JP4680049B2 - Toner for developing electrostatic image, developer and image forming method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a toner, a developer, and a cartridge using a polyester resin useful as a binder for a dry toner used for developing an electrostatic charge image or a magnetic latent image in electrophotography, electrostatic recording method, electrostatic printing method, etc. (Container with developer), process cartridge, and image forming method.

The heating roller fixing method is a very heat-efficient fixing method because the toner image and the heating roller are in direct contact with each other, and the apparatus can be miniaturized, so that it is widely used.
However, due to the recent energy saving, the thermal energy that can be used at the time of fixing is very small. For this reason, the toner used in such a fixing device is required to be further fixed at a low temperature. As a technique for solving this problem, several proposals have conventionally been made.
Patent Document 1 discloses a novel polyester resin in which a polycondensation catalyst of a polyol component and a polycarboxylic acid component is a titanate ester of diol, and Patent Document 2 includes a toner containing a polyester resin having a high softening point and a low softening point. Has been devised. Although these have improved low-temperature fixability, on the other hand, toner fluidity reduction and transferability deterioration due to low molecular weight toner and the inclusion of wax, and spent on developer and photoreceptor are sufficiently improved. The developer durability has not been studied.
In Patent Document 3, charging performance is improved by a toner using inorganic tin as a catalyst, but charging stability over time is not studied.

Further, in electrophotographic image formation, a latent image is formed by an electrostatic charge on an image carrier such as a photoconductive substance, and a charged toner is attached to the electrostatic latent image to form a visible image ( After the toner image is formed, the visible image is transferred to a recording medium such as paper and fixed, and the image is output.
In recent years, copying and printer technologies using an electrophotographic system are rapidly expanding from monochrome to full color, and the full color market tends to expand. Color image formation by full-color electrophotography generally reproduces all colors by laminating three color toners of three primary colors, yellow, magenta, and cyan, or four color toners with black added to them. It is. Therefore, in order to obtain a clear full color image with excellent color reproducibility, it is necessary to reduce the light scattering by smoothing the surface of the fixed toner image to some extent. For this reason, the image gloss of a conventional full-color copying machine or the like is often 10-50% medium gloss or high gloss.

In general, as a method for fixing a dry toner image on a recording medium, a contact heating fixing method in which a roller or belt having a smooth surface is heated and pressed against the toner is frequently used. This method has high thermal efficiency and is capable of high-speed fixing, and has the advantage of giving gloss and transparency to the color toner. On the other hand, the surface of the heat-fixing member is brought into contact with the molten toner under pressure. Since the toner image is peeled off afterwards, there is a problem that a so-called offset phenomenon occurs in which a part of the toner image adheres to the surface of the fixing roller and is transferred onto another image.
In order to prevent this offset phenomenon, a method is generally adopted in which the fixing roller surface is formed of silicone rubber or fluororesin with excellent releasability, and then a release oil such as silicone oil is applied to the fixing roller surface. Has been. This method is extremely effective in preventing toner offset. However, the above method requires a device for supplying the release oil, and the fixing device is large and unsuitable for downsizing the machine. For this reason, in monochrome toners, the viscoelasticity at the time of melting of the toner is increased by adjusting the molecular weight distribution of the binder resin so that the melted toner does not break internally, and a release agent such as wax is further included in the toner. Therefore, there is a tendency to employ a method in which the release oil is not applied to the fixing roller (oilless), or the amount of oil applied is very small.

  On the other hand, color toners, like monochrome toners, tend to be oil-less for the purpose of miniaturizing machines and simplifying their configurations. However, as described above, with color toners, it is necessary to smooth the surface of the fixed image in order to improve color reproducibility. It is easy to offset, and it becomes more difficult to make the fixing device oil-less and to apply a small amount. In addition, when a release agent is contained in the toner, the adhesion of the toner increases and the transferability to the transfer paper decreases. Furthermore, there is a problem in that durability is lowered by the release agent in the toner contaminating a frictional charging member such as a carrier and reducing the charging property.

  Regarding the carrier, prevention of filming of toner components on the carrier surface, formation of a uniform carrier surface, prevention of surface oxidation, prevention of moisture sensitivity deterioration, extension of developer life, prevention of carrier adhesion to the surface of the photoreceptor, For the purpose of protecting the photoreceptor from scratches and abrasion by the carrier, controlling the charge polarity, or adjusting the charge amount, a coating layer containing a resin material is provided on the core material. For example, those coated with a specific resin material (see Patent Document 4), and further various additives added to the coating layer (Patent Document 5, Patent Document 6, Patent Document 7, Patent Document 8, Patent Document 9) , Patent Document 10 and Patent Document 11), an additive added to the carrier surface (see Patent Document 12), and conductive particles larger than the coating layer thickness included in the coating layer (see Patent Document 13) ), Etc. have been proposed. Patent Document 14 proposes the use of a carrier coating material mainly composed of a benzoguanamine-n-butyl alcohol-formaldehyde copolymer. Patent Document 15 proposes to use a cross-linked product of melamine resin and acrylic resin as a carrier coating material.

  However, these prior arts still have insufficient durability and carrier adhesion suppression. In particular, the problem is the spent on the carrier surface of the toner, destabilization of the charge amount associated therewith, and a decrease in the coating layer due to film removal of the coating resin and a corresponding decrease in resistance. In particular, a good image can be obtained in the initial stage, but there is a problem that the image quality of the copied image is lowered as the number of copies increases.

Recently, in response to a demand from customers for faster and more beautiful, the speed of the electrophotographic apparatus is remarkably increased. Along with this, the stress received by the developer has also increased dramatically, and it has become impossible to obtain a sufficient life even for carriers that have been long-lived. Carbon black is frequently used as a carrier resistance adjusting agent. However, there is a concern about color contamination due to migration of carbon black into a color image due to film scraping and carbon black detachment.
Various countermeasures have been proposed as countermeasures. For example, a carrier has been proposed in which a conductive material (carbon black) is present on the surface of the core material and the conductive material is not present in the coating layer (see Patent Document 13). Further, a carrier is proposed in which the coating layer has a carbon black concentration gradient in the thickness direction, the carbon black concentration decreases toward the surface of the coating layer, and there is no carbon black on the surface of the coating layer. (See Patent Document 14). Further, there has been proposed a two-layer coated carrier in which an inner coating layer containing conductive carbon is provided on the surface of core material particles, and a surface coating layer containing a white conductive material is further provided thereon ( (See Patent Document 15). However, these proposals cannot cope with the recent increase in stress, and color stains become a problem.

As a drastic measure against such color stains, it is clear that eliminating carbon black which causes color stains is most effective. However, when carbon black is simply removed, the carbon black has a property that its electric resistance is low, so that the carrier resistance increases and at the same time the charging characteristics also increase. Generally, when controlling the charge of a carrier, control by a coating material is a conventional means. However, there is a significant difference in charge level depending on the presence or absence of carbon black, and there are many side effects caused by changing the material. At present, changes other than black have not been implemented.

  Further, other toners using a polyester resin as a binder are known for the purpose of improving the low-temperature fixing performance of the toner (Patent Documents 19 and 20). However, in order to further improve the low-temperature fixability of the toner, it is necessary to lower the molecular weight and glass transition temperature (hereinafter abbreviated as “Tg”). In such a case, the toner has a high blocking resistance at high temperatures and high humidity. It had the problem of being inferior.

JP 2002-148867 A JP 2002-287427 A Japanese Patent No. 3597835 JP 58-108548 A JP 54-1555048 A JP 57-40267 A JP 58-108549 A JP 59-166968 A Japanese Patent Publication No. 1-19584 Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 3-628 JP-A-6-202381 JP-A-5-273789 JP-A-9-160304 JP-A-8-6307 Japanese Patent No. 2683624 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 7-140723 JP-A-8-179570 JP-A-8-286429 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 62-178278 JP-A-4-313760

The present invention is excellent in both blocking resistance and low-temperature fixability of toner under high temperature and high humidity, has no spent on developer and photoreceptor, has high developer durability, and excellent charging stability over time. Another object is to provide a toner, a developer, a cartridge, a process cartridge, and an image forming method.
Furthermore, it is an object to provide a developer having good charge controllability that can form a fine image over a long period of time without causing carrier adhesion on the solid image portion during running, and that does not cause color stains. And

As a result of diligent investigations to solve these problems, the present inventors have found that a toner binder made of a polycondensation polyester resin formed in the presence of a specific catalyst can be used to solve the problem by having a specific molecular weight. The headline, the present invention has been reached.
That is, according to the present invention, in a toner comprising at least a binder resin, a colorant, and a charge control agent, the binder resin contains at least a polycondensation polyester resin, and the polyester resin is represented by the following general formula (I) or (II). A resin formed in the presence of at least one titanium-containing catalyst (a), and at least partly modified with polyepoxide (c), and measured by GPC in the binder resin. An electrostatic charge image developing toner characterized in that, in the molecular weight distribution, the area ratio of 1 million or more is 3 to 20% and the weight average molecular weight is in the range of 500,000 to 2,000,000.
Ti (-X) m (-OH) n (I)
O = Ti (-X) p (-OR) q (II)
[In the formula, X is a residue obtained by removing H of one OH group from a mono- or polyalkanolamine having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and other OH groups of the polyalkanolamine are directly bonded to the same Ti atom. An OH group may be polycondensed in the molecule to form a ring structure, or an OH group directly bonded to another Ti atom may be polycondensed between molecules to form a repeating structure. The degree of polymerization in the case of forming a repeating structure is 2-5. R is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may contain 1 to 3 ether bonds. m is an integer of 1 to 4, n is an integer of 0 to 3, and the sum of m and n is 4. p is an integer of 1 to 2, q is an integer of 0 to 1, and the sum of p and q is 2. When m or p is 2 or more, each X may be the same or different. ]

It has been found that dispersion of the catalyst in the polyester resin suppresses an increase in charge and increases stability. Using this polyester resin, the area ratio of 100 million or more in the molecular weight distribution measured by GPC is 3 to 20% by weight, and the weight average molecular weight is 500,000 to
By being in the range of 2 million, the increase in charge of the toner over time is suppressed, stability is improved, both blocking resistance and low-temperature fixability are excellent, and there is no spent on the developer or the photoreceptor, and the developer A highly durable toner can be obtained.
When the area ratio of 100 million or more is not 3 to 20% by weight, or / and the weight average molecular weight is less than 500,000, the blocking resistance and the spent property to a developer or a photoreceptor are poor. When the weight average molecular weight exceeds 2 million, the low-temperature fixability is poor.

