JP4832797B2 - Safety rail device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a safety rail device that guides a derailed vehicle so that it does not escape to the outside of a track.

  For example, when a train travels on a curved track or the like, as shown in FIG. 13, even if the wheel 41 is detached from the main rail 42, it prevents the derailed vehicle from running away from the track and minimizes derailment damage. In order to make it safe, it is laid where safety rails are needed. An example of the installation of the safety rail is as shown in FIGS. 14 (a) and 14 (b). As shown in FIG. 14 (a), safety rails 44, 44 are provided inside the rails of the main rails 43, 43, or in places where there is a lot of falling rocks and snow or particularly necessary places, as shown in FIG. 14 (b). Safety rails 45 and 45 are provided outside the main rails 43 and 43.

  By the way, in order to prevent orbital settlement, generally, as shown in FIG. 15 (a), the most loaded rails 46 and the ballast 47 immediately under the 46 are densely packed with a roadbed ballast tamping machine called a tie tamper or multiple tie tamper. The ballast 48 other than just below the rails 46, 46 is made relatively rough. This is because the vertical load received through the rail is maximum near the rail, and the filling density of the ballast 47 near the rails 46 and 46 is the same as the filling density of the ballast 48 except for the rails 46 and 46. With such a filling density, the ballast 47 in the vicinity of the rails 46 and 46 is in a rough state due to a large load received from the rail 46, and the sleeper 49 in that portion sinks, resulting in a track subsidence. is there.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 15A, in order to prevent the orbital settlement, the ballast 47 in the vicinity immediately below the most loaded rails 46 and 46 is tightly tamped with a tie tamper or multiple tie tamper so that the rails 46 and 46 The ballasts 48 other than directly below are made relatively rough, and the heavy load received from the rails 46 is borne by the ballasts 47 having a large filling density near the rails 46 and 46, and as a result, the sleepers 49 are submerged. Absent.

  However, as time passes, as shown in FIG. 15B, due to the large load received from the rail 46, the filling density of the ballast near the rails 46 and 46 tends to gradually become rough. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 15 (a), the ballast 47 just below the rails 46 and 46 is tightly tamped with a tie tamper or a multiple tie tamper before the ballast filling density becomes coarse enough to cause the orbital settlement. It is done.

  FIG. 16 shows the working range of the tie tamper with respect to the arrangement of the main rail 43, and the shaded portion is the working range of the tie tamper. That is, since the structure in the shaded part interferes with the ballast tamping work by the tie tamper, it is necessary to remove it to a place other than the shaded part before the tamping work. In this respect, the safety rails 44 and 45 at the positions shown in FIGS. 14 (a) and 14 (b) are obstacles to the tamping operation. Therefore, before the tamping operation, it is necessary to remove the safety rails 44 and 45 to a place other than the shaded portion. Moreover, it is necessary to move the safety rail, which is a heavy object, up to a predetermined distance beside the track so as not to hinder the tamping operation of the tie tamper. .

  In addition, this invention is based on an inventor's original idea, There is nothing which should be described as a prior art document.

  The present invention has been made in view of such problems of the prior art, and its purpose is to prevent the derailed vehicle from running away from the track even if the wheels are off the main rail. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a safety rail device that is skillfully arranged at a position that does not hinder the work of a roadbed ballast tamping machine.

In order to achieve the above object, the first invention of the present application is a safety rail device that guides the vehicle by a guard rail arranged in the gauge so that the derailed vehicle does not escape to the outside of the track,
The first guard rail and the other main rail that are arranged in parallel to the main rail so that the head of the rail faces diagonally toward the main rail in the middle part of the gauge that is outside the work area for ballast ballast tamping a second guardrail rail head is arranged parallel to the said main rail so as to face obliquely toward the,
A rail fastening device for fastening the first guard rail and the second guard rail to the sleeper ,
At least a part of the first guard rail is located on the one main rail side with respect to the rail fastening device, and at least a part of the second guard rail is located on the other main rail side with respect to the rail fastening device. It is what .

