JP4985342B2 - Method and apparatus for magnetizing permanent magnet - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for magnetizing permanent magnet Download PDF

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JP4985342B2
JP4985342B2 JP2007297803A JP2007297803A JP4985342B2 JP 4985342 B2 JP4985342 B2 JP 4985342B2 JP 2007297803 A JP2007297803 A JP 2007297803A JP 2007297803 A JP2007297803 A JP 2007297803A JP 4985342 B2 JP4985342 B2 JP 4985342B2
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processed
magnet members
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啓佐敏 竹内
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Seiko Epson Corp
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Description

この発明は、モータ等に用いられる永久磁石の着磁方法及び装置に関する。   The present invention relates to a magnetizing method and apparatus for permanent magnets used in motors and the like.

永久磁石の着磁方法としては、例えば下記の特許文献に記載されたものが知られている。   As a method for magnetizing a permanent magnet, for example, those described in the following patent documents are known.

特開２００６−２９４９３６号公報JP 2006-294936 A

従来から、着磁後の磁石を、樹脂などの非磁性体部材で保持した状態で成形することによって、磁石の用途に応じた部材（例えばロータ）を製造していた。しかし、従来は、着磁後の磁石を用いた成形処理時に、何らかの原因で磁石の磁力が低下するという問題が生じることがあった。例えば、高温の樹脂で磁石を固める際に、その高温のために磁力が弱まってしまう場合があった。   Conventionally, a member (for example, a rotor) corresponding to the application of a magnet has been manufactured by forming a magnetized magnet while being held by a nonmagnetic member such as a resin. However, conventionally, there has been a problem that the magnetic force of the magnet is reduced for some reason during the molding process using the magnet after magnetization. For example, when a magnet is hardened with a high temperature resin, the magnetic force may be weakened due to the high temperature.

本発明は、磁石の磁力を弱めることなく所望の形状の部材を製造する技術を提供することを目的とする。   An object of this invention is to provide the technique of manufacturing the member of a desired shape, without weakening the magnetic force of a magnet.

本発明は、上述の課題の少なくとも一部を解決するためになされたものであり、以下の形態又は適用例として実現することが可能である。
本発明の一形態は、永久磁石の着磁方法であって、
（ａ）着磁前の複数の磁石部材を非磁性部材で保持して成形した被処理部材を準備する工程と、
（ｂ）着磁装置を用いて前記被処理部材に着磁処理を行う工程と、
を備え、
前記被処理部材は、前記磁石部材を偶数個含む円盤状部材を有しており、
個々の前記磁石部材は略扇状の形状を有し、隣接する前記磁石部材の間には非磁性部材で埋められた隙間が設けられており、
前記着磁装置には、個々の前記磁石部材を挟んで２つの着磁ヨーク端がそれぞれ配置され、前記２つの着磁ヨーク端の間にほぼ直線的な磁束を発生させるように構成されており、
前記工程（ｂ）は、前記円盤状部材の厚み方向に沿って前記複数の磁石部材を同時に着磁するとともに、隣接する磁石部材を互いに逆向きに着磁する。
この方法によれば、成形後の被処理部材に対して着磁処理を行うので、磁石の磁力を弱めることなく所望の形状の部材を製造することができる。また、複数の磁石部材を含む被処理部材を容易にかつ短時間で着磁処理することができる。更に、隣接する磁石部材が互いに逆向きに着磁された被処理部材を容易に製造することができる。 SUMMARY An advantage of some aspects of the invention is to solve at least a part of the problems described above, and the invention can be implemented as the following forms or application examples.
One aspect of the present invention is a method of magnetizing a permanent magnet,
(A) preparing a member to be processed which is formed by holding a plurality of magnet members before magnetization with a non-magnetic member;
(B) performing a magnetizing process on the member to be processed using a magnetizing apparatus;
With
The member to be processed has a disk-shaped member including an even number of the magnet members,
Each of the magnet members has a substantially fan shape, and a gap filled with a non-magnetic member is provided between the adjacent magnet members,
In the magnetizing device, two magnetized yoke ends are respectively arranged with the magnet members interposed therebetween, and a substantially linear magnetic flux is generated between the two magnetized yoke ends. ,
In the step (b), the plurality of magnet members are simultaneously magnetized along the thickness direction of the disk-shaped member, and adjacent magnet members are magnetized in opposite directions.
According to this method, since the magnetizing process is performed on the molded member, a member having a desired shape can be manufactured without weakening the magnetic force of the magnet. Further, the member to be processed including a plurality of magnet members can be easily magnetized in a short time. Furthermore, a member to be processed in which adjacent magnet members are magnetized in opposite directions can be easily manufactured.

