JP4877126B2 - Method for producing shotcrete, shotcrete, cross-section repair method using shotcrete - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a shotcrete manufacturing method, shotcrete, and a technique of a cross-section repair method using shotcrete.

  Recycling of construction waste is being promoted. As a method for recycling concrete lumps, it is known to apply to roadbed materials. However, new road construction is on a downward trend, and a significant increase in demand cannot be expected in the future. In addition, the concrete block may contain harmful substances such as hexavalent chromium contained in the cement content of the raw concrete before demolition, and there is concern about the impact on soil contamination. In view of such circumstances, it has been practiced to use a concrete block as a concrete aggregate (recycled aggregate). However, when recycled aggregate is used for concrete, it is necessary to ensure the same quality as ordinary aggregate. Therefore, in the past, the original mortar in the recycled aggregate should be removed at the aggregate production stage. Was common.

However, in order to remove the original mortar in the recycled aggregate, it is necessary to perform advanced treatment using a dedicated facility for removing the original mortar. Therefore, there has been a concern that the cost and environmental load of the recycled aggregate will increase. Thus, several techniques have been developed that can utilize recycled aggregates without removing the original mortar. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a concrete mixer truck in which concrete discharged from a construction site is crushed into a concrete block having a size that can be used as a coarse aggregate, and recycled coarse aggregate produced by pulverization arrives at the construction site. A technique for charging and kneading in the Aji data is disclosed. Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for manufacturing a concrete secondary product including recycled aggregate by replacing a part of normal aggregate with recycled aggregate based on the relative quality value.
Japanese Patent No. 3820017 JP 2006-334946 A

  Several techniques that can use recycled aggregates without removing the original mortar have been disclosed, and the applications for reusing concrete are gradually expanding. However, there is a great demand for reuse of concrete, and further expansion of applications is required.

  On the other hand, shotcrete is known as one of concrete. The shotcrete is to spray and form concrete that has been pumped using compressed air. Such shotcrete is used, for example, for cross-sectional repair of a concrete structure damaged by salt damage, neutralization, freezing and thawing. In addition, shotcrete is used as reinforcement for increasing the bottom surface of a slab and increasing the thickness of a column member for the purpose of restoring and improving the durability and the like of concrete structures and members.

Therefore, if recycled aggregate can be used for shotcrete, it is possible to further expand the application of recycled aggregate. However, shotcrete has the characteristic that it is sent out and sprayed at a higher pressure than general concrete placing. In addition, there was a concern that the shotcrete after spraying was inferior in strength to general concrete. Therefore, when using recycled aggregate for shotcrete, it is necessary to make blending adjustments that fully consider the characteristics of shotcrete. However, conventionally, a technique for using recycled aggregate for shotcrete has not been established, and development of a technique for using recycled aggregate for shotcrete has been demanded.

  This invention is made | formed in view of the said problem, and makes it a subject to provide the technique which utilizes recycled aggregate for shotcrete.

  The present invention employs the following means in order to solve the above-described problems. That is, the present invention is a method for producing shotcrete, which is a product of the physical property value of ordinary aggregate and the absolute volume of the ordinary aggregate, and the product of the property value of recycled aggregate and the absolute volume of the recycled aggregate. Is divided by the sum of the absolute volume of the normal aggregate and the absolute volume of the regenerated aggregate as an evaluation index of the quality of the aggregate including the normal aggregate and the regenerated aggregate A relative quality value calculating step for calculating a relative quality value; a relative quality value calculated in the relative quality value calculating step; and a predetermined physical property of the aggregate including the normal aggregate and the recycled aggregate, Based on the correlation with the predetermined physical properties including at least the adhesion strength of the aggregate, a blending adjustment step for blending and adjusting the water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate constituting the shotcrete , Water and cement according to the blending adjusted in the blending adjustment step and ordinary aggregate And a kneading step for kneading the recycled aggregate.