The present second invention is a safety rail system by guardrail derailed vehicle is located at the end of the sleeper to prevent escape to the track outwardly guiding the vehicle,
A pair of guard rail respectively at one end and the other end the track bed ballast tamping work outside the position of the sleepers disposed parallel to the main rail, rail fastening these guardrail to each said sleepers A fastening device ,
The rail fastening device is a fixed block that can integrally fix the guard rail and has a block portion that contacts the end surface of the sleeper and a plate-like protrusion that contacts the upper surface of the sleeper, and
A first fixing fitting integrally having a bottom surface portion that contacts the lower surface of the sleeper and a pair of side surface portions that contact the side surface of the sleeper;
A second fixing fitting fastened to the pair of side members of the first fixing fitting so as to sandwich the protruding portion of the fixing block with the sleeper and press the protruding portion toward the sleeper. Are provided. In the above description, the “end surface of the sleeper” is a surface that appears at the end of the sleeper in a direction substantially orthogonal to the main rail. In the above, the “side surface of the sleeper” is a surface that appears at the end of the sleeper in a direction substantially parallel to the main rail.

In the safety rail system of the present second invention, the upper surface of the sleepers has become inclined surface and which is inclined so as to slightly upward toward the both end portions from the central portion, the block portion of the fixed block is formed on the upper surface and a contacting plate member to the end face of the the recess and the sleepers, wherein the protruding portion of the fixed block forms a pseudo wedge shape as along the inclined surface of the upper surface of the sleeper, the first fixing the bottom surface portion of the metal fitting has a projecting portion directed upward in the vicinity of the edge,
Wherein the projecting portion of the pseudo wedge-shaped fixing block is brought into contact with the inclined surface of the upper surface of the sleepers, wherein the pair of side portions of the bottom portion is brought into contact to the underside of the sleepers of the first fixing bracket in the cover both sides of the sleepers, wherein the pair of side portions of the first fixing bracket and the second fixing bracket with the projecting portions of the pseudo wedge of the fixed block in the second fixing member is pressed downward wherein by sandwiching the projecting portion of the pseudo wedge-shaped fixed block fastened with fastening members, housing holding the plate-like member of the fixed block in a gap between the said projecting portion of the first fixing bracket sleepers in, one end of the rail base of the guardrail to receive and retain the said recess of the fixed block, said fixed block rail base of the other end portion of the guardrail in the fastening member Good to be a structure that forms an.

  Since this invention is comprised as mentioned above, there exist the following effects.

  According to the first and second aspects of the invention, even when the wheel is removed from the main rail due to unavoidable circumstances, the wheel removed from the main rail contacts the first guard rail head or the second guard rail head. Movement in the direction of the gauge is prevented, and the derailed vehicle will not escape away from the track. Moreover, it is a mechanism that prevents the movement of the wheels in the gauge direction by the first guard rail and the second guard rail arranged at a position outside the roadbed ballast tamping work range, and there is no work of removing or moving the safety rail at all. Maintenance-free and extremely safe.

Furthermore, according to the second aspect of the present invention, it is possible to attach the safety rail system without performing any processing on existing sleepers. In particular, according to the third aspect of the invention, the pseudo wedge-shaped protrusion along the inclined surface of the upper surface of the sleeper is sandwiched between the first fixing bracket and the second fixing bracket, and the fixing block, the first fixing bracket and the second fixing bracket are sandwiched. since the structure of fastening so as to wrap the sleepers in brackets, rail fastening apparatus is not whether we easily separated sleepers. In addition, since the flat plate member of the fixed block is sandwiched and held between the projection of the first fixing bracket and the end face of the sleeper, the fixed block, the first fixing bracket and the sleeper move as if they were integrated. Therefore, the fluttering of the rail fastening device can be minimized.

  Next, examples of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples, and can be appropriately changed and modified without departing from the technical scope of the present invention. It is.

  Fig.1 (a) is a side view of one Example of the structure which applied the safety rail apparatus of this invention to the railway track, FIG.1 (b) is a top view of Fig.1 (a) (The wheel is abbreviate | omitted). ). FIG. 2 is a view taken in the direction of arrows II-II in FIG.

  In FIGS. 1A and 1B, 1a and 1b are main rails, and 2a and 2b are wheels.

  The first guard rail 3 is arranged in parallel with the main rail 1a so that the rail head 3a faces diagonally toward one main rail 1a, and the rail head 4a faces diagonally toward the other main rail 1b. Thus, the second guard rail 4 is arranged in parallel with the main rail 1b.

