JP4682976B2 - Anomaly detection method for sensor network - Google Patents

Anomaly detection method for sensor network Download PDF

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JP4682976B2
JP4682976B2 JP2006350394A JP2006350394A JP4682976B2 JP 4682976 B2 JP4682976 B2 JP 4682976B2 JP 2006350394 A JP2006350394 A JP 2006350394A JP 2006350394 A JP2006350394 A JP 2006350394A JP 4682976 B2 JP4682976 B2 JP 4682976B2
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abnormality
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JP2007078710A (en
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新一 桐林
孝治 大高
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Denso Corp
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本発明は、複数個の感圧センサがマトリックス状に接続されたセンサ回路網に対し、配線の異常を検出する異常検出方法に関する。   The present invention relates to an abnormality detection method for detecting an abnormality in wiring for a sensor circuit network in which a plurality of pressure-sensitive sensors are connected in a matrix.

本出願人は、車両のシート内部に着座センサを組み込んで、シート上の乗員の有無、大人と子供との判別、更にチャイルドシートの有無等を検出できる乗員検知システムを提案した。この乗員検知システムに使用される着座センサは、荷重を受けると抵抗値が変化する感圧センサであり、乗員の着座状態をより正確に検出するために、複数個の感圧センサを使用している。但し、感圧センサの数が多くなると、個々の感圧センサからの情報を入力する検出回路（ＥＣＵ）との接続本数が多くなるので、個々の感圧センサをマトリックス状に接続することでＥＣＵとの接続本数を少なくしている。   The present applicant has proposed an occupant detection system in which a seating sensor is incorporated inside a vehicle seat to detect the presence or absence of an occupant on the seat, discrimination between an adult and a child, and the presence or absence of a child seat. The seating sensor used in this occupant detection system is a pressure-sensitive sensor whose resistance value changes when a load is applied. In order to detect the occupant's seating state more accurately, a plurality of pressure-sensitive sensors are used. Yes. However, as the number of pressure sensors increases, the number of connections with detection circuits (ECUs) that input information from the individual pressure sensors increases, so the ECUs can be connected by connecting the individual pressure sensors in a matrix. The number of connections with is reduced.

ところで、個々の感圧センサとＥＣＵとを接続する配線がオープンしたりショートしたりして検出不能にならない様に、配線の状態を監視する必要がある。その為の手段として一般的に考えられるのは、図７に示す様に、各行配線１００及び列配線１１０に監視用の配線１２０を追加し、その監視用の配線１２０と各行配線１００及び列配線１１０との間にそれぞれ抵抗体１３０を接続して閉回路を構成し、ＥＣＵ側から検出電圧を印加してテスト電流を流すことにより、配線１００、１１０の完全性を監視する方法がある。   By the way, it is necessary to monitor the state of the wiring so that the wiring connecting each pressure sensor and the ECU does not become undetectable due to an open or short circuit. As a means for that purpose, generally, as shown in FIG. 7, a monitoring wiring 120 is added to each row wiring 100 and column wiring 110, and the monitoring wiring 120, each row wiring 100 and column wiring are added. There is a method of monitoring the integrity of the wirings 100 and 110 by connecting a resistor 130 between them 110 to form a closed circuit and applying a detection voltage from the ECU side to flow a test current.

ところが、上記の方法では、Ｍ行×Ｎ列のマトリックス配線の異常（オープンやショート）を検出するために、（Ｍ×２＋Ｎ×２）本の配線が必要となり、複数個の感圧センサをマトリックス状に接続したにも係わらず、ＥＣＵとの接続本数が非常に多くなってしまう。本発明は、上記事情に基づいて成されたもので、その目的は、行配線及び列配線を増やすことなく、センサ回路網の配線の異常を検出できる検出方法を提供することにある。   However, in the above method, in order to detect an abnormality (open or short) in a matrix wiring of M rows × N columns, (M × 2 + N × 2) wirings are required, and a plurality of pressure-sensitive sensors are arranged in a matrix. In spite of being connected in the shape, the number of connections with the ECU becomes very large. The present invention has been made based on the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a detection method capable of detecting a wiring abnormality of a sensor network without increasing the number of row wirings and column wirings.

