JP4940157B2 - Driving method of display device - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a driving method of the display relates to equipment of the driving method, in particular for low power TFT (Thin Film Transistor) active matrix liquid crystal display device or a TFT active-matrix electrophoretic display device.

  In order to digitize content that has been provided in conventional paper, such as books and newspapers, a display device with display performance equivalent to that of printed materials is desired. However, even if the current display device has the highest definition, it is at most 200 ppi ( pixels per inch), far less than the definition of printed matter.

  In addition, the conventional display device has a problem of an increase in power consumption due to a large increase in the number of pixels even at a definition of about 200 ppi. The most effective method for reducing the power consumption is to reduce the frame frequency. As a method for realizing this, there is a method in which a pixel is provided with a memory.

A conventional example of a pixel circuit configuration related to the present invention in a liquid crystal display device having a memory in a pixel is disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 1 below. A conventional electrophoretic display device is disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 2 below. A conventional electrophoretic display device using a transparent insulating solvent is disclosed in Patent Document 3 below, for example. As a conventional example of an electrophoretic display device driven by an active matrix, for example, it is disclosed in Patent Document 4 below.
JP-A-2-272521 JP-A-9-185087 JP-A-11-202804 JP 2002-116734 A

  In order to perform ultra-high definition display equivalent to a printed matter, it is necessary to significantly increase the number of pixels per unit area as compared with a conventional display device. However, if an ultra-high-definition image display is to be performed using the conventional display device driving method, it is necessary to significantly increase the frequency of the reference clock, which greatly increases power consumption and is not practical.

  As a method of realizing high definition with low power consumption, a method of reducing the frame frequency by incorporating a memory in a pixel can be considered. However, when a memory circuit having a complicated configuration such as a static RAM or a memory circuit configuration having a CMOS transistor is used, it is difficult to achieve high definition.

  In order to achieve both high definition and low power consumption, a memory built-in pixel method having a single channel transistor configuration, which is the simplest configuration, is selected. The single-channel transistor built-in pixel method is composed of two single-channel transistors per pixel.

In the case of a CMOS transistor configuration, one of two reference power supply lines can be selected.
In the case of a single channel transistor configuration, since there is only one reference power supply line, there has been no method for switching from one state to the other without adversely affecting image display.

  An object of the present invention is to refresh an image signal memory and update an image without adversely affecting the display even if the frame frequency is reduced in a liquid crystal display device or electrophoretic display device having a single-channel transistor structure and a built-in memory. In order to achieve a display device that has both high-definition display performance equivalent to a printed material with a single-channel transistor structure and low power consumption by reducing the frame frequency.

  Note that the specific resistance of the electrophoresis material is lower than that of the liquid crystal, so in the conventional active matrix drive, the necessary drive voltage is set at a typical frame frequency of about 60 Hz, which is the update frequency of the electrical signal written to the pixel. Cannot write to the pixel.

  In order to write the necessary drive voltage to the pixel, a method of increasing the frame frequency or setting the drive voltage high can be considered, but this leads to an increase in power consumption and is not realistic.

  In addition, the electrophoretic display method is a display method that is basically two-tone display and driven by a DC voltage, unlike the liquid crystal display method.

  In order to perform multi-gradation display, it is necessary to perform area gradation display, which substantially increases the number of pixels. It is necessary to consider that an increase in the number of pixels does not lead to an increase in power consumption.

  Another problem to be solved by the present invention is to realize multi-gradation display with low power consumption in an electrophoretic display device.

  A plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, the pixels including at least a first transistor, a second transistor, an image signal memory, an electro-optic medium, and a common electrode; Connected to a signal line, a scanning line, and a reference voltage line, one of the drain and source of the first transistor is connected to the signal line, and the other of the drain and source of the first transistor is connected to the second transistor. Connected to the gate, the gate of the first transistor is connected to the scanning line, one of the drain or source of the second transistor is connected to the electro-optic medium, and the drain or source of the second transistor The other is connected to the reference voltage line, and the image signal memory is connected to the gate of the second transistor and the reference voltage line. The electro-optic medium is connected to one of the drain and source of the second transistor and the common electrode, and the driving method of scanning the reference voltage line in synchronization with the scanning line is as described above. Solve the problem.

  Further, in the above driving method, the potential of the reference voltage line is set to a common potential (common potential) in synchronization with the scanning line, and the potential of the node between the image signal memory and the second transistor is turned off. In the pixel to be set to the potential, the second transistor is turned off while the reference voltage line is at the common potential, and the potential of the node between the image signal memory and the second transistor is turned on. In the pixel to be brought into a state, the above problem is solved by keeping the potential of the signal line at high level at least when the potential of the scanning line is switched from high level to low level.

  Alternatively, a scanning period for scanning the scanning line and an image holding period for stopping the scanning line and holding the image display state are provided, and the potential of the signal line is turned off in the image holding period. The above problem is solved by setting the potential to be in a state.

  As described above, according to the present invention, in a pixel-type display device with a single-channel transistor structure, the image signal memory can be refreshed and the image can be updated without adversely affecting the display. A display device having both display performance and low power consumption can be realized.

  Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to quickly update an image in a display device that uses a display method having a display memory property and performs high-definition display.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.

  FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a display device of the present invention. The display device of the present invention includes a panel unit 101 which is a so-called active matrix substrate, which includes a display unit 107 including a plurality of pixels 102 arranged in a matrix, a scanning line driving circuit 103 which drives a scanning line 109, A reference voltage line driving circuit 104 that drives the reference voltage line 108 in synchronization with the scanning circuit 103, a timing controller 105, a signal line 110, a selector switch 106, and a signal line driving circuit 111 are included. The panel unit 101 includes an electro-optic medium 123. An arbitrary image can be displayed by controlling each pixel 102 electrically independently and controlling the luminance of each pixel.

  A timing signal and an image signal from a device including the display device of the present invention are input to the timing controller 105. The timing controller 105 controls the signal line driving circuit 111, the scanning line driving circuit 103, and the reference voltage line driving circuit 104.

  Although FIG. 1 shows a configuration in which the scanning line driving circuit 103 and the reference voltage line driving circuit 104 are provided independently, it is not always necessary to stick to this configuration. The scanning line driving circuit 103 and the reference voltage line driving circuit 104 may have a circuit configuration having both functions. In FIG. 1, the scanning line driving circuit 103 is provided on the left side of the panel unit 101 and the reference voltage line driving circuit 104 is provided on the right side. However, this is also an example, and other configuration examples include the scanning line driving circuit 103 and the reference line. One or both of the voltage line driver circuits 104 may be divided and provided on both sides of the panel portion 101.

  The selector switch 106 is provided when the interval between the adjacent signal lines 110 is narrow and the one-to-one connection with the signal line driver circuit 111 is difficult. The selector switch 106 is provided between the signal line driver circuit 111 and the signal line 110 and has a function of distributing a signal from the signal line driver circuit 111 to the signal line 110 in a time division manner. Note that the signal line driver circuit 111 and the signal line 110 are not necessarily provided as long as the signal line driver circuit 111 and the signal line 110 can be connected on a one-to-one basis. Control circuits such as the signal line driver circuit 111 and the timing controller 105 are provided separately from the panel portion in FIG. 1, but may be formed directly on the panel portion 101.

  FIG. 2 shows a circuit configuration of the pixel 102. In the first transistor 121, the gate is connected to the scanning line 109, one of the drain and the source is connected to the signal line 110, and the other of the drain and the source is connected to the gate of the image signal memory 124 and the second transistor 122. Yes. One of the drain and the source of the second transistor 122 is connected to the reference voltage line 108, and the other of the drain and the source is connected to the electro-optic medium 123. The opposite side of the electro-optic medium 123 from the second transistor 122 is connected to the common electrode 120. Depending on the type of the electro-optic medium 123, the common electrode 120 is provided on one or both of the same substrate and the opposite substrate as the TFT.

  The transistor in this embodiment is a thin film transistor (TFT). As the TFT, an amorphous silicon TFT or a polysilicon TFT can be used. Alternatively, an organic TFT using an organic semiconductor may be used.

