obtain a sample solution.
(2) Molecular weight distribution measurement Using the following apparatus, chloroform is flowed at a flow rate of 1 ml per minute, and the column is stabilized in a constant temperature bath at 40 ° C. 100 μl of the sample solution is injected therein and measurement is performed. The molecular weight of the sample is calculated based on a calibration curve prepared in advance. In this calibration curve, several types of monodisperse polystyrene (2.63 × 10 ³ , 2.06 × 10 ⁴ , 1.02 × 10 ⁵ manufactured by Tosoh Corporation), 2.10 × manufactured by GL Sciences Inc. 10 ³ , 7.00 × 10 ³ , 5.04 × 10 ⁴ ) are used as standard samples.
Measuring device: CO-8010 (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation)
Analysis column: GMHLX + G3000HXL (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation)

[Particle size of emulsified particles, aggregated particles and coalesced particles]
Using a laser diffraction particle size measuring instrument (HORIBA, “LA-920”), distilled water is added to the measurement cell, and the volume-median particle size (D ₅₀ ) is measured at a concentration at which the absorbance is in the proper range. .

[Solid content concentration of emulsion]
Using an infrared moisture meter (Ketto Science Laboratory Co., Ltd .: FD-230), 5 g of the emulsion was wet at a drying temperature of 150 ° C. and in a measurement mode 96 (monitoring time 2.5 minutes / variation width 0.05%). Measure the moisture content of the base. The solid content concentration was calculated according to the following formula.
Solid content concentration (%) = 100-M
M: wet base moisture (%) = [(W−W0) / W] × 100
W: Sample weight before measurement (initial sample weight)
W0: Sample weight after measurement (absolute dry weight)

[Toner particle size]
Measuring machine: Coulter Multisizer II (Beckman Coulter, Inc.)
Aperture diameter: 50 μm
Analysis software: Coulter Multisizer AccuComp version 1.19
(Manufactured by Kuman Coulter)
Electrolyte: Isoton II (Beckman Coulter, Inc.)
Dispersion: Emulgen 109P (manufactured by Kao Corporation, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether,
HLB: 13.6) is dissolved in the electrolytic solution to a concentration of 5% by weight to obtain a dispersion.
Dispersion condition: 10 mg of a measurement sample is added to 5 ml of the dispersion, and 1 is added using an ultrasonic disperser.
Disperse for 25 minutes, then add 25 ml of electrolyte, and further disperse for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser to prepare a sample dispersion.
Measurement conditions: By adding the sample dispersion to 100 ml of the electrolyte solution, the particle size of 30,000 particles is adjusted to a concentration that can be measured in 20 seconds, and then 30,000 particles are measured and the particle size distribution is determined. Determine the volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ).

[Number average particle diameter of external additive]
The number average particle diameter of each of the positively chargeable organic fine particles and the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles is obtained by the following method.
Measuring device: Field emission electron microscope (S4000 manufactured by Hitachi)
Measurement conditions: Irradiation voltage 10kV
In advance, the surface of the sample is vacuum-deposited with platinum and palladium using a vacuum deposition apparatus, and the primary particles of the fine particles are observed with the electron microscope. The measurement magnification varies depending on the particle diameter, but when it corresponds to fine particles larger than 0.6 μm, it is 10,000 times magnification, and when it corresponds to 0.1-0.6 μm fine particles, it is 20,000 times magnification. In the case of fine particles corresponding to less than 02 to 0.1 μm, the magnification is 50,000 times, and in the case of fine particles corresponding to less than 0.02 μm, observation is performed at 100,000 times, and 20 particle images are selected, and image analysis software “ The number average particle size was calculated using “Scion Image”.

[Charge of external additive]
0.6 g of an external additive and 19.4 g of a silicone ferrite carrier (manufactured by Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd., average particle size: 90 μm) were mixed at 250 r / min using a ball mill, and the charge amount at a mixing time of 300 seconds was determined as q / M meter (manufactured by EPPING).
Measuring instrument: q / m-meter manufactured by EPPING
Setting:
Mesh size: 400 mesh (aperture: 32 μm, made of stainless steel)
Soft blow Blow pressure (1050V)
Suction time: 90 seconds Charge amount (μC / g) = Total amount of electricity after 90 seconds (μC) / Amount of external additive sucked (g)

[Density measurement of printed image]
Using a commercially available printer (OKI, “ML5400”) on high-quality paper (Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., J paper A4 size), place the image on 30 sheets of J paper and place the colorimeter (Gretag-Macbeth, “SpectroEye”) was used to measure the reflection image density when the light emission conditions were a standard light source D ₅₀ , an observation field of view 2 °, a density reference DIN NB, and an absolute white reference.