（請求項１の手段）
発明では、行配線の終端同士及び列配線の終端同士をそれぞれ抵抗体を介して接続し、この抵抗体を介して接続される２本の行配線または２本の列配線を含む閉回路を形成した後、この閉回路に所定の電圧を印加し、閉回路中の電圧変化または電流変化より配線の異常を監視用配線を使用せずに検出する。この検出方法によれば、行配線及び列配線を増やすことなく、即ち、異常検知用の監視用配線を増設することなく、センサ回路網の配線の異常（オープンまたはショート）を検出することができる。 (Means of Claim 1)
In the invention, the terminal ends of the row wirings and the terminal ends of the column wirings are connected to each other via a resistor, and a closed circuit including two row wirings or two column wirings connected via the resistor is formed. Then, a predetermined voltage is applied to the closed circuit, and a wiring abnormality is detected without using the monitoring wiring from a voltage change or current change in the closed circuit. According to this detection method, it is possible to detect an abnormality (open or short) in the wiring of the sensor circuit network without increasing the row wiring and the column wiring, that is, without adding a monitoring wiring for detecting an abnormality. .

上記のセンサ回路網の異常検出方法において、抵抗体を介して接続される２本の行配線または２本の列配線の一端側を分圧用抵抗に接続し、他端側をアースして閉回路を形成した後、この閉回路に所定の電圧を印加し、分圧用抵抗の端子間電圧に基づいて配線の異常を検出する。
 In the above sensor circuit abnormality detection method, one row side of two row wirings or two column wirings connected via a resistor is connected to a voltage dividing resistor, and the other end side is grounded and closed circuit Then, a predetermined voltage is applied to the closed circuit, and abnormality of the wiring is detected based on the voltage across the terminals of the voltage dividing resistor.

例えば、閉回路がオープンしている場合は、端子間電圧が０Ｖとなり、閉回路がショートしている場合は、端子間電圧が閉回路に印加される電圧と同一電位になる。また、閉回路を形成する２本の行配線または列配線に異常が無ければ、分圧用抵抗と抵抗体との抵抗比に応じた分圧電圧が計測される。これにより、端子間電圧をモニタすることで配線の異常を検出することができる。   For example, when the closed circuit is open, the inter-terminal voltage is 0 V, and when the closed circuit is short-circuited, the inter-terminal voltage is the same potential as the voltage applied to the closed circuit. If there is no abnormality in the two row wirings or column wirings forming the closed circuit, the divided voltage corresponding to the resistance ratio between the voltage dividing resistor and the resistor is measured. Thereby, it is possible to detect a wiring abnormality by monitoring the voltage between the terminals.

上記のセンサ回路網の異常検出方法において、閉回路を形成する２本の行配線または２本の列配線の異常を検出する際に、分圧用抵抗の端子間電圧と同電位の電圧をその他の行配線および列配線に印加している。この場合、その他の行配線および列配線に廻り込む電流を無くすことができるので、電流の廻り込みによる検出不良を防止でき、より確実に配線の異常を検出できる。
 In the above-described abnormality detection method of the sensor network, when detecting abnormality of two row wirings or two column wirings forming a closed circuit, a voltage having the same potential as the voltage across the terminals of the voltage dividing resistor Applied to row wiring and column wiring. In this case, since currents flowing into other row wirings and column wirings can be eliminated, detection failure due to current circulation can be prevented and wiring abnormality can be detected more reliably.

（請求項２の手段）
請求項１に記載したセンサ回路網の異常検出方法において、抵抗体の代わりにダイオードを用いても、同様に配線の異常を検出することが可能である。 (Means of Claim 2 )
In the abnormality detection method of the sensor network according to claim 1, also using the diode instead of the resistor, it is possible to detect the abnormality of the same wiring.

次に、本発明の実施形態を図面に基づいて説明する。   Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

（第１実施例）
図１は乗員検知システムの回路図である。乗員検知システムは、車両のシート（図示しない）に乗員が着座しているか否か、着座している場合は、大人か子供か等の判定を行うもので、シート内部（座面の下部）に組み込まれるセンサ回路網１と、このセンサ回路網１の配線２（行配線２ａと列配線２ｂ）の異常（オープンまたはショート）を検出する異常検出機能（後述する）を備える。 (First embodiment)
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an occupant detection system. The occupant detection system determines whether an occupant is seated in a vehicle seat (not shown) and, if so, whether it is an adult or a child. The sensor circuit network 1 to be incorporated and an abnormality detection function (described later) for detecting an abnormality (open or short) of the wiring 2 (row wiring 2a and column wiring 2b) of the sensor circuit network 1 are provided.

