JP4814258B2 - Sealing plastic containers - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to the sealing of containers, to the coating of containers made of plastic materials that can be used for cosmetic and / or pharmaceutical formulations, and in particular to a coating ampoule for achieving a sealing effect. The invention also relates to a sealed or coated container, in particular a sealed or coated ampoule.

  Pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations are provided in a variety of different packaging, including packaging formed of glass, metal, plastic, and natural materials. For liquid formulations, such as solutions or suspensions, the packaging must be sealed and remain sealed to prevent leakage. However, many technical and practical difficulties exist in all such containers.

  Some formulations may contain highly volatile substances or other relatively small molecules that can diffuse through the container material. This is a particular problem with perfumes, for example. Since the product loses potency, aroma, or flavor, the shelf life is therefore limited. As a result, containers for such products are formed of impermeable materials, such as glass, and such materials are generally quite expensive. Therefore, it is impossible to use an inexpensive material such as plastic, which results in high packaging costs.

  The pharmaceutical formulation in the container must be sterilized under high temperature or high pressure conditions, or, once filled under sterile conditions, the container must be robust enough to maintain its sterility. Don't be. In this case as well, the product cost tends to increase.

  It is known to administer drugs to a patient's lungs using a nebulizer, which allows the drug to be administered to the patient while breathing is normal. The drug is provided in a unit dose ampoule (UDA), which contains a relatively small volume, typically 1 mL to 5 mL of solution, and is typically formed of a plastic material. The ampule is produced by a blow fill seal method (BFS) under aseptic conditions. In this blow-fill sealing method, an ampoule is formed by extrusion molding, and many parts are filled with a solution, but it is substantially a one-step process. If necessary, and if the contents are not heat labile, heat sterilization is used. For example, an ampoule can finally be sterilized after, for example, filling and sealing the ampoule. These methods are well established and recognized worldwide by regulatory authorities.

  A known problem with ampoules is that they allow oxygen, other gases and other volatile substances into the ampoule and allow water (moisture) to exit. Content testing reveals that during storage, contaminants can pass through the ampoule wall plastic and are absorbed into the formulation. As one specific example, an unacceptable amount of vanillin was found inside an ampoule, resulting in product failure, and without protection measures against this external contamination, the regulator refused to not allow the ampoule.

  As an example of a particular problem, the US Food and Drug Administration has recently required that ampoules be covered with a sealed pouch to avoid contamination of the ampoule contents. The pouch material is typically a three layer laminate of paper and / or polymer, aluminum, and low density polyethylene (LDP). This pouch is considered a safe solution.

  Ampoules are typically manufactured in multiple dosed strips, eg, 5, 10, or 30 units. Thus, the problem with using pouches is that if several ampoules are included in one pouch, the pouch is opened and the first ampoule is used while at the same time the remaining ampules can be exposed to the outside air and become contaminated. .

  The permeability of LDP also limits ampoule labeling. For example, the ink used to print directly on the ampoule and the adhesive used to apply the paper label should be carefully taken to ensure that it does not penetrate the ampoule and contaminate the contents. Must be checked.

  Some ampoules are filled with an inert gas, such as nitrogen. Even inside the pouch, there is some equilibrium between nitrogen and the gas outside the ampoule but inside the pouch. At the same time that the pouch is opened, more nitrogen is lost from the ampoule.

  LDP ampoules are translucent, and some photosensitive materials stored in them can be damaged after prolonged storage and by light irradiation. The pouch offers a partial solution, but once again, once the pouch is opened, it is exposed to light for an irregular period of time before the internal ampoule is used.

  Apart from this, LDP tubes are quite commonly used for cosmetics. However, it is necessary to avoid oxygen reaching certain tube contents, such as liposomes or other oxygen sensitive contents. Therefore, LDP and other such materials are not generally accepted in the manufacture of these cosmetic tubes.

  The object of the present invention is to solve or at least ameliorate the above problems. It is an object of a preferred embodiment of the present invention to provide an alternative method, more preferably a method for improving the sealing and / or coating of containers and to provide a container, in particular an ampoule sealed and / or coated by said method. It is.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is based on the use of a metal-containing or polymer-containing sealing layer to provide a coating for containers formed of plastic materials.