Furthermore, a toner having higher developer durability can be obtained by containing an appropriate amount of a styrene copolymer resin and a residual styrene monomer amount of 0.1 to 50 ppm. Suitable ranges are 5 to 50% by weight of styrene copolymer resin and 50 to 95% by weight of polyester resin, preferably 10 to 40% by weight of styrene copolymer resin and 60 to 90% by weight of polyester resin, more preferably styrene. The copolymer resin is 20 to 30% by weight and the polyester resin is 70 to 80% by weight.
Further, when the MI (melt index) value of the toner is 3 to 40 g / 10 minutes, a toner having a wide fixing temperature range can be obtained. Preferably it is 5-30 g / 10min, More preferably, it is 10-20 g / 10min.

When the toner has a water content of 3 to 5000 ppm (weight basis) when left in an atmosphere of 30 ° C. and 60% RH for 24 hours, the environmental stability of the toner is enhanced. Preferably it is 3-1000 ppm, More preferably, it is 3-500 ppm.
As a method for measuring the water content of the toner, first, the toner is stored in an environment of 30 ° C. and 60% RH for 24 hours. This toner is measured using a vaporizer (heating furnace temperature: 150 ° C., under a nitrogen stream) of a Karl Fischer moisture titration apparatus.
When the rheological properties of the toner composition are 70 ° C. under a frequency of 10 Hz, the storage elastic modulus (G ′) is 5 × 10 ^{5 to} 5 × 10 ⁸ dyne / cm ² , and the loss elastic modulus (G ″) is 130 ° C.
) Is 1 × 10 ² to 1 × 10 ⁶ dyne / cm ^2, it is possible to obtain a toner having a wide fixing temperature range, no spent on the developer and the photoreceptor, and high developer durability.

In the rheological properties of the toner composition, the storage modulus (G ′) relates to the cohesive strength of the composition, while the loss modulus (G ″) relates to the viscosity of the composition. Then, the cohesive force is increased and the offset is decreased, but the fixing property is deteriorated. When G ″ is increased, the fixing property is improved but the offset is increased. On the other hand, the temperature at which the toner is fixed is currently replaced by the surface temperature of the fixing roller, but it is known that the toner is actually fixed at a lower toner temperature.

In order to cover the actual fixing temperature range, the storage elastic modulus (G ′) is preferably in the range of 5 × 10 ^{5 to} 5 × 10 ⁸ dyne / cm ² at 70 ° C. under a frequency of 10 Hz. In order to improve the hot offset, it is preferable that the loss elastic modulus (G ″) is 1 × 10 ² to 1 × 10 ⁶ dyne / cm ² at the boundary temperature between the toner and the roller surface, that is, 130 ° C. Further, when the amount is within this range, the toner has excellent toughness, and there is no spent on the developer or the photoreceptor, and a toner with high developer durability can be obtained.

The charge control agent comprises a chromium complex compound represented by the following formula (III), and the charge control agent X
In X-ray diffraction, CuKα characteristic X-ray measurement angle 2 theta is in the range of 5 to 30 degrees, and main peak of Bragg angle 2 theta is peak A: 8.6 degrees ± 0.3 degrees. Is a toner in the range of 8000 to 15000 cps at a scan speed of 1 degree / minute, the charge rising property is further improved. An example of a qualitative analysis (peak search) showing such main peaks is shown in FIG.

（式中、Ｘは水素原子、低級アルキル基、ニトロ基、ハロゲン原子等を示し、それぞれが同一または異なっていても良く、Ａ⁺は水素イオン、ナトリウムイオン、カリウムイオ
ン、アンモニウムイオン、脂肪族アンモニウムイオンを示す。）

(Wherein X represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a nitro group, a halogen atom, etc., each of which may be the same or different, and A ⁺ represents a hydrogen ion, a sodium ion, a potassium ion, an ammonium ion, or an aliphatic ammonium. Indicates ions.)

When the volatile content of the toner at 100 ° C. in the toner composition is 0.05 to 0.3% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 0.1% by weight. Further, spent on the photoconductor can be suppressed.
The titanium-containing catalyst (a) used in the present invention is a compound represented by the formula (I) or (II), and two or more kinds may be used in combination.
In the general formulas (I) and (II), X is a residue obtained by removing the H atom of one OH group from a mono- or polyalkanolamine having 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The total number of secondary and tertiary amino groups is usually 1 to 2, preferably 1.

Examples of the monoalkanolamine include ethanolamine and propanolamine. Polyalkanolamines include dialkanolamines (such as diethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, and N-butyldiethanolamine), trialkanolamines (such as triethanolamine, and tripropanolamine), and tetraalkanolamines (N, N, N). ', N'-tetrahydroxyethylethylenediamine and the like).
In the case of polyalkanolamine, one or more OH groups exist in addition to the OH group that is a residue other than H used to form a Ti—O—C bond with a Ti atom. The OH group directly bonded may be polycondensed in the molecule to form a ring structure, or the OH group directly bonded to another Ti atom may be polycondensed between the molecules to form a repeating structure. The degree of polymerization in the case of forming a repeating structure is 2-5. When the degree of polymerization is 6 or more, the catalytic activity is lowered, so that one oligomer component is increased, which causes deterioration of toner blocking properties.

Preferred as X are residues of dialkanolamine (particularly diethanolamine) and residues of trialkanolamine (particularly triethanolamine), and particularly preferred are residues of triethanolamine.
R is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may contain 1 to 3 ether bonds. Specific examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, n-hexyl group, n-octyl group, β-methoxyethyl group, And β-ethoxyethyl group. Of these R, H and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms not containing an ether bond are preferable, and H, an ethyl group, and an isopropyl group are more preferable.

In Formula (I), m is an integer of 1-4, Preferably it is an integer of 1-3. n is an integer of 0 to 3, preferably an integer of 1 to 3. The sum of m and n is 4.
In formula (II), p is an integer of 1 to 2, q is an integer of 0 to 1, and the sum of p and q is 2. However, m or p may be 2 or more. In this case, a plurality of Xs may be the same or different, but it is preferable that they are all the same.

Specific examples of the titanium-containing catalyst (a) in the present invention represented by the general formula (I) include titanium dihydroxybis (triethanolaminate), titanium trihydroxytriethanolamate, titanium dihydroxybis. (Diethanolaminate), titanium dihydroxybis (monoethanolamate), titanium dihydroxybis (monopropanolamate), titanium dihydroxybis (N-methyldiethanolamate), titanium dihydroxybis (N-butyldiethanolamate), tetrahydroxytitanium And N, N, N ′, N′-tetrahydroxyethylethylenediamine, and intramolecular or intermolecular polycondensates thereof, which are particularly excellent in reactivity and charged Those with a significant effect on the qualitative is titanium dihydroxy bis (triethanol aluminate), is titanium trihydroxy triethanolaminate, titanium dihydroxy bis (diethanol aminate).

Specific examples of those represented by the general formula (II) include titanyl bis (triethanolaminate), titanyl bis (diethanolamate), titanyl bis (monoethanolamate), titanyl hydroxyethanolamate, titanylhydroxytriethanolamate, Examples include titanyl ethoxytriethanolamate, titanyl isopropoxytriethanolamate, and intramolecular or intermolecular polycondensates thereof.
Of these, preferred are titanium dihydroxybis (triethanolamate), titanium dihydroxybis (diethanolamate), titanylbis (triethanolamate), polycondensates thereof, and combinations thereof, and more preferably Titanium dihydroxybis (triethanolamate), its polycondensate, in particular titanium dihydroxybis (triethanolaminate).
These titanium-containing catalysts (a) can be obtained stably, for example, by reacting commercially available titanium dialkoxybis (alcohol aminate; manufactured by Dupont, etc.) at 70 to 90 ° C. in the presence of water. it can.

As the polycondensation polyester resin constituting the toner binder of the present invention, a polyester resin (AX), which is a polycondensate of a polyol and a polycarboxylic acid, (AX) and a modification obtained by further reacting a polyepoxide (c) or the like A polyester resin (AY) etc. are mentioned. (AX), (AY) and the like may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
Examples of the polyol include a diol (g) and a trivalent or higher polyol (h), and examples of the polycarboxylic acid include a dicarboxylic acid (i) and a trivalent or higher polycarboxylic acid (j). You may use together.