センサ回路網１は、図１に示す様に、複数個の感圧センサＲ（Ｒ１１〜Ｒｍｎ）を有し、これらの感圧センサＲが配線２によってマトリックス状（Ｍ行×Ｎ列）に接続され、各行配線２ａと各列配線２ｂの一端側がそれぞれマルチプレクサ３とマルチプレクサ４を介してＥＣＵに接続されている。感圧センサＲは、図示しないフィルム上に印刷された上側電極と下側電極とを有し、荷重（圧力）を受けると両電極間の接触面積が変化して両電極間の抵抗値が変化する。   As shown in FIG. 1, the sensor circuit network 1 has a plurality of pressure sensors R (R11 to Rmn), and these pressure sensors R are connected in a matrix (M rows × N columns) by wiring 2. One end side of each row wiring 2a and each column wiring 2b is connected to the ECU via a multiplexer 3 and a multiplexer 4, respectively. The pressure sensor R has an upper electrode and a lower electrode printed on a film (not shown), and when subjected to a load (pressure), the contact area between the electrodes changes and the resistance value between the electrodes changes. To do.

マルチプレクサ３とマルチプレクサ４は、図１に示す様に、それぞれ３つのチャンネルを有する切り替えスイッチで、各チャンネルを適宜切り替えることにより、センシングする感圧センサＲを選択的に切り替えることができる。ＥＣＵ（電子制御装置）は、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐを介して個々の感圧センサＲに所定の電圧を印加し、個々の感圧センサＲとプルアップ抵抗Ｒｐとの分圧電圧｛Ｒ・Ｖｃｃ／（Ｒ＋Ｒｐ）｝をセンサ情報として入力している。   As shown in FIG. 1, each of the multiplexer 3 and the multiplexer 4 is a changeover switch having three channels, and can selectively switch the pressure-sensitive sensor R to be sensed by appropriately switching each channel. The ECU (electronic control unit) applies a predetermined voltage to each pressure sensor R via the pull-up resistor Rp, and the divided voltage {R · Vcc / (R + Rp)} is input as sensor information.

ＥＣＵによりセンシングが行われる際に、他の配線２への電流の廻り込みを防止するために、ＥＣＵとマルチプレクサ３及びマルチプレクサ４との間にバッファ回路５が設けられている。このバッファ回路５は、オペアンプを用いたボルテージフォロア回路で、入力電圧と出力電圧とが等しくなる様に構成され、センシングする感圧センサＲの端子間電圧（分圧電圧）と同電位の電圧を出力することができる。   When sensing is performed by the ECU, a buffer circuit 5 is provided between the ECU, the multiplexer 3 and the multiplexer 4 in order to prevent current from flowing into the other wiring 2. The buffer circuit 5 is a voltage follower circuit using an operational amplifier, and is configured so that the input voltage and the output voltage are equal to each other. Can be output.

異常検出機能は、診断用の抵抗体Ｒｄを介して接続される２本の行配線２ａまたは２本の列配線２ｂの一端側をプルアップ抵抗Ｒｐに接続し、他端側をアースして閉回路を形成した後、その閉回路に所定の電圧を印加して、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの端子間電圧に基づいて配線２の完全性を監視する機能である。抵抗体Ｒｄは、図２または図３に示す様に、各行配線２ａ及び各列配線２ｂの終端同士の間に接続される。   In the abnormality detection function, one end side of two row wirings 2a or two column wirings 2b connected via a diagnostic resistor Rd is connected to a pull-up resistor Rp, and the other end side is grounded and closed. After the circuit is formed, a predetermined voltage is applied to the closed circuit, and the integrity of the wiring 2 is monitored based on the voltage across the terminals of the pull-up resistor Rp. As shown in FIG. 2 or 3, the resistor Rd is connected between the terminal ends of each row wiring 2a and each column wiring 2b.

