JP4855920B2 - Residual stress evaluation method for water jet peening surface - Google Patents
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本発明は、金属材料表面に存在する引張残留応力を圧縮残留応力に転換するウォータージェットピーニングの施工面の残留応力評価方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for evaluating a residual stress on a construction surface of water jet peening for converting a tensile residual stress existing on a metal material surface into a compressive residual stress.
金属材料の疲労強度や耐腐食性を向上させることを目的に、材料表面の残留応力を圧縮化する方法が採られる場合がある。その残留応力改善方法の一つにキャビテーション噴流を利用するウォータージェットピーニングがある。ウォータージェットピーニングは水中で高圧水を噴射させることで微細な無数の気泡を含んだキャビテーション噴流を生成し、この気泡が崩壊する際に生じる大きな衝撃力あるいはマイクロジェットにより材料表面を微小に塑性変形させる加工法であり、この塑性変形部が周囲から弾性的に拘束されることにより、押圧部に圧縮残留応力を生じさせるという技術である。このような残留応力改善を施した材料表面の応力測定には、材料表面にひずみゲージを貼付して、材料を細かく切断することによって、解放するひずみ量から残留応力を算出する方法やX線回折を用いて結晶格子面間隔を測定し、それをもとに格子面間に生じるひずみから材料表面層に存在する残留応力を算出するX線応力測定法が知られている(例えば、非特許文献1参照)。 For the purpose of improving the fatigue strength and corrosion resistance of the metal material, a method of compressing the residual stress on the material surface may be employed. One of the methods for improving the residual stress is water jet peening using a cavitation jet. Water jet peening generates a cavitation jet containing countless bubbles by injecting high-pressure water in water, and the surface of the material is plastically deformed by a large impact force or micro jet generated when the bubbles collapse. This is a processing method in which the plastic deformation portion is elastically constrained from the surroundings to generate a compressive residual stress in the pressing portion. To measure the stress on the surface of the material with such residual stress improvement, a strain gauge is attached to the surface of the material, and the material is cut into fine pieces to calculate the residual stress from the amount of strain to be released or X-ray diffraction An X-ray stress measurement method is known in which the distance between crystal lattice planes is measured by using and the residual stress existing in the material surface layer is calculated from the strain generated between the lattice planes based on the distance (for example, non-patent literature) 1).
上記の従来技術は精度良く残留応力を評価できるが、前者のひずみ量から残留応力を算出する技術は材料を切断する必要のある破壊検査であるため、製品への適用は不向きである。また、後者のX線応力測定技術は非破壊で残留応力測定が可能であるが、比較的高価な専用測定装置を必要とし、また、測定結果を得るまでにある一定の時間を必要とする。さらに、水中での測定においては測定領域の水を排除する手段を講じる必要がある。 Although the above conventional technique can accurately evaluate the residual stress, the former technique for calculating the residual stress from the strain amount is a destructive inspection that requires cutting the material, and is not suitable for application to a product. The latter X-ray stress measurement technique is capable of non-destructive measurement of residual stress, but requires a relatively expensive dedicated measurement device and requires a certain period of time to obtain a measurement result. Furthermore, in the measurement in water, it is necessary to take measures to exclude water in the measurement region.
ウォータージェットピーニングは主に原子力発電プラントの炉内構造物に適用されており、炉水を満たした状態で施工される。そのため、炉水を排除せずに、ウォータージェットピーニングの施工効果すなわち残留応力改善効果を簡易かつ炉内環境下(放射線環境下)で評価する方法が求められている。 Water jet peening is mainly applied to the in-reactor structure of a nuclear power plant, and is constructed with the reactor water filled. Therefore, there is a demand for a method for simply evaluating the construction effect of water jet peening, that is, the effect of improving residual stress, without excluding the reactor water in an in-furnace environment (in a radiation environment).