  The present invention makes it possible to produce shotcrete containing recycled aggregate concrete by adjusting the blending of concrete based on the relative quality value. The relative quality value is an index related to the quality of the aggregate calculated from the quality of the aggregate to be used and the amount used (absolute volume). There is a clear correlation between these relative quality values and the main physical properties of concrete, such as strength, elasticity, and drying shrinkage. When such a clear correlation is established, It is known to perform planned blending according to a predetermined required quality using a relative quality value. Such a technique is called a relative quality value method. Also in the present invention, a shotcrete containing recycled aggregate is manufactured for shotcrete that has not been used in the past based on this relative quality value method.

In the relative quality value calculation step, a relative quality value is calculated. Specifically, the relative quality value is an index for evaluating the quality of the aggregate, and can be calculated by Equation 1. In Equation 1, ordinary aggregates are classified into ordinary coarse aggregates and ordinary fine aggregates, and recycled aggregates are classified into recycled coarse aggregates and recycled fine aggregates. QvG is a normal coarse aggregate property value, QrG is a regenerated coarse aggregate property value, QvN is a normal fine aggregate property value, QrN is a regenerated fine aggregate property value, and a, b, c, and d are aggregates used. Is the absolute volume (l / m ³ ).

In the blending adjustment step, blending adjustment (planned blending) is performed based on the relative quality value calculated in the relative quality value calculation step. In addition, such a blending adjustment requires a clear correlation between the relative quality value and the predetermined physical property as described above. Conventionally, a clear correlation has been confirmed between the relative quality value of general concrete and strength. However, shotcrete has characteristics that are different from general concrete, such as being pumped at a pressure stronger than that of normal placing when placing (when spraying). Moreover, there has been a concern that the shotcrete after pouring (after spraying) is inferior in strength to general concrete. Therefore, when adjusting the formulation using the so-called relative quality value method, it is necessary to fully consider the characteristics of these shotcretes. It must be confirmed that there is a clear correlation with the value.

  Therefore, in the present invention, attention is paid to the adhesion strength considered to be a particularly important physical property in shotcrete. And it discovered that a correlation was materialized also between the relative quality value and adhesion strength of shotcrete containing recycled aggregate. In addition, it has been found that a correlation is established between the relative quality values of other physical properties such as compressive strength, Young's modulus, and accelerated neutralization depth. Based on the above, according to the present invention, blending adjustment based on the relative quality value is realized. The shotcrete may contain admixtures in addition to water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate.

  In the kneading step, water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate are mixed (mixed) according to the blending adjusted in the blending adjustment step. Thus, the shotcrete containing the recycled aggregate is manufactured.

  In the present invention, the recycled aggregate may include a recycled coarse aggregate and a recycled fine aggregate. That is, according to the present invention, it is possible to manufacture shotcrete containing recycled coarse aggregate and recycled fine aggregate. As a result, according to the present invention, applications of all recycled aggregates can be expanded.

  Further, the present invention is a shotcrete containing water, cement, and aggregate, wherein the aggregate includes a recycled coarse aggregate produced from a demolished concrete lump of a concrete structure, and the dismantling It is good also as what contains at least any one among the reproduction | regeneration fine aggregates manufactured from a concrete lump. Since the shotcrete of the present invention includes recycled aggregate, the use of recycled aggregate can be expanded. In addition, the shotcrete of the said invention can be manufactured with the manufacturing method mentioned above.

  Further, the present invention is a method of repairing a cross section using shotcrete, which is a product of a physical property value of ordinary aggregate and an absolute volume of the ordinary aggregate, a physical property value of recycled aggregate, and an absolute value of the recycled aggregate By dividing the sum of the volume products by the sum of the absolute volume of the normal aggregate and the absolute volume of the regenerated aggregate, the quality of the aggregate including the normal aggregate and the regenerated aggregate is evaluated. A relative quality value calculating step for calculating a relative quality value as an index; a relative quality value calculated in the relative quality value calculating step; and a predetermined physical property of the aggregate including the normal aggregate and the recycled aggregate A composition for adjusting the composition of water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate constituting the shotcrete based on a correlation with predetermined physical properties including at least the adhesive strength of the aggregate Adjustment process, water and cement according to the formulation adjusted in the formulation adjustment process Comprising a kneading step of kneading the aggregate and recycled aggregate, and a spraying step of spraying the shotcrete produced by being kneaded into a predetermined cross-sectional repair locations in the kneading step.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to repair a cross section of a concrete structure damaged by salt damage, neutralization, freeze-thawing, or the like, using shotcrete containing recycled aggregate. Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to expand the application of the recycled aggregate and to repair the cross section of the concrete structure. The present invention may be used for reinforcing the bottom surface of the floor slab and the thickness of the column member for the purpose of recovering and improving the durability and the like of the concrete structure and the member in addition to the repair of the cross section.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the technique which utilizes a recycled aggregate for shotcrete can be provided.