次に、本実施例の作動及び効果を説明する。   Next, the operation and effect of the present embodiment will be described.

ａ）センシング時
例えば、センサ回路網１の１行目の行配線２ａ（行♯１）と１列目の列配線２ｂ（列♯Ａ）に接続されている感圧センサＲ１１をセンシングする場合は、図４に示す様に、行♯１と列♯Ａを通って感圧センサＲ１１に電流が流れる様に、マルチプレクサ３及びマルチプレクサ４の各チャンネルを切り替える。これにより、感圧センサＲ１１の情報がプルアップ抵抗Ｒｐ との分圧電圧｛Ｒ１１・Ｖｃｃ／（Ｒ１１＋Ｒｐ）｝としてＥＣＵに出力される。なお、その他の行配線２ａ（２行目からＭ行目）と列配線２ｂ（２行目からＮ行目）には、バッファ回路５の出力電圧（Ｒ１１の検出電圧と同電位）が印加されるので、センシング時における電流の廻り込みを防止できる。 a) During sensing For example, when sensing the pressure sensor R11 connected to the first row wiring 2a (row # 1) and the first column wiring 2b (column #A) of the sensor network 1. As shown in FIG. 4, the channels of the multiplexer 3 and the multiplexer 4 are switched so that a current flows through the row # 1 and the column #A to the pressure sensitive sensor R11. Thereby, the information of the pressure sensor R11 is output to the ECU as a divided voltage {R11 · Vcc / (R11 + Rp)} with the pull-up resistor Rp. Note that the output voltage of the buffer circuit 5 (the same potential as the detection voltage of R11) is applied to the other row wirings 2a (second to Mth rows) and column wirings 2b (second to Nth rows). Therefore, current wraparound during sensing can be prevented.

ｂ）行配線２ａの異常検出
例えば、センサ回路網１の１行目の行配線２ａ（行♯１）と２行目の行配線２ａ（行♯２）の異常を検出する場合は、図５に示す様に、行♯１の始端側がプルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの低電位側に接続され、行♯２の始端側がアース接続される様に、マルチプレクサ３の各チャンネルを切り替える。これにより、行♯１と行♯２を介して、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐと抵抗体Ｒｄとが直列に接続された閉回路が形成される。 b) Abnormality detection of the row wiring 2a For example, when detecting an abnormality in the first row wiring 2a (row # 1) and the second row wiring 2a (row # 2) of the sensor network 1, FIG. As shown in FIG. 8, the channels of the multiplexer 3 are switched so that the starting end side of the row # 1 is connected to the low potential side of the pull-up resistor Rp and the starting end side of the row # 2 is grounded. As a result, a closed circuit is formed in which the pull-up resistor Rp and the resistor Rd are connected in series via the row # 1 and the row # 2.

この後、上記の閉回路に所定の電圧を印加してテスト電流を流し、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの端子間電圧がＥＣＵに出力される。なお、その他の行配線２ａ及び列配線２ｂには、センシング時と同様に、バッファ回路５を介してプルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの端子間電圧が印加されるので、電流の廻り込みを防止できる。ここで、閉回路がオープンしていると、端子間電圧が０Ｖとなり、閉回路がショートしていると、端子間電圧が閉回路に印加される電圧と同一値になる。また、閉回路を形成する２本の行配線２ａ（行♯１、行♯２）に異常が無ければ、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐと抵抗体Ｒｄとの抵抗比に応じた分圧電圧｛Ｒ・Ｖｃｃ／（Ｒ＋Ｒｐ）｝が検出される。   Thereafter, a predetermined voltage is applied to the closed circuit to cause a test current to flow, and the voltage across the pull-up resistor Rp is output to the ECU. Since the voltage between the terminals of the pull-up resistor Rp is applied to the other row wirings 2a and column wirings 2b through the buffer circuit 5 in the same manner as in sensing, current wraparound can be prevented. Here, when the closed circuit is open, the voltage between the terminals becomes 0 V, and when the closed circuit is short-circuited, the voltage between the terminals becomes the same value as the voltage applied to the closed circuit. If there is no abnormality in the two row wirings 2a (row # 1, row # 2) forming the closed circuit, the divided voltage {R · Vcc corresponding to the resistance ratio between the pull-up resistor Rp and the resistor Rd is used. / (R + Rp)} is detected.