そこで、本発明は、残留応力を評価する指標として、ウォータージェットピーニング施工により材料表面に複数のピーニング痕(微小な凹み)が形成される点に着目し、このウォータージェットピーニング施工により形成されるピーニング痕を利用した応力評価を行うことにより、材料を破壊することなく、炉内環境下で簡易に残留応力を評価する方法を提供することを目的としている。 Therefore, the present invention pays attention to the point that a plurality of peening marks (small dents) are formed on the material surface by water jet peening as an index for evaluating residual stress, and peening formed by this water jet peening. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for easily evaluating residual stress in a furnace environment without destroying the material by performing stress evaluation using a mark.
上記目的を達成するために、本発明のウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力評価方法は、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面に生成されたピーニング痕の単位面積当たりの総面積あるいは数を計測し、これらをあらかじめ用意した残留応力とピーニング痕総面積の関係式あるいは残留応力とピーニング痕数の関係式に代入することで、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力を評価することを特徴とする。 In order to achieve the above object, the method for evaluating residual stress of a water jet peening construction surface according to the present invention measures the total area or number of peening marks generated on the water jet peening construction surface per unit area, The residual stress of the water jet peening surface is evaluated by substituting it into the relational expression of the prepared residual stress and the total area of the peening traces or the relational expression of the residual stress and the number of peening traces.
また、上記目的を達成するために、本発明のウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力評価方法は、残留応力評価対象部のウォータージェットピーニング施工前後の三次元形状測定を行い、三次元形状の測定結果からウォータージェットピーニング施工前後での表面積増加率を算出し、算出した表面積増加率をあらかじめ用意した残留応力と表面積増加率の関係式に代入することで、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力を評価することを特徴とする。 Further, in order to achieve the above object, the residual stress evaluation method for the water jet peening construction surface of the present invention performs a three-dimensional shape measurement before and after the water jet peening construction of the residual stress evaluation target part, and the measurement result of the three-dimensional shape Calculate the surface area increase rate before and after water jet peening, and evaluate the residual stress on the water jet peening surface by substituting the calculated surface area increase rate into the relational expression of the residual stress and surface area increase rate prepared in advance. It is characterized by that.
材料表面の残留応力改善方法の一つに、鋼球を高圧空気で噴射して、材料表面に投射するショットピーニングがあるが、この方法では、鋼球の衝突による圧痕の大きさが比較的揃っている。それに対して、ウォータージェットピーニングは、気泡が崩壊する際に生じる大きな衝撃力あるいはマイクロジェットを利用するため、ピーニング痕の大きさは不規則になり、目視確認できるものとそうでないものが材料表面に生成される。 One method of improving the residual stress on the material surface is shot peening, in which a steel ball is injected with high-pressure air and projected onto the material surface. In this method, the size of the indentation caused by the collision of the steel ball is relatively uniform. ing. On the other hand, water jet peening uses a large impact force or micro jet generated when bubbles collapse, so the size of peening marks is irregular, and what can be visually confirmed and what does not Generated.
このことから、本発明では、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面を目視検査用カメラ等で撮影し、撮影した画像を二値化画像に変換し、二値化画像内に存在するウォータージェットピーニング施工によって生成されたピーニング痕の面積あるいは数を画像処理により計測して、あらかじめ作成した残留応力とピーニング痕総面積の関係式、または、残留応力とピーニング痕数の関係式に代入することを提案する。 Therefore, in the present invention, the water jet peening construction surface is photographed with a visual inspection camera or the like, the photographed image is converted into a binarized image, and is generated by the water jet peening construction existing in the binarized image. It is proposed to measure the area or number of peening traces by image processing and substitute it into a relational expression between the residual stress and the total area of the peening traces, or a relational expression between the residual stress and the number of peening traces.
また、高さを含む三次元情報の得られる画像取得システムでウォータージェットピーニング施工面から三次元情報を得、三次元情報から表面積増加率を算出し、あらかじめ作成した残留応力と表面積増加率の関係式に代入することを提案する。 In addition, the image acquisition system that can obtain 3D information including height obtains 3D information from the surface of water jet peening, calculates the surface area increase rate from the 3D information, and the relationship between the residual stress and surface area increase rate created in advance. Propose to assign to an expression.