  Reference numeral 5 denotes a PC sleeper, and the upper surface 5a of the PC sleeper 5 is an inclined surface that is inclined slightly upward from the center toward both ends. A washer 8 is fixed by inserting a bolt 7 through a flat plate 6 attached to the bottom of the PC sleeper 5 and tightening four bolts 7. The rail base 3 b of the first guard rail 3 and the rail base 4 b of the second guard rail 4 are fitted and held in the recess of the washer 8. Further, the rail bases 3b and 4b are pressed by the washers 9 disposed above the rail bases 3b and 4b, and the bolts 11 are inserted through the members 12 (fixed by the bolts 7) through the washers 10 and tightened. Thus, the rail bases 3 b and 4 b are sandwiched between the washer 9 and the washer 8.

  The range shown by the arrow 13 is a valving ballast tamping work range by a tie tamper or multiple tie tamper, and the first guardrail 3 is parallel to the main rail 1a in the middle portion of the gauge outside the valving ballast tamping work range. The second guard rail 4 is arranged in parallel with the main rail 1b.

  According to the safety rail device configured as described above, for example, as shown in FIG. 1A, some of the wheels 2a and 2b of the train traveling on the main rails 1a and 1b are separated from the main rail. Even if it moves to the right, the rail head 3a inclined obliquely of the first guard rail 3 prevents the derailed wheel 2a from moving, so the washer 8 is not stepped on by the derailed wheel 2a. Is prevented from moving further in the lateral direction, and the other wheel 2b is positioned on the PC sleeper 5 so that it does not fall off from the PC sleeper 5. Next, normal train operation can be resumed by putting the hoist into the site and returning the vehicle that has deviated from the main rail to the main rail.

  In order to prevent the guard rails 3 and 4 from interfering with the roadbed ballast tamping operation, it is preferable to arrange the guard rails 3 and 4 as close to the center as possible between the gauges, but considering the distance between the wheels 2a and 2b. Then, the guard rails 3 and 4 may be arranged at a position where the wheel 2a or 2b that is not guided by the guard rail 3 or 4 does not fall off from the PC sleeper 5.

  According to the present embodiment, since the first guard rail 3 and the second guard rail 4 are located in the middle of the gauge, which is outside the range of the roadbed ballast tamping work, these guard rails are ballast butt directly below the rail by a tie tamper or multiple tie tamper. There is no hindrance to the consolidation work. Further, since it is not necessary to manually move the guard rail, which is a heavy object, to the side of the track that is out of the tamping work range of the tie tamper, there is no safety problem and maintenance is free.

  FIG. 3 (a) is a side view of another embodiment of a structure in which the safety rail device of the present invention is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 3 (b) is a plan view of FIG. 3 (a) (wheels are omitted). ) Components common to those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted. FIG. 4 is a left and right end view of FIG.

  The first guard rail 3 is disposed in parallel with the main rail 1a outside the roadbed ballast tamping work range 13 at one end of the PC sleeper 5, and the roadbed ballast butt at the other end of the PC sleeper 5 is disposed. The second guard rail 4 is arranged in parallel with the main rail 1b outside the hardening work range 13.

  In this embodiment, the first guard rail 3 and the second guard rail 4 are fastened to the PC sleeper 5 by a rail fastening device 14 described below.

  FIG. 5A is a side view of the rail fastening device 14, and FIG. 5B is a plan view thereof. The fastening device 14 includes a fixing block 15, a first fixing bracket 16, a second fixing bracket 17, and a washer 18.

  6A is a plan view of the fixed block 15, FIG. 6B is a side view thereof, and FIG. 6C is a left end view of FIG. 6A.

  7A is a side view of the first fixing bracket 16, FIG. 7B is a left end view of FIG. 7A, and FIG. 7C is a plan view of the first fixing bracket 16.

  8A is a plan view of the second fixture 17, FIG. 8B is a side view thereof, and FIG. 8C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIII-VIII in FIG. 8A.

  9A is a plan view of the washer 18, FIG. 9B is a side view thereof, and FIG. 9C is a left and right end view of FIG. 9A.