[Toner fog evaluation method]
A solid image is printed on the J paper using the printer, and when the image is transferred to half of A4, the machine is stopped, and a transparent mending tape (manufactured by 3M: SCOTCH mending tape 810) is applied to the surface of the photoconductor before transfer. -3-18) is affixed, and fog toner on the surface of the photoreceptor is collected.
A reference mending tape and a mending tape from which fog toner is collected are affixed to unused J paper, placed on 30 sheets of J paper, and a colorimeter ("SpectroEye", manufactured by Gretag-Macbeth). The CIE L * a * b * is measured using the standard white light source D ₅₀ and the whiteness of the reference mending tape as a white reference when the light emission condition is a standard light source D ₅₀ . Thereafter, CIE L * a * b * of the mending tape from which the fog toner was collected is measured, and a color difference ΔE = (ΔL * ² + Δa * ² + Δb * ² ) ^1/2 with respect to the reference is obtained. Is the photoreceptor fog. ΔE indicates that the smaller the value, the less the fog and the better.

[Evaluation of toner fixability]
The above printer outputs a solid image with a toner adhesion amount of 0.4 ± 0.07 mg / cm ² as an unfixed image with a size of 3 × 2.5 cm, and is mounted on the printer. The container was modified to have a variable temperature, and was fixed at a temperature of 130 ° C. at a fixing speed of 20 sheets / minute (A4 longitudinal direction). The fixability of the obtained fixed image was evaluated by a tape peeling method. Cut a mending tape (3M Scotch Mending Tape 810 width 18mm) into a length of 10cm, lightly affix it on the unfixed image, and then fold it into four-folded Lint-free-paper (BEMCOT made by ASAHI CHEMICAL Size M-3 ) Was pressed 10 times with a load of 1.0 ± 0.2 kg. Thereafter, the fixing rate is calculated from the image density when the attached tape is peeled off over 2 seconds and the image density before the tape is attached. However,
Fixing rate = (image density after tape peeling / image density before tape application) × 100
When the image density after peeling the tape is the same as that before sticking the tape, the value is 100, and the lower the value, the lower the fixing property.
When the fixing rate is 90 or more, the fixing property is good.

[Method for quantifying surfactant in toner]
When the kind of the nonionic surfactant in the toner is known, it can be quantified by a technique using 1H-NMR described below.
NMR is measured by FT-NMR MERCURY400 (manufactured by Varian). Quantitative analysis of nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers can be performed using the strength of H attributed to the alkyl chain in the alcohol component of the polyester and the strength of H attributed to the oxyalkylene chain in the polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether. The amount of nonionic surfactant is quantitatively analyzed from the ratio. As the solvent for dissolving the toner, a solvent capable of extracting the nonionic surfactant on the toner surface with a 1: 1 mixed solution of heavy water and heavy methanol is selected, although it varies depending on the type of resin of the toner.

Production Example 1 (Production of polyester resin A)
Among the raw material monomers listed in Table 1, polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) ) Put propane, terephthalic acid and dibutyltin oxide in a 5 liter four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet tube, a dehydrating tube, a stirrer and a thermocouple. Under a nitrogen atmosphere and normal pressure (101.3 kPa), The reaction was carried out at 230 ° C. for 5 hours and further under reduced pressure. After cooling to 210 ° C., fumaric acid and hydroquinone were added and reacted for 5 hours and further reacted under reduced pressure to obtain polyester resin A having physical properties shown in Table 1.

Production Example 2 (Production of polyester resin B)
In the same manner as in Production Example 1, after the raw material monomers listed in Table 1, polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, polyoxyethylene (2.2) -2,2 -After reacting bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, terephthalic acid, dodecenyl succinic acid, and dibutyltin oxide in a nitrogen atmosphere at 230 ° C until the reaction rate reaches 90%, the reaction was performed at 8.0 kPa for 1 hour. went. Thereafter, it is cooled to 210 ° C., trimellitic anhydride is added, and after reacting at normal pressure for 1 hour, the reaction is carried out at 8.0 kPa until the desired softening point is reached. B was obtained.