In this embodiment, a case where a liquid crystal display method using liquid crystal is applied as the electro-optic medium 123 will be described. Specific examples of the liquid crystal display method include a reflective twisted nematic method, a cholesteric liquid crystal display method, a guest-host liquid crystal method, a reflective homeotropic ECB (Electrically Controlled Birefringence) method, and the like. Alternatively, a reflective in-plane switching method is also possible. In that case, the common electrode 120 is a TFT.
On the same substrate.

  The driving method of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5 show examples of the drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 in the i-th row.

  The drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is divided into a scanning period 126 and an image holding period 127. The scanning period 126 is a period for refreshing the image signal memory 124 and updating the state of the voltage applied to the electro-optic medium 123, that is, updating the display image. On the other hand, the image holding period 127 is a period in which scanning of the screen is paused and the display state of each pixel determined according to the state of the image signal memory 124 is held.

  The driving waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is basically an AC rectangular wave whose polarity is inverted every certain period with respect to the common potential (common potential) 137, but the scanning line corresponding only in the scanning period 126. Is driven to the common potential 137 at the timing of scanning. The relationship between the AC cycle of the drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 and the length of the scanning period 126 is arbitrary.

  As shown in FIG. 4, the AC cycle of the drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 may be the same as the cycle in which the scan period 126 is provided, or although not shown, the AC cycle is longer than the cycle in which the scan period 126 is provided. May be lengthened. In FIG. 3, the polarity switching timing and the scanning period 126 are synchronized, but it is not always necessary to synchronize. FIG. 5 corresponds to this. Alternatively, the polarity may be switched before and after setting the potential of the reference voltage line 108 to the common potential 137 for a certain period at the timing of scanning the corresponding scanning line 109.

  FIG. 6 shows a driving sequence of each scanning period 126 for refreshing the image signal memory 124 and updating the state of the voltage applied to the electro-optic medium 123, that is, updating the display image. The gate pulse signal 131 for selecting each scanning line 109 in the (i-1, i, i + 1) th row, the drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110, and each reference voltage line in the (i-1, i, i + 1) th row. An example of 108 drive waveforms (potentials) 136 is shown.

  The voltage control of the signal line is performed corresponding to each gate pulse signal 131, but the i scanning line selection period 133 is divided into two stages. First, there is a reset period 134 as the first stage, and an image signal writing period 135 as the next stage.

  The potential 132 of the signal line 110 in the reset period 134 is a potential (ON) that turns on the second transistor 122. As the potential 132 of the signal line 110 in the image signal writing period 135, one of two potentials (ON, OFF) is selected at the time of the fall of the gate pulse signal 131 depending on whether the image signal to be written is on or off. Are written in the image signal memory 124.

  The drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 corresponding to each scanning line 109 has the polarity inverted with respect to the common potential 137 for each scanning line, and is so-called inversion driving for each row. The drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 corresponding to each scanning line 109 is set to the common potential 137 in synchronization with the gate pulse signal 131.

  The first transistor 121 connected to the corresponding scanning line is turned on by the gate pulse signal 131, and the potential of the signal line 110 is at a potential for turning on the second transistor 122 in the reset period 134. The second transistor 122 is turned on regardless of the state of the image signal memory 124 until the reference voltage line 108 and the electro-optic medium 123 are in a low resistance state.

  At that time, since the potential of the reference voltage line 108 is at the common potential 137, both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 are substantially at the same potential. That is, in the reset period 134, the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 is reset to approximately 0V.

  In the subsequent image signal writing period 135, the image signal voltage in the drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110 is written into the image signal memory 124. The on state or the off state of the second transistor 122 is controlled in accordance with the state of the image signal memory 124.

  In the image signal writing period 135, when the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is at a potential for turning on the second transistor 122, that is, when the drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110 is ON, Even after the first transistor 121 is turned off after the image signal writing period corresponding to the scanning line between the reference voltage line 108 and the electro-optic medium 123, the reference voltage line 108 and The state in which the potential difference with respect to the common electrode 120 is applied to the electro-optic medium 123 is maintained.

  On the other hand, in the image signal writing period 135, when the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is at a potential for turning off the second transistor 122, that is, when the drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110 is OFF. The reference voltage line 108 and the electro-optic medium 123 are in a high resistance state, and the electro-optic medium 123 is substantially in a floating state. Since the second transistor 122 is turned off while the potential of the reference voltage line 108 is at the common potential 137, the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 is held in a state of approximately 0V.

  With the above drive sequence, the image signal memory 124 is refreshed and the state of the voltage applied to the electro-optic medium 123, that is, the display image is updated.

  FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of the drive sequence in each scanning period 126 for refreshing the image signal memory 124 and updating the state of the voltage applied to the electro-optic medium 123, that is, updating the display image. A gate pulse signal 131 for selecting each scanning line 109 in the (i-1, i, i + 1) th row, a drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110, and each reference voltage line 108 in the (i-1, i, i + 1) th row. An example of the drive waveform (potential) 136 is shown.

  The drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110 differs depending on whether the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optical medium 123 is approximately 0 V or the difference between the potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108 and the common potential 137. To do.

  The signal line drive waveform 132 (OFF) in FIG. 7 shows the signal line drive waveform when the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 is approximately 0 V. The signal line drive waveform 132 (ON) is the electro-optic drive waveform 132 (ON). The drive waveform of the signal line in the case where the potential difference between both ends of the medium 123 is the potential difference of the difference between the potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108 and the common potential 137 is shown. The drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110 is sampled at the time of falling of the gate pulse signal 131 and written to the image signal memory 124. That is, the drive waveform 132 (OFF) is sampled and written at a low level, and the drive waveform 132 (ON) is sampled and written at a high level.

  The drive waveform 132 of the signal line in FIG. 7 shows a waveform in which several consecutive pixels in the column direction are all in the OFF state or the ON state, but the actual drive waveform is mixed in time according to the image signal. Waveform.

  In the driving sequence shown in FIG. 6, even when the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is the potential for turning on the second transistor 122 in the previous scanning period, and is the same potential in the current scanning period. In the reset period 134, the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 was approximately 0V. Therefore, when the response time of the electro-optic medium 123 is sufficiently longer than the reset period 134, the electro-optic medium 123 does not respond even if the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 is set to approximately 0 V only during the reset period 134. Although the display is not affected, when the gas optical medium 123 having a response time equivalent to that of the reset period 134 is used, there is a possibility that the display is affected in response, for example, flickering, and the display is adversely affected.

  On the other hand, in the driving sequence shown in FIG. 7, the second transistor 122 is turned on in a period in which the first transistor 121 is selected and the driving waveform 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is controlled to the common potential 137 potential. Only a pixel whose potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 is set to approximately 0 V can be set in the state.

  According to the driving sequence of FIG. 7, even when the optical optical medium 123 whose response time is equivalent to that of the reset period 134 is used, refreshing of the image signal memory 124 and electro-optics of the pixels in the floating state are performed without adversely affecting the display. The operation of resetting the potential at both ends of the medium 123 to approximately 0 V and the updating of the image display can be performed simultaneously.

  A driving sequence of the signal line 110 in the image holding period 127 will be described with reference to FIG. The figure shows a driving sequence of the reference voltage line 108, the scanning line 109, and the signal line 110.

  In order to drive at a low frequency, it is necessary to consider the off resistance of the first transistor 121 and the second transistor 122. The off-resistance refers to electric resistance when the gate voltage of a transistor is controlled to maintain a high resistance state between the source and the drain. The off resistance of the first transistor 121 is important for maintaining the state of the image signal memory 124.

  When the off resistance of the first transistor 121 is low, the state of the image signal memory 124 changes due to the influence of the potential of the signal line 110. When the state of the image signal memory 124 changes and the electric resistance between the source and drain of the second transistor 122 changes, the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 may fluctuate, resulting in luminance fluctuation.

  If the potential state of the image signal memory 124 in the off state is not maintained, the resistance of the second transistor 122 fluctuates and the floating state is not maintained, and the second potential of the electro-optic medium 123 due to the potential fluctuation of the reference voltage line 108 The potential on the transistor 122 side fluctuates, and the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 cannot be maintained at 0V. As a result, the display state changes to an unintended luminance and image quality deterioration occurs. The change in the luminance state proceeds with time, and is reset to a desirable luminance state when the image signal memory is refreshed. Therefore, flicker is generated in synchronization with the refresh cycle of the image signal memory.