  Using the rail fastening device configured as described above, the gardle 3 or 4 can be fastened to the PC sleeper 5 as described below.

  The fixing block 15 is mounted so that the flat plate member 19 of the fixing block 15 shown in FIG. 6 contacts one end face of the PC sleeper 5 (see FIG. 5A), and the first fixing bracket 16 shown in FIG. The first fixing bracket 16 is mounted so that the flat plate-like member 19 of the fixing block 15 is accommodated in the gap between the protruding portion 20 and one end face of the PC sleeper 5 (see FIG. 5A). Furthermore, the fixed block 15 has a pseudo wedge-shaped protrusion 21 along the inclined surface of the upper surface 5a of the sleeper 5 (see FIGS. 6A and 6B). The left and right side members 22 and 23 and the bottom member 24 are provided (see FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C), and the pseudo wedge-shaped protrusion 21 of the fixed block 15 is inclined with respect to the upper surface 5a of the sleeper 5. The bottom surface member 24 of the first fixing bracket 16 is in contact with the lower surface of the sleeper 5 (see FIG. 5A), and the left and right sides of the first fixing bracket 16 are brought into contact with the surface (see FIG. 5A). The side members 22 and 23 cover the both sides of the sleeper 5 (see FIG. 5B), and the second fixing bracket 17 presses the pseudo wedge-shaped protrusion 21 of the fixing block 15 downward (FIG. 5 ( a)), four bolt holes 25 provided in the second fixing bracket 17 (see FIG. 8A) The first fixing member 16 four bolt holes 26 provided (see FIG. 7 (c)), tightened by inserting bolts 27 as shown in FIG. 5 (a) (b). As described above, the rail fastening device 14 is fastened to the PC sleeper 5.

  On the other hand, in order to fasten the guard rail 3 or 4 to the rail fastening device 14, in FIG. 5A, the end of one rail base 3 b of the first guard rail 3 is connected to the recess 29 (see FIG. 6 (b)), one end of the wire spring clip 30 is inserted into the opening 32 (see FIG. 6 (b)) of the receiving bracket 31 of the fixed block 15, and the other rail base of the first guard rail 3 is inserted. 3 b is pressed by the other end of the wire spring clip 30. In addition, it can replace with a wire spring clip and can also fasten the rail base of a guardrail with a volt | bolt and a washer.

  As described above, the guard rail 3 or 4 can be fastened to the PC sleeper 5 via the rail fastening device 14 without performing any processing on the existing PC sleeper 5. Further, the pseudo wedge-shaped protrusion 21 along the inclined surface of the upper surface 5 a of the PC sleeper 5 is brought into contact with the upper surface 5 a of the PC sleeper 5, and the bottom member 24 of the first fixing bracket 16 is attached to the PC sleeper 5. The pseudo-wedge-like protrusion 21 is sandwiched between the first fixing bracket 16 and the second fixing bracket 17, and the PC sleeper 5 is fixed with the fixing block 15, the first fixing bracket 16 and the second fixing bracket 17. Since the structure is fastened so as to be wrapped, the rail fastening device 14 is not easily detached from the PC sleeper 5. Even if the PC sleeper 5 moves up and down when passing through the train, the flat plate member 19 of the fixed block 15 is stored and held in the gap between the projection 20 of the first fixing bracket 16 and the end face of the PC sleeper 5 and fixed. Since the block 15, the first fixing bracket 16, and the PC sleeper 5 move as if they were integrated, the fluttering of the rail fastening device 14 can be minimized.

  According to the safety rail device configured as described above, for example, as shown in FIG. 3A, some of the wheels 2a and 2b of the train traveling on the main rails 1a and 1b are separated from the main rail. Even if the wheel 2a moves to the left, the wheel 2a is guided by the guardrail 3, so that the wheel 2a is prevented from further moving in the lateral direction and does not fall off the PC sleeper 5. Next, normal train operation can be resumed by putting the hoist into the site and returning the vehicle that has deviated from the main rail to the main rail.

  According to this embodiment, since the first guard rail 3 and the second guard rail 4 are located outside the sleeper ballast tamping work range, the guard rail is a ballast butt directly below the rail by a tie tamper or multiple tie tamper. There is no hindrance to the consolidation work. Further, since it is not necessary to manually move the guard rail, which is a heavy object, to the side of the track that is out of the tamping work range of the tie tamper, there is no safety problem and maintenance is free.