Examples of the polyester resins (AX) and (AY) include the following, and these can also be used in combination.
(AX1): Linear polyester resin using (g) and (i) (AX2): Non-linear polyester resin using (h) and / or (j) together with (g) and (i) AY1): Modified polyester resin obtained by reacting (AX2) with (c)

As the diol (g), those having a hydroxyl value of 180 to 1900 (mg KOH / g, the same applies hereinafter) are preferable. Specifically, alkylene glycol having 2 to 36 carbon atoms (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, etc.); 4 to 36 alkylene ether glycols (such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol); alicyclic diols having 6 to 36 carbon atoms (1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and hydrogen) Added bisphenol A and the like; an alkylene oxide having 2 to 4 carbon atoms of the above alicyclic diol (ethylene oxide (hereinafter abbreviated as EO), propylene oxide (hereinafter abbreviated as PO) and putylene oxide (hereinafter referred to as BO). Adducts (addition mole number 1-30); adducts (additions) of bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, etc.) having 2 to 4 carbon atoms alkylene oxides (EO, PO, BO, etc.) Mole number 2-30) etc. are mentioned.
Among these, preferred are alkylene glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols, and combinations thereof. Particularly preferred are alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols, alkylene glycols having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. And a combination of two or more of these.

In the above and below, the hydroxyl value and the acid value are measured by the methods specified in JIS K 0070.
The trivalent or higher (3 to 8 or higher) polyol (h) is preferably a hydroxyl value of 150 to 1900. Specifically, an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol having 3 to 36 or more carbon atoms having 3 to 8 or more carbon atoms (an alkane polyol and an intramolecular or intermolecular dehydrate thereof such as glycerin, triethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentane). Erythritol, sorbitol, sorbitan, polyglycerin, and dipentaerythritol; saccharides and derivatives thereof such as sucrose and methyl glucoside; ) Adduct (addition mole number 1-30); Trisphenols (trisphenol PA etc.) C2-C4 alkylene oxide (EO, PO, BO etc.) adduct (addition mole number 2-30); Novolak Resin (phenol novolac and cresol novola Click like: average polymerization degree of 3 to 60 alkylene oxide (EO 2-4 carbon atoms), PO, BO, etc.) adducts (added mole number 2 to 30) are exemplified.
Among these, preferred are 3 to 8 or higher aliphatic polyhydric alcohols and alkylene oxide adducts of novolac resins (addition mole number: 2 to 30), and particularly preferred are alkylene oxide adducts of novolak resins. It is.

  As the dicarboxylic acid (i), those having an acid value of 180 to 1250 (mg KOH / g, the same applies hereinafter) are preferable. Specifically, alkane dicarboxylic acids having 4 to 36 carbon atoms (such as succinic acid, adipic acid, and sebacic acid) and alkenyl succinic acids (such as dodecenyl succinic acid); alicyclic dicarboxylic acids having 4 to 36 carbon atoms [dimer acid] (Dimerized linoleic acid), etc.]; alkenedicarboxylic acid having 4 to 36 carbon atoms (maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, etc.); , Terephthalic acid, and naphthalenedicarboxylic acid). Of these, preferred are alkene dicarboxylic acids having 4 to 20 carbon atoms and aromatic dicarponic acids having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. As (i), acid anhydrides or lower alkyl (carbon number 1 to 4) esters (methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, etc.) described above may be used.

  The trivalent or higher (3 to 6 or higher) polycarboxylic acid (j) preferably has an acid value of 150 to 1250 mg. Specifically, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid having 9 to 20 carbon atoms (trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, etc.); vinyl polymer of unsaturated carboxylic acid [number average molecular weight (hereinafter referred to as Mn, gel permeation chromatography) (By GPC): 450-10000] (styrene / maleic acid copolymer, styrene / acrylic acid copolymer, α-olefin / maleic acid copolymer, styrene / fumaric acid copolymer, etc.), and the like. . Among these, preferred are aromatic polycarboxylic acids having 9 to 20 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred are trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid. As the trivalent or higher polycarboxylic acid (j), acid anhydrides or lower alkyl (1 to 4 carbon atoms) esters (methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, etc.) described above may be used.

Further, together with (g), (h), (i) and (j), an aliphatic or aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid (k) having 4 to 20 carbon atoms and a lactone (l) having 6 to 12 carbon atoms are copolymerized. You can also
Examples of the hydroxycarboxylic acid (k) include hydroxystearic acid and hydrogenated castor oil fatty acid. Examples of the lactone (l) include caprolactone.

Examples of the polyepoxide (c) include polyglycidyl ether [ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, tetramethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, glycerin triglycidyl ether, pentaerythritol tetraglycidyl ether, phenol novolac ( Average polymerization degree 3 to 60) glycidyl etherified product, etc.]; diene oxide (pentadiene dioxide, hexadiene dioxide, etc.) and the like. Among these, polyglycidyl ether is preferable, and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether are more preferable.
The number of epoxy groups per molecule of (c) is preferably 2-8, more preferably 2-6, and particularly preferably 2-4.
The epoxy equivalent of (c) is preferably 50 to 500. The lower limit is more preferably 70, particularly preferably 80, and the upper limit is further preferably 300, particularly preferably 200. When the number of epoxy groups and the epoxy equivalent are within the above ranges, both developability and fixability are good. It is more preferable if the above-mentioned ranges of the number of epoxy groups per molecule and the epoxy equivalent are satisfied at the same time.

The reaction ratio of the polyol and the polycarboxylic acid is preferably 2/1 to 1/2, more preferably 1.5 / 1, as an equivalent ratio [OH] / [COOH] of the hydroxyl group [OH] and the carboxyl group [COOH]. ˜1 / 1.3, particularly preferably 1.3 / 1 to 1 / 1.2. The types of polyol and polycarboxylic acid to be used are selected in consideration of molecular weight adjustment so that the glass transition point of the polyester toner binder to be finally adjusted is 45 to 85 ° C.

The toner binder is required to have different physical properties for full color and monochrome use, and the design of the polyester resin is also different.
That is, since a high-gloss image is required for full color, it is necessary to use a low-viscosity binder. is there.

  (AX1), (AX2), (AY1) and mixtures thereof are preferred for obtaining a high gloss image useful for a full-color copying machine or the like. In this case, since low viscosity is preferable, the ratio of (h) and / or (j) constituting these polyester resins is such that the sum of the number of moles of (h) and (j) is (g) to Preferably it is 0-20 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of (j), More preferably, it is 0-15 mol%, Especially 0-10 mol%.

  (AX2), (AY1), and mixtures thereof are preferred for obtaining high hot offset resistance useful for monochrome copying machines and the like. In this case, since it is preferable to have high elasticity, a polyester resin using both (h) and (j) is particularly preferable. The ratio of (h) and (j) is preferably such that the sum of the number of moles of (h) and (j) is 0.1 to 40 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of (g) to (j). More preferably, it is 0.5-25 mol%, especially 1-20 mol%.

In the case of a full-color polyester resin, the temperature (TE) at which the complex viscosity (η *) is 100 Pa · S is preferably 90 to 170 ° C, more preferably 100 to 165 ° C, and particularly 105 to 150 ° C. Sufficient gloss is obtained at 170 ° C. or lower, and heat resistant storage stability is improved at 90 ° C. or higher.
TE is, for example, using a lab blast mill to melt and knead a resin at 130 ° C. and 70 rpm for 30 minutes, and then using a commercially available dynamic viscoelasticity measuring device to change the complex viscosity (η * ) Is measured.

Further, the tetrahydrofuran (THF) insoluble content of the full-color polyester resin is preferably 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less, from the viewpoint of glossiness.
In the above and the following, “%” means “% by weight” unless otherwise specified.

Here, the THF-insoluble content and the THF-soluble content are obtained by the following method.
About 0.5 g of a sample is precisely weighed into a 200 ml stoppered Meyer flask, 50 ml of THF is added, and the mixture is stirred and refluxed for 3 hours. The value (%) of THF-insoluble matter is calculated from the weight ratio of the resin after drying the resin on the glass filter at 80 ° C. for 3 hours and the weight of the sample.
The filtrate is used as a THF soluble component for the molecular weight measurement described later.

In the case of a monochrome polyester resin, from the viewpoint of hot offset resistance, the temperature (TG) at which the storage elastic modulus (G ′) of the polyester resin is 6000 Pa is preferably 130 to 230 ° C., more preferably 140 to 230 ° C., In particular, it is 150 to 230 ° C.
For example, TG is a block after melt-kneading a resin at 130 ° C. and 70 rpm for 30 minutes using a laboratory blast mill, and using a commercially available dynamic viscoelasticity measuring device while changing the resin temperature (G ′ ) Is measured.
From the viewpoint of low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability, the temperature (TE) at which the complex viscosity (η *) of the monochrome polyester resin becomes 1000 Pa · S is preferably 80 to 140 ° C., more preferably 90 to 135 ° C. In particular, 105 to 130 ° C. is preferable.

The monochrome polyester resin preferably contains 2 to 70% of THF-insoluble matter, more preferably 5 to 60%, particularly 10 to 50%. When the THF insoluble content is 2% or more, the hot offset resistance is good, and when it is 70% or less, good low-temperature fixability is obtained.
The peak top molecular weight (Mp) of the polyester resin is preferably 1000 to 30000, more preferably 1500 to 25000, and particularly 1800 to 20000 for both monochrome and full color applications. When Mp is 1000 or more, heat-resistant storage stability and powder flowability are good, and when it is 30000 or less, the pulverization property of the toner is improved and the productivity is good.

  Further, when the toner binder (A) comprising the polyester resin of the present invention is used as a toner, the ratio of the molecular weight in the toner is preferably 1.8% or less, more preferably 1.3% or less, particularly preferably. 1.1% or less. When the ratio of the component having a molecular weight of 1500 or less is 1.8% or less, the storage stability becomes better.

