JP4930959B2 - Vertical alignment type ECB-LCD - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a liquid crystal cell having excellent uniformity by reducing display defects generated in a display pixel and to provide a liquid crystal display device. SOLUTION: In the liquid crystal cell provided with a liquid crystal layer interposed between a first and a second substrates and a thickness controlling element for controlling the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, the thickness controlling element includes a first spacer formed on the first substrate and a second spacer formed on the second substrate, both the spacers are abutted against each other to control the thickness of the liquid crystal layer and the spacers are formed in non-display regions between dots. The liquid crystal display device is formed by using the liquid crystal cell.

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device having a spacer function, and more particularly to a liquid crystal display device suitable for a vertical alignment type ECB mode liquid crystal display device.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In a liquid crystal display device used in the past, a liquid crystal is generally sandwiched between two glass substrates on which transparent electrodes are formed, and a spherical or cylindrical or fibrous shape made of glass or plastic is used as a spacer for controlling the gap. A spacer is used. These spacers are generally dispersed and arranged on an electrode substrate that has been subjected to an alignment treatment, and then bonded to the other substrate, after which liquid crystal is injected to form a liquid crystal display device.
FIG. 8 shows an example of a vertical alignment type ECB (Electrically Controlled Birefringence) mode liquid crystal display (ECB-LCD) 90. The vertical alignment type ECB-LCD 90 includes a liquid crystal cell 98 in which a liquid crystal layer 95 having a negative dielectric anisotropy is sandwiched between a pair of glass substrates 93, and a pair of polarizing plates 91 disposed outside the liquid crystal cell.
[0003]
When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal molecules 96 are aligned perpendicular to the upper and lower substrates 93 as shown in FIG. For this reason, there is no optical anisotropy in the in-plane direction of the substrate, and the black level of the orthogonal polarizing plate can be obtained as it is by sandwiching it with the polarizing plate of the orthogonal Nicol arrangement in which the polarization axes are orthogonal to each other. Contrast display can be easily obtained. On the other hand, light leakage occurs due to optical anisotropy with respect to obliquely incident light. Therefore, by providing an optical compensator 92 having negative (uniaxial) refractive index anisotropy, the optical anisotropy of the liquid crystal layer 95 is compensated to perform viewing angle compensation for black display.
When a voltage is applied from the driving power source 97, the liquid crystal molecules begin to fall from the liquid crystal molecules at the center between the upper and lower substrates of the liquid crystal cell, and at the same time, the retardation of the liquid crystal layer changes to increase the transmittance. In FIG. 8, reference numeral 94 denotes a transparent electrode and a vertical alignment film for controlling the liquid crystal layer of the vertical alignment type ECB-LCD, and the above-mentioned spacers are omitted.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, also in the above-described vertical alignment type ECB-LCD, spherical, cylindrical, or fibrous spacers made of glass or plastic are distributed substantially uniformly throughout the liquid crystal cell 98 as spacers for controlling the gap. Therefore, a spacer exists in the display pixel. If there is a spacer in the display pixel, a black cross is generated starting from the spacer, and the uniformity of display is remarkably deteriorated particularly when the viewing angle is swung from the normal direction of the substrate to the horizontal direction. The black cross refers to a dark portion when a voltage is applied in an effective pixel, that is, a display defect in which liquid crystal molecule alignment is parallel or orthogonal to the polarizing plate polarization axis.
[0005]
By the way, in such a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD, when a display is obtained by forming a pixel electrode, an oblique electric field is generated due to the difference in the electrode shape of the display area where the electrodes formed on the upper and lower substrates intersect, and the display area The surrounding liquid crystal molecules show an inclination according to this oblique electric field. Therefore, as in Japanese Patent Application No. 2-57883 filed by the present applicant, this property is actively used to form slits in the electrodes of the display pixels of the dot matrix display, thereby aligning the liquid crystal molecules with an oblique electric field. There has also been proposed a liquid crystal display device in which a multi-domain formed mainly by dividing each pixel into four by using a wide viewing angle has been proposed. Although the viewing angle can be widened by making the multi-domain, the black level is lowered due to the influence of the oblique electric field at the pixel end.