［適用例１］ 永久磁石の着磁方法であって、
（ａ）着磁前の磁石部材を非磁性部材で保持して成形した被処理部材を準備する工程と、
（ｂ）着磁装置を用いて前記被処理部材に着磁処理を行う工程と、
を備える着磁方法。 Application Example 1 A method for magnetizing a permanent magnet,
(A) a step of preparing a member to be processed formed by holding a magnet member before magnetization with a non-magnetic member;
(B) performing a magnetizing process on the member to be processed using a magnetizing apparatus;
A magnetization method comprising:

この方法によれば、成形後の被処理部材に対して着磁処理を行うので、磁石の磁力を弱めることなく所望の形状の部材を製造することができる。   According to this method, since the magnetizing process is performed on the molded member, a member having a desired shape can be manufactured without weakening the magnetic force of the magnet.

［適用例２］ 適用例１記載の着磁方法であって、
前記被処理部材は、前記磁石部材を複数個含んでおり、
前記工程（ｂ）は、前記複数の磁石部材を同時に着磁する、
着磁方法。 [Application Example 2] A magnetization method according to Application Example 1,
The treated member includes a plurality of the magnet members,
In the step (b), the plurality of magnet members are magnetized simultaneously.
Magnetization method.

この構成では、複数の磁石部材を含む被処理部材を容易にかつ短時間で着磁処理することができる。   In this configuration, a member to be processed including a plurality of magnet members can be easily magnetized in a short time.

［適用例３］ 適用例２記載の着磁方法であって、
前記被処理部材は、前記複数の磁石部材を含む円盤状部材を有しており、
前記複数の磁石部材は偶数個であり、
前記工程（ｂ）は、前記円盤状部材の厚み方向に沿って前記複数の磁石部材を着磁するとともに、隣接する磁石部材を互いに逆向きに着磁する、
着磁方法。 [Application Example 3] A magnetization method according to Application Example 2,
The member to be processed has a disk-shaped member including the plurality of magnet members,
The plurality of magnet members is an even number,
The step (b) magnetizes the plurality of magnet members along the thickness direction of the disk-shaped member, and magnetizes adjacent magnet members in opposite directions.
Magnetization method.

この構成では、隣接する磁石部材が互いに逆向きに着磁された被処理部材を容易に製造することができる。   In this configuration, it is possible to easily manufacture a member to be processed in which adjacent magnet members are magnetized in opposite directions.

［適用例４］ 適用例３記載の着磁方法であって、
前記被処理部材はモータ用のロータである、
着磁方法。 [Application Example 4] The magnetization method according to Application Example 3,
The member to be processed is a rotor for a motor.
Magnetization method.

この構成では、モータ用ロータを容易に製造することができる。   With this configuration, the motor rotor can be easily manufactured.

［適用例５］ 適用例４記載の着磁方法であって、
前記被処理部材は、前記円盤状部材に回転軸が固定されたロータである、
着磁方法。 [Application Example 5] A magnetization method according to Application Example 4,
The member to be processed is a rotor having a rotating shaft fixed to the disk-shaped member.
Magnetization method.

この構成では、回転軸が予め固定された被処理部材に着磁処理を行うことによって、回転軸を有するロータを製造することができる。   In this configuration, a rotor having a rotating shaft can be manufactured by performing a magnetization process on a member to be processed whose rotating shaft is fixed in advance.

なお、本発明は、種々の形態で実現することが可能であり、例えば、着磁方法及び着磁装置、永久磁石の製造方法及び製造装置等の形態で実現することができる。   In addition, this invention can be implement | achieved with various forms, for example, can be implement | achieved with forms, such as a magnetizing method and a magnetizing apparatus, a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus of a permanent magnet.