The acid value of the polyester resin is preferably 0.1 to 60, more preferably 0.2 to 50, and particularly preferably 0.5 to 40 for both monochrome and full color applications. When the acid value is in the range of 0.1 to 60, the chargeability is good.
The hydroxyl value of the polyester resin is preferably 1 to 70, more preferably 3 to 60, and particularly preferably 5 to 55 for both monochrome and full color applications. When the acid value is in the range of 1 to 70, the environmental stability is good.
The Tg of the polyester resin is preferably 40 to 90 ° C., more preferably 50 to 80 ° C., particularly 55 to 75 ° C. for both monochrome and full color applications. When the Tg is in the range of 40 ° C. to 90 ° C., the heat resistant storage stability and the low temperature fixability are good.

The polyester resin used as the toner binder (A) in the present invention can be produced in the same manner as in the usual polyester production method. For example, the reaction temperature is preferably 150 to 280 ° C., more preferably 160 to 250 ° C., particularly preferably 170 to 240 ° C. in the presence of the titanium-containing catalyst (a) in an inert gas (nitrogen gas or the like) atmosphere. It can be performed by reacting. The reaction time is preferably 30 minutes or longer, particularly 2 to 40 hours from the viewpoint of reliably performing the polycondensation reaction. It is also effective to reduce the pressure (for example, 1 to 50 mmHg) in order to improve the reaction rate at the end of the reaction.
The amount of (a) added is preferably 0.0001 to 0.8%, more preferably 0.0002 to 0.6%, particularly preferably 0.0002 to 0.6%, based on the weight of the polymer obtained from the viewpoint of polymerization activity and the like. Preferably it is 0.0015 to 0.55%.
In addition, other esterification catalysts can be used in combination as long as the catalytic effect of (a) is not impaired. Examples of other esterification catalysts include tin-containing catalysts (eg, dibutyltin oxide), antimony trioxide, titanium-containing catalysts other than (a) (eg, titanium alkoxide, potassium titanyl oxalate, and titanium terephthalate), zirconium-containing catalysts (Eg zirconyl acetate), germanium-containing catalysts, alkali (earth) metal catalysts (eg alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carboxylates: lithium acetate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate, sodium benzoate, and benzoic acid Potassium), and zinc acetate. The addition amount of these other butterflies is preferably 0 to 0.6% with respect to the obtained polymer. By making it within 0.6%, the coloration of the polyester resin is reduced, which is preferable for use in color toners. The content of (a) in all the added catalysts is preferably 50 to 100%.

As a method for producing the linear polyester resin (AX1), for example, 0.0001 to 0.8% of butterfly (a) with respect to the weight of the obtained polymer, and optionally in the presence of another catalyst, Examples include a method in which the diol (g) and the dicarboxylic acid (i) are heated to 180 to 260 ° C. and subjected to dehydration condensation under normal pressure and / or reduced pressure conditions to obtain (AX1).
As a method for producing the non-linear polyester resin (AX2), for example, 0.0001 to 0.8% of the catalyst (a) with respect to the weight of the obtained polymer, and if necessary, in the presence of another catalyst, The diol (g), the dicarboxylic acid (i), and the trihydric or higher polyol (h) are heated to 180 to 260 ° C. and subjected to dehydration condensation under normal pressure and / or reduced pressure conditions. A method of reacting carboxylic acid (j) to obtain (AX2) can be mentioned. (J) can also be reacted simultaneously with (g), (i) and (h).

Examples of the method for producing the modified polyester resin (AY1) include a method of obtaining (AY1) by adding a polyepoxide (c) to the polyester resin (AX2) and performing a molecular extension reaction of the polyester at 180 to 260 ° C.
The acid value of (AX2) to be reacted with (c) is preferably 1 to 60, more preferably 5 to 50. When the acid value is 1 or more, (c) remains unreacted and does not adversely affect the performance of the resin, and when it is 60 or less, the thermal stability of the resin is good.
In addition, the amount of (c) used to obtain (AY1) is preferably 0.01 to 10%, more preferably 0.8% with respect to (AX2), from the viewpoints of low-temperature fixability and hot offset resistance. 05 to 5%.

Further, in the toner binder (A) of the present invention, in addition to the polycondensed polyester resin, if necessary, other resins and the like can be contained.
Other resins include styrene resins (such as copolymers of styrene and alkyl (meth) acrylate, copolymers of styrene and diene monomers), epoxy resins (such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether ring-opening polymer), Examples thereof include urethane resins (diols and / or polyaddition products of trivalent or higher polyols and diisocyanates, etc.).
The weight average molecular weight of the other resin is preferably 1000 to 2 million.
The content of the other resin in the toner binder (A) is preferably 0 to 40%, more preferably 0 to 30%, and particularly preferably 0 to 20%.

When two or more kinds of polyester resins are used in combination, and when at least one kind of polyester resin and another resin are mixed, powder mixing or melt mixing may be performed in advance, or they may be mixed at the time of toner formation.
The temperature at the time of melt mixing is preferably 80 to 180 ° C, more preferably 100 to 170 ° C, and particularly preferably 120 to 160 ° C.
If the mixing temperature is too low, sufficient mixing cannot be achieved, which may result in non-uniformity. When two or more kinds of polyester resins are mixed, if the mixing temperature is too high, averaging due to transesterification occurs, so that the resin physical properties necessary as a toner binder may not be maintained.

The mixing time in the case of melt mixing is preferably 10 seconds to 30 minutes, more preferably 20 seconds to 10 minutes, and particularly preferably 30 seconds to 5 minutes. When two or more kinds of polyester resins are mixed, if the mixing time is too long, averaging due to transesterification occurs, so that the resin physical properties necessary as a toner binder may not be maintained.
Examples of the mixing device in the case of melt mixing include a batch type mixing device such as a reaction tank and a continuous mixing device. In order to uniformly mix at an appropriate temperature in a short time, a continuous mixing device is preferable. Examples of the continuous mixing device include an extruder, a continuous kneader, and a three roll. Of these, extruders and container kneaders are preferred.
In the case of powder mixing, it can be mixed with normal mixing conditions and mixing equipment.
As mixing conditions in the case of powder mixing, the mixing temperature is preferably 0 to 80 ° C, more preferably 10 to 60 ° C. The mixing time is preferably 3 minutes or more, more preferably 5 to 60 minutes. Examples of the mixing device include a Henschel mixer, a Nauter mixer, and a Banbury mixer. A Henschel mixer is preferred.

The electrostatic image developing toner of the present invention is composed of the toner binder (A) of the present invention and a colorant (B), and if necessary, a release agent (C), a charge control agent (D), and fluidization. Contains various additives such as the agent (E).
The content of (A) in the toner is preferably 70 to 98%, more preferably 74 to 96% when a dye or pigment is used as a colorant, and preferably when a magnetic powder is used. It is 20 to 85%, more preferably 35 to 65%.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a coloring agent (B), According to the objective, it can select suitably from well-known dyes and pigments, For example, carbon black, nigrosine dye, iron black, naphthol yellow S, Hansa yellow (10G 5G, G), cadmium yellow, yellow iron oxide, ocher, yellow lead, titanium yellow, polyazo yellow, oil yellow, Hansa yellow (GR, A, RN, R), pigment yellow L, benzidine yellow (G , GR), Permanent Yellow (NCG), Vulcan Fast Yellow (5G, R), Tartrazine Lake, Quinoline Yellow Lake, Anthrazan Yellow BGL, Isoindolinone Yellow, Bengala, Lead Red, Lead Zhu, Cadmium Red, Cadmium Mercury Red, Antimon Zhu, Permanent Red 4R, PA Red, Faise Red, Parachlor Ortho Nitroaniline Red, Resol Fast Scarlet G, Brilliant Fast Scarlet, Brilliant Carmine BS, Permanent Red (F2R, F4R, FRL, FRLL, F4RH), Fast Scarlet VD, Belkan Fast Rubin B, Brilliant Scarlet G, Risor Rubin GX, Permanent Red F5R, Brilliant Carmine 6B, Pigment Scarlet 3B, Bordeaux 5B, Toluidine Maroon, Permanent Bordeaux F2K, Helio Bordeaux BL, Bordeaux 10B, Bon Maroon Light, Bon Maroon Medium, Eosin Lake, Rhodamine Lake B, Rhodamine Lake Y, Alizarin Lake, Thioindigo Red B, Thioindigo Maroon, Oh Lured, Quinacridone Red, Pyrazolone Red, Polyazo Red, Chrome Vermilion, Benzidine Orange, Perinone Orange, Oil Orange, Cobalt Blue, Cerulean Blue, Alkaline Blue Lake, Peacock Blue Lake, Victoria Blue Lake, Metal Free Phthalocyanine Blue, Phthalocyanine Blue, Fast Sky Blue, Indanthrene Blue (RS, BC), Indigo, Ultramarine Blue, Bitumen, Anthraquinone Blue, Fast Violet B, Methyl Violet Lake, Cobalt Purple, Manganese Purple, Dioxane Violet, Anthraquinone Violet, Chrome Green, Zinc Green, Oxidation Chrome, Pyridian, Emerald Green, Pigment Green B, Naphthol Green B, Green Gold, Ash Green Lake, Malachite Green Lake, Phthalocyanine Green, Anthraquinone Green, Titanium Oxide, Zinc Hana, Lithbon, Indian First Orange, Irgasin Red, Paranitaniline Red, Toluidine Red, Carmine FB, Pigment Orange R, Lake Red 2G, Rhodamine Examples include FB, rhodamine B lake, methyl violet B lake, phthalocyanine blue, pigment blue, brilliant green, phthalocyanine green, oil yellow GG, Kayaset YG, orazole brown B, oil pink OP, magnetite and iron black.