[0006]
In addition, there has been proposed a liquid crystal display device that performs multi-domaining with vectors of different orientation directions in each pixel, instead of an orientation process that shows uniform orientation in each pixel.
However, in such a multi-domain vertical alignment type ECB-LCD, conversely, alignment deformation occurs near the pixel edge in the vicinity of the threshold voltage, and this is the main factor of the black level increase in the high duty multiplex drive. .
[0007]
FIG. 9 shows a simple dot matrix electrode of a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD in which a circular slit of 20 μmφ is formed on one substrate side electrode (pixel central portion in the figure) and multi-domain is made utilizing the influence of the oblique electric field described above. This is an observation of the intersection. (A)-(c) is a polarization microscope observation result of a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD. In (b), the alignment is disturbed by the spacer, and a black cloth is generated starting from the spacer. Moreover, although (a) exhibits a good multi-domain orientation, when observed while changing the polarization state, black spots caused by the spacer as in (c) are observed.
As described above, there are problems of display pixel uniformity and light leakage due to the spacer.
[0008]
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal cell with improved display quality uniformity in display pixels with a simple configuration. Another object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device in which light leakage is less likely to occur when black display is performed when no voltage is applied, and to provide a liquid crystal display device capable of obtaining good multi-domain alignment. It is aimed.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the first aspect of the present invention, the above object is achieved by a stripe-shaped thickness control element comprising a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate, and a non-conductive material for controlling the thickness of the liquid crystal layer. The thickness control element includes a first spacer formed on the first substrate and a second spacer formed on the second substrate, both spacers at the bottom of the first spacer. Each of the first and second substrates is formed wider than the distance between the transparent electrodes between the transparent electrodes, and both spacers abut at the intersection to control the thickness of the liquid crystal layer . Both spacers have transmittance in the visible region. This is achieved by a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD including a liquid crystal cell characterized by being 1% or less and a polarizing plate.
[0010]
In this first aspect, since the spacer layers are provided on the inner surfaces of both substrates, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is controlled to the thickness of the first spacer + the second spacer, so that the entire liquid crystal cell is not scattered separately. Can be uniformly and easily controlled. In addition, since the black cloth that appears due to the dispersed spacers as in the conventional case does not occur, the display quality can be improved. Further, in the portion where the first spacer or the second spacer exists but does not come into contact with the other spacer, there is a gap of the height of the other spacer although one of the spacers exists, and the liquid crystal molecules are liquid crystal. It can be injected into the cell.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7. 1, 2 and 3 show a liquid crystal cell of a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD having a simple matrix as an embodiment of the liquid crystal display device according to the present invention. The liquid crystal cell 10 includes a second glass substrate 2 on which a column electrode 9 made of a striped ITO transparent electrode is formed in the same manner as the first glass substrate 1 on which a row electrode 8 made of a striped ITO transparent electrode is formed. And the column electrode 9 are orthogonally arranged to face each other, and the peripheral portion is bonded by the overlap seal 5. A liquid crystal layer 6 is sandwiched between the substrates 1 and 2, and an alignment process such as forming a vertical alignment film (not shown) is performed on the surfaces of the substrates 1 and 2 that are in contact with the liquid crystal layer, so that the liquid crystal molecules 7 In the added state, it is oriented vertically.
[0015]
The first glass substrate 1 and the second glass substrate 2 may be plastic is not limited to glass, if light-transmitting substrate, a glass substrate SiO ₂ undercoat is applied are preferable. The row electrode 8 and the column electrode 9 drive and control the liquid crystal molecules at locations where they cross each other, and may be a transparent electrode material other than ITO, or may be provided with a non-transparent electrode material. May be. Further, it is preferable to apply an alignment treatment on the surface by applying a vertical alignment film of about 500 angstroms. In order to make the liquid crystal layer 6 a liquid crystal cell of a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD, a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy, for example, SLM4302 manufactured by Merck Japan Co., Ltd. is disposed under the condition of d / p = 0.