ｃ）列配線２ｂの異常検出
例えば、センサ回路網１の１列目の列配線２ｂ（列♯Ａ）と２列目の列配線２ｂ（列♯Ｂ）の異常を検出する場合は、図６に示す様に、列♯Ａの始端側がプルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの低電位側に接続され、列♯Ｂの始端側がアース接続される様に、マルチプレクサ４の各チャンネルを切り替える。これにより、列♯Ａと列♯Ｂを介して、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐと抵抗体Ｒｄとが直列に接続された閉回路が形成される。 c) Abnormality detection of the column wiring 2b For example, when detecting an abnormality in the first column wiring 2b (column #A) and the second column wiring 2b (column #B) of the sensor circuit network 1, FIG. As shown in FIG. 5, the channels of the multiplexer 4 are switched so that the start end side of the column #A is connected to the low potential side of the pull-up resistor Rp and the start end side of the column #B is grounded. As a result, a closed circuit is formed in which the pull-up resistor Rp and the resistor Rd are connected in series via the column #A and the column #B.

この後、上記の閉回路に所定の電圧を印加してテスト電流を流し、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの端子間電圧がＥＣＵに出力される。なお、その他の行配線２ａ及び列配線２ｂには、センシング時と同様に、バッファ回路５を介してプルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの端子間電圧が印加されるので、電流の廻り込みを防止できる。ここで、閉回路がオープンしていると、端子間電圧が０Ｖとなり、閉回路がショートしていると、端子間電圧が閉回路に印加される電圧と同一値になる。また、閉回路を形成する２本の列配線２ｂ（列♯Ａ、列♯Ｂ）に異常が無ければ、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐと抵抗体Ｒｄとの抵抗比に応じた分圧電圧｛Ｒ・Ｖｃｃ／（Ｒ＋Ｒｐ）｝が検出される。   Thereafter, a predetermined voltage is applied to the closed circuit to cause a test current to flow, and the voltage across the pull-up resistor Rp is output to the ECU. Since the voltage between the terminals of the pull-up resistor Rp is applied to the other row wirings 2a and column wirings 2b through the buffer circuit 5 in the same manner as in sensing, current wraparound can be prevented. Here, when the closed circuit is open, the voltage between the terminals becomes 0 V, and when the closed circuit is short-circuited, the voltage between the terminals becomes the same value as the voltage applied to the closed circuit. If there is no abnormality in the two column wirings 2b (column #A, column #B) forming the closed circuit, the divided voltage {R · Vcc according to the resistance ratio between the pull-up resistor Rp and the resistor Rd is used. / (R + Rp)} is detected.

（本実施例の効果）
本実施例では、各行配線２ａ及び各列配線２ｂの終端同士を抵抗体Ｒｄを介して接続しているので、従来の様に監視用の配線を使用する必要がない。即ち、本実施例の構成によれば、２本の行配線２ａまたは２本の列配線２ｂを介して、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐと抵抗体Ｒｄとが直列に接続された閉回路を形成することができ、この閉回路に所定の電圧を印加してテスト電流を流すことにより、プルアップ抵抗Ｒｐの端子間電圧をモニタすることで配線２の異常を検出することができる。これにより、行配線２ａ及び列配線２ｂを増やすことなく、センサ回路網１の配線２の異常（オープンまたはショート）を検出することができる。 (Effect of this embodiment)
In this embodiment, the end of each row wiring 2a and each column wiring 2b are connected to each other via the resistor Rd, so that it is not necessary to use a monitoring wiring as in the prior art. That is, according to the configuration of this embodiment, a closed circuit in which the pull-up resistor Rp and the resistor Rd are connected in series can be formed via the two row wirings 2a or the two column wirings 2b. The abnormality of the wiring 2 can be detected by monitoring the voltage between the terminals of the pull-up resistor Rp by applying a predetermined voltage to the closed circuit and flowing a test current. Thereby, an abnormality (open or short) of the wiring 2 of the sensor circuit network 1 can be detected without increasing the row wiring 2a and the column wiring 2b.