  Next, the manufacturing method of the shotcrete of this invention is demonstrated based on drawing. In addition, in the following description, the manufacturing method of shotcrete is demonstrated and the case where the shotcrete manufactured is used for the cross-section repair of a concrete structure is demonstrated to an example.

  FIG. 1 shows the process of cross-sectional repair using shotcrete containing recycled aggregate. First, in step S01, a recycled aggregate is manufactured. FIG. 2 shows an example of the production flow of recycled aggregate. Specifically, a concrete lump 1 of a concrete structure is put into a hopper 2. The concrete block 1 put into the hopper 2 is put into a jaw crusher 4 as a crusher by a grizzly feeder 3. The concrete block 1 thrown into the jaw crusher 4 is crushed into a spherical stone shape having a diameter of 5 mm to 20 mm or 25 mm. That is, the recycled coarse aggregate 50 is manufactured by the jaw crusher 4. The concrete lump 1 may be crushed by a demolition concrete crusher (general-purpose movable type) equipped with a jaw crusher. Further, an impact crusher may be used instead of the jaw crusher 4. A magnetic separator 5 that attracts metals such as reinforcing bars and bolts is provided at the subsequent stage of the jaw crusher 4. A vibrating screen 6 is provided at the subsequent stage of the magnetic separator 5, and the particle size of the crushed concrete is selected. The selection criteria are a diameter of 5 mm to 20 mm or 25 mm (regenerated coarse aggregate 50), a diameter of 0 mm to 5 mm (regenerated fine aggregate 60), and a diameter of 20 mm or 25 mm or more. Those having a diameter of 20 mm or 25 mm or more are put on the impact crusher 7 and then put into the jaw crusher 4 again. As described above, the recycled coarse aggregate 50 and the recycled fine aggregate 60 are manufactured from the concrete block 1. When the production of the recycled coarse aggregate 50 and the recycled fine aggregate 60 is completed, the process proceeds to the next step. Note that the above-described recycled aggregate production flow is merely an example. What is necessary is just to be able to manufacture recycled aggregate by providing a grizzly feeder, a crushing device, and a sieving device.

In step S02, blending adjustment based on the relative quality value method is performed using the recycled coarse aggregate 50 and the recycled fine aggregate 60 manufactured from the concrete block 1. Here, the relative quality value method will be described. The relative quality value is an evaluation index of aggregate quality obtained by Equation 1. QvG is a normal coarse aggregate property value, QrG is a regenerated coarse aggregate property value, QvN is a normal fine aggregate property value, QrN is a regenerated fine aggregate property value, and a, b, c, and d are each Absolute volume of aggregate used (l / m ³
). As the relative quality value, a water absorption rate, a density, or the like can be used, but in this embodiment, the relative water absorption rate is used for evaluation. The relative water absorption rate represents the mixing rate of recycled aggregate as an average water absorption rate of the aggregate as a whole.

Conventionally, it has already been known that there is a clear correlation between the relative quality value and main properties such as the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. However, shotcrete has characteristics that are different from general concrete, such as being pumped at a pressure stronger than that of normal placing when placing (when spraying). In addition, there is a concern that the shotcrete after placing (after spraying) is inferior in strength to general concrete. Therefore, in making blending adjustments using the so-called relative quality value method, it is necessary to fully consider the characteristics of these shotcrete concretes. It must be confirmed that there is a clear correlation with the value. Therefore, in the present invention, attention is paid to the adhesion strength considered to be a particularly important physical property in shotcrete. And it discovered that a correlation was materialized also between the relative quality value and adhesion strength of shotcrete containing recycled aggregate. In addition, it has been found that a correlation is established between the relative quality values of other physical properties such as compressive strength, Young's modulus, and accelerated neutralization depth. The correlation between each element and the relative quality value was confirmed in the test. The contents and results of the test will be described later. When blending adjustment based on the relative quality value method is completed, the process proceeds to the next step.