Production Example 3 (Production of polyester resin C)
In the same manner as in Production Example 1, polyester resins C having physical properties shown in Table 1 were obtained using the raw material monomers shown in Table 1.

Production Example 4 (Production of Cyan Masterbatch A)
2100 g (70 parts by weight) of fine powder of polyester resin C and 1948 g of copper phthalocyanine slurry pigment (ECB-301: solid content 46.2% by weight) manufactured by Dainichi Seika Co., Ltd. were charged into a Henschel mixer (based on 100 parts by weight of binder resin). 30 parts by weight of colorant) and mixed for 5 minutes to wet. Next, this mixture was charged into a kneader mixer and gradually heated. The resin melted at approximately 90 to 110 ° C. and kneaded in a state where water was mixed, and kneading was continued at 90 to 110 ° C. for 20 minutes while water was evaporated.
Next, kneading was continued at 120 ° C. to evaporate the remaining water, followed by dehydration drying. Further, kneading was continued at 120 to 130 ° C. for 10 minutes. After cooling, the mixture was further kneaded with a heated three roll, cooled and coarsely crushed to obtain a coarsely pulverized product (cyan masterbatch A) containing a blue pigment at a concentration of 30% by weight. When this was placed on a slide glass, heated and melted, and observed with a microscope, all pigment particles were finely dispersed, and no coarse particles were observed.

Production Example 5 (Production of resin emulsion A)
In the amount of raw materials shown in Table 2, in a 5-liter stainless steel kettle, 320 g of polyester resin A, 210 g of polyester resin B, 100 g of cyan masterbatch A, and a nonionic surfactant (polyoxyethylene oleyl ether (HLB: 16.2)) “Emulgen 430 (made by Kao)”) 6 g, anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) “Neopelex G-15 (made by Kao)” (solid content: 15 weight) %) 40 g and 268 g of a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (concentration: 5% by weight) as a neutralizing agent were added and dispersed at 95 ° C. with stirring at 200 r / min with a chi-type stirrer. The contents were stirred for 2 hours after reaching 95 ° C., and then 1145 g of deionized water was added dropwise with a chi-type stirrer at 200 r / min, and the mixture was atomized through a 200 mesh (mesh opening: 105 μm) wire mesh. A resin emulsion was obtained. The resin particles in the obtained resin emulsion had a volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of LA-920 (HORIBA) of 0.14 μm and a solid content concentration of 31.8% by weight.

Production Example 6 (Production of resin emulsion B)
The amount of raw materials shown in Table 2 is 5 liter stainless steel kettle, 320 g of polyester resin A, 210 g of polyester resin B, 100 g of cyan masterbatch A, and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate). 40 g of “Neopelex G-15 (manufactured by Kao)” (solid content: 15 wt%) and 268 g of a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (concentration: 5 wt%) as a neutralizing agent were added, and 200 r / min with a Kai-type stirrer. The mixture was dispersed at 95 ° C. with stirring. The contents were stirred for 2 hours after reaching 95 ° C., and then 1145 g of deionized water was added dropwise with a chi-type stirrer at 200 r / min, and the mixture was atomized through a 200 mesh (mesh opening: 105 μm) wire mesh. A resin emulsion was obtained. The resin particles in the obtained resin dispersion had a volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of LA-920 (HORIBA) of 0.17 μm and a solid content concentration of 30.5% by weight.

Production Example 7 (Production of Release Agent Emulsion A)
In a 1 liter beaker, dissolve 3.6 g of “Latemul ASK (manufactured by Kao Corporation), solid content 28%”, which is an anionic surfactant (dipotassium alkenyl succinate), in 400 g of deionized water. After that, 100 g of carnauba wax (manufactured by Kato Yoko Co., Ltd., melting point 85 ° C.) was dispersed. While maintaining the temperature at 90 to 95 ° C., the dispersion was subjected to a dispersion treatment with an Ultrasonic Homogenizer 600W (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) for 30 minutes to obtain a release agent emulsion A. The volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the release agent in the obtained emulsion was 0.47 μm, the CV value was 26, and the solid content concentration was 22% by weight.