These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. The content of the colorant in the toner is preferably 1 to 15% by weight, and more preferably 3 to 10% by weight.
The colorant may be used as a master batch combined with a resin. The resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known ones according to the purpose. For example, styrene or a substituted polymer thereof, styrene copolymer, polymethyl methacrylate resin, polybutyl Methacrylate resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, epoxy polyol resin, polyurethane, polyamide, polyvinyl butyral, polyacrylic acid resin, rosin, modified rosin, terpene resin, fat Aromatic hydrocarbon resin, alicyclic hydrocarbon resin, aromatic petroleum resin, chlorinated paraffin, paraffin and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
The content of the colorant (B) in the toner is preferably 2 to 15% when using a dye or pigment, preferably 15 to 70%, more preferably 30 when using a magnetic powder. ~ 60%.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a mold release agent (C), According to the objective, it can select suitably from well-known things, For example, waxes etc. are mentioned suitably.
Examples of the waxes include carbonyl group-containing waxes, polyolefin waxes, and long-chain hydrocarbons. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, a carbonyl group-containing wax is preferable.
Examples of the carbonyl group-containing wax include polyalkanoic acid esters, polyalkanol esters, polyalkanoic acid amides, polyalkylamides, dialkyl ketones, and the like. Examples of the polyalkanoic acid ester include carnauba wax, montan wax, trimethylolpropane tribehenate, pentaerythritol tetrabehenate, pentaerythritol diacetate dibehenate, glycerin tribehenate, and 1,18-octadecane. Examples thereof include diol distearate. Examples of the polyalkanol ester include tristearyl trimellitic acid and distearyl maleate. Examples of the polyalkanoic acid amide include dibehenyl amide. Examples of the polyalkylamide include trimellitic acid tristearylamide. Examples of the dialkyl ketone include distearyl ketone. Of these carbonyl group-containing waxes, polyalkanoic acid esters are particularly preferred.

Examples of the polyolefin wax include polyethylene wax and polypropylene wax.
Examples of the long chain hydrocarbon include paraffin wax and sazol wax.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as melting | fusing point of the said mold release agent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 40-160 degreeC is preferable, 50-120 degreeC is more preferable, 60-90 degreeC is especially preferable.
When the melting point is less than 40 ° C., the wax may adversely affect the heat-resistant storage stability, and when it exceeds 160 ° C., cold offset may easily occur during fixing at a low temperature.

  Specifically, petroleum-based Fischer-Tropsch wax (manufactured by Schumann-Sasol / Paraflint H1, Paraflint H1N4 and Laflint C105, etc.), natural gas-based Fischer-Tropsch wax (such as FT100, manufactured by Shell MDS), and these Fischer-Tropsch waxes Purified by a method such as fractional crystallization [Nippon Seiwa Co., Ltd. MDP-7000, MDP-7010 etc.] etc., as the paraffin wax, petroleum wax paraffin wax [Nippon Seiwa Co., Ltd. Paraffin wax HNP-5, HNP-9, HNP-11, etc.], and polyolefin waxes include polyethylene wax [Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd. sun wax 171P, sun wax LEL400P, etc.], and polypropylene wax. Box [Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd. Viscol 550P, etc. VISCOL 660P], and the like.

The melt viscosity of the release agent is preferably 5 to 1000 cps, more preferably 10 to 100 cps, as a measured value at a temperature 20 ° C. higher than the melting point of the wax.
If the melt viscosity is less than 5 cps, the releasability may be lowered, and if it exceeds 1000 cps, the effect of improving hot offset resistance and low-temperature fixability may not be obtained.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content in the said toner of the said mold release agent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 1 to 40 weight% is preferable and 3 to 30 weight% is more preferable.
When the content exceeds 40% by weight, the fluidity of the toner may be deteriorated.
The charge control agent (D) is not particularly limited, and a positive or negative charge control agent can be appropriately selected and used depending on whether the charge charged on the photoconductor is positive or negative.
As the negative charge control agent, for example, a resin or compound having an electron donating functional group, an azo dye, a metal complex of an organic acid, or the like can be used. Specifically, Bontron (product numbers: S-31, S-32, S-34, S-36, S-37, S-39, S-40, S-44, E-81, E-82, E -84, E-86, E-88, A, 1-A, 2-A, 3-A) (above, manufactured by Orient Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)), Kaya Charge (part numbers: N-1, N-2), Kaya Set Black (Part No .: T-2, 004) (Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), Eisenspiron Black (T-37, T-77, T-95, TRH, TNS-2) FCA-1001-N, FCA-1001-NB, FCA-1001-NZ (manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.), and the like.

Examples of the positive charge control agent include basic compounds such as nigrosine dyes, cationic compounds such as quaternary ammonium salts, and metal salts of higher fatty acids. Specifically, Bontron (part numbers: N-01, N-02, N-03, N-04, N-05, N-07, N-09, N-10, N-11, N-13, P -51, P-52, AFP-B) (above, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.), TP-302, TP-415, TP-4040 (above, manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.), Copy Blue PR, Copy Charge ( Product numbers: PX-VP-435, NX-VP-434) (above, manufactured by Hoechst), FCA (product numbers: 201, 201-B-1)
201-B-2, 201-B-3, 201-PB, 201-PZ, 301) (above, manufactured by Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.), PLZ (part numbers: 1001, 2001, 6001, 7001) (above, Shikoku Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) Etc.). These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
The addition amount of the charge control agent is determined by the toner production method including the kind of the binder resin and the dispersion method, and is not uniquely limited. However, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. 0.1-10 weight part is preferable and 0.2-5 weight part is more preferable. When the added amount exceeds 10 parts by weight, the chargeability of the toner is too high, the effect of the charge control agent is reduced, the electrostatic attraction with the developing roller is increased, the developer fluidity is reduced, and the image density is increased. If the amount is less than 0.1 part by weight, the charge rising property and the charge amount are not sufficient, and the toner image may be easily affected.
As the fluidizing agent (E), as the inorganic fine particles, for example, silica, titania, alumina, cerium oxide, strontium titanate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium phosphate and the like can be used. It is more preferable to use silica fine particles hydrophobized with silazane or the like, or titanium oxide subjected to a specific surface treatment.

Examples of the silica fine particles include Aerosil (Product No .: 130, 200V, 200C).
F, 300, 300CF, 380, OX50, TT600, MOX80, MOX170, COK84, RX200, RY200, R972, R974, R976, R805, R811, R812, T805, R202, VT222, RX170, RXC, RA200, RA200H, RA200HS, RM50, RY200, REA200) (above, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.), HDK (part numbers: H20, H2000, H3004, H2000 / 4, H
2050EP, H2015EP, H3050EP, KHD50), HVK2150 (above, manufactured by Wacker Chemical Co., Ltd.), cabozil (part numbers: L-90, LM-130, LM-150,
M-5, PTG, MS-55, H-5, HS-5, EH-5, LM-150D, M-7D, MS-75D, TS-720, TS-610, TS-530) (above, Cabot Etc.) can be used.
The amount of the inorganic fine particles added is preferably 0.1 to 5.0 parts by weight, more preferably 0.8 to 3.2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the toner base particles.

As a toner production method, raw materials are mixed, and the mixture is charged into a melt kneader and melt kneaded. As the melt kneader, for example, a uniaxial or biaxial continuous kneader or a batch kneader using a roll mill can be used. For example, KTK type twin screw extruder manufactured by Kobe Steel, TEM type extruder manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., twin screw extruder manufactured by Casey Kay, PCM type twin screw extruder manufactured by Ikegai Iron Works Co., Ltd. Preferably used. This melt-kneading is preferably performed under appropriate conditions that do not cause the molecular chain of the binder resin to be broken. Specifically, the melt kneading temperature is performed with reference to the softening point of the binder resin. If the temperature is higher than the softening point, cutting is severe, and if the temperature is too low, dispersion may not proceed.
In the pulverization, the kneaded product obtained by the kneading is pulverized. In this pulverization, it is preferable that the kneaded material is first coarsely pulverized and then finely pulverized. At this time, a method of pulverizing by colliding with a collision plate in a jet stream, pulverizing particles by colliding with each other in a jet stream, or pulverizing with a narrow gap between a mechanically rotating rotor and a stator is preferably used.
In the classification, the pulverized product obtained by the pulverization is classified and adjusted to particles having a predetermined particle diameter. The classification can be performed by removing the fine particle portion by, for example, a cyclone, a decanter, centrifugation, or the like.

After the pulverization and classification are completed, the pulverized product is classified into an air stream by centrifugal force or the like to produce a toner having a predetermined particle size.
Further, the fluidizing agent (E) may be further added and mixed with the toner base particles produced as described above in order to improve the fluidity, storage stability, developability and transferability of the toner. For mixing the additives, a general powder mixer is used, but it is preferable to equip a jacket or the like to adjust the internal temperature. In order to change the load history applied to the additive, the additive may be added midway or gradually. In this case, you may change the rotation speed, rolling speed, time, temperature, etc. of a mixer. Alternatively, a strong load may be applied first, then a relatively weak load, or vice versa. Examples of the mixing equipment that can be used include a V-type mixer, a rocking mixer, a Ladige mixer, a Nauter mixer, and a Henschel mixer. Next, the toner is obtained by passing through a sieve of 250 mesh or more to remove coarse particles and aggregated particles.