  In step S03, the materials are weighed and kneaded according to the blending adjustment based on the relative quality value method. That is, cement, water, admixture and the like are put into the hopper according to the blending adjustment. Subsequently, the recycled aggregate (recycled coarse aggregate 50, recycled fine aggregate 60) and ordinary aggregate are reduced in weight, and are put into a hopper and kneaded. When weighing and kneading are completed, the process proceeds to the next step. In step S04, the manufactured shotcrete is sprayed to a predetermined spraying location such as a cross-sectional repair location. Thus, the cross-section repair work using shotcrete containing recycled aggregate is completed.

Next, the embodiment described above will be described in more detail based on experimental examples.
<Experimental example>
[the purpose]
This test was conducted on the assumption that recycled aggregate produced from concrete blocks generated from a given building was used for shotcrete for cross-section repair (hereinafter simply referred to as shotcrete). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability to shotcrete by evaluating the workability and various physical properties of glued concrete.

[Materials used]
In this test, ordinary Portland cement, ordinary fine aggregate (produced in Hamaoka-cho, Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka Prefecture), ordinary coarse aggregate (produced in Iwase-Nagacho, Nishi-Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture), and the inner wall of an office building that has been around 40 years old. The manufactured recycled aggregate was used. FIG. 3 shows the physical properties of the aggregate used. The particle diameter of the recycled coarse aggregate was set to 5 mm to 15 mm due to the limitation of the diameter of the spray nozzle.

[Combination adjustment]
In the study of the blending of shotcrete, the four blends shown in FIG. 4 were used. That is, the four blends are: (1) 100% ordinary coarse aggregate, 100% ordinary fine aggregate (GN100-SN100), (2) 100% recycled coarse aggregate, 40% recycled fine aggregate, ordinary fine bone 60% (GR100-SR40, SN60), (3) 100% recycled coarse aggregate, 70% recycled fine aggregate, 30% ordinary fine aggregate (GR100-SR70, SN30), (4) recycled coarse aggregate 100 % / Recycled fine aggregate 100% (GR100-SR100).

The design standard strength was set to 24 N / mm ² which is equivalent to that of general concrete. The compounding strength was set by multiplying the design standard strength by a safety factor of 1.3. The blending strength of the base concrete is calculated by multiplying the blending strength by an additional factor of 1.4, taking into account (1) the effect of the addition of rapid setting agent, (2) variation in specimens, and (3) differences between the laboratory and plant. Set. The amount of the quick setting agent was 7% of the cement amount.

[Properties of base concrete]
When a construction test was performed on the base mortar before spraying, the following results were obtained. That is, regarding the fresh properties, both the slump and the air amount satisfied predetermined values. Further, as a result of visual observation, it was determined that any of the formulations shown in FIG. 4 had appropriate fluidity and material separation resistance, and good spraying was possible. Further, regarding the curable properties, it was confirmed that the compression strength of the one using the regenerated aggregate was lower than that using the ordinary aggregate. FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the age of the base concrete and the compressive strength.

[Test method]
Next, based on the results of the above-mentioned study on blending base concrete, blending was newly adjusted. FIG. 6 shows the new formulation. The four new blends are: (1) 100% ordinary coarse aggregate, 100% ordinary fine aggregate (GN100-SN100), (2) 100% recycled coarse aggregate, 40% recycled fine aggregate, ordinary fine bone 60% (GR100-SR40, SN60), (3) 100% manufactured coarse aggregate, 70% recycled fine aggregate, 30% ordinary fine aggregate (GR100-SR70, SN30), (4) recycled coarse aggregate 100 % / Recycled fine aggregate 100% (GR100-SR100). In the new formulation, the ratio of recycled aggregate to normal aggregate is not changed, and the unit amount of water and cement is adjusted as appropriate.