図１（Ａ）〜（Ｅ）は、第１実施例における被処理部材と着磁装置の構成を示す説明図である。図１（Ａ），（Ｂ）は、被処理部材ＯＢの平面図及び縦断面図をそれぞれ示している。被処理部材ＯＢは、着磁前の複数の磁石部材ＭＧを、非磁性部材ＮＭで保持した状態で所望の形状に成形したものである。この例では、被処理部材ＯＢは円盤状の形状を有しており、４個の磁石部材ＭＧはそれぞれ略扇状の形状を有している。非磁性部材ＮＭとしては、例えば熱可塑性樹脂を使用してもよい。例えば、複数の磁石部材ＭＧを型に設置して樹脂で成形することによって、円盤状の形状を有する被処理部材ＯＢを製造することができる。図１（Ａ），（Ｂ）において、個々の磁石部材ＭＧに描かれている極性は、着磁後のものである。被処理部材ＯＢの中心には、軸１１２が固定されている。この軸１１２は、着磁後に被処理部材ＯＢをモータのロータとして使用する際に、回転軸として機能するものである。なお、磁石部材ＭＧの数は、１以上の任意の数に設定可能である。但し、モータのロータを製造するために被処理部材ＯＢを準備する場合には、磁石部材ＭＧは複数個（特に偶数個）とすることが好ましい。   FIGS. 1A to 1E are explanatory views showing the configuration of a member to be processed and a magnetizing device in the first embodiment. FIGS. 1A and 1B show a plan view and a longitudinal sectional view of the member OB to be processed, respectively. The to-be-processed member OB is formed by molding a plurality of magnet members MG before magnetization into a desired shape while being held by the nonmagnetic member NM. In this example, the member OB to be processed has a disk shape, and each of the four magnet members MG has a substantially fan shape. As the nonmagnetic member NM, for example, a thermoplastic resin may be used. For example, the to-be-processed member OB which has a disk shape can be manufactured by installing a plurality of magnet members MG in a mold and molding with a resin. 1A and 1B, the polarities drawn on the individual magnet members MG are those after magnetization. A shaft 112 is fixed at the center of the member to be processed OB. The shaft 112 functions as a rotating shaft when the member to be processed OB is used as a rotor of a motor after magnetization. The number of magnet members MG can be set to an arbitrary number of 1 or more. However, when preparing the member OB to be processed in order to manufacture the rotor of the motor, it is preferable to use a plurality (particularly an even number) of magnet members MG.

図１（Ｃ），（Ｄ）は着磁装置の平面図及び縦断面図をそれぞれ示している。この着磁装置５００は、被処理部材ＯＢ内の磁石部材ＭＧに着磁を行うための装置である。着磁装置５００には、４個の磁石部材ＭＧに対応する位置に、４組の着磁処理ユニット５１０が設けられている。各着磁処理ユニット５１０は、着磁ヨーク５１２と、着磁ヨーク５１２の一部分に巻き回された着磁コイル５１４とを有している。着磁ヨーク５１２は、全体として略コの字状の形状を有しており、磁石部材ＭＧに対面する位置には２つの着磁ヨーク端５１２ａ，５１２ｂが設けられている。これらの着磁ヨーク端５１２ａ，５１２ｂは、磁石部材ＭＧの形状とほぼ同じ平面形状を有しており、これらの着磁ヨーク端５１２ａ，５１２ｂの間にほぼ直線的な磁束が発生する。図１（Ｄ）には、このような磁束の方向ＭＦが励磁されている。従って、磁石部材ＭＧは、円盤状の被処理部材ＯＢの厚み方向に沿って磁化される。なお、磁化方向が異なる着磁処理ユニットでは、着磁コイル５１４の電流方向ＣＤが互いに逆向きとなる。   1C and 1D respectively show a plan view and a longitudinal sectional view of the magnetizing apparatus. This magnetizing apparatus 500 is an apparatus for magnetizing the magnet member MG in the member OB to be processed. The magnetizing apparatus 500 is provided with four sets of magnetizing units 510 at positions corresponding to the four magnet members MG. Each magnetizing unit 510 includes a magnetizing yoke 512 and a magnetizing coil 514 wound around a part of the magnetizing yoke 512. The magnetizing yoke 512 as a whole has a substantially U-shape, and two magnetizing yoke ends 512a and 512b are provided at positions facing the magnet member MG. These magnetized yoke ends 512a and 512b have substantially the same planar shape as the magnet member MG, and a substantially linear magnetic flux is generated between these magnetized yoke ends 512a and 512b. In FIG. 1D, such a magnetic flux direction MF is excited. Therefore, the magnet member MG is magnetized along the thickness direction of the disk-shaped member OB. In the magnetization processing units having different magnetization directions, the current directions CD of the magnetization coils 514 are opposite to each other.