前述の画像処理においては、施工対象部が施工前に持つ表面粗さの影響を除外する目的で平滑化処理(輪郭をぼかす処理)、二値化処理(濃淡画像をしきい値により白黒の画像に変換する処理)、孤立点処理(画像上で孤立した点の処理)を行った二値化画像を用いることが望ましい。 In the above-mentioned image processing, smoothing processing (processing to blur the outline) and binarization processing (a grayscale image with a threshold value as a black-and-white image) for the purpose of eliminating the influence of the surface roughness of the construction target part before construction. It is desirable to use a binarized image that has undergone isolated point processing (processing of isolated points on the image).
また、前述の三次元情報においては、施工対象部が施工前に持つ表面粗さの影響を除外する目的で平滑化処理を行った三次元情報を用いることが望ましい。 Moreover, in the above-mentioned three-dimensional information, it is desirable to use three-dimensional information that has been subjected to a smoothing process for the purpose of excluding the influence of the surface roughness that the construction target portion has before construction.
残留応力評価対象部を転写したレプリカ等を用いて、ピーニング痕の面積、数、三次元情報を得るようにしても良い。 You may make it obtain the area, number, and three-dimensional information of a peening trace using the replica etc. which transcribe | transferred the residual stress evaluation object part.
残留応力とピーニング痕の総面積の関係式、あるいは残留応力とピーニング痕数の関係式は、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面と同様の硬度と面粗さを有する材料を用いてピーニング施工を行ったものを用いて作成することが望ましい。 The relationship between the residual stress and the total area of the peening marks, or the relationship between the residual stress and the number of peening marks, is the result of peening using a material with the same hardness and surface roughness as the water jet peening surface. It is desirable to create it.
本発明によれば、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面に生成されるピーニング痕の面積、数あるいはウォータージェットピーニング施工前後の表面積増加率を把握することで、ウォータージェットピーニングを施工した材料表面、特に原子力発電プラントの炉内構造物表面の残留応力を非破壊で、しかも炉内環境下で簡易に評価できる。 According to the present invention, by grasping the area and number of peening marks generated on the surface of water jet peening, or the surface area increase rate before and after water jet peening, the surface of the material subjected to water jet peening, particularly a nuclear power plant The residual stress on the surface of the in-furnace structure can be easily evaluated in a non-destructive and in-furnace environment.
本発明は、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面のピーニング痕の総面積あるいは数あるいはピーニング施工前後での表面積増加率と残留応力とが相関を有しており、関係式で表すことができるとの知見に基づいている。 The present invention is based on the knowledge that the total area or number of peening marks on the water jet peening surface or the surface area increase rate before and after peening has a correlation with the residual stress and can be expressed by a relational expression. ing.
本発明の実施例を図1から図8を用いて説明する。但し、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されない。 An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
図1は、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面の一部(10mm×10mm)を撮影したウォータージェットピーニング施工面撮影画像1であり、図2は図1の撮影画像を画像処理し二値化画像を得ることによってピーニング痕3を認識できるようにした二値化変換画像2である。本発明では、図2に示すようにウォータージェットピーニング施工面を画像処理することによって、ピーニング痕3を抽出し、画像内におけるピーニング痕3の面積あるいは数を計測し、あらかじめ作成した残留応力とピーニング痕総面積の関係式、あるいは残留応力とピーニング痕数の関係式に代入することでウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力を評価する。
FIG. 1 shows a water jet peening construction surface photographed image 1 obtained by photographing a part (10 mm × 10 mm) of a water jet peening construction surface, and FIG. 2 obtains a binarized image by subjecting the photographed image of FIG. 1 to image processing. It is the
図3は、本発明において残留応力評価の指標となる、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面を撮影した画像を二値化画像に変換し、二値化画像において確認できるピーニング痕の総面積と撮影した部位の残留応力の関係を示したものである。 FIG. 3 shows an image of a water jet peening construction surface, which is an index for evaluation of residual stress in the present invention, converted into a binarized image, and the total area of the peening marks that can be confirmed in the binarized image and the site of the imaged portion This shows the relationship of residual stress.