[Reference Example 1]
FIG. 10A is a side view including a cross section of a reference example of a structure in which a safety rail device is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 10B is a plan view of FIG. 10A (wheels are omitted). . The only difference from FIG. 1 is that a slab track made of roadbed concrete 33, cement asphalt 34 and concrete slab 35 is used instead of PC sleeper 5. The upper surface 36 of the slab track is an inclined surface that is inclined slightly upward from the center toward both ends.

[Reference Example 2]
FIG. 11A is a side view including a cross section of a reference example of a structure in which a safety rail device is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 11B is a plan view of FIG. 11A (wheels are omitted). . The only difference from FIG. 3 is that a slab track made of roadbed concrete 33, cement asphalt 34 and concrete slab 35 is used instead of PC sleeper 5. The upper surface 36 of the slab track is an inclined surface that is inclined slightly upward from the center toward both ends.

  FIG. 12 is a side view of another embodiment of a structure in which the safety rail device of the present invention is applied to a railway track. The difference from FIG. 1 is that a slight gap is provided between the washer 8 and the rail base 3b or 4b, and a carbon steel oil temper wire for spring (SWO-A) is used as the material of the washer 9. is there. The first guard rail 3 and the second guard rail 4 are members corresponding to strong beams. The rail base 3b and the rail base 4b are firmly held in the recesses of the washer 8, and the rail base 3b and the rail base 4b are fixed to the washer 9. The washer 8 is fixed to the PC sleeper 5 by tightening the bolt 7, and the washer 9 is fixed to the member 12 by tightening the bolt 11, so that the train runs on the main rails 1a and 1b. When the vehicle travels, both ends of the PC sleeper 5 may sink slightly with the vicinity of the place where the first guard rail 3 and the second guard rail 4 are installed as a fulcrum due to the heavy weight of the train. Repeatedly sinking both ends of the PC sleeper 5 may eventually lead to an accident in which the PC sleeper 5 is cracked or broken.

  Therefore, the washer 9 is made of spring steel, and a slight gap is provided between the washer 8 and the rail base 3b or 4b, so that when the train travels on the main rails 1a and 1b, the washer 9 becomes a cushioning material. As a result, the vertical movement of the rail bases 3b and 4b is absorbed in the gap between the washer 8 so that the train is connected to the main rail 1a, Even if it runs on 1b, although the full length of PC sleeper 5 may sink slightly, it will be suppressed that only the both ends of PC sleeper 5 sink.

  As a material of the washer 9, a spring silicon manganese steel oil temper wire and a spring silicon chrome steel oil temper wire can be used.

FIG. 1A is a side view of an embodiment in which the safety rail device of the present invention is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 1B is a plan view of FIG. 1A (wheels are omitted). ing). It is the II-II arrow line view of Fig.1 (a). FIG. 3 (a) is a side view of another embodiment of a structure in which the safety rail device of the present invention is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 3 (b) is a plan view of FIG. 3 (a) (wheels are omitted). Have been). FIG. 4 is a left and right end view of FIG. FIG. 5A is a side view of the rail fastening device 14, and FIG. 5B is a plan view thereof. 6A is a plan view of the fixed block 15, FIG. 6B is a side view thereof, and FIG. 6C is a left end view of FIG. 6A. 7A is a side view of the first fixing bracket 16, FIG. 7B is a left end view of FIG. 7A, and FIG. 7C is a plan view of the first fixing bracket 16. 8A is a plan view of the second fixture 17, FIG. 8B is a side view thereof, and FIG. 8C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIII-VIII in FIG. 8A. 9A is a plan view of the washer 18, FIG. 9B is a side view thereof, and FIG. 9C is a left and right end view of FIG. 9A. FIG. 10A is a side view including a cross section of a reference example of a structure in which a safety rail device is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 10B is a plan view of FIG. 10A (wheels are omitted). . FIG. 11A is a side view including a cross section of a reference example of a structure in which a safety rail device is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 11B is a plan view of FIG. 11A (wheels are omitted). . FIG. 12 (a) is a side view of another embodiment of a structure in which the safety rail device of the present invention is applied to a railway track, and FIG. 12 (b) is a plan view of FIG. 12 (a) (wheels are omitted). ) It is a general figure which shows the positional relationship of a rail and a wheel. It is a top view which shows an example of arrangement | positioning of a main line rail and a safety rail. FIGS. 15A and 15B are diagrams showing an example of a dense and dense ballast immediately below the rail and in the vicinity thereof. It is a figure which shows the working range of a tie tamper with respect to arrangement | positioning of a main line rail.