Examples 1 to 3 and 5 and Comparative Example 2
200 g of resin emulsion A, 15 g of release agent emulsion A, and 55 g of deionized water were placed in a 2-liter four-necked flask equipped with a dehydrating tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple, and mixed at room temperature. Next, an aqueous solution in which 14 g of ammonium sulfate (special grade made by Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was dissolved in 112 g of deionized water was added dropwise to the mixture over 10 minutes while stirring with a Kai-type stirrer. Thereafter, the mixed dispersion was heated to 54 ° C. to form aggregated particles, and held at 54 ° C. for 3 hours.
A mixture of 20 g of resin emulsion A and 6 g of deionized water was added dropwise at 1 mL / min, and then maintained at 54 ° C. for 20 minutes. After repeating this operation two more times, a mixture of 20 g of resin emulsion A and 6 g of deionized water and an aqueous solution in which 1.4 g of ammonium sulfate was dissolved in 18 g of deionized water were separately dropped simultaneously at 1 mL / min. And then held at 54 ° C. for 20 minutes. After repeating this operation once more, an aqueous solution obtained by diluting 17 g of a polyoxyethylene (2 mol) sodium dodecyl ether sodium sulfate aqueous solution (solid content concentration: 28% by weight) with 150 g of deionized water was added to add a volume-median particle size. Aggregated particles having a (D ₅₀ ) of 5.4 μm were formed, and the temperature was raised to 77 ° C. After holding at 77 ° C. for 1 hour, it was cooled to room temperature. During this time, the toner shape changed from aggregated particles to coalesced particles. The volume-median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the coalesced particles was 5.2 μm, and the CV value was 23.

The dispersion containing the coalesced particles was subjected to a suction filtration step, a washing step, and a drying step to obtain colored resin particle powder. In the washing step, 700 g of the dispersion liquid containing coalesced particles is added to a centrifugal dehydrator (Centrifuge H-122 manufactured by KOKUSAN) and centrifuged at a peripheral speed of 47 m / s (rotation speed 3000 rpm, diameter 30 cm). Washing was performed by mixing 2000 g of deionized water and rotating for 20 minutes. By repeating this operation twice, the amount of the surfactant in the toner was controlled. Thereafter, the toner was further rotated for 2 hours to reduce the water content of the toner, and then left in a vacuum dryer maintained at 50 ° C. to dry the toner.
External additives shown in Table 3 were externally added with a Henschel mixer to 100 parts by weight of the colored resin fine particle powder, and the fine particles that passed through a 150 mesh sieve were used as cyan toner. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.

Example 4
In Example 3, cyan toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the number of times of washing in the washing step was changed from 2 to 5. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.

Comparative Example 1
In Example 3, cyan toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the number of times of washing in the washing step was changed from 2 to 1. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.

Comparative Example 3
Aggregation and coalescence were performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resin emulsion B was used in place of the resin emulsion A, and external additives shown in Table 3 were externally added to obtain a cyan toner.
The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.
Regarding the coverage of the external additive, in all examples and comparative examples, the true density of toner particles is 1.2, the true density of silica is 2.2, and the true density of organic resin fine particles is 1.5. Asked.

  The toner of the present invention can be suitably used for the production of an electrophotographic toner used in electrophotography, electrostatic recording method, electrostatic printing method and the like.

Claims (7)

A toner containing a binder resin containing polyester, a nonionic surfactant and an external additive, wherein the content of the nonionic surfactant is 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, Co-weight of negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.05 μm and butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate having an number average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.6 μm as an additive An electrophotographic toner containing positively chargeable organic fine particles made of a coalescence . Coverage of the following formula the toner by positively charged organic fine particles is 0.2 to 3% electrophotographic toner of claim 1 Symbol placement.

[Where Dt is the volume median particle size (μm) of the toner, dn is the number average particle size (μm) of the external additive n, ρt is the true density of the toner before treatment with the external additive, and ρn is the external additive. The true density of the additive n, Cn is the weight ratio of the external additive n and the toner before the treatment with the external additive (external additive n / toner before the treatment with the external additive), and m is the external for which the coverage is to be obtained. Indicates the number of types of external additives contained in the additive. ] 3. The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein the positively chargeable organic fine particles are contained in an amount of 0.1 to 2 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner before the treatment with the external additive. The toner for electrophotography according to any one of claims 1 to 3 , wherein the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles contain silica. The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein the coverage of the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles is 50 to 170%. 6. The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles are contained in an amount of 1 to 6 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner before the treatment with the external additive. 7. The electrophotographic toner according to claim 1, wherein the negatively chargeable inorganic fine particles are contained in an amount of 0.1 to 2 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner before the treatment with the external additive.