図１（Ｃ），（Ｄ）から理解できるように、着磁装置５００の中央には、被処理部材ＯＢを収納するための収納部５２０が形成されている。図１（Ｅ）は、この収納部５２０内に被処理部材ＯＢが収納された状態を示している。なお、着磁装置５００は、被処理部材ＯＢを収納部５２０内に保持するための保持機構を有しているが、便宜上、保持機構の図示が省略されている。この収納状態で各着磁コイル５１４に同時に電流を流すことによって、複数の磁石部材ＭＧを同時に着磁することが可能である。なお、図１（Ａ）に示すように、隣接する磁石部材ＭＧ同士の磁化方向は互いに逆向きとすることが好ましい。   As can be understood from FIGS. 1C and 1D, a storage portion 520 for storing the processing target member OB is formed in the center of the magnetizing device 500. FIG. 1E shows a state in which the processing target member OB is stored in the storage portion 520. The magnetizing device 500 has a holding mechanism for holding the member OB to be processed in the storage portion 520, but the holding mechanism is not shown for convenience. A plurality of magnet members MG can be magnetized at the same time by simultaneously passing current through the magnetizing coils 514 in this stored state. As shown in FIG. 1A, the magnetization directions of adjacent magnet members MG are preferably opposite to each other.

このように、第１実施例では、非磁性部材ＮＭで複数の磁石部材ＭＧを保持した所望の形状の被処理部材ＯＢを準備することができ、その後、この被処理部材ＯＢ内の複数の磁石部材ＭＧを同時に着磁することができる。従って、従来のように着磁処理後に成形を行う場合に比べて、磁石の磁力を弱めることなく所望の形状の部材を製造することが可能である。   As described above, in the first embodiment, it is possible to prepare a target member OB having a desired shape in which a plurality of magnet members MG are held by the nonmagnetic member NM, and then a plurality of magnets in the target member OB. The member MG can be magnetized simultaneously. Therefore, it is possible to manufacture a member having a desired shape without weakening the magnetic force of the magnet, as compared with the case where the molding is performed after the magnetizing process as in the prior art.

図２（Ａ）〜（Ｅ）は、第２実施例における被処理部材と着磁装置の構成を示す説明図である。第１実施例との違いは、被処理部材ＯＢ内の磁石部材ＭＧの形状だけである。第２実施例では、４つの磁石部材ＭＧが互いにほぼ接する状態で非磁性部材ＮＭによって保持され成形されている。なお、隣接する磁石部材ＭＧは互いに逆向きに磁化されるので、わずかな隙間を設けることが好ましい。着磁ヨーク端５１２ａ，５１２ｂの面積は、個々の磁石部材ＭＧの面積よりも小さいが、これでも磁石部材ＭＧを実用上十分に着磁することができる。このように、磁石部材ＭＧの形状と着磁ヨーク端５１２ａ，５１２ｂの形状とは多少異なっていても良いことが理解できる。   FIGS. 2A to 2E are explanatory views showing the configuration of the member to be processed and the magnetizing device in the second embodiment. The difference from the first embodiment is only the shape of the magnet member MG in the member to be processed OB. In the second embodiment, the four magnet members MG are held and molded by the nonmagnetic member NM in a state where they are substantially in contact with each other. Since adjacent magnet members MG are magnetized in opposite directions, it is preferable to provide a slight gap. Although the area of the magnetized yoke ends 512a and 512b is smaller than the area of each magnet member MG, the magnet member MG can still be sufficiently magnetized practically. Thus, it can be understood that the shape of the magnet member MG and the shape of the magnetized yoke ends 512a and 512b may be slightly different.