  The potential state of the image signal memory 124 can be controlled by setting the potential 132 of the signal line 110 in the holding period 127 to a constant potential. When the constant potential is set to a potential substantially equal to a signal potential (off potential) for turning off the second transistor 122, the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 in the off potential state does not vary, and the second transistor The off state of 122 is maintained.

  Alternatively, even when the potential of the signal line 110 is set to be floating in the holding period 127, the fixed potential is set to a potential substantially equal to the signal potential (off potential) for turning off the second transistor 122 once, and then the floating is set. It is desirable to take a drive sequence.

  The off-resistance of the second transistor 122 is important for maintaining the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123. When the off-resistance of the second transistor 122 is low, the potential at a point between the electro-optic medium 123 and the second transistor 122 varies with time due to the influence of the potential of the reference voltage line 108. As a result, the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 fluctuates, so that an unintended luminance variation occurs and is visually recognized as flicker.

  When the second transistor 122 is off, the potential of the electro-optic medium 123 on the second transistor 122 side is the difference between the potential of the reference voltage line 108 and the potential of the common electrode 120. It is determined by the partial pressure between the off-resistance and the resistance of the electro-optic medium 123. Therefore, in order to suppress the potential fluctuation on the second transistor 122 side of the electro-optic medium 123, the electro-optic medium 123 between the pixel electrode (reflection electrode) connected to the second transistor 122 and the common electrode 120 is used. Is preferably lower than the off-resistance of the second transistor 122.

  On the other hand, a case where the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is at a potential (on potential) for turning on the second transistor 122 will be described.

  During the holding period 127, the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 at the on potential gradually approaches the potential of the signal line 110 set to a potential substantially equal to the off potential with time. Although the voltage between the reference voltage line 108 and the common electrode 120 is divided by the second transistor 122 and the electro-optic medium 123, the resistance of the second transistor 122 is sufficiently higher than the resistance of the electro-optic medium 123. While the voltage is low, the divided voltage to the second transistor 122 in the voltage between the reference voltage line 108 and the common electrode 120 is negligible.

  Further, as a display method using the electro-optic medium 123, if a method in which there is almost no luminance fluctuation when the voltage is reduced by the divided voltage to the second transistor 122 is applied, ultra-low frequency driving of 1 Hz or less is also possible. It becomes possible.

  FIG. 9 shows a third embodiment of the drive sequence. The difference between FIG. 9 and FIG. 7 is that the falling of the pulse of the drive waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 is changed before the falling of the gate pulse 131 of the corresponding scanning line 109. In this driving method, the driving sequence of the driving waveform 132 (OFF) of the signal line 110 is the same as that in FIG.

  On the other hand, the drive sequence of the drive waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 is as follows. When the gate pulse 131 of a certain scanning line 109 rises, the first transistor 121 is on, and when the driving waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 rises, the second transistor 122 is turned on. At this time, the potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is at a positive potential or a negative potential, and a voltage between the positive potential or the negative potential and the common potential 137 is applied to the electro-optic medium 123.

  Thereafter, the drive waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 falls and the second transistor 122 is turned off. At this time, the electro-optical medium 123 has the positive potential 136 or the negative potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108. Is held, and this held potential is applied. Thereafter, the gate pulse 131 of the scanning line 109 falls and the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is sampled to hold the second transistor 122 in the OFF state.

  By applying this driving method, a variation in threshold voltage that may occur when an amorphous silicon TFT is applied as the second transistor 122 can be suppressed.

  In FIG. 9, the timing at which the potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is set to the common potential 137 is set before the gate pulse 131, but the timings of the drive waveforms 132 (OFF) and 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 are changed. It may be replaced later.

  In the present driving method, the potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108 other than when the gate pulse 131 is in a rising state is basically arbitrary, and may be in a floating state, for example, during the image holding period 127.

  When this driving method is applied, a common line 129 is provided in the pixel circuit as shown in FIG. 10, and a storage capacitor 128 is provided between the common line and the second transistor 122 side of the electro-optic medium 123. The potential between the second transistor 122 and the electro-optic medium 123 may be stable.

  In the present driving method, the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is always a potential that keeps the second transistor 122 in an off state. When the image signal memory 124 is formed between the gate of the second transistor 122 and the common line 129, the potential of the node 125 may be stable.

  11 and 12 show layout examples of the pixel 102 in the active matrix of the present invention. The pixel 102 includes a first transistor 121 having an amorphous silicon layer 145 at the intersection of the signal line 110 and the scanning line 109, and an image signal is applied to the source electrode on the opposite side of the signal line 110 of the first transistor 121. A second transistor 122 having a gate connected via a memory 124 and a through-hole contact 142 is provided.

  The first transistor 121 and the second transistor 122 in this embodiment are amorphous silicon TFTs using an amorphous silicon layer 145 as a semiconductor layer. The source electrode of the first transistor 121 forms a capacitance between the reference voltage line 108 and the source or drain of the second transistor 122 and the electrode 144 connected through the through-hole contact 143, and the image signal memory It functions as 124. One of the source and drain of the second transistor 122 is connected to the reference voltage line 108 via a through-hole contact 143, and the other one is connected to the reflective electrode (pixel electrode) 146 shown in FIG. Connected to.

  11, FIG. 15, FIG. 16, FIG. 16, the cross section AA ′, the cross section BB ′, the cross section CC ′, the cross section DD ′, and the cross section EE ′ in FIG. 11 and FIG. 17 shows. 17 is a cross-sectional view including the liquid crystal layer 166 and the substrate 163, and the other is a cross-sectional view of the substrate 150 on the active matrix side. 14 to 16, four layers of metal wiring 151, 152, 144, and 146 are stacked between the layers via insulating films 147, 148, and 149.

  In FIG. 13, the through-hole contact 141 connects the metal wiring 151 corresponding to the source or drain of the second transistor 122 and the reflective electrode 146.

  In FIG. 14, the through-hole contact 142 connects the metal wiring 152 corresponding to the gate of the second transistor 122 and the metal wiring 151 corresponding to the source or drain of the first transistor 121.

  In FIG. 15, the through-hole contact 143 connects the metal wiring 152 corresponding to the reference voltage line 108, the metal wiring 151 corresponding to the source or drain of the second transistor 122, and the electrode 144 forming the image signal memory 124. ing.

  In FIG. 16, an electrode 144 forming the image signal memory 124 is connected to a metal wiring 152 corresponding to the reference voltage line 108 via the through-hole contact 143 shown in FIG. An electrode is formed, and a metal wiring 151 corresponding to the source or drain of the first transistor 121 is formed between the electrode 144 and the metal wiring 152, and the other electrode of the image signal memory 124 is formed. As described above, the image signal memory 124 is formed of two or more wiring layers and one or more insulating layers.

13 to 16, the insulating film 147 and the insulating film 148 are silicon nitride films formed by a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method. As the insulating film 149, a thermoplastic resin was used. As the reflective electrode 146, aluminum was used in order to increase the reflectance of light. As the electrode 144, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) was used also as the uppermost electrode layer of the terminal portion for electrical connection with the outside of the substrate (not shown). As the metal wiring layer 151 and the metal wiring layer 152, an alloy of molybdenum and chromium was used.

  FIG. 17 shows alignment films 165 and 167, a liquid crystal layer 166, a transparent electrode 164, a light shielding layer (black matrix) 168, a protective layer 169, and a substrate 163 facing the active matrix substrate 150. And retardation films 161 and 162 and a polarizing plate 160 on the side surface of the substrate 163 opposite to the liquid crystal layer 166. FIG. 17 shows an example of monochrome display, and a color filter layer is further added to perform color display.