[0016]
The above configuration is the same as the liquid crystal cell of the conventional vertical alignment type ECB-LCD, but the liquid crystal cell 10 in the embodiment of the present invention is different in the following points.
That is, in order to control the distance between the substrates of the liquid crystal cell 10, in the conventional liquid crystal cell, spherical or cylindrical or fiber spacers made of glass or plastic are dispersed on the electrode substrate subjected to the alignment treatment. In the embodiment of the present invention, the first substrate spacer 3 is provided on the inner surface side of the first glass substrate 1, although the spacers having the same thickness as the liquid crystal layer 7 are distributed substantially uniformly over the entire surface of the liquid crystal cell 10. The second spacer 4 is formed on the inner surface of the second glass substrate in the same manner, and the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 intersect the spacers 3 and 4 at a substantially uniform ratio on the entire surface of the liquid crystal cell 10. It is configured.
[0017]
Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, non-conductive first spacers 3 are formed in stripes between the row electrodes 8 of the first glass substrate 1, and the column electrodes 9 of the second glass substrate 2. A non-conductive second spacer 4 is also formed in a stripe shape in between. Thereby, in the location where both spacers cross in the liquid crystal cell 10, the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 are overlapped to control the gap of the liquid crystal cell 10 as shown in FIG. Note that, as shown in FIG. 3, the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 do not intersect at a location where the spacers do not intersect, so the second spacer 4 (or the first spacer 3) is connected to the other substrate 1 (or There is no contact with the substrate 2).
[0018]
The spacers 3 and 4 can be made of various materials that are made of a non-conductive material and can be selectively provided at a desired location. For example, when creating a spacer using a photosensitive resin that has a property of being polymerized by ultraviolet rays, a film is formed on the surface of the glass substrate on which the striped electrode is formed by a spinner or the like, and then subjected to an exposure and development process. Striped spacers can be formed. When creating a spacer with a non-photosensitive material such as SiO ₂ may be formed by means such as vacuum deposition of SiO ₂ using a vacuum deposition mask having a stripe-shaped opening.
Further, the shape of the spacer is not limited to a stripe shape, and is not limited to a simple dot matrix liquid crystal display device. For example, a substrate having a TFT switching element, a number of rectangular display pixels connected to the element, and a first spacer provided so as to be scattered on the gate or source electrode line is used as the first glass substrate. Liquid crystal using a substrate provided with a color filter corresponding to each pixel as a substrate, a metal black mask formed between the pixels, and a box-shaped second spacer provided on the metal black mask so as to surround the color filter of each pixel. A cell may be produced.
[0019]
The liquid crystal cell 10 according to the embodiment of the present invention is configured as described above, and a desired liquid crystal cell gap is obtained by intersecting the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 formed on the inner surfaces of the opposing substrates. It is supposed to be obtained, and a spacer to be applied separately is not necessary.
In addition, since a spacer that is dispersed separately is not necessary, there is no alignment defect or non-driven part due to the spacer dispersed separately in the display pixel, and the aperture ratio can be increased accordingly, and the contrast can be increased. It can also be improved. Further, no black cross occurs, the uniformity of display pixels is improved, and the display quality is improved.
[0020]
However, when the liquid crystal cell 10 described above was prepared using the photosensitive resin spacers 3 and 4, new light leakage was observed although it was less than the conventional one. In FIG. 4, a photosensitive resin made of an acrylic organic material is used on the surface of each of the first glass substrate on which the row electrode 8 having a stripe shape is formed and the second glass substrate on which the row electrode 9 having a stripe shape is formed. Then, a substrate on which the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 are formed by changing the thickness is prepared, the first glass substrate and the second glass substrate are opposed to each other, and the peripheral portion is bonded with the seal 5, and then the liquid crystal layer The liquid crystal display device in which a polarizing plate is provided in a crossed Nicol arrangement in the liquid crystal cell 10 sealed by injecting 7 is observed in a state where no voltage is applied. (C) is a liquid crystal display device in which the thickness of each of the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 is 2.7 μm, and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is about 5.4 μm. (B) is a liquid crystal display device in which the thickness of each of the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 is 2.1 μm, and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is about 4.2 μm. (A) is a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD in which the thickness of each of the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 is 1.7 μm, and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is a simple dot matrix of about 3.4 μm. .