For example, after the above toner constituents are dry blended, melt kneaded, then finely pulverized using a jet mill or the like, and further subjected to air classification to obtain particles having a particle diameter D50 of usually 2 to 20 μm. The particle size D50 is measured using a Coulter counter [for example, trade name: Multisizer III (manufactured by Coulter)].

  The toner of the present invention using the toner binder of the present invention is surfaced with magnetic powder (iron powder, nickel powder, ferrite, magnetite, etc.), glass beads and / or resin (acrylic resin, silicon resin, etc.) as necessary. It is mixed with carrier particles such as coated ferrite and used as a developer for an electric latent image. In addition, instead of the carrier particles, it can be rubbed with a member such as a charging blade to form an electric latent image. Subsequently, it is fixed on a support (paper, polyester film, etc.) by a known hot roll fixing method to obtain a recording material.

Next, the developer according to the present invention will be described.
The developer of the present invention is a developer comprising at least a carrier and a toner, and the toner is used as the toner.
The carrier includes a core material and a coating layer that covers the core material, and the coating layer includes at least a binder resin and first particles, and the volume average particle diameter D1 (μm) of the first particles and The thickness h (μm) of the coating layer satisfies the following formula, 1 <(D1 / h) <10, and the thickness T (μm) from the core surface to the coating layer surface is 0.1 μm ≦ T ≦ 3.0 μm. Moreover, it has another layer as needed.

<Coating layer>
The coating layer includes at least a binder resin and first particles, and further includes other components as necessary.
-1st particle-
The volume average particle diameter D1 (μm) of the first particles and the thickness h (μm) of the coating layer satisfy the following formula, 1 <(D1 / h) <10, and further 1 <(D1 / h) It is more preferable to satisfy <5. When the first particles satisfy the relationship of the above formula, the first particles become more convex than the coating layer, so that the friction with the toner or the friction between the carriers is caused by stirring for tribocharging the developer. Thus, contact with a strong impact on the binder resin can be alleviated, and it is possible to suppress film abrasion of the binder resin, which is a place where charge is generated. In addition, since there are many particles on the carrier surface that are more convex than the coating layer, the cleaning effect of scraping off the spent component of the toner adhering to the carrier surface due to the frictional contact between the carriers is created, preventing the toner spent. can do.
If the (D1 / h) is 1 or less, the first particles are buried in the binder resin, so the effect may be significantly reduced. If the (D1 / h) is 10 or more, the first particles are bound to the first particles. Since the contact area with the resin is small, sufficient binding force cannot be obtained, and the first particles may be easily detached.

The volume average particle diameter D1 of the first particles is preferably 0.05 to 3 μm, and more preferably 0.05 to 1 μm.
The thickness h (μm) of the coating layer is preferably 0.04 to 2 μm, and more preferably 0.04 to 1 μm.
As shown in FIG. 2, the thickness h of the coating layer includes the thickness ha of the resin part existing between the core surface and the particles, the thickness hb of the resin part existing between the particles, And the thickness hc of the resin part on the particle.
The thickness h of the coating layer is present between the particles and the thickness ha of the resin portion existing between the core surface and the particles by observing the cross section of the carrier using, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The thickness hb of the resin part and the thickness hc of the resin part on the core material and the particles are measured at 50 points along the carrier surface at intervals of 0.2 μm, and are average values obtained.

The average thickness T (μm) from the core material surface to the coating layer surface is 0.1 ≦ T ≦ 3.0, and preferably 0.1 ≦ T ≦ 2.0. If the average thickness from the surface of the core material to the surface of the coating layer is less than 0.1 μm, the total thickness of the film is too thin, so that the core material is likely to be exposed during running, and the durability of the carrier may be reduced. . When the average thickness from the core material to the surface of the coating layer exceeds 3.0 μm, the film thickness formed on the core material becomes too thick, so that the magnetization of the carrier tends to decrease and carrier adhesion may occur.
The average thickness T from the surface of the core material to the surface of the coating layer represents a thickness different from the thickness h of the coating layer, as shown in FIG. 2, and represents the thickness from the surface of the core material to the surface of the coating layer. When the particle diameter is larger than the thickness of the coating layer, a value including the particle diameter is shown.
The average thickness T from the surface of the core material to the surface of the coating layer is observed, for example, using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the thickness T from the surface of the core material to the surface of the coating layer is measured on the carrier surface. It is a value obtained by measuring 50 points along the interval of 0.2 μm along the average of the obtained measurement values.

The volume resistivity of the first particles is preferably 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm or more, and more preferably 1.0 × 10 ^{12 to} 1.0 × 10 ¹⁶ Ω · cm. If the volume resistivity is less than 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm, the first particles are larger than the coating layer, and the core material and the coating layer surface may be connected by one first particle. In some cases, the carrier adheres to the solid part.
Here, the volume resistivity of the first particles can be measured, for example, as follows. A sample is put in a cylindrical vinyl chloride tube having an inner diameter of 1 inch, and the upper and lower sides are sandwiched between electrodes. A pressure of 15 kg / cm ² is applied to these electrodes with a press machine for 1 minute. Subsequently, measurement with an LCR meter is performed in this pressurized state to obtain resistance (r). The volume resistivity can be obtained by calculating the obtained resistance value by the following formula 1.
<Formula 1>
Volume resistivity (Ω · cm) = (2.54 / 2) 2 × (π / H × r)
However, in Formula 1, H represents the thickness of the sample. r represents a resistance value.

Examples of the first particles include alumina particles, silica particles, and the like. Among these, the alumina particles have good compatibility with the binder resin used for the carrier coating material, and have good dispersibility and adhesiveness. It is not only excellent in terms of surface, but also very hard, so it is particularly preferable because it is difficult to wear and crack against stress in the developing machine, and it can exert a protective effect on the coating layer and a scraped scraping effect over a long period of time. .
As the alumina particles, alumina particles having a particle size of 5 μm or less are preferable, and any particles that have not been surface-treated or those that have been surface-treated such as a hydrophobic treatment can be used.
As the silica, those used for toner and those other than that can be used, and those not surface-treated and those surface-treated such as hydrophobic treatment can be used.

The content of the first particles in the coating layer is preferably 10 to 80% by weight, and more preferably 20 to 60% by weight. When the content is less than 10% by weight, since the proportion of the first particles occupies less than the proportion of the binder resin on the surface of the carrier particles, the effect of alleviating contact with a strong impact on the binder resin Is small, sufficient durability may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the amount exceeds 80% by weight, the proportion of the first particles occupies too much compared to the proportion of the binder resin on the carrier surface. May not be able to demonstrate proper charging ability. Furthermore, since the amount of the first particles is too much compared to the amount of the binder resin, the ability to hold the first particles by the binder resin becomes insufficient, the first particles are likely to be detached, and the amount of fluctuation such as the charge amount and resistance is increased. In some cases, sufficient durability may not be obtained.
Here, the content of the first particles is expressed by the following mathematical formula 2.
<Formula 2>
1st particle content (% by weight) = [1st particle content / total amount of material contained in coating layer (
First particle + second particle + binder resin + other components)] × 100

-Second particle-
The particle diameter D2 (μm) of the second particles and the thickness h (μm) of the coating layer satisfy the following expression, 0.001 <(D2 / h) <1, and 0.01 <(D2 / h ) <0.5 is more preferable. Further, the volume resistivity of the second particles is not more than 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm, preferably not more than 1.0 × ¹⁰ 10 Ω · cm, more preferably at most 1.0 × 10 ⁸ Ω · cm . The volume resistivity of the second particles can be measured in the same manner as the first particles.
When the particle size of the second particles is smaller than the thickness of the coating layer and the volume resistivity is as low as 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm or less, the second particles having low resistance are formed on the surface of the core material and the surface of the coating layer. Can be present in the coating layer without causing a point to be connected by one grain, so that the charging characteristics of the coating layer can be lowered on average without causing a significant decrease in carrier resistance, and local It is possible to form a coating layer having no low resistance.
When (D2 / h) is 1 or more, the second particles are larger than the coating layer thickness, and therefore, the core material surface and the carrier surface are connected by one second particle having low resistance, In some cases, a portion having a low resistance occurs locally, and carrier adhesion may occur in the solid image portion. When the (D2 / h) is 0.001 or less, the particle diameter of the second particles with respect to the coating layer thickness becomes too small, so that it is difficult to exert the effect of the charge control function. In addition, when a large amount is added in order to exert the charge control effect, the ratio of the second particles to the binder resin is excessively increased, and the holding ability of the second particles may be insufficient.
The particle diameter D2 of the second particles is preferably 0.005 to 1 μm, and more preferably 0.01 to 0.2 μm.