  Although not shown in FIG. 17, by attaching a scattering film, appropriate scattering properties can be obtained, the viewing angle is widened, and a display closer to paper is possible. Further, the polarizing plate 160 may be provided with scattering properties. Alternatively, the insulating layer 149 is processed to be uneven, or the insulating layer 149 and the reflective electrode 146 are newly provided with an insulating layer, and the reflective electrode 146 formed thereon is processed to be uneven. By doing so, moderate scattering property can be imparted to the reflected light, the viewing angle is widened, and a display closer to paper becomes possible. It is more desirable to impart scattering to the reflective electrode 146 also from the viewpoint of resolution.

  In this embodiment, an example in which amorphous silicon TFTs are used as the first transistor 121 and the second transistor 122 has been described. However, the present invention is not necessarily limited to this, and polysilicon TFTs may be used.

  An example in which an electrophoretic display medium is used as the electro-optical medium 123 in the display device of the present invention will be described. FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the electrophoretic display device of the present invention. The electrophoretic display medium includes charged particles 171 and an insulating solvent 181.

  As the charged particles 171, various organic pigments and inorganic pigments can be used, and various colors can be selected depending on the material. For black, for example, carbon black, graphite, black iron oxide, ivory black, chromium dioxide and the like can be used, and these may be used alone or in combination. Furthermore, these pigments are coated with a dispersing agent such as an acrylic polymer to improve dispersibility, and using a surfactant that increases the zeta potential of particles is preferable because the stability and response speed of charged particles are improved. is there.

  As the insulating solvent 181, any of xylene, toluene, silicon oil, liquid paraffin, chlorinated organic substances, various hydrocarbons, various aromatic hydrocarbons, and the like can be used. From the viewpoint of light utilization efficiency, it is preferable to have a high transmittance, from the viewpoint of life, to have a high insulating property that does not generate ions when voltage is applied, and from the aspect of movement speed, a low viscosity is preferable. Silicon oil was used as an insulating solvent 181 and carbon black particles having a diameter of 0.2 μm coated with a resin were dispersed at a concentration of 4 wt%, and this was sealed between both substrates and sealed.

  The substrate 150 on the active matrix side is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment. A patterned common electrode 177 is formed on the substrate 163. A part of the common electrode 177 is formed so as to overlap with the partition wall 170 and is shared between adjacent pixels. This is an important configuration for maximizing the aperture ratio, which is the ratio of the aperture to the pixels. The common electrode 177 may be formed of a transparent conductive film or a metal thin film.

  The carbon black particles 171 were positively charged, and when the reflective electrode 146 and the common electrode 177 were set to the same potential, the carbon black particles 171 were dispersed on the reflective electrode 146, and black display was confirmed from the substrate 163 side. On the other hand, when a voltage was applied so that the potential of the reflective electrode 146 was 10 V higher than the potential of the common electrode 177, the carbon black particles 171 gathered on the common electrode 177, and white display was confirmed from the substrate 163 side.

When adjacent pixels are in different display states, a horizontal electric field is generated between adjacent pixels. If there is no partition 170 between adjacent pixels, the charged particles 171 may move across the pixel boundary. When this phenomenon progresses extremely, the charged particle concentration at each location of the display unit 107 shown in FIG. 1 changes and display unevenness occurs. In order to prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to separate the regions spatially by providing partition walls 170 so that charged particles do not diffuse beyond a certain range. The region is a region including at least one sub-pixel (shown in FIG. 37) or pixel. In this embodiment, a partition 170 for spatially separating the electrophoretic display medium is provided for each pixel.
The partition 170 was formed using a thermoplastic resin.

  The electro-optical characteristics of the electrophoretic display medium used in the display device of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 19 to FIG. 21 shows the potential of the reflective electrode 146 with respect to the common electrode 177, that is, the pixel voltage, and corresponds to the drive waveform. On the other hand, the lower part of each drawing in FIGS. 19 to 21 shows the response waveform of the luminance. The horizontal axis is time in all drawings.

In the drive waveform of FIG. 19, the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is 8 V from 500 ms to 2500 ms and from 4500 ms to 5000 ms, and is the same potential as the common electrode 177 in other periods. 500ms and 450
In the vicinity of 0 ms, immediately after the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is switched from 0 V to 8 V, the brightness rapidly increases and becomes bright, and in the vicinity of 2500 ms, the brightness gradually decreases immediately after the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is switched from 8 V to 0 V. It is dark. However, the change from the bright state to the dark state is slow, and for example, a response time of 1 second or more is required to obtain a contrast ratio of 5: 1 which is a contrast ratio similar to that of a newspaper. The transition from the bright state to the dark state is realized by the natural diffusion of the charged particles 171 attracted to the common electrode 177 throughout the pixel, but the response time is slow.

  The drive waveform in FIG. 20 is such that the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is 8 V from 500 ms to 2500 ms and 4500 ms to 5000 ms, and is −5 V in other periods. In the vicinity of 500 ms and 4500 ms, the brightness sharply increases immediately after the potential of the reflective electrode 146 switches from -5 V to 8 V, and becomes bright. The brightness is low and the screen is dark. However, the contrast ratio is as low as 3 or less. This is because the charged particles 171 attracted to the common electrode 177 are effectively peeled off by setting the potential of the reflective electrode 146 to −5 V, but the charged particles 171 are substantially opposite to the common electrode 177. Since it is attracted to 146 and stays there and the diffusion to the whole pixel is suppressed, the luminance in the dark state is not lowered and the reaching contrast ratio is low.

FIG. 21 shows a driving method for solving the problems of the driving methods shown in FIGS. The drive waveform in FIG. 21 is set to the same potential as the common electrode 177 after the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is set to 8V from 500 ms to 2500 ms and from 4500 ms to 5000 ms, and the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is set to −5 V for a short period of 2500 ms. In the process where the brightness of the reflective electrode 146 suddenly increases and becomes bright immediately after the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is switched from 0V to 8V in the vicinity of 500 ms and 4500 ms, and the potential of the reflective electrode 146 is switched from 8V to -5V and further becomes 0V in the vicinity of 2500 ms. The brightness suddenly decreases and the screen is dark.
The reached brightness in the dark state is also lower than in FIGS. 19 and 20, and a display with a high contrast ratio is obtained.

  FIG. 22 shows a driving sequence of the reference voltage line 108, the scanning line 109, and the signal line 110. The driving sequence is roughly divided into two stages: a scanning period 126 (126A and 126B) and an image holding period 127. The scanning period 126 is a period for refreshing the image signal memory 124 and updating the state of the voltage applied to the electro-optic medium 123, that is, updating the display image. On the other hand, the image holding period 127 is a period in which scanning of the screen is paused and the display state of each pixel determined according to the state of the image signal memory 124 is held. The scanning period 126 is further divided into a first scanning period 126A and a second scanning period 126B.

  The drive waveform 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is set to a reset potential 173 for a certain period at the timing of scanning the corresponding scanning line in the first scanning period 126A, and the timing of scanning the corresponding scanning line in the second scanning period 126B. The common potential 137 is set for a certain period, and the other period is set to a positive potential with respect to the common electrode 177.

  Each scanning line 109 is scanned in each of the first scanning period 126A and the second scanning period 126B. The signal line 110 supplies a driving waveform corresponding to the image data in each of the first scanning period 126A and the second scanning period 126B, and the second transistor 122 is turned off in the image holding period 127. A potential 132 is set. This is to prevent the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 that keeps the second transistor 122 off in the image holding period 127 from fluctuating through the off resistance of the first transistor.

  The driving method will be described in more detail with reference to FIGS. FIG. 23 is a timing chart of a period for scanning arbitrary three scanning lines in the first scanning period 126A. FIG. 24 is a timing chart of a period during which any three scanning lines in the second scanning period 126B are scanned.

  The drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110 differs depending on whether the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optical medium 123 is approximately 0 V or the difference between the potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108 and the common potential 137. To do. A driving waveform 132 (OFF) of the signal line 110 indicates a driving waveform of the signal line when the potential difference between both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 is approximately 0 V, and a driving waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 indicates the electro-optic medium. A signal line drive waveform in a case where the potential difference between both ends of 123 is the potential difference of the difference between the potential 136 of the reference voltage line 108 and the common potential 137 is shown.

  The drive waveform 132 of the signal line 110 in FIGS. 23 and 24 shows a waveform in which several consecutive pixels in the column direction are all in an OFF state or an ON state. However, the actual drive waveform is time-dependent depending on the image signal. It becomes a mixed waveform.