なお、この発明は上記の実施例や実施形態に限られるものではなく、その要旨を逸脱しない範囲において種々の態様において実施することが可能であり、例えば次のような変形も可能である。   The present invention is not limited to the above-described examples and embodiments, and can be implemented in various modes without departing from the gist thereof. For example, the following modifications are possible.

上記実施例では、被処理部材ＯＢに回転軸１１２を設けていたが、回転軸１１２は後から固定してもよい。また、被処理部材ＯＢの形状は、円盤状に限らず、用途に応じた任意の形状を採用することが可能である。また、磁石部材ＭＧの数や形状も任意であり、これに応じて着磁処理ユニットの数や形状を任意に変更することが可能である。例えば、１つの磁石部材ＭＧのみを有する被処理部材ＯＢを準備して、着磁処理を行うようにしてもよい。この場合には、１つの着磁処理ユニットを有する着磁装置を用いる。但し、複数の磁石部材ＭＧを有する被処理部材ＯＢを用い、これらの複数の磁石部材ＭＧを同時に着磁処理するようにすれば、各種の用途に適した所望の形状の被処理部材ＯＢを容易に着磁することができるという利点がある。   In the above embodiment, the rotating shaft 112 is provided on the member OB to be processed, but the rotating shaft 112 may be fixed later. Moreover, the shape of the member OB to be processed is not limited to a disk shape, and any shape depending on the application can be adopted. Further, the number and shape of the magnet members MG are arbitrary, and the number and shape of the magnetizing units can be arbitrarily changed according to this. For example, a member to be processed OB having only one magnet member MG may be prepared and the magnetization process may be performed. In this case, a magnetizing apparatus having one magnetizing unit is used. However, if a member to be processed OB having a plurality of magnet members MG is used and the plurality of magnet members MG are simultaneously magnetized, a member to be processed OB having a desired shape suitable for various applications can be easily obtained. There is an advantage that it can be magnetized.

上記各実施例では、隣接する磁石部材ＭＧを互いに逆向きに磁化していたが、同じ向きに着磁するようにしてもよい。   In the above embodiments, adjacent magnet members MG are magnetized in opposite directions, but may be magnetized in the same direction.

上記実施例によって製造される永久磁石は、モータや発電機などの種々の電気機械に利用することが可能である。   The permanent magnet manufactured by the above embodiment can be used for various electric machines such as a motor and a generator.

第１実施例における被処理部材と着磁装置の構成を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows the structure of the to-be-processed member and the magnetizing apparatus in 1st Example. 第２実施例における被処理部材と着磁装置の構成を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows the structure of the to-be-processed member and magnetizing apparatus in 2nd Example.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１１２…軸（回転軸）
５００…着磁装置
５１０…着磁処理ユニット
５１２…着磁ヨーク
５１２ａ，５１２ｂ…着磁ヨーク端
５１４…着磁コイル
５２０…収納部 112 ... axis (rotary axis)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 500 ... Magnetization apparatus 510 ... Magnetization processing unit 512 ... Magnetization yoke 512a, 512b ... Magnetization yoke end 514 ... Magnetization coil 520 ... Storage part

Claims (6)