The second particles are preferably at least one particle selected from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, surface-treated titanium oxide, surface-treated zinc oxide, and surface-treated tin oxide. . These particles can sufficiently exhibit a charge control effect, have good compatibility with a resin used for a carrier coating material, and are excellent in dispersibility and adhesiveness. Whatever the particle matrix, the surface is treated with, for example, a conductive treatment, a hydrophobic treatment, etc. If the particle size and specific resistance are in the above ranges, good effects can be obtained for the same reason as described above. Can be demonstrated.
The content of the second particles in the coating layer is preferably 2 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 2 to 30% by weight. Basically, the charge control effect increases as the content of the second particles increases. However, when the content exceeds 50% by weight, the dispersion state in the coating layer deteriorates, and the aggregation of the second particles increases, resulting in a substantial increase. The same effect as that of the particle having a particle diameter may be exerted, the carrier resistance may be lowered, and the carrier may adhere to the solid image portion. On the other hand, when the content is less than 2% by weight, the content of the second particles is small, so that the effect may not be sufficiently exhibited.
Here, the content of the second particles in the coating layer is expressed by the following mathematical formula 3.
<Formula 3>
Content of second particles (% by weight) = [Content of second particles / total amount of material contained in coating layer (
First particle + second particle + binder resin + other components)] × 100

-Binder resin-
Suitable examples of the binder resin include a reaction product of an acrylic resin and an amino resin, and a silicon resin.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a reaction material of the said acrylic resin and an amino resin, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, The crosslinking reaction material of an acrylic resin and an amino resin is suitable.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said acrylic resin, Although it can select suitably according to the objective from all the acrylic resins, 20-100 degreeC is preferable among these, and glass transition temperature (Tg) is preferable 25-25. 80 ° C. is more preferable. When the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the acrylic resin is within this range, the acrylic resin has appropriate elasticity, and friction between the toner and the carrier or between carriers in the stirring for frictionally charging the developer. With this friction, when a contact with a strong impact is applied to the binder resin, the impact can be absorbed and the coating layer can be maintained without being damaged.

When the glass transition temperature (Tg) is less than 20 ° C., the binder resin blocks even at room temperature, so that the storage stability is poor and may not be used practically. On the other hand, when the glass transition temperature (Tg) exceeds 100 ° C., the binder resin is too hard and brittle, and cannot absorb the impact, and the binder resin is scraped from the brittleness and retains the particles. May not be able to be performed and may be easily detached.
The amino resin is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from conventionally known amino resins according to the purpose. For example, by using guanamine or melamine, the charge imparting ability can be increased. It can be significantly improved.
The silicone resin is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from commonly known silicone resins according to the purpose. For example, straight silicone resin consisting only of an organosiloxane bond, alkyd resin, polyester Examples thereof include silicon resins modified with resins, epoxy resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins, and the like.
Moreover, the coating layer may be formed of a silicon resin containing conductive fine powder.

Commercially available products can be used as the silicone resin, and examples of the straight silicone resin include KR271, KR255, and KR152 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd .; SR2400, SR2406, and SR2410 manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Silicone. .
Examples of the modified silicone resin include KR206 (alkyd modified), KR5208 (acrylic modified), ES1001N (epoxy modified), KR305 (urethane modified) manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd .; SR2115 manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd. Epoxy modified), SR2110 (alkyd modified), and the like.
Although it is possible to use the silicon resin alone, it is also possible to simultaneously use a component that undergoes a crosslinking reaction, a charge amount adjusting component, and the like.
As the binder resin, in addition to the above resins, those generally used as carrier coating resins can be used as necessary. For example, polyvinyl resins, polystyrene resins, halogenated olefins can be used. Resin, polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyethylene resin, polyvinyl fluoride resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, polytrifluoroethylene resin, polyhexafluoropropylene resin, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and vinyl fluoride, And fluoroterpolymers such as terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride and non-fluorinated monomers. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

The coating layer is prepared by, for example, preparing a coating solution by dissolving the first particles, the second particles, a binder resin, and the like in a solvent, and then uniformly applying the coating solution on the surface of the core material by a known coating method. After applying and drying, it can be formed by baking. Examples of the application method include an immersion method, a spray method, and a brush coating method.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said solvent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, For example, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cersol butyl acetate, etc. are mentioned.
The baking is not particularly limited, and may be an external heating method or an internal heating method. For example, a stationary electric furnace, a fluid electric furnace, a rotary electric furnace, a burner furnace, etc. The method of using, the method of using a microwave, etc. are mentioned.

<Core>
The core material preferably has a volume average particle size of 20 μm or more from the viewpoint of prevention of carrier adhesion (scattering) to the electrostatic latent image carrier, and is intended to prevent deterioration of image quality such as prevention of carrier streaks. To 100 μm or less is preferable, and in particular, 20 to 50 μm is more preferable for high image quality in recent years.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said core material, According to the objective, it can select suitably from what is known as a two-component carrier for electrophotography, For example, a ferrite, magnetite, iron, nickel is mentioned suitably. In addition, in consideration of environmental aspects that have been remarkably advanced in recent years, if ferrite is used, for example, Mn ferrite, Mn-Mg ferrite, Mn-Mg-Sr ferrite, etc. should be used instead of conventional copper-zinc ferrite. Is preferred.
The volume average particle diameter of the core material is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
In the present invention, the mixing ratio of the toner and the carrier is preferably 1 to 10.0 parts by weight of the toner with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carrier.

In order to prevent spenting, methods for coating various types of resin on the carrier surface have been proposed, but satisfactory methods have not been obtained yet. For example, a carrier coated with a resin such as a styrene-methacrylate copolymer or a styrene homopolymer has excellent charging characteristics. However, since the surface tension of the surface is relatively high, it becomes spent when used repeatedly. Life as an agent is not so long. In addition, the carrier coated with the tetrafluoroethylene polymer is less likely to cause the toner to be spent due to low surface tension, but because the tetrafluoroethylene polymer is located on the most negative side in the triboelectric charging series, It cannot be used when the toner is to be negatively charged.
As a carrier having a low surface tension, a carrier coated with a coating layer containing a silicon resin has been proposed. For example, an unsaturated silicone resin, organosilicone, silanol, etc. mixed with styrene-acrylic resin to coat the carrier surface (US Pat. No. 3,562,533); surface coated with polyphenylene resin and organosilicone terpolymer resin Carrier (US Pat. No. 3,847,127); carrier coated with styrene-acrylate-methacrylate resin, organosilane, silanol, siloxane, etc. (US Pat. No. 3,627,522), silicon resin and nitrogen-containing resin having positive charge characteristics And a carrier whose surface is coated with a modified silicone resin (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 55-157751), and the like.

  In general, since the resistance of the core material used for the coated carrier is low and the resistance of the material used for the coating layer is high, the resistance of the carrier can be adjusted by coating the carrier surface. Therefore, in order to adjust the resistance by the thickness of the coating layer, carbon black (JP 56-126843, JP 62-45984, etc.) in the coating layer; tin oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, etc. The carrier resistance is adjusted by a method of adjusting the resistance of the coating layer by dispersing the metal oxide (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 64-35561 etc.); etc., and the carrier adheres to the edge portion of the development area during high bias development. There has been proposed a method for preventing the carrier from adhering to the image area during low bias development. However, even if the initial carrier resistance is adjusted by such a method, the coating layer gradually decreases due to friction, dropping off, etc. during long-term use. The dispersibility of the resistance adjusting agent in the layer is poor, the resistance is locally reduced, and the problem that the carrier adheres remains. The improvement effect is remarkable when the resistance of the carrier is 10 [Log (Ω · cm)] or more and 16 [Log (Ω · cm)] or less. This is not preferable when the resistance is less than 10 [Log (Ω · cm)] and carrier adhesion occurs in the non-image area. On the other hand, if the volume resistivity exceeds 16 [Log (Ω · cm)], the edge effect is deteriorated to an unacceptable level.

In the present invention, since the life of the developer is closely related to the resistance and charging ability of the carrier, the resistance and charging ability of the carrier are always stable even if the developer is used for a long period of time. It is an object of the present invention to provide a highly durable developer carrier that can stably form a high-quality image without the need for the above.
According to the present invention, in a coated carrier having a coating layer composed of at least a resin and a resistance adjusting agent on the surface, the resistance adjusting agent is uniformly dispersed using the coating layer as a single film. An image developer carrier is provided. The specific resistance of the coated carrier is the specific resistance when the aggregate of coated carriers is handled as a homogeneous block. The specific resistance value measured by varies. The above-mentioned coated carrier for developing an electrostatic latent image is provided, wherein the resistance adjusting agent of the coating layer is carbon black.
Furthermore, according to the present invention, in the coated carrier using carbon black as a resistance adjusting agent, the coating layer is formed of a silicon resin containing a silane coupling agent, and the concentration of the silane coupling agent is higher as the surface of the coating layer is higher. It may be formed and / or included. There is provided a coated carrier for developing an electrostatic latent image, wherein the concentration of the organotin compound for catalyst has a concentration odor in the thickness direction of the coating layer. In addition to using a silicone resin for the coating layer, the amount of silane coupling agent added when forming the coating layer with the resin and the amount of organotin compound catalyst used to form the coating layer are adjusted, thereby Even when the coating layer is worn for a long period of time, the resistance of the carrier does not change, and at the same time, the charging characteristics such as the triboelectric charge amount of the toner do not change.

In the carrier of the present invention, when the coating layer is formed of a silicon resin, the surface energy is lowered and the spent of the toner is suppressed. When a resistance modifier is added to the coating layer, a silane coupling agent is added to stably and finely disperse the resistance modifier. Therefore, when the amount of the resistance modifier is increased as the surface is increased, it is desirable that the amount of the silane coupling agent is increased as the surface according to the amount of the resistance modifier. In this way, the resistance modifier is more finely dispersed. It becomes stable and the charging ability is stabilized. In addition, when the resistance adjusting agent is included in the coating layer, an increase in the amount decreases the resistance of the coating layer, so that the absolute value of the charging ability decreases. However, when the coating layer is formed of a silicon resin containing a silane coupling agent, the absolute value of the charging ability can be adjusted by changing the amount of the organotin compound catalyst. This is because the free silane coupling agent changes the chargeability of the carrier, and the silane coupling agent reacted with the silicone resin does not affect the chargeability of the carrier. This is because there is a decrease. Therefore, a developer composed of an aminosilane coupling agent and a negatively chargeable toner that increases the positive chargeability of the carrier improves the negative chargeability by increasing the amount of the catalyst, and reduces the amount of catalyst when combined with the negatively chargeable toner. Increases positive chargeability. On the other hand, when a chlorosilane coupling agent that increases the uncharged property of the carrier is used, the opposite result is obtained. Therefore, the charging ability can be stabilized by changing the amount of the catalyst depending on the chargeability of the toner used and the type of the silane coupling agent.