  In FIG. 23, the case where the drive waveform 132 (OFF) is applied to the signal line 110, for example, the i-th scanning line 109 will be described. In synchronization with the rise of the gate pulse 131 corresponding to the i-th scanning line 109 and the turning on of the first transistor 121, the driving waveform 136 of the corresponding reference voltage line 108 is changed from the positive potential to the reset potential 173. To do. Immediately thereafter, the drive waveform 132 (OFF) of the signal line 110 rises, and the first transistor 121 is in an on state, so that the second transistor 122 is also in an on state.

  Since the potential of the drive waveform 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is at the reset potential 173, a negative voltage is applied to the electro-optical medium 123 with respect to the common electrode 120. Subsequently, since the drive waveform 132 (OFF) of the signal line 110 falls and the first transistor 121 is on, the electro-optic medium 123 is in a state where a negative voltage is applied to the common electrode 120. The second transistor 122 is turned off while being maintained. Subsequently, the potential of the drive waveform 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is returned from the reset potential 173 to the positive potential, and the gate pulse 131 is lowered while the potential of the drive waveform 132 (OFF) of the signal line 110 is at a low level. Therefore, the first transistor 121 is turned off in a state where the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is a potential that holds the second transistor 122 in an off state.

  Next, in FIG. 23, for example, the i-th scanning line 109 will be described in the case where the drive waveform 132 (ON) is applied to the signal line 110. The driving waveform 136 of the corresponding reference voltage line 108 is changed from the positive potential to the reset potential 173 in synchronization with the rise of the gate pulse 131 corresponding to the i-th scanning line 109 and the first transistor 121 being turned on. The potential is positive again. Thereafter, the drive waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 rises, and the first transistor 121 is in an on state, so that the second transistor 122 is also in an on state. Since the potential of the drive waveform 136 of the reference voltage line 108 is at a positive potential, a positive voltage is applied to the common electrode 120 in the electro-optic medium 123.

  Subsequently, the gate pulse 131 falls, and the first transistor 121 is turned off in a state where the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 holds the second transistor 122 in the on state. Further, the drive waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 is lowered. In this case, the second transistor 122 is kept on by the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 until the next scanning period 126 is reached. Therefore, during the image holding period 127, a voltage between the reference voltage line 108 and the common electrode 120 is applied to the electro-optic medium 123 via the second transistor 122.

  FIG. 24 shows a drive sequence in which the set potential of the pulse synchronized with the gate pulse 131 of the drive waveform 136 of the reference voltage line 108 in FIG. 23 is changed from the reset potential 173 to the common potential 137.

  By applying the circuit configuration and driving method of the present invention, both high-speed response and contrast ratio can be achieved. This is because ink particles 171 are attracted to the second electrode 146 by black voltage writing to the second electrode 146, but the first transistor 122 is off and the specific resistance of the ink is low. The potential difference between the electrode 177 and the second electrode 146 decreases with time. As the potential difference between the first electrode 177 and the second electrode 146 decreases, the ink particles 171 diffuse from the electrode and are uniformly dispersed. Therefore, a desired black luminance can be obtained and a high contrast ratio can be realized.

  23 and FIG. 24 is changed, and the rising edge of the gate pulse 131 of the scanning line 109 corresponding to the falling edge of the driving waveform 132 (ON) of the signal line 110 is changed as shown in FIG. 9 in the first embodiment. It is also possible to change before going down.

  A modification of this driving method will be described with reference to FIG. The difference from FIG. 23 is the drive waveform 136 of the reference voltage line 108. In FIG. 25, after the reset potential 173 is set in synchronization with the gate pulse 131 of the scanning line 109, the potential of the node 125 of the image signal memory 124 is changed to the potential for turning off the second transistor 122. While the drive waveform 132 (OFF) is at the high level, the common potential 137 is set. With this driving method, reset and diffusion of charged particles can be performed in one scan.

  26 to 34 show examples of the configuration of the partition wall 170 and the common electrode 177. FIG. FIG. 26 is an enlarged view of the partition 170 shown in FIG. A partition 170 is provided between the reflective electrodes 146 in the active matrix substrate, and the common electrode 177 provided on the other substrate 163 is overlapped and attached. Since the common electrode 177 contributes to both adjacent pixels as a common electrode, it is possible to increase the aperture ratio, which is the ratio of the area contributing to display in the entire area. When a light-absorbing material is used for the partition wall 170, even when the common electrode 177 is a transparent electrode, external light can be prevented from entering the TFT region from the gap between the reflective electrodes 146.

  The difference between FIG. 27 and FIG. 26 is that a light shielding layer 168 is provided between the substrate 163 and the common electrode 177. The light shielding layer 168 has a function of preventing light from entering from a gap between adjacent pixels when the common electrode 177 is formed of a transparent conductive film. On the other hand, when the common electrode 177 is formed of a metal thin film, the common electrode 177 has a function of preventing unnecessary reflection.

  In FIG. 28, an adhesion layer 174 is formed on the common electrode 177. The adhesion layer 174 is formed of, for example, an organic transparent insulating film, and has an effect of increasing the adhesion between the two substrates 150 and 163.

  In FIG. 29, a protective layer 175 is provided over the reflective electrode 146. This is for preventing corrosion of the reflective electrode 146.

FIG. 30 shows an embodiment in which the protective layer 176 on the reflective electrode 146 is formed up to the partition wall 170 by coating.

  FIG. 31 shows an embodiment in which the partition 178 is formed on the common electrode 177.

  FIG. 32 shows an embodiment in which the partition 178 is formed on the substrate 163 and then the common electrode 177 is formed so as to cover the partition 178. A protective layer 179 is provided on the reflective electrode 146 in order to maintain insulation from the common electrode 177. According to this configuration, the common electrode 177 becomes a wall electrode and the area for adsorbing the charged particles 171 increases. On the other hand, the area of the display device when the charged particles 171 are collected is reduced from the observer of the display device. Can be increased.

  FIG. 33 shows an example in which a light shielding layer 168 required when the common electrode 177 of FIG. 32 is formed of a transparent conductive film is provided.

  FIG. 34 shows an embodiment in which a protective layer 180 for maintaining the insulation between the common electrode 177 and the reflective electrode 146 is provided on the common electrode 177. Of course, a protective layer for maintaining insulation between the common electrode 177 and the reflective electrode 146 may be provided on both the substrates 150 and 163.

  FIG. 35 shows a layout example of the pixel 102 and the common electrode 177, and an electrode for drawing the common electrode 177 to the outside is formed on the side surface.

  FIG. 36 shows an example of print formation of the charged particles 171 and the insulating solvent 181. Since the electrophoretic display device of the present invention is provided with partition walls in units of pixels, the liquid crystal material is sealed in a process in which an empty cell is formed by bonding two substrates together like a liquid crystal display device. Panel formation is difficult. As a method for uniformly dispersing the charged particles 171 and the insulating solvent 181 in each pixel, inkjet printing is suitable. By scanning the inside of the partition wall 192 provided around the display area with the printer head 190, the ink 191 composed of the charged particles 171 and the insulating solvent 181 is uniformly dispersed over the front surface of the display area.

  Since the display device of the present invention performs binary display in units of one pixel, it is necessary to perform dither gradation display for gradation. When a display device for monochrome display is configured with all square pixels, 5 gradations in 2 × 2 pixel units, 10 gradations in 3 × 3 pixel units, 17 gradations in 4 × 4 pixel units, 5 × 5 A gradation display of (n2 + 1) gradations can be made in n × n pixel units, such as 26 gradations in pixel units. However, the definition at the time of gradation display is reduced to 1 / n. Further, when performing color display, the definition is further reduced to one third.

  As shown in FIG. 37, the use of sub-pixels can suppress a reduction in definition during gradation display. A gradation display method using subpixels will be described with reference to FIG. One pixel 201 includes two sub-pixels 201A and 201B. In the case of the R pixel, the subpixel is described as 201RA, 201RB, for example. Gray scale display is performed by m × m pixels 201. The area ratio of the subpixels is n: 1, and at this time, there is a relationship of n = m2 + 1. Table 1 below shows the number of gradations for several m.