  In a first aspect, the present invention provides an ampoule comprising (a) a metal or metal compound coating or (b) a polymer deposited by vapor deposition.

  In general, the present invention provides a container for a liquid formed of a plastic material and including a coating of a metal or metal compound, or a polymer.

  In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for reducing moisture release from a container formed of a plastic material, the method comprising a coating comprising a metal or metal compound on the outer surface of the container, or a polymer. Applying a coating.

  In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for sealing a container formed of a plastic material, the method providing a coating comprising a metal or metal compound or a polymer coating on the outer surface of the container. Process.

  A fourth aspect of the present invention provides a method of applying a label to an ampoule, the method comprising applying a metal or metal compound coating or polymer coating to the ampoule, and applying the label to the coating. Process.

  The coating can be applied by first preparing a plastic layer and then applying a coating over the layer, or by applying a plastic layer covered with the coating, for example, by extrusion or other methods. obtain.

  In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coating is a metal or metal compound coating, more preferably a metal coating.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The coated container of the present invention is an ampoule with a metal or metal compound coating. The ampoule can be single or one of a plurality of ampoule strips. In use, this coating has been found to have a sealing effect on the ampoule contents, reduce external loss of the ampoule contents, and reduce contamination of the contents from the outside.

  Ampoules are typically plastic materials, particularly polypropylene or polyethylene (low density or high density), or other polymers used in the manufacture of ampoules or the beverage industry (eg, polyethylene terephthalate). In addition, an ampoule typically can contain a drug, such as an inhalation drug or injection, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

  The sealing is not required to be complete, but for example, in the case of ampoules, after testing for a period that meets the requirements of the regulatory authorities, the contents are well protected and further steps such as applying a further exterior from the outside with a pouch Is preferably not required. Thus, the coating may cover at least 50% of the outer surface (outer surface area) of the ampoule, or at least 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the outer surface of the ampoule. Particularly preferably, substantially all of the outside of the ampoule is coated.

  If an ampoule strip is coated and one ampoule is removed from the strip, this can result in the remaining side or part of the ampoule located at the end (which is uncoated) at that point Is exposed. However, if at all, this is probably only slightly impaired from the overall sealing effect of the coating. This is because the exposed portion is small compared to the total surface area, and the portion where the thickness of the plastic, which is the joint between adjacent ampoules, is generally very large is exposed. Thus, the present invention is useful for coating single containers or ampoules, and also ampoules that are manufactured in strips and designed to be removed one by one.

  The coating material can be selected, for example, from a wide variety of metals and metal compounds that can be coated on ampoules. Coatings include aluminum, copper, carbon, chromium, silver, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, gold, palladium, platinum, and their alloys (including steel), and their compounds (compounds of gases including gases) For example, carbon nitride, tin oxide, indium oxide, silicon dioxide). Some of these coating materials are more expensive than others. And for containers such as ampoules that are manufactured in large quantities and are used only once, the coating preferably comprises aluminum, titanium, chromium, silver, copper, or a mixture or alloy of the above materials. Particularly preferred coatings comprise aluminum, titanium, chromium or amorphous tetrahedral carbon or consist of their respective materials.

  A number of different techniques can be used to apply the coating. Suitable coating methods include physical vapor deposition methods such as sputtering and arc vapor deposition. The sputter coating also has a UV lacquer, if necessary, to protect the coating and to improve adhesion.

Sputter deposition as an example of physical vapor deposition is performed in a vacuum chamber where atoms, typically argon atoms, are ionized and accelerated to impact a target material, such as aluminum. The coating material enters the gas phase by physical treatment rather than by chemical or heat treatment. Argon atoms expel aluminum atoms as they strike the target, after which these expelled aluminum atoms strike the container and are coated, and this process is applied to dense coatings. Argon (Ar) ions are created with an ion gun that imparts kinetic energy to sputter the ions toward the target. Alternatively, argon ions are created in a plasma containing Ar ⁺ and electrons.