残留応力とピーニング痕の総面積は、反比例の関係にあり、残留応力が圧縮になるほどピーニング痕の総面積は増加する関係にある。直線Aはこれらのデータを近似したものであり、この直線Aを表す式が本発明で使用する残留応力とピーニング痕総面積の関係式となる。 The residual stress and the total area of the peening trace are in an inversely proportional relationship, and the total area of the peening trace is increased as the residual stress is compressed. The straight line A is an approximation of these data, and the equation representing the straight line A is a relational expression between the residual stress and the total area of the peening marks used in the present invention.
図4は、本発明のウォータージェットピーニング施工後の残留応力評価対象部を撮影し、撮影画像を二値化処理した二値化画像からピーニング痕の総面積を計測して、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力を評価する方法の手順を示したものである。 FIG. 4 shows a water jet peening construction surface by photographing a residual stress evaluation target portion after water jet peening construction of the present invention, measuring a total area of peening marks from a binarized image obtained by binarizing the photographed image. The procedure of the method of evaluating the residual stress of is shown.
まず、あらかじめ、実験結果から作成した残留応力Mとピーニング痕総面積Sの関係式M=f(S)を設定する。次にウォータージェットピーニング施工後の残留応力評価面を撮影し、撮影した画像を二値化画像に変換する。変換した二値化画像中の各ピーニング痕の面積を計測し、その和をピーニング痕総面積Sとする。得られたピーニング痕総面積Sを前述の残留応力Mとピーニング痕総面積Sの関係式M=f(S)に代入し、残留応力Mを算出する。 First, a relational expression M = f (S) between the residual stress M and the peening trace total area S created from the experimental results is set in advance. Next, the residual stress evaluation surface after water jet peening is photographed, and the photographed image is converted into a binarized image. The area of each peening mark in the converted binarized image is measured, and the sum thereof is defined as a peening mark total area S. The obtained peening trace total area S is substituted into the relational expression M = f (S) between the residual stress M and the peening trace total area S described above to calculate the residual stress M.
図5は、本発明において残留応力評価の指標となる、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面を撮影した画像を二値化画像に変換し、二値化画像において確認できるピーニング痕の数と撮影した部位の残留応力の関係を示したものである。 FIG. 5 shows an image of a water jet peening surface, which is an index for evaluation of residual stress in the present invention, converted into a binarized image, and the number of peening marks that can be confirmed in the binarized image and the remaining portion of the imaged portion. It shows the relationship of stress.
残留応力とピーニング痕の数は、反比例の関係にあり、残留応力が圧縮になるほどピーニング痕の数は増加する関係にある。直線Bはこれらのデータを近似したものであり、この直線Bを表す式が本発明で使用する残留応力とピーニング痕数の関係式となる。 The residual stress and the number of peening marks are in an inversely proportional relationship, and the number of peening marks is increased as the residual stress is compressed. The straight line B is an approximation of these data, and the formula representing this straight line B is the relational expression between the residual stress and the number of peening marks used in the present invention.
図6は、本発明のウォータージェットピーニング施工後の残留応力評価対象部を撮影し、撮影画像を二値化処理した二値化画像からピーニング痕の数を計測して、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力を評価する方法の手順を示したものである。 FIG. 6 is an image of the residual stress evaluation target portion after the water jet peening operation according to the present invention, and the number of peening marks is measured from the binarized image obtained by binarizing the captured image. The procedure of the method for evaluating the residual stress is shown.