  For example, when m = 1, the pixel 201 is divided into sub-pixels having an area ratio of 2: 1 when n = 2. For gradation 1, only the sub-pixel with area ratio 1 is turned on, for gradation 2, only the sub-pixel with area ratio 2 is turned on, and for gradation 3, both sub-pixels are turned on. In this way, four gradations including gradation 0 can be displayed. When m = 2, the pixel 201 is divided into sub-pixels having an area ratio of 5: 1 when n = 5. For gradation 1, only one of the sub-pixels with an area ratio of 1 is turned on, for gradation 2, only two of the sub-pixels with an area ratio of 1 are turned on, and for gradation 3, the area ratio of 1 Only three of the sub-pixels are turned ON, and for gradation 4, all of the sub-pixels having an area ratio of 1 are turned ON. Next, for gradation 5, only one of the sub-pixels with an area ratio of 5 is turned on, and for gradation 6, only one of the sub-pixels with an area ratio of 5 and one of the sub-pixels with an area ratio of 1 are turned on. And In this way, 25 gradations including gradation 0 can be displayed.

  Thus, for example, in the case of 3 × 3 pixels, compared to square pixels, the number of gradations is 10 in the case of square pixels, whereas this gradation display method can display 100 gradations.

  Next, the case where the partition 170, the common electrode 177, and the light shielding layer 168 are formed on the active matrix substrate 150 side by printing will be described.

  FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional view of a panel to which a partition wall structure formed by a reverse printing method is applied. The common electrode layer 177 and the black matrix 168 are sequentially stacked on the partition wall 170 by using the pattern of the partition wall 170 as a plate by reverse printing.

  FIG. 39 is a schematic diagram of a process of forming the partition 170 by the reverse printing method. The reverse printing method is a printing method mainly having ink repellency, and the printing process includes the following steps (1), (2), and (3).

  (1) A step of forming an ink application surface 222 by applying ink onto the ink repellent blanket 220 of the ink transfer cylinder 221 by the ink application device 223.

  (2) A step of transferring and removing ink from the ink application surface 222 of the transfer cylinder 221 with the image forming plate 224 in which a reverse pattern of a desired printing pattern is a convex portion.

  (3) Transfer process for transferring the ink remaining on the transfer cylinder 221 onto the substrate 150

  FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram of a process of forming the common electrode 177 on the partition wall 170 by application of the reverse printing method. In order to form the common electrode 177, the partition 170, which is the lower layer structure, is used as an image forming plate, so that each layer can be transferred and laminated with the ink from the ink application surface 225 by self-alignment with the lower layer structure. The image forming plate 224 (FIG. 39) is unnecessary. In addition, since the layers are stacked by self-alignment, the common electrode layer 177 can be formed thick. The advantage of forming the metal layer 177 thick is that when the charged particles 171 are collected on the common electrode layer 177, the spread of the particles in the display surface direction is suppressed, and a high aperture ratio can be secured.

  Alternatively, when an organic material is used as the material of the partition wall 170, the shape can be controlled by heat treatment. The upper surface can be made thinner than the lower surface in contact with the substrate 150. Since the common electrode layer 177 and the light shielding layer (black matrix) 168 to be stacked are formed on the basis of the size of the upper surface of the partition wall 170, the size can be made smaller than the size of the lower surface of the partition wall 170. A space generated in the pixel by this structure becomes a buffer region when the charged particles 171 are attracted to the common electrode 177, and an effect of increasing the aperture ratio is obtained.

  In the configuration shown in FIG. 38, an uneven layer composed of the uneven structure 240 and the leveling layer 149 is formed below the reflective electrode 146. Therefore, the shape of the reflective electrode 146 is an uneven surface following the shape of the underlying uneven layer, and has a function of scattering incident light to the display device. The concavo-convex structure 240 is formed by processing a convex surface shape of a resin layer formed by patterning by heat treatment.

  The leveling layer 149 is formed by coating, and the connection portion between the reflective electrode 146 and the lower layer electrode is removed. The leveling layer 149 may be formed of a single layer film, or may be formed of two or more layers. Further, it is desirable that at least one of the films constituting the leveling layer 149 is formed using a black resin.

  FIG. 38 shows a laminated configuration example of the first leveling layer 149A made of a transparent resin and the second leveling layer 149B made of a black resin. The reason for using the black resin as the leveling layer is to prevent incident light on the display device from entering the first transistor 121 and the second transistor 122 through the gap between the reflective electrodes 146. That is, the leveling layer 149B made of a black resin functions as a light shielding layer.

  When light is applied to the semiconductor layers of the first transistor 121 and the second transistor 122, light-induced electrical conduction occurs and an unintended operation occurs. In addition, unlike the conventional display device, the display device of the present invention is characterized by performing low-frequency driving with a frame frequency of 60 Hz or less, so that the influence of abnormal operation due to light-induced electrical conduction is greater than that of the conventional display device.

  The light-blocking layer 168 formed on the counter substrate 163 or the common electrode layer 177 also has a function of blocking incident light from the outside of the display device. However, light incident on the display device from an oblique direction passes through the gap between the reflective electrodes 146. It cannot be prevented.

  On the other hand, the leveling layer 149 </ b> B made of black resin is formed so as to cover all the gaps between the reflective electrodes 146, and thus can block all the light incident from the gaps between the reflective electrodes 146. As another method for forming the concavo-convex layer, there is a method in which the black resin layer formed by coating is phase-separated by heat treatment. Alternatively, a photosensitive film having a concavo-convex structure may be used.

  The difference between the present embodiment and the first and second embodiments is that a display method having a display memory property is employed. Here, “having display memory” means that the displayed state is maintained even when the power is turned off.

  Examples of display methods with memory characteristics include electrophoretic display method, electrochromic display method, cholesteric liquid crystal display method, liquid movement display method, bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display method, ferroelectric liquid crystal display method, and antiferroelectric Liquid crystal display system and the like. A display method suitable for the present embodiment is not limited to the display methods listed here, and any display method having a display memory property can be applied.

  The first problem of the memory display method is that it is necessary to continuously supply voltage or current until the response is completed when rewriting an image. When driving a memory-type display system with a conventional active matrix having a one-transistor one-capacitor configuration, if the response time of the electro-optic medium is longer than one frame period for scanning the screen, the screen scanning is repeated many times to obtain a desired voltage. It is necessary to continue to apply to the electro-optic medium 123.

  A second problem of the memory display method is that the specific resistance of the electro-optic medium is lower than that of a normal liquid crystal. When a memory-type display method is driven by a conventional active matrix having a one-transistor one-capacitor configuration, leakage occurs due to the low specific resistance of the electro-optic medium, and the voltage written in the capacitor cannot be held for one frame period. . As a result, the effective applied voltage to the electro-optic medium decreases, so the number of screen scans during image rewriting further increases, and the time required for image rewriting is the same potential drive voltage continuously from the electro-optic medium. It becomes longer than the response time when the voltage is continuously applied.

  These problems are not so great as the number of lines of the display is very small, but become a serious problem when the display becomes high definition and the total number of lines greatly increases.

  Since there is a lower limit for one line selection period that can be taken from the limitation of the on-resistance of the transistor, a large increase in the total number of lines leads to an increase in the scanning period for one frame. Further, as the scanning period for one frame is increased, the effective applied voltage to the electro-optic medium is further lowered, so that the necessary number of scans is also increased. Therefore, in a conventional display that drives a memory display method with an active matrix having a one-transistor one-capacitor configuration, the time required for image rewriting increases significantly as the display becomes higher in definition. The operability of an apparatus having a display that requires a long period for switching the screen is remarkably poor.

  A pixel circuit configuration and a driving method for solving this problem will be described below. The pixel circuit configuration is the circuit configuration shown in FIG. In other words, the gate of the first transistor 121 is connected to the scanning line 109, one of the drain and the source is connected to the signal line 110, and the other of the drain and the source is the image signal memory 124 and the second transistor 122. Connected to the gate.