  Chemical vapor deposition or CVD involves the deposition of solid materials from the gas phase and is the general name for a group of processes that are similar in some respects to physical vapor deposition (PVD). PVD differs in that the precursor is a solid with material that evaporates from a solid target and is deposited on a substrate. CVD may be suitable for the present invention in some cases, but generally, high temperatures are required, limiting the materials that can be coated. CVD is also too expensive for mass production of single use products such as ampoules.

  In arc vapor deposition, an ion-containing plasma is created in a vacuum between an anode and a target (usually a cathode). In a filtered cathodic arc, ions from the plasma are directed toward the substrate through a filter designed to remove neutral particles such as macroparticles. The ions are deposited on the surface and form a coating. The filtered vacuum cathodic arc can be applied to the coating at low temperatures, i.e., even lower than sputter coating, up to 70 [deg.] C. to room temperature. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for a temperature sensitive substrate such as plastic. Plastics that can withstand temperatures up to about 120 ° C. can be coated using sputtering techniques. Metal or carbon or alloy coatings can be created using a filtered cathodic arc and also by placing the compound with the reactive gas introduced into a coating chamber near the substrate.

  These various vapor deposition methods are well known to those skilled in the art. Details of thin film methods including physical vapor deposition and vacuum arc deposition are found in the following literature: John A. Thornton and DW Hoffman, Thin Solid Films, 171, 5 (1989); J. Vossen and W. Kern, Thin Film Processes, Academic Press, NY, 1978 and Handbook of Vacuum Arc Science and Technology, Boxman, RL; Sanders, D .; Martin, PJ, Copyright, 1995 William Andrew Publishing / Noyes. Sputtering equipment is available from many commercial sources, including CPFilms Inc. of Martinsville, USA. FCVA equipment is also available from a number of commercial sources, including Nanofilm Technologies International Pte. Ltd, Singapore. Filtered cathodic vacuum arc technology is further described in US Pat. No. 6,761,805, US Pat. No. 6,736,949, US Pat. No. 6,413,387, and US Pat. No. 6,031,239. The contents thereof are incorporated herein. For the purposes of the present invention, the coating is preferably applied by physical vapor deposition or arc vapor deposition.

  Prior to coating the article, it is often preferred to perform surface cleaning or other preparation to remove contaminants and improve the adhesion of the coating. For the container of the present invention, water washing is usually sufficient. Embodiments of the present invention, where the article to be coated is made of or contains a polymer, such articles are known methods, except that more careful handling is required. Can be used to wash. Furthermore, during water washing, the polymer can absorb water. This water must be removed later to achieve adhesion of the coating under vacuum. The coating can adhere without any treatment even if water washing can be omitted.

  The article will probably remain clean for a short period of time if not in a special environment, such as a container purged with dry nitrogen, or in a UV / ozone chamber. One option is to provide a cleaning and / or surface preparation station as part of the coating station or juxtaposed with the coating station. Further considerations are as follows. In the case of blow-fill sealing methods typically used for ampoule formation, the newly formed or molded polymer may not require any surface preparation to obtain sufficient adhesion of the coating. .

  In the use of the present invention, an ampoule can be prepared by forming an ampoule and applying a coating to the ampoule. A known method for forming ampoules is by the blow fill seal (BFS) method and the coating process is convenient for ampoule production lines immediately after the BFS process and before packaging and / or labeling. Can be added. Ampoules typically contain from about 1 mL to about 5 mL (removable volume) of solution.

  The coating is designed so that the container can be sealed as described above. A suitable depth is at least 20 nm, preferably at least 50 nm, and suitably up to 50 microns, preferably up to 20 microns. The coating depth is also at least 100 nm, up to 10 microns.