  Next, a workability test was performed based on the above-described new formulation. Here, FIG. 7 shows a schematic configuration of the workability test. As shown in the figure, a compressor 11, a drain separator 12, a sprayer (260 type) 13, a dehumidifier 14, a quick setting agent supply unit 15, a nozzle 16, and a mold 17 are used as devices for performing workability tests. Is provided. Each device is connected by an air hose or a material hose, and the sprayed concrete in the spraying machine 13 is sprayed against the formwork by the pumping force supplied from the compressor 11. In the workability test, first, the workability was evaluated by visual observation. In addition, core specimens (JIS A 1107 and JIS A-K561) were prepared from shotcrete, and compressive strength (JIS A 1107), static elastic modulus (JIS A 1149), adhesion strength (JIS S-K5651), accelerated neutrality. Various tests (JIS A 1153) were conducted.

[Test results]
FIG. 8 shows a construction test result. As shown in the figure, it was confirmed that the fresh properties when using recycled aggregates were not significantly different from those using ordinary aggregates. In addition, regarding the visual evaluation of workability, it was confirmed that there was no pulsation of the hose and the mixing property of the quick setting agent was good.

FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the age of the shotcrete and the compressive strength. As shown in the figure, it was confirmed that the compressive strength of shotcrete using recycled aggregate was smaller than that using ordinary aggregate regardless of age. In addition, it was confirmed that the compressive strength of shotcrete using recycled aggregate decreases as the amount of recycled fine aggregate increases. The compressive strength at the age of 28 days is the blended strength of shotcrete (31.2 N / mm ² ) for all blends.
It was confirmed that

  FIG. 10 shows the accelerated neutralization depth and the neutralization rate coefficient. As shown in the figure, it was confirmed that the accelerated neutralization depth and the neutralization rate coefficient tend to increase as the replacement ratio of the regenerated fine aggregate increases.

[Material design]
Next, we investigated whether it is possible to design materials for shotcrete based on the relative quality value method. The relative quality value is an evaluation index of aggregate quality obtained by Equation 1 as shown below. In this test, the relative quality value is evaluated by the relative water absorption rate using the water absorption rate. QvG is a normal coarse aggregate property value, QrG is a regenerated coarse aggregate property value, QvN is a normal fine aggregate property value, QrN is a regenerated fine aggregate property value, and a, b, c, and d are each It is the absolute volume (l / m ³ ) of the aggregate used. The relative water absorption rate represents the mixing rate of recycled aggregate as an average water absorption rate of the aggregate as a whole.

11 to 14 show the relationship between the relative water absorption rate of each shotcrete and each physical property value. FIG. 11 shows the relationship between relative water absorption and 4-week compressive strength. FIG. 12 shows the relationship between relative water absorption and Young's modulus. FIG. 13 shows the relationship between relative water absorption and adhesion strength. FIG. 14 shows the relationship between the relative water absorption rate and the 26-week accelerated neutralization depth. As shown in these figures, it was confirmed that a clear correlation was recognized between the relative water absorption rate and each physical property value. In particular, in shotcrete, it is important that the bond strength meets a predetermined requirement, but a clear correlation was also found between the bond strength and the relative water absorption rate. Further, the adhesion strength was 1.31 N / mm ² or more, and it was confirmed that the specified value (1 to 1.3 N / mm ² ) of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers guidelines was satisfied.

  FIG. 15 shows a conceptual diagram of an evaluation method based on the relative water absorption rate and the relative quality value method. In the figure, as an example of the quality evaluation method based on the relative quality value method, the aggregate relative quality value (relative water absorption rate in this test) and concrete quality (accelerated neutralization depth, length change rate, compression) Strength). As described above, a clear correlation was confirmed between the relative water absorption rate of the shotcrete and each physical property value by this test. Therefore, material design based on the relative quality value method as shown in FIG. 15 is possible.

<Effect>
According to the method for producing shotcrete of the present embodiment, blending adjustment of shotcrete containing recycled aggregate can be easily performed by blending adjustment based on the relative quality value method. Moreover, according to the manufacturing method of the shotcrete of this embodiment, shotcrete containing the reproduction | regeneration aggregate excellent in workability and quality can be manufactured, without removing original mortar. That is, according to the shot concrete manufacturing method of the present embodiment, shot concrete containing recycled aggregate can be manufactured at low cost. As a result, the use of recycled aggregate can be expanded.