  One of the drain and the source of the second transistor 122 is connected to the reference voltage line 108, and the other of the drain and the source is connected to the electro-optic medium 123. The opposite side of the electro-optic medium 123 from the second transistor 122 is connected to the common electrode 120. Depending on the type of the electro-optic medium 123, the common electrode 120 is provided on one or both of the same substrate and the opposite substrate as the TFT.

  FIG. 41 is a schematic diagram of drive waveforms in this embodiment. The horizontal axis indicates time, and is broadly divided into an image rewriting period 218 and an image holding period 217. The image rewriting period 218 is further divided into a scanning period (a) 210, a scanning period (d) 215, a holding period (A) 211, and a holding period (B) 214.

  The potential 136 of the reference voltage line is set to VRH from the scanning period (a) to the holding period (A), is set to the common potential (common potential (Vcom)) in principle during the scanning period (b), and is held from the scanning period (c). VRL is applied over the period (B), and common potential is applied over the scanning period (d) and the holding period (C) 217.

  In the scanning period (a), the signal line potential 132 is set to the H level (VDH) at the timing when the scanning line is selected only for the pixels in which the image signal changes from black to white. The second transistor 122 in the pixel set to the H level (VDH) is turned on, and the potential 136 (VRH) of the reference voltage line is applied to the electro-optic medium 123. Here, the number of scans in the scan period (a) is one, but a plurality of scans may be performed.

  In the holding period (A), the signal line potential 132 is at the L level (VDL), and scanning is paused. In the holding period (A), the second transistor 122 in the pixel set to the H level (VDH) is in an on state, and the potential 136 (VRH) of the reference voltage line is applied to and held in the electro-optic medium 123. Note that the holding period (A) is preferably secured so that the optical response in the pixel changing from black to white is sufficiently saturated.

  In the scanning period (b) 212, all the second transistors 122 are turned off by scanning the scanning line with the signal line potential 132 set to the L level (VDL). In the scanning period (b), the potential 136 of the reference voltage line is preferably set to a common potential.

  In the scanning period (c) 213, the signal line potential 132 is set to the H level (VDH) at the timing when the scanning line is selected only for the pixels in which the image signal changes from white to black. The second transistor 122 in the pixel set to the H level (VDH) is turned on, and the potential 136 (VRL) of the reference voltage line is applied to the electro-optic medium 123. Here, the number of scans in the scan period (c) is one, but a plurality of scans may be performed.

  In the holding period (B), the signal line potential 132 is at the L level (VDL), and scanning is paused. In the holding period (B), the second transistor 122 in the pixel set to the H level (VDH) is in an on state, and the potential 136 (VRL) of the reference voltage line is applied to and held in the electro-optic medium 123. Note that the holding period (B) is preferably secured so that the optical response in a pixel that changes from white to black is sufficiently saturated.

  In the scanning period (d), the scanning line is scanned with the signal line potential 132 at the L level (VDL), so that all the pixel potentials are set to the common potential as in the scanning period (b).

  In the holding period (C), the signal line potential 132 is set to L level (VDL), and scanning of the scanning line is paused.

  As described above, the display type electro-optical medium 123 having a memory property generally has a low specific resistance, and the conventional method cannot maintain the driving voltage applied to the electro-optical medium 123 for one frame period. For this reason, the image rewriting period requires a period significantly longer than the original response time of the electro-optic medium 123.

  On the other hand, by driving a display method having a display memory property by the pixel circuit configuration and the driving method of this embodiment, as described in the holding periods (A) and (B), an electric rewriting is performed at the time of image rewriting. The driving voltage 136 of the reference voltage line 108 can be continuously applied to the electro-optic medium 123 through the second transistor 122 until the optical medium 123 responds sufficiently. Therefore, the image rewriting period is about the same as the response time of the electro-optic medium 123.

  In this embodiment, the case of binary display has been described. On the other hand, if a display medium capable of multi-value display by voltage modulation is applied and a scanning and holding period is added with the potential of the reference voltage line set to a potential other than VRH and VRL, multi-value display by analog gradation Needless to say, it is possible.

  FIG. 42 is a schematic diagram of another drive waveform in the present embodiment. A difference from FIG. 41 is that a scanning period (d ′) 216 is added. The operations in the scanning periods (a) to (d) and the holding periods (A) to (C) are the same as those in FIG.

  In the scanning period (d ′), the signal line potential 132 is set to the H level (VDH), and the scanning lines are scanned to set all the pixel potentials to the common potential. By adding the scanning period (d ′), the potentials at both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 become equal, and the residual charge is prevented from adversely affecting the display.

  In this embodiment, the timing for switching the potential 136 of the reference voltage line is common to all the lines. However, when the timing for switching the potential of the reference voltage line is scanned in synchronization with the scanning of the scanning line, the timing for selecting each line is selected. It is further preferable that the relative relationship between the reference voltage line and the timing of switching the potential of the reference voltage line is the same for all the lines, and the dependency of the image display on the scanning direction is reduced.

  In this embodiment, image data before and after rewriting is compared, and a configuration example is described in which only pixels that change from black to white or white to black are rewritten. However, when rewriting from black to white, images before and after rewriting are simultaneously written. The signal line potential 132 may be set to the H level (VDH) when selecting a pixel whose data is both white for refreshing. The same applies to rewriting from white to black. That is, all white is rewritten in the holding period (A), and all black is rewritten in the holding period (B). In this case, it is possible to omit a drive sequence for extracting a difference by comparing image data before and after rewriting and a circuit configuration therefor.

  FIG. 43 is a schematic diagram of drive waveforms in the present embodiment. 41 differs from FIG. 41 in that the scanning period (b) and the scanning period (c) are combined to form a scanning period (c ′) 219, and the reference voltage in the scanning period (a) and the scanning period (c ′). This is a point where the potential 136 of the line is a common potential.

  In the scanning period (c ′), the signal line potential 132 is set to L at the timing of selecting the scanning line of the pixel (the pixel in which the second transistor 122 is turned on) whose image is rewritten from black to white in the scanning period (a). While the level (VDL) is set, the signal line potential is set to the H level (VDH) at the timing of selecting the scanning line of the pixel whose image signal changes from white to black.

  By this operation, the potentials at both ends of the electro-optic medium 123 in the pixel in which the image is rewritten from black to white become equal. In addition, the second transistor in the pixel is turned off and is not affected by the potential fluctuation of the reference voltage line thereafter.

  In the scanning period (a) and the scanning period (c ′), the potential 136 of the reference voltage line is set to the common potential, and the potential 136 of the reference voltage line is changed after the scanning period ends from black on the upper and lower sides of the screen. This is to make the timing of changing from white to white to black equal.

  FIG. 44 shows a case where the display device according to the present invention is applied to a library reader. A display unit 232 is provided in the display frame 231 of the main body 230, and the display device according to the present invention is adopted as the display unit 232. FIG. 44 (a) shows a case where the library reader is opened, and the dimensions are, for example, a width of about 204 mm and a length of about 151 mm. FIG. 44 (b) is a bottom view of FIG. 44 (a), and its thickness is, for example, about 3 mm. FIG. 44 (c) shows a case where the library reader is closed, and the dimensions are, for example, a width of about 105 mm and a length of about 151 mm. FIG. 44 (d) is a bottom view of FIG. 44 (c), and its thickness is, for example, about 6 mm. The main body 230 is opened and closed by an opening / closing shaft 233, and includes a page operation button 234 for moving the page back and forth with a finger, a function button 235 for function operation, and a power button 236 for turning on / off the power. .