[0021]
As can be seen from (a), (b), and (c) of FIG. 4, since there is no conventional spacer in each pixel of the liquid crystal display device, no light leakage is observed, and uniformity in each pixel. Is good. However, light leakage was observed at the boundary of each pixel, that is, at the boundary between the first spacer 3 and the second spacer 4 and each pixel. The degree of light leakage is large when the film thickness is thick (a), and the light leakage does not disappear although it decreases as it becomes thinner as (b) and (c). Although the tendency to become inconspicuous by reducing the film thickness is shown, if the film thickness is controlled in order to obtain a predetermined retardation value, the degree of light leakage also changes, and the light leakage varies depending on the retardation.
[0022]
When this cause was considered, it became clear from the shape observation (observation microscope observation and cross-sectional microscope observation) and measurement that the spacer shape had a tapered cross section. FIG. 5 shows the result of measuring the shape of each spacer in FIG. 4 with a stylus type surface roughness measuring machine (DEKTAK 3030, stylus tip radius 0.3 μm). The first or second spacer is (a). (B) It has a height of 2.7 μm, 2.1 μm, and 1.7 μm in the order of (c), and the side surface is tapered. When the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal cell is observed with an optical microscope or the like, the liquid crystal molecules 7a in the region in contact with the first spacer or the second spacer are inclined along the taper on the side of the spacer, thereby causing light leakage. It is thought that. In the conventional liquid crystal display device using spacers to be dispersed, such a phenomenon was not noticeable because the spacer shape was spherical or cylindrical, but in the embodiment of the present invention on the tapered side, such a problem appears remarkably. Estimated.
[0023]
Therefore, in order to solve such a problem, a liquid crystal cell was prepared using each of the first spacer and the second spacer as a two-layer spacer. FIG. 6 shows the liquid crystal cell 20 of the second embodiment employing a two-layer structure spacer. The same components as those of the previous embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof is omitted.
The liquid crystal cell 20 includes a second glass substrate 2 on which a column electrode 9 made of a striped ITO transparent electrode is formed, as well as a first glass substrate 1 on which a row electrode 8 made of a striped ITO transparent electrode is formed. And the column electrode 9 are arranged so as to face each other at right angles, and the peripheral portion is bonded by the overlap seal 5, and a liquid crystal layer 26 is sandwiched between the substrates 1 and 2. Further, an alignment process such as forming a vertical alignment film (not shown) is performed on the surfaces of the substrates 1 and 2 in contact with the liquid crystal layer so that the liquid crystal molecules 27 are aligned vertically when no voltage is applied.
[0024]
The configuration so far is the same as the previous embodiment, but the liquid crystal cell 10 according to the second embodiment of the present invention is different in the following points.
That is, the first substrate spacer 23 of the liquid crystal cell 20 has a two-layer structure of a substrate-side spacer layer 23a and an opposite substrate-side spacer layer 23b that is narrower than the upper surface thereof. The second spacer 24 formed in the above has a two-layer structure of a substrate side spacer layer 24a and an opposite substrate side spacer layer 24b narrower than the width of the upper surface thereof.
[0025]
In the liquid crystal display device using such a liquid crystal cell 20, the liquid crystal molecules 27a in the region in contact with the substrate side spacer layers 23a and 24a are inclined along the tapered side surfaces of the substrate side spacer layers 23a and 24a as in the first embodiment. Similarly, the liquid crystal molecules 27b in the regions in contact with the opposite substrate side spacer layers 23b and 24b are also inclined along the tapered side surfaces of the opposite substrate side spacer layers 23b and 24b. At this time, since the opposite substrate side spacer layers 23b and 24b have a narrower width than the substrate side spacer layers 23a and 24a, the opposite substrate side spacer layers 23b and 24b are positioned in the shadow of the substrate side spacer layers 23a and 24a. Will be almost unobservable. Therefore, the total amount of tilted liquid crystal molecules that can be observed is reduced, and light leakage is reduced.