  In a particular embodiment of the invention, the ampoule comprises a coating of aluminum formed of a plastic material and applied by sputter coating. Specifically, ampoules include a solution of inhaled drug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Thus, in the use case of the present invention, the blow-fill sealing method is used to obtain an ampoule containing 2.5 mL of the formulation containing salbutamol in saline. The ampoule is formed of LDP and exits the filling device with 10 strips. The strip is coated with an outer coating of about 300 nm deep aluminum applied using a sputter coater and has a shiny metal-like appearance. Ampoules are not packaged but are packaged in the usual manner. The patient is given a strip ampoule and strips one ampoule at a time. The remaining ampoule is held in the form of a strip (currently reduced size) until the next ampoule is removed and used, and until all ampoules are used.

  In a further embodiment of the invention, the ampoule comprises a coating of aluminum, chromium, or titanium formed of a plastic material, applied by sputter coating or filtered cathodic arc, and in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Injected drug solution. The solution can be, for example, water for injection or physiological saline for injection. Typical volumes are 30 ml or less, 25 ml or less, 20 ml or less, 15 ml or less, or 10 ml or less. In other embodiments of the present invention, ampoules can be made of 5, 10, 15, or more strips, stripped and used as required.

  In a further specific embodiment of the invention, the plastic ampoule is coated with a titanium layer applied by sputter coating and its depth is about 150 nm.

  In a further particular embodiment of the invention, the plastic ampoule is coated with amorphous tetrahedral carbon and its depth is about 100 nm.

  While embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to coatings applied to ampoules, the present invention, in certain embodiments, is more generally formed of a plastic material and includes a coating of a metal or metal compound. And a container for containing a liquid. These containers are made of a polymer comprising polyethylene or polypropylene and furthermore have a maximum filling capacity of up to 100 ml, preferably up to 50 ml, more preferably up to 20 ml. These containers are useful for liquids that contain volatile materials that would otherwise permeate unacceptably through plastic containers.

  Also, according to the present invention, a method for reducing moisture release from a container formed of a plastic material, including the step of applying a coating containing a metal or a metal compound to the outer surface of the container, and a metal Alternatively, there is provided a method for sealing a container formed of a plastic material comprising the step of applying a coating comprising a metal compound. In these methods, the coating and its application are further and preferably described with respect to the above embodiments of the present invention.

  A further particular method of the present invention is a method of sealing an ampoule, wherein the ampoule is inhaled or injected into a 0.5 ml to 10 ml pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (eg water or saline for injection). Water) and applying a coating of metal or metal compound to the ampoule over at least 70% of the outer surface of the ampoule.

  The coating of the present invention has additional or alternative properties (i.e., the property that the label is applied onto the coating). Accordingly, a further method of the present invention is a method of applying a label to an ampoule, the method comprising applying a metal or metal compound coating to the ampoule and applying a label to the coating.

  The label can be applied to an ampoule that has been coated with an adhesive. The label can also be sprayed or printed on the coated ampoule. For example, ink is sprayed onto a coated ampoule.

  The present invention provides many advantages in its various embodiments. Some or several or all of them may be revealed in a given embodiment. Ampoules are sealed by the above methods; for example, reducing water loss and reducing external contamination. Ampoules are still manufactured in strips of 5, 10, 30, etc., but because of the shape of the ampule, the process effectively seals each ampule individually. This is an improvement of the method of packaging the ampoule strip with the pouch, since when the ampoule is removed from the strip, the remaining ampoule remains substantially sealed. This is in contrast to the case where a pouch containing many ampoules is opened and everything is exposed to the open air.

  After application of the coating, it is relatively easy to label the ampoule or print with conventional ink without being constrained by the choice of ink or the presence of previously applied solvent.

  Ampoules coated with a metal coating according to the invention have a more pronounced appearance. The coating has been found to be continuous, non-peeling and resistant to abrasion such as friction.

  In a further embodiment, the applied coating comprises a polymer and is applied or deposited using a vapor deposition method. Methods for depositing polymer thin films are described, for example, in US Pat. No. 6,022,595; US Pat. No. 4,013,532; US Pat. No. 4,673,588; and US Pat. No. 4,921,723. Incorporated herein by reference. Specific methods of applying polyparaxylylene coatings are described, for example, in Medical Device Technology, January / February 2006, pages 10-11.