また、センサ回路網１を形成する行配線２ａ及び列配線２ｂ以外に監視用の配線を使用する必要がないので、その分、従来より検出回路用のプリント基板のサイズアップを防止できる効果もある。なお、上記実施例では、各行配線２ａ及び各列配線２ｂの終端同士を抵抗体Ｒｄを介して接続しているが、抵抗体Ｒｄの代わりにダイオードを使用することも可能であり、上記実施例と同様の方法で配線２の異常を検出することができる。   Further, since it is not necessary to use a monitoring wiring other than the row wiring 2a and the column wiring 2b forming the sensor circuit network 1, it is possible to prevent an increase in the size of the printed circuit board for the detection circuit. . In the above embodiment, the ends of the row wirings 2a and the column wirings 2b are connected to each other through the resistor Rd. However, a diode can be used instead of the resistor Rd. The abnormality of the wiring 2 can be detected by the same method.

乗員検知システムの回路図である。It is a circuit diagram of an occupant detection system. センサ回路網の構成図である。It is a block diagram of a sensor circuit network. センサ回路網の構成図である。It is a block diagram of a sensor circuit network. センシング時の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing at the time of sensing. 行配線の異常検出を行う時の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing when performing abnormality detection of row wiring. 列配線の異常検出を行う時の説明図である。It is explanatory drawing when performing abnormality detection of column wiring. センサ回路網の構成図である（従来技術）。It is a block diagram of a sensor circuit network (prior art).

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１ センサ回路網
２ 配線
２ａ 行配線
２ｂ 列配線
５ バッファ回路
Ｒ 感圧センサ
Ｒｄ 抵抗体
Ｒｐ プルアップ抵抗（分圧用抵抗）
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Sensor circuit network 2 Wiring 2a Row wiring 2b Column wiring 5 Buffer circuit R Pressure sensor Rd Resistor Rp Pull-up resistance (resistance for voltage division)

Claims (2)

荷重の大きさに応じて抵抗値が変化する感圧センサを有し、複数個の前記感圧センサがマトリックス状に接続されたセンサ回路網に対し、前記複数個の感圧センサをマトリックス状に接続する配線（行配線と列配線）の異常（オープンまたはショート）を、異常監視用の配線を使用せずに検出する異常検出方法であって、
前記行配線の終端同士及び前記列配線の終端同士をそれぞれ抵抗体を介して接続し、前記抵抗体を介して接続される２本の行配線または２本の列配線の一端側を分圧用抵抗に接続し、他端側をアースして閉回路を形成した後、前記閉回路を形成する２本の行配線または２本の列配線の異常を検出する際に、前記分圧用抵抗の端子間電圧と同電位の電圧をその他の行配線および列配線に印加し、
前記閉回路に所定の電圧を印加し、前記分圧用抵抗の端子間電圧に基づいて前記配線の異常を検出することを特徴とするセンサ回路網の異常検出方法。 A sensor circuit having a pressure-sensitive sensor whose resistance value changes according to the magnitude of the load, and a plurality of the pressure-sensitive sensors are connected in a matrix. An abnormality detection method for detecting an abnormality (open or short) of wiring to be connected (row wiring and column wiring) without using an abnormality monitoring wiring,
The terminal ends of the row wirings and the terminal ends of the column wirings are connected to each other through resistors, and one end side of two row wirings or two column wirings connected via the resistors is connected to a voltage dividing resistor. Between the terminals of the voltage dividing resistor when detecting an abnormality in the two row wirings or the two column wirings forming the closed circuit after the other end side is grounded to form a closed circuit. Apply a voltage of the same potential as the voltage to the other row and column wires,
It said closed circuit applies a predetermined voltage, the abnormality detection method of the sensor circuitry and detects an abnormality of the wiring on the basis of the voltage-dividing resistor terminal voltage. 請求項１に記載したセンサ回路網の異常検出方法において、
前記抵抗体の代わりにダイオードを用いたことを特徴とするセンサ回路網の異常検出方法。 In the abnormality detection method of the sensor network according to claim 1,
An abnormality detection method for a sensor circuit network, wherein a diode is used instead of the resistor.
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