  Moreover, from the test results, when recycled aggregate was included in the shotcrete, it was confirmed that each blend had appropriate fluidity and material separation resistance. As a result, it was confirmed that the spraying condition (construction condition) was also good. It was also confirmed that the rebound rate was not so different from that of concrete using ordinary aggregate.

  Furthermore, it was confirmed that the compressive strength and adhesion strength of shotcrete satisfy the design values. Further, it was confirmed that even when 100% of the recycled aggregate was replaced, it could be applied as shot concrete for cross-sectional repair.

The cross-section repair process using shotcrete containing recycled aggregate is shown. The manufacturing flow of recycled aggregate is shown. The physical properties of the aggregate used are shown. The composition of base concrete is shown. The relationship between the age of the base concrete and the compressive strength is shown. A new formulation of base concrete is shown. The schematic structure of a workability test is shown. The workability test results are shown. The relationship between the age of the shotcrete and the compressive strength is shown. The accelerated neutralization depth and the neutralization rate coefficient are shown. The relationship between a relative water absorption and a 4-week compressive strength is shown. The relationship between relative water absorption and Young's modulus is shown. The relationship between relative water absorption and adhesion strength is shown. The relationship between a relative water absorption rate and 26 week promotion neutralization depth is shown. The conceptual diagram of the evaluation method based on a relative water absorption rate and a relative quality value method is shown.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Concrete lump 2 ... Hopper 3 ... Grizzly feeder 4 ... Jaw crusher 5 ... Magnetic separator 6 ... Vibrating screen 7 ... Impact crusher 11 ... Compressor 12 ... Drain separator 13 ... spraying machine 14 ... dehumidifier 15 ... quick setting agent supply machine 16 ... nozzle 17 ... formwork 50 ... recycled coarse aggregate 60 ... recycled fine bone Material

Claims (4)

A method for producing shotcrete,
The product of the physical property value of the normal aggregate and the absolute volume of the normal aggregate, and the sum of the product of the physical property value of the regenerated aggregate and the absolute volume of the regenerated aggregate is defined as the absolute volume of the normal aggregate and the regenerated bone. By dividing by the sum of the absolute volume of the aggregate, the relative quality value as an evaluation index of the quality of the aggregate including the normal aggregate and the recycled aggregate, the relative quality value including the water absorption rate of the aggregate relative quality value calculation step of calculating the quality value,
Wherein the water absorption of the aggregate of the relative quality value calculated in the relative quality value calculating step, as a predetermined physical properties of the aggregate, based on the correlation between the adhesion strength of the aggregate, the spray Mixing adjustment process for adjusting the mixing of concrete, water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate,
A kneading step of kneading water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate according to the blending adjusted in the blending adjustment step;
A method for producing shotcrete comprising:   The method for producing shotcrete according to claim 1, wherein the recycled aggregate includes recycled coarse aggregate and recycled fine aggregate. A cross-section repair method using shotcrete,
The product of the physical property value of the normal aggregate and the absolute volume of the normal aggregate, and the sum of the product of the physical property value of the regenerated aggregate and the absolute volume of the regenerated aggregate is defined as the absolute volume of the normal aggregate and the regenerated bone. By dividing by the sum of the absolute volume of the aggregate, the relative quality value as an evaluation index of the quality of the aggregate including the normal aggregate and the recycled aggregate, the relative quality value including the water absorption rate of the aggregate relative quality value calculation step of calculating the quality value,
Wherein the water absorption of the aggregate of the relative quality value calculated in the relative quality value calculating step, as a predetermined physical properties of the aggregate, based on the correlation between the adhesion strength of the aggregate, the spray Mixing adjustment process for adjusting the mixing of concrete, water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate,
A kneading step of kneading water, cement, ordinary aggregate, and recycled aggregate according to the blending adjusted in the blending adjustment step;
A spraying step of spraying sprayed concrete produced by being kneaded in the kneading step onto a predetermined cross-sectional repair location;
A cross-section repair method using shotcrete comprising: The cross-sectional restoration method using shotcrete according to claim 3 , wherein the recycled aggregate includes recycled coarse aggregate and recycled fine aggregate.

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