  Accordingly, the ampoule of an embodiment of the present invention comprises a polymer coating deposited by a vapor deposition method. The coating can be polyparaxylylene or can include polyparaxylylene, and the polymer coating of the present invention is suitably applied by chemical vapor deposition.

  In these embodiments, the barrier properties of the deposited polymer film can improve the sealability of the container.

  The ampoule is manufactured by forming an ampoule and applying a coating to the ampoule. As another embodiment of the invention, the ampoule may comprise a solution of inhaled drug or injectable drug, particularly in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

  The present invention also provides a method of reducing moisture release from a container formed of a plastic material, the method comprising a coating comprising a polymer on the outer surface of the container using a vapor deposition method, such as by chemical vapor deposition. The process of providing is included.

  The present invention also provides a method for sealing an ampoule, the ampoule comprising an inhalation or injection drug in a 0.5 ml to 10 ml pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the method comprising depositing an ampoule on the ampoule. Using a method to apply a polymer coating over at least 70% of the outer surface of the ampoule. The present invention also provides a method of applying a label to an ampoule, the method comprising applying a polymer coating to the ampoule using vapor deposition and applying the label to the ampoule.

  Other optional and preferred features of the invention described with respect to metal and metal compound coatings are imparted to coatings comprising polymers, mutatis mutandis.

  With respect to aspects of the invention in which other plastic containers are coated, the method can damage the contents by loss of gas and other volatile substances (eg, vitamins, flavors, fragrances, etc.) or contamination by those substances. Generally applied to packaging used in cases. The present invention provides a package made of a plastic material (for example, LDP, which is an inexpensive material such as glass, three-layer laminate, and ceramic).

  The invention is illustrated in the following examples with reference to the accompanying figures.

Example 1
Ten ampoule strips made of low density polyethylene were prepared using a standard blow fill seal device. Each ampoule contained 3 ml of salbutamol solution. The ampoule was visually inspected to ensure correct filling of the contents and manually confirmed that the ampoule was all intact. The ampoule strip was introduced into a filtered cathodic arc coating apparatus fitted with an aluminum target. The apparatus was closed and pumped down to perform vacuum operation. The coating operation was started and continued until the coating thickness monitor showed a thickness of 300 nm. The coating was terminated, the vacuum was released, and the chamber was opened.

  The coated ampoule (1) is shown in FIGS. Ten ampoules were directly removed from the coating chamber (FIG. 1). This ampoule, in use, has a head (3) for twisting the neck (2) and releasing the contents.

  The resulting coated ampoule was glossy, had a metallic appearance, and was completely coated with a thin layer of aluminum.

  The aluminum coating over the entire surface of the ampoule was continuous and smooth, with no noticeable defects. The coating adhered tightly to the ampoule and did not peel off and was friction resistant.

  One ampoule (4) was removed from the 10 strips (see FIG. 2), but the coating was stripped at the junction (5) of the removed ampoule and the remaining 9 ampoule strips. It never happened.

  Ampoule integrity was tested to ensure that they remained intact and contained the same volume of solution as before coating. The contents of the four ampoules were each tested using an atomic absorption based method to determine if there was contamination with aluminum. Each test was performed and an aluminum content of less than 1 ppm above the lower limit of the detection method was displayed, confirming that in each case the aluminum content of the solution inside the ampoule after coating was substantially zero. . These results confirmed that the ampoule wall was free of defects during the coating process.

Example 2
Five ampoule strips made of low density polyethylene were prepared using a standard blow fill seal device. Each ampoule contained 3 ml saline. The ampoule was visually inspected to ensure correct filling of the contents and manually confirmed that the ampoule was all intact. The ampoule strip was introduced into a filtered cathodic vacuum arc apparatus fitted with a titanium target. The apparatus was closed and pumped down to perform vacuum operation. The coating operation was started and continued until the coating thickness monitor showed a thickness of 300 nm. The coating was terminated, the vacuum was released, and the chamber was opened.

  The resulting coated ampoule (6) is shown in FIG. The ampoule then had a glossy appearance and was substantially completely coated with a thin layer of titanium, which coating was slightly less glossy than the aluminum coating of Example 1.