まず、あらかじめ、実験結果から作成した残留応力Mとピーニング痕数Kの関係式M=f(K)を設定する。次にウォータージェットピーニング施工後の残留応力評価面を撮影し、撮影した画像を二値化画像に変換する。変換した二値化画像中の各ピーニング痕の数を計測し、その和をピーニング痕数Kとする。得られたピーニング痕数Kを前述の残留応力Mとピーニング痕数Kの関係式M=f(K)に代入し、残留応力Mを算出する。 First, a relational expression M = f (K) between the residual stress M and the number of peening marks K created from the experimental results is set in advance. Next, the residual stress evaluation surface after water jet peening is photographed, and the photographed image is converted into a binarized image. The number of each peening mark in the converted binarized image is measured, and the sum is defined as the number of peening marks K. The obtained peening mark number K is substituted into the above-mentioned relational expression M = f (K) between the residual stress M and the peening mark number K, and the residual stress M is calculated.
図7は、本発明において残留応力評価の指標となる、残留応力評価対象部のウォータージェットピーニング施工前後の三次元形状測定を行い、三次元形状測定結果からウォータージェットピーニング施工前後での表面積増加率を算出し、算出した表面積増加率と残留応力評価対象部の残留応力の関係を示したものである。 FIG. 7 shows a three-dimensional shape measurement before and after water jet peening of a target part for residual stress evaluation, which is an index of residual stress evaluation in the present invention, and the surface area increase rate before and after water jet peening is determined from the three-dimensional shape measurement result. , And the relationship between the calculated surface area increase rate and the residual stress of the residual stress evaluation target portion is shown.
残留応力と表面積増加率は、反比例の関係にあり、残留応力が圧縮になるほど表面積増加率の値は大きくなる関係にある。直線Cはこれらのデータを近似したものであり、この直線Cを表す式が本発明で使用する残留応力と表面積増加率の関係式となる。 The residual stress and the surface area increase rate are in an inversely proportional relationship, and the value of the surface area increase rate increases as the residual stress is compressed. The straight line C approximates these data, and the equation representing the straight line C is a relational expression between the residual stress and the surface area increase rate used in the present invention.
図8は、残留応力評価対象部のウォータージェットピーニング施工前後の三次元形状測定を行い、三次元形状測定結果からウォータージェットピーニング施工前後での表面積増加率を算出して、ウォータージェットピーニング施工面の残留応力を評価する方法の手順を示したものである。 FIG. 8 shows the three-dimensional shape measurement before and after the water jet peening operation of the residual stress evaluation target part, and the surface area increase rate before and after the water jet peening operation is calculated from the three-dimensional shape measurement result. The procedure of the method for evaluating the residual stress is shown.
まず、あらかじめ、実験結果から作成した残留応力Mと表面積増加率Pの関係式M=f(P)を設定する。次にウォータージェットピーニング施工前の残留応力評価対象部の三次元測定を行い、ウォータージェットピーニング施工前の表面積を算出する。次にウォータージェットピーニング施工後の残留応力評価対象部の三次元測定を行い、ウォータージェットピーニング施工後の表面積を算出する。算出したウォータージェットピーニング施工前後の表面積から表面積増加率Pを算出し、得られた表面積増加率を前述の残留応力Mと表面積増加率Pの関係式M=f(P)に代入し、残留応力Mを算出する。 First, the relational expression M = f (P) between the residual stress M and the surface area increase rate P created from the experimental results is set in advance. Next, three-dimensional measurement of the residual stress evaluation target part before water jet peening is performed, and the surface area before water jet peening is calculated. Next, three-dimensional measurement of the residual stress evaluation target part after the water jet peening is performed, and the surface area after the water jet peening is calculated. The surface area increase rate P is calculated from the calculated surface area before and after the water jet peening operation, and the obtained surface area increase rate is substituted into the above-mentioned relational expression M = f (P) of the residual stress M and the surface area increase rate P, and the residual stress M is calculated.
1…ウォータージェットピーニング施工面撮影画像、2…二値化変換画像、3…ピーニング痕。 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Water jet peening construction surface taking image, 2 ... Binarization conversion image, 3 ... Peening trace.
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