[0026]
The liquid crystal cells 10 and 20 having the configuration of the above-described embodiment are produced by the following method, for example.
Example 1
Substrate preparation process: Electrodes 8 and 9 are formed by patterning ITO with a sheet resistance of 10 Ω in a stripe shape (330 μm pitch, distance between stripes 20 μm) on a glass substrate with a 150 × 150 × 1.1 mm SiO ₂ undercoat. Thus, a first glass substrate 1 and a second glass substrate 2 were prepared.
Spacer formation step: A coating film of pigment dispersion negative resist CK-6020L made by Fuji Film Ohlin is formed on the first and second glass substrates after the substrate preparation step by a spinner, and subjected to mask exposure and patterned. A first spacer 3 and a second spacer 4 of 2.5 μm were formed on the substrate surface. When the shape of the spacer was measured with a stylus type surface roughness measuring machine, the spacer had a trapezoidal shape with a bottom surface width of about 40 μm and a top surface width of about 20 μm, and had a tapered side surface. The spacer showed a good light-shielding property with a transmittance of 1% or less in the visible region, although it showed a transmittance of several percent near 700 nm.
Liquid crystal cell forming step: A vertical alignment film is formed with a thickness of about 500 angstroms using a flexographic printing machine on both substrates after the spacer forming step, and the first glass substrate 1 and the second glass substrate 2 are formed as row electrodes 8. And the column electrode 9 were crossed so as to cross each other, and the periphery was adhered and fixed with a sealant mixed with a silica ball spacer. Thereafter, a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric constant was injected by a vacuum injection method to provide a liquid crystal layer 7 having a thickness of d / p = 0 and a thickness of 5 μm.
[0027]
(Example 2)
The substrate preparation step and the liquid crystal cell formation step were the same as in Example 1, and the liquid crystal cell 20 was prepared. The spacer formation step was a two-layer spacer layer as follows.
Spacer formation step: A coating film of carbon negative resist CK-A029 made by Fuji Film Aurin is formed on the first glass substrate 1 and the second glass substrate 2 after the substrate preparation step by a spinner, and mask exposure is performed. Patterning was performed to form 1.2 μm substrate-side spacer layers 23a and 24a on the surface of each substrate. Furthermore, a coating film of Optmer NN700 made by JSR is formed on it with a spinner, patterned by mask exposure, and a 2.0 μm opposite substrate side spacer layer on the surface of the substrate side spacers 23a and 24a of each substrate. 23b and 24b were formed. When the shape of the spacer was measured with a stylus type surface roughness measuring machine, the substrate-side spacers 23a and 24a had a trapezoidal shape with a bottom surface width of about 40 μm and a top surface width of about 30 μm. The opposite substrate side spacers 23b and 24b have a trapezoidal shape with a bottom surface width of about 20 μm and a top surface width of about 15 μm, and each has a tapered side surface. Further, the substrate-side spacer had a transmittance of 0.2% or less in the visible region and exhibited high light shielding properties.
[0028]
FIGS. 7A and 7B are the results of observing a pixel region when no voltage is applied to each of the liquid crystal cells 10 and 20 of Example 1 and Example 2 with a cross microscope arrangement with a polarizing microscope. As can be seen from (a), in the liquid crystal cell 10, light leakage is observed along the spacer edge. Since the spacer material has a light shielding property, the light leakage observed from the tapered side surface is less noticeable when the viewing angle is swung than when the spacer is formed using a material that does not exhibit the light shielding property. Light leakage occurs. On the other hand, almost no light leakage is observed in Example 2 in which the spacer has a two-layer structure as shown in FIG. Although slight light leakage occurs in some areas, it is presumed that the light pattern leaked due to poor patterning properties when forming the two-layer structure spacer.