  Accordingly, the present invention provides a coated plastic container and a method for obtaining the container.

Figure 2 shows a front view of a strip of 10 ampoules coated with aluminum according to the present invention. Figure 2 shows the strip of Figure 1 with one ampoule removed. Figure 2 shows the strip of Figure 1 with one ampoule removed. Figure 3 shows a front view of a strip of ten ampoules coated with titanium according to the present invention.

Claims (40)

A method for sealing an ampoule formed of a plastic material, the step of forming an ampoule by a blow fill seal method, and a coating containing a metal or a metal compound or a polymer applied by a vapor deposition method on the outer surface of the ampoule A method comprising the step of applying. The method of claim 1, comprising applying the coating to at least 50% or more of the outer surface of the container. The method according to claim 1, comprising applying the metal or metal compound coating by physical vapor deposition or arc vapor deposition. The method according to claim 1, comprising applying the polymer coating by chemical vapor deposition. 5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the coating has a depth of at least 20 nm. 6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the coating has a depth of up to 20 [mu] m. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the ampoule is formed of polyethylene or polypropylene. 8. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, chromium, and amorphous tetrahedral carbon. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal is aluminum. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal is chromium. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal is titanium. A method of attaching a label to an ampoule formed of a plastic material, the step of forming an ampoule by a blow fill seal method, a coating of a metal or a metal compound, or a polymer applied by a vapor deposition method is applied to the ampoule. And a method comprising applying a label to the coating. The method of claim 12, wherein the label is applied to the coated ampoule using an adhesive. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the label is sprayed or printed onto the coated ampoule. 15. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 14, comprising applying the coating to at least 50% or more of the outer surface of the container. 16. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 15, comprising applying the metal or metal compound coating by physical vapor deposition or arc vapor deposition. 16. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 15 comprising applying the polymer coating by chemical vapor deposition. 18. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the coating has a depth of at least 20 nm. 19. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein the coating has a depth of up to 20 [mu] m. 20. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 19, wherein the ampoule is formed of polyethylene or polypropylene. 21. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 20, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, chromium, and amorphous tetrahedral carbon. The method of claim 21, wherein the metal is aluminum. The method of claim 21, wherein the metal is chromium. The method of claim 21, wherein the metal is titanium. An ampoule formed of plastic, comprising (a) a coating of metal or metal compound or (b) a polymer coating deposited by vapor deposition, the coating having a depth of up to 20 μm. 26. The ampoule of claim 25, wherein the coating covers at least 70% of the outer surface of the ampoule. 27. An ampoule according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the coating is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, chromium, silver, copper, amorphous tetrahedral carbon, and mixtures and alloys thereof. 28. An ampoule according to any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein the coating of metal or metal compound is applied by physical vapor deposition or arc vapor deposition. The ampoule according to any one of claims 25 to 28, which is manufactured by a step of forming the ampoule by a blow fill seal method and a step of applying the coating to the ampoule. 30. An ampoule according to any one of claims 25 to 29, wherein the coating is a thin metal film. 31. An ampoule according to claim 30, wherein the coating has a depth of at least 20 nm. 32. An ampoule according to any one of claims 25 to 31 comprising an aluminum coating. 33. The ampoule of claim 32, wherein the ampoule comprises a solution of inhaled drug or injectable drug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 32. An ampoule according to any one of claims 25 to 31 comprising a titanium coating. 35. The ampoule of claim 34, wherein the ampoule comprises a solution of inhaled drug or injectable drug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 32. An ampoule according to any one of claims 25 to 31 comprising a chromium coating. 38. The ampoule of claim 36, wherein the ampoule comprises a solution of inhaled drug or injectable drug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 26. An ampoule according to claim 25, wherein the coating is polyparaxylylene or comprises polyparaxylylene. 39. An ampoule according to claim 38, wherein the coating is applied by chemical vapor deposition. 40. An ampoule according to any one of claims 25 to 39, wherein the ampoule comprises a solution of inhaled drug or injectable drug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

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