Block diagram of display device of the present invention FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration example of the pixel 102. The figure which shows Example 1 of the drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 of i row The figure which shows Example 2 of the drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 of i row The figure which shows Example 3 of the drive waveform (potential) 136 of the reference voltage line 108 of i row The figure which shows the example 1 of the drive sequence of the scanning period 126 The figure which shows the example 2 of the drive sequence of the scanning period 126 The figure which shows the drive sequence of the reference voltage line 108, the scanning line 109, and the signal line 110 The figure which shows the example 3 of the drive sequence of the scanning period 126 FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration example of the pixel 102. The figure which shows the example of a layout of the pixel part lower than the reflective electrode 146 The figure which shows the example of a layout of the pixel part containing the reflective electrode 146 Sectional view of the AA 'part of FIG.11 and FIG.12. Sectional drawing of the BB 'part of FIG.11 and FIG.12. Sectional drawing of CC 'part of FIG.11 and FIG.12. Sectional drawing of the DD 'part of FIG.11 and FIG.12. Sectional view taken along the line EE ′ of FIGS. 11 and 12 Sectional drawing of the display apparatus of 2nd Example The figure which shows the example of the electro-optical characteristic of an electrophoretic display medium The figure which shows the example of the electro-optical characteristic of an electrophoretic display medium The figure which shows the example of the electro-optical characteristic of an electrophoretic display medium FIG. 6 shows a driving sequence of a reference voltage line 108, a scanning line 109, and a signal line 110. Explanatory drawing of the drive method of the scanning period 126A Explanatory drawing of the drive method of the scanning period 126B Explanatory drawing of the deformation | transformation of the drive method of scanning period 126A and B The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 170 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 170 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 170 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 170 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 170 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 178 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 178 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 178 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example of a structure of the partition 178 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the layout of the pixel 102 and the common electrode 177. The figure which shows the Example which print-forms the charged particle 171 and the insulating solvent 181. Illustration of gradation display method Panel cross-sectional view using partition structure formed by reverse printing Schematic diagram of partition structure formation process by reversal printing Schematic diagram of the process of forming common electrodes by reverse printing Schematic diagram of the drive waveform of the third embodiment Schematic diagram of the drive waveform of the third embodiment Schematic diagram of the drive waveform of the fourth embodiment Schematic diagram of a library reader to which the display device of the present invention is applied

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 101 ... Panel part, 102 ... Pixel, 103 ... Scanning line drive circuit (scanning circuit), 104 ... Reference voltage line drive circuit, 105 ... Timing controller, 106 ... Selector switch, 107
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS Display part 108 ... Reference voltage line 109 ... Scan line 110 ... Signal line 111 ... Signal line driving circuit 120 ... Common electrode 121 ... First transistor 122 ... Second transistor
123: Electro-optical medium, 124: Image signal memory, 125 ... Node, 126 ... Scanning period,
127: Image holding period, 128: Holding capacitor, 131: Gate pulse signal, 132: Signal line driving waveform, 133: i-scan line selection period, 134: Reset period, 135: Image signal writing period, 136: Reference voltage Line drive waveform, 137 ... common potential (common potential), 141,
142, 143 ... through-hole contact, 144 ... electrode, 145 ... amorphous silicon layer, 146 ... reflective electrode (pixel electrode), 147, 148, 149 ... insulating layer, 149A ... transparent resin layer, 149B ... black resin layer, 150 ... Substrate, 151, 152 ... Metal wiring, 160 ... Polarizing plate, 161, 162 ... Retardation film, 163 ... Substrate, 164 ... Transparent electrode, 165 ... Alignment film, 166 ... Liquid crystal layer, 167 ... Alignment film, 168 ... Light shielding layer (Black matrix), 169
... protective film, 170 ... partition wall, 171 ... charged particle, 173 ... reset potential, 174 ... adhesion layer,
175, 176 ... protective layer, 177 ... common electrode, 178 ... partition, 179, 180 ... protective layer,
181 ... Insulating solvent, 201 ... Pixel, 217 ... Image retention period, 218 ... Image rewriting period, 220 ... Ink-repellent blanket, 221 ... Ink transfer cylinder, 222 ... Ink application surface, 2
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 23 ... Ink application apparatus, 224 ... Image forming plate, 225 ... Ink application surface, 230 ... Library reader main body, 232 ... Display part, 240 ... Uneven structure

Claims (6)

Comprising a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix;
The pixel includes at least a first transistor, a second transistor, an image signal memory, an electro-optic medium having a display memory property that maintains a displayed state even when the power is turned off, and a common electrode. Prepared,
The pixel is connected to at least a signal line, a scanning line, and a reference voltage line,
One of a drain and a source of the first transistor is connected to the signal line;
The other of the drain and the source of the first transistor is connected to the gate of the second transistor;
A gate of the first transistor is connected to the scan line;
One of a drain and a source of the second transistor is connected to the electro-optic medium;
The other of the drain and the source of the second transistor is connected to the reference voltage line;
The image signal memory is connected to a gate of the second transistor and the reference voltage line;
The electro-optic medium is connected to one of a drain or a source of the second transistor and the common electrode;
Rewriting the display state of the electro-optic medium,
The electro-optic medium has at least two display states;
Provide a scanning period for rewriting to each display state,
The image rewriting period is divided into a scanning period (a), a holding period (A), a scanning period (b), a scanning period (c) a holding period (B), and a scanning period (d).
The potential of the reference voltage line is set to the H level during the scanning period (a) to the holding period (A), and is set to the same potential as the potential of the common electrode during the scanning period (b). ) To the retention period (B), the L level,
In the scanning period (d), the potential is equivalent to the potential of the common electrode,
In the scanning period (a), the signal line potential is set to the H level at the timing of selecting the scanning line only for the pixels in which the image signal changes from black to white.
In the holding period (A), the potential of the signal line is set to L level,
In the scanning period (b), the scanning line is scanned with the potential of the signal line set to L level,
In the scanning period (c), the potential of the signal line is set to the H level at the timing of selecting the scanning line only for the pixel in which the image signal changes from white to black,
In the holding period (B), the potential of the signal line is set to L level,
In the scanning period (d), the scanning line is scanned by setting the potential of the signal line to an L level. Comprising a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix;
The pixel includes at least a first transistor, a second transistor, an image signal memory, an electro-optic medium having a display memory property that maintains a displayed state even when the power is turned off, and a common electrode. Prepared,
The pixel is connected to at least a signal line, a scanning line, and a reference voltage line,
One of a drain and a source of the first transistor is connected to the signal line;
The other of the drain and the source of the first transistor is connected to the gate of the second transistor;
A gate of the first transistor is connected to the scan line;
One of a drain and a source of the second transistor is connected to the electro-optic medium;
The other of the drain and the source of the second transistor is connected to the reference voltage line;
The image signal memory is connected to a gate of the second transistor and the reference voltage line;
The electro-optic medium is connected to one of a drain or a source of the second transistor and the common electrode;
Rewriting the display state of the electro-optic medium,
The electro-optic medium has at least two display states;
Provide a scanning period for rewriting to each display state,
Images rewriting period, the scan period (a), retention period (A), scanning period (c '), the holding period (B), is divided into scanning period (d),
The potential of the reference voltage line is set to the same potential as the potential of the common electrode in the scanning period (a),
In the holding period (A), it is set to H level,
In the scanning period (c ′), the potential is equal to the potential of the common electrode,
In the holding period (B), the L level is set.
During the scanning (d), the potential is equivalent to the potential of the common electrode,
In the scanning period (a), the potential of the signal line is set to H level at the timing when the scanning line is selected only for pixels in which the image signal changes from black to white.
In the holding period (A), the potential of the signal line is set to L level,
In the scanning period (c ′), the potential of the signal line is set to L level at the timing of selecting the scanning line of the pixel whose image has been rewritten from black to white in the scanning period (a), while the image signal is white. The potential of the signal line is set to H level at the timing of selecting the scanning line of the pixel that changes from black to black,
In the holding period (B), the potential of the signal line is set to L level,
In the scanning period (d), the scanning line is scanned by setting the potential of the signal line to an L level. In the driving method of the display device according to claim 1 or 2,
The method for driving a display device, wherein the electro-optic medium includes at least an insulating solvent and charged particles dispersed in the insulating solvent. In the driving method of the display device according to claim 1 or 2,
The display device driving method, wherein the electro-optic medium is made of a material that reversibly colors and disappears at least by applying a voltage. In the driving method of the display device according to claim 1 or 2,
The display device driving method, wherein the electro-optic medium is made of at least a cholesteric liquid crystal material. The method for driving a display device according to claim 1,
A scanning period (d ′) is provided between the holding period (B) and the scanning period (d),
In the scanning period (d ′), the scanning line is scanned using the potential of the signal line as an H level and the potential of the reference voltage line as a common potential.

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