The opposite substrate-side spacer layers 23b and 24b are sufficiently smaller than the substrate-side spacer layers 23a and 24a. Specifically, the ratio of the width of the bottom surface of the substrate-side spacer layer to the width of the upper surface of the substrate-side spacer layer is 1/2 or less, Preferably, when it is about 2/5 to 1/10, light leakage can be reduced and it becomes a level that does not cause a problem. Further, if the substrate side spacers 23a and 24a are thinned to reduce the liquid crystal molecules 27a in the vicinity of the substrate side spacer layer, light leakage can be further reduced.
[0029]
The above-described embodiments are preferable specific examples of the present invention, and thus various technically preferable limitations are given. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to these aspects. For example, the first spacer and the second spacer are not formed to have substantially the same thickness, but one substrate side spacer is formed thick, or only one substrate side spacer layer is composed of two or more layers. Various modifications are also included in the present invention, such as a multi-layer structure spacer, or a thick black mask formed between colored pixels on a color filter substrate to also serve as a spacer function. In addition, a liquid crystal display device in which display pixels are divided into multi-domains is naturally included.
[0030]
【Effect of the invention】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a liquid crystal cell controlled at a predetermined cell interval without spraying separate spacers, so that the uniformity in display pixels can be improved. In addition, uniformity in the entire surface of the liquid crystal display device can be improved.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a liquid crystal cell according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory view schematically showing a cross section taken along line AA of the liquid crystal cell of FIG.
3 is an explanatory view schematically showing a cross section taken along line BB of the liquid crystal cell of FIG. 1; FIG.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the liquid crystal display device according to the first embodiment of the present invention observed.
FIG. 5 is a result of measuring the shape of the spacer of the liquid crystal display device of the first embodiment of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing a second embodiment of the liquid crystal cell according to the present invention.
7 is a microscopic observation result obtained by observing display pixel portions in Example 1 and Example 2 according to the present invention. FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view for explaining a display principle of a conventional vertical alignment type ECB-LCD.
FIG. 9 is a microscopic observation result obtained by observing a display pixel portion of a conventional vertical alignment type ECB-LCD.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 1st glass substrate 2 2nd glass substrate 3,23 1st spacer 4,24 2nd spacer 5 Seal 6,26,95 Liquid crystal layer 7,27,96 Liquid crystal molecule 8 Row electrode 9 Column electrode 10,20,98 Liquid crystal Cell 23a, 24a Substrate side spacer 23b, 24b Opposite substrate side spacer 90 Vertical alignment type ECB-LCD
91 Polarizing plate 92 Optical compensation plate 93 Glass substrate 94 Transparent electrode and vertical alignment film 97 Power supply for driving

Claims (4)

A liquid crystal cell comprising a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate and a stripe-shaped thickness control element made of a non-conductive material for controlling the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, wherein the thickness control element is A first spacer formed on the first substrate and a second spacer formed on the second substrate, both spacers being transparent between the transparent electrodes at the bottom of each of the first and second substrates. A liquid crystal cell that is formed wider than the distance between the electrodes, the spacers abut at the intersection to control the thickness of the liquid crystal layer , and both spacers have a transmittance of 1% or less in the visible region ;
A vertical alignment type ECB-LCD including a polarizing plate.   The spacer includes a spacer having a multilayer structure, and the opposite substrate side spacer layer formed on the substrate side spacer layer in the multilayer structure spacer includes a bottom surface narrower than a width of the upper surface of the substrate side spacer layer, and the opposite substrate side spacer layer. The vertical alignment type ECB-LCD according to claim 1, further comprising a top surface narrower than the bottom surface, wherein the spacer layer closest to the substrate has a low transmittance. 3. The vertical alignment type ECB-LCD according to claim 2 , wherein a ratio of the width of the bottom surface of the opposite substrate side spacer layer / the width of the upper surface of the substrate side spacer layer is 1/2 or less. The vertical alignment type ECB-LCD is characterized in that it is a simple dot matrix type or an active dot-matrix type, a vertical alignment type ECB-LCD according to any one of claims 1-3.

Images