永久磁石の着磁方法であって、
（ａ）着磁前の複数の磁石部材を非磁性部材で保持して成形した被処理部材を準備する工程と、
（ｂ）着磁装置を用いて前記被処理部材に着磁処理を行う工程と、
を備え、
前記被処理部材は、前記磁石部材を偶数個含む円盤状部材を有しており、
個々の前記磁石部材は略扇状の形状を有し、隣接する前記磁石部材の間には非磁性部材で埋められた隙間が設けられており、
前記着磁装置には、個々の前記磁石部材を挟んで２つの着磁ヨーク端がそれぞれ配置され、前記２つの着磁ヨーク端の間にほぼ直線的な磁束を発生させるように構成されており、
前記工程（ｂ）は、前記円盤状部材の厚み方向に沿って前記複数の磁石部材を同時に着磁するとともに、隣接する磁石部材を互いに逆向きに着磁する、着磁方法。 A method for magnetizing a permanent magnet,
(A) preparing a member to be processed which is formed by holding a plurality of magnet members before magnetization with a non-magnetic member;
(B) performing a magnetizing process on the member to be processed using a magnetizing apparatus;
With
The member to be processed has a disk-shaped member including an even number of the magnet members,
Each of the magnet members has a substantially fan shape, and a gap filled with a non-magnetic member is provided between the adjacent magnet members,
In the magnetizing device, two magnetized yoke ends are respectively arranged with the magnet members interposed therebetween, and a substantially linear magnetic flux is generated between the two magnetized yoke ends. ,
The step (b) is a magnetization method in which the plurality of magnet members are simultaneously magnetized along the thickness direction of the disk-shaped member, and adjacent magnet members are magnetized in opposite directions. 請求項１記載の着磁方法であって、
前記被処理部材はモータ用のロータである、
着磁方法。 The magnetization method according to claim 1,
The member to be processed is a rotor for a motor.
Magnetization method. 請求項２記載の着磁方法であって、
前記被処理部材は、前記円盤状部材に回転軸が固定されたロータである、
着磁方法。 The magnetization method according to claim 2,
The member to be processed is a rotor having a rotating shaft fixed to the disk-shaped member.
Magnetization method. 磁石部材を着磁するための着磁装置であって、
着磁コイルと着磁ヨークとを有する複数の着磁処理部と、
着磁前の複数の磁石部材を非磁性部材で保持して成形した被処理部材を収納する収納部と、
を備え、
前記被処理部材は、前記磁石部材を偶数個含む円盤状部材を有しており、
個々の前記磁石部材は略扇状の形状を有し、隣接する前記磁石部材の間には非磁性部材で埋められた隙間が設けられており、
前記複数の着磁処理部には、個々の前記磁石部材を挟んで２つの着磁ヨーク端がそれぞれ配置され、前記２つの着磁ヨーク端の間にほぼ直線的な磁束を発生させるように構成されており、
前記複数の着磁処理部は、前記収納部に収納された前記被処理部材に対して、前記円盤状部材の厚み方向に沿って前記複数の磁石部材を同時に着磁するとともに、隣接する磁石部材を互いに逆向きに着磁する、着磁装置。 A magnetizing device for magnetizing a magnet member,
A plurality of magnetization processing units each having a magnetization coil and a magnetization yoke;
A storage section for storing a target member formed by holding a plurality of magnet members before magnetization with a non-magnetic member;
With
The member to be processed has a disk-shaped member including an even number of the magnet members,
Each of the magnet members has a substantially fan shape, and a gap filled with a non-magnetic member is provided between the adjacent magnet members,
Two magnetized yoke ends are arranged in each of the plurality of magnetized processing portions with each magnet member interposed therebetween, and a substantially linear magnetic flux is generated between the two magnetized yoke ends. Has been
The plurality of magnetization processing units simultaneously magnetize the plurality of magnet members along the thickness direction of the disk-shaped member with respect to the member to be processed stored in the storage unit, and adjacent magnet members Magnetizers that magnetize the magnets in opposite directions. 請求項４記載の着磁装置であって、
前記被処理部材はモータ用のロータである、
着磁装置。 The magnetizing device according to claim 4, wherein
The member to be processed is a rotor for a motor.
Magnetizer. 請求項５記載の着磁装置であって、
前記被処理部材は、前記円盤状部材に回転軸が固定されたロータである、
着磁装置。 The magnetizing device according to claim 5, wherein
The member to be processed is a rotor having a rotating shaft fixed to the disk-shaped member.
Magnetizer.
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CN108777208B (en) * 2018-05-30 2020-06-30 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 Radial quadrupole magnetizing device of sealed magnetic static ring

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US6094119A (en) * 1998-12-15 2000-07-25 Eastman Kodak Company Permanent magnet apparatus for magnetizing multipole magnets
JP2000253630A (en) * 1999-03-03 2000-09-14 Sankyo Seiki Mfg Co Ltd Device and method for magnetizing magnet and magnet
JP2002199669A (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-07-12 Hitachi Ltd Magnetizing method for permanent magnet
JP4671277B2 (en) * 2005-04-12 2011-04-13 ミネベア株式会社 Ring permanent magnet magnetizer
JP2009124006A (en) * 2007-11-16 2009-06-04 Seiko Epson Corp Method and apparatus for magnetizing permanent magnet

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015009031A1 (en) * 2013-07-16 2015-01-22 삼성전자주식회사 Rotor and method of manufacturing same
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