1a Main line rail 1b Main line rail 2a Wheel 2b Wheel 3 First guard rail 3a Rail head 3b Rail base 4 Second guard rail 4a Rail head 4b Rail base 5 PC sleeper 6 Flat plate 7 Bolt 8 Washer 9 Washer 10 Washer 11 Bolt 13 Roadbed Ballast tamping work range 14 Fastening device 15 Block 16 Fixing bracket 17 Fixing bracket 18 Washer 19 Flat member 20 Protruding portion 21 Protruding portion 22 Left side member 23 Right side member 24 Bottom member 25 Bolt hole 26 Bolt hole 27 Bolt 29 Recess 30 wire spring clip 31 support bracket 33 roadbed concrete 34 cement asphalt 35 concrete slab

Claims (3)

A safety rail device that guides the vehicle by a guard rail arranged in the gauge so that the derailed vehicle does not escape to the outside of the track,
The first guard rail and the other main rail that are arranged in parallel to the main rail so that the head of the rail faces diagonally toward the main rail in the middle part of the gauge that is outside the work area for ballast ballast tamping a second guardrail rail head is arranged parallel to the said main rail so as to face obliquely toward the,
A rail fastening device for fastening the first guard rail and the second guard rail to the sleeper ,
At least a part of the first guard rail is located on the one main rail side with respect to the rail fastening device, and at least a part of the second guard rail is located on the other main rail side with respect to the rail fastening device. There is a safety rail device. It derailed vehicle A safety rail system for guiding the vehicle by the guard rail disposed at an end portion of the sleeper so as not to escape into orbit outward,
A pair of guard rail arranged parallel to a main line rail each to one end and the other end the track bed ballast tamping work positions outside of the ties,
And a rail fastening apparatus for fastening these guardrail to each said sleepers,
The rail fastening device is:
A fixing block that can integrally fix the guardrail and has a block portion that contacts the end surface of the sleeper and a plate-like protrusion that contacts the upper surface of the sleeper; and
A first fixing fitting integrally having a bottom surface portion that contacts the lower surface of the sleeper and a pair of side surface portions that contact the side surface of the sleeper;
A second fixing bracket fastened to the pair of side surface portions of the first fixing bracket so as to sandwich the protruding portion of the fixing block with the sleeper and press the protruding portion toward the sleeper. With
Safety rail device. It said top surface of sleepers has an inclined surface inclined so as to slightly upward toward the both end portions from the central portion,
The block portion of the fixed block has a recess formed on the upper surface and a flat plate member that comes into contact with the end surface of the sleeper,
Wherein the projecting portion of the fixed block forms a pseudo wedge shape as along the inclined surface of the upper surface of the sleeper,
The bottom surface portion of the first fixing bracket has a protrusion directed upward in the vicinity of the edge,
Wherein the projecting portion of the pseudo wedge-shaped fixing block is brought into contact with the inclined surface of the upper surface of the sleepers, wherein the pair of side portions of the bottom portion is brought into contact to the underside of the sleepers of the first fixing bracket in in covering the both side surfaces of said sleepers, said pair of side portions of the second fixing bracket and the first fixing bracket with pressing the protrusion of the pseudo wedge of the fixed block downward by the second fixing bracket wherein by sandwiching the projecting portion of the pseudo wedge-shaped fixed block fastened with fastening members, the plate-like member of the fixed block housed held in a gap between the sleepers and the projecting portion of the first fixing bracket, wherein one end of the rail base of the guardrail to receive and retain the said recess of the fixed block, said fixed block rail base of the other end portion of the guardrail in the fastening member This structure allows forming, safety rail system according to claim 2, wherein.

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