  The resin suitable for forming the coating layer of the carrier of the present invention is preferably a silicon resin which is a preferable resin from the viewpoint of preventing spent toner. A known silicone resin is used for forming the coating layer, and any known silicone resin may be used as the silicone resin. For example, KR155, KR282, KR211, KR216 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Silicone Co., Ltd., which are commercially available. , KR213, Toray Silicone AY42-170, SR2510, SR2406, SR2410, SR2405, SR2411, etc. are used.

  The silane coupling agent used in the present invention includes r- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, r- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, r-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, N- β- (N-vinylbenzylaminoethyl) -r-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane hydrochloride, r-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, r-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, vinyl Triacetoxysilane, r-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, hexamethyldisilazane, r-anilinopropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, octadecyldimethyl [3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ammonium chloride , R-chloropropylmethyldimethoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane (above, manufactured by Torre Silicone), allyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltri Examples thereof include methoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisilazane, methacryloxyethyldimethyl (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) ammonium chloride (manufactured by Chisso Corporation). For example, commercially available AY43-059, SR6020, SZ6023, SH6026, SZ6032, SZ6050, AY43-310M, SZ6030, SH6040, AY43-026, AY43-031, sh6062, Z-6611, sz6300, sz6075, manufactured by Toray Silicone, Inc. , Sz6079, sz6083, sz6070, sz6072, Z-6721, AY43-004, Z-6187, AY43-021, AY43-043, AY43-040, AY43-047, Z-6265, AY43-204M, AY43-048, Z -6403, AY43-206M, AY43-206E, Z6341, AY43-210MC, AY43-083, AY43-101, AY43-013, AY43-158E, Z 6920, etc. Z-6940 is used.

The addition amount of the silane coupling agent is preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight with respect to the solid content of the silicon resin, and the effect is not exhibited when the content of the silane coupling agent is less than 0.1% by weight. The adhesion between the core particles and the resistance adjusting agent and the silicon coating layer is lowered, and the coating layer falls off during long-term use. On the other hand, if the content exceeds 10% by weight, the spent resistance of the silicone resin is lowered, and the toner becomes spent during long-term use.

  In this invention, when forming a coating layer with the silicon resin containing a silane coupling agent, it is preferable to use an organotin compound as a reaction catalyst between the silicon resin and the silane coupling agent. The catalyst is effective for promoting the reaction between the hydrocarbon group hydrogen of the silicon resin and the silane coupling agent. The addition amount of the organotin compound is 1 to 100 times by weight, preferably 2 to 50 times by weight of the addition amount of the silane coupling agent. If the addition amount is too small, the addition effect is not exhibited. Spent resistance decreases because performance is not exhibited. In addition, if the organotin compound catalyst concentration is changed in the thickness direction of the coating layer as described above, it is possible to balance the chargeability adjustment by the catalyst and the decrease in chargeability due to the progress of spenting. The charging ability can be stably maintained for a long time, and the charge amount can be changed by changing the amount of the catalyst added.

The core particles used in the present invention may be existing magnetic materials, such as ferromagnetic metals such as iron and cobalt; iron oxides such as magnetite, hematite and ferrite; various alloys and compounds, and fine powders of these magnetic materials as binder resins. Resin core particles dispersed therein. Furthermore, when the volume average particle diameter is 20 μm or more and 85 μm or less, the improvement effect is remarkable. This is not preferable when the volume average particle size is less than 20 μm, since problems such as carrier adhesion occur due to a decrease in the uniformity of the particles and a lack of sufficient technology on the machine side. On the other hand, if it exceeds 85 μm, the reproducibility of image details is poor and a fine image cannot be obtained.
Further, in the developer for the electrostatic latent image developer, 1000 (10 ³ / 4π · A) of the carrier.
/ M) is preferably 40 (Am ² / kg) or more and 90 (Am ² / kg) or less.

The toner and developer according to the present invention obtained as described above are excellent in both blocking resistance and low-temperature fixability, have no spent on the developer or photoreceptor, have high developer durability, Since the charging stability is excellent, the apparatus is not limited as long as it is an apparatus for forming an image by electrophotography, and can be used for, for example, a copying machine or a printer. Particularly, since the durability is high, it is effective in a system having toner recycling. The charging process also includes an image forming method in which a charging member is brought into contact with a member to be charged and a voltage is applied to the charging member from the outside to charge the member to be charged, and an electrostatic latent image on an electrostatic latent image carrier is formed. In the image forming method in which the electrostatic latent image carrier and the transfer device come into contact with each other in the process of developing with a developer and electrostatically transferring the developed image to a transfer material via a transfer device, toner fusion is also performed. There is no such occurrence.
Further, since the fixing process is excellent in low temperature fixing, the fixing step is a fixing device that heats and fixes a toner image by passing a support carrying a toner image between two rollers. In the image forming method in which the thickness of the metal cylinder of the fixing roller on the side in contact with the roller is 1.0 mm or less and the surface pressure (roller load / contact area) applied between the two rollers is 1.5 × 10 ⁵ Pa or less. A sufficient fixing temperature range can be obtained.

An example of the cartridge according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
(cartridge)
The cartridge of the present invention contains the developer of the present invention in a container. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said container, It can select suitably from well-known things, For example, what has a developer container main body and a cap etc. are mentioned suitably.
The size, shape, structure, material and the like of the developer container main body are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, the shape is preferably cylindrical. A spiral irregularity is formed on the peripheral surface, and the toner as the contents can be transferred to the discharge port side by rotating, and part or all of the spiral part has a bellows function, etc. Is particularly preferred.
The material of the developer container main body is not particularly limited, and those having good dimensional accuracy are preferable. For example, a resin is preferable, and among them, for example, polyester resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, Preferable examples include vinyl chloride resin, polyacrylic acid, polycarbonate resin, ABS resin, polyacetal resin, and the like.

The cartridge of the present invention is easy to store, transport, etc., has excellent handleability, and can be suitably used for replenishing the developer by detachably attaching to the process cartridge, image forming apparatus, etc. of the present invention described later. it can.
Here, FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of an image forming apparatus equipped with the cartridge of the present invention filled with the developer of the present invention. The developing unit 1 mounted in the main body of the image forming apparatus and the cartridge 2 filled with the developer of the present invention replenished to the developing unit 1 are connected by the developer flow means 3 and the connecting member 11. . In FIG. 3, 4 is a developing housing, 5 is a stirring screw, 6 is a stirring screw, 7 is a developing roller, 8 is a photoreceptor, and 9 is a doctor blade.

(Process cartridge)
The process cartridge of the present invention develops an electrostatic latent image carrier carrying an electrostatic latent image and the electrostatic latent image carried on the electrostatic latent image carrier using a developer to form a visible image. A developing means for forming the image forming apparatus, and further having other means such as a charging means, an exposure means, a developing means, a transfer means, a cleaning means, and a discharging means, which are appropriately selected as necessary. .
The developing means includes at least a developer container that contains the developer of the present invention, and a developer carrier that carries and conveys the developer contained in the developer container. In addition, a layer thickness regulating member for regulating the layer thickness of the developer to be carried may be provided.
The process cartridge of the present invention can be detachably mounted on various electrophotographic apparatuses, facsimiles, and printers, and is preferably detachably mounted on the image forming apparatus of the present invention described later.
Here, for example, as shown in FIG. 4, the process cartridge includes a photosensitive member 10, and includes a charging unit 12, an exposure unit 13, a developing unit 14, and a cleaning unit 17, and other members as necessary. Have.

As the photoreceptor 10, the same one as that of an image forming apparatus described later can be used.
An arbitrary charging member is used as the charging means 12.
As the exposure means 13, a light source capable of writing with high resolution is used.
The image forming apparatus of the present invention is constructed by integrally combining the electrostatic latent image carrier and the components such as a developing device and a cleaning device as a process cartridge, and this unit can be attached to and detached from the apparatus main body. It may be configured. Further, at least one of a charger, an image exposure device, a developing device, a transfer or separation device, and a cleaning device is integrally supported together with an electrostatic latent image carrier to form a process cartridge, and is detachably attached to the apparatus main body. One unit may be detachable using guide means such as a rail of the apparatus main body.

(Image forming apparatus and image forming method)
The image forming apparatus according to the present invention includes at least an electrostatic latent image carrier, an electrostatic latent image forming unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and a fixing unit, and further appropriately selected as necessary. The other means such as charge eliminating means, cleaning means, recycling means, control means and the like are included.
The image forming method of the present invention includes at least an electrostatic latent image forming step, a developing step, a transfer step, and a fixing step, and further other steps appropriately selected as necessary, for example, a static elimination step, a cleaning step, Includes recycling and control processes.
The image forming method of the present invention can be preferably carried out by the above-described image forming apparatus, the electrostatic latent image forming step can be performed by the electrostatic latent image forming unit, and the developing step is performed by the developing unit. The transfer step can be performed by the transfer unit, the fixing step can be performed by the fixing unit, and the other steps can be performed by the other unit.

-Electrostatic latent image forming step and electrostatic latent image forming means-
The electrostatic latent image forming step is a step of forming an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image carrier.
The material, shape, structure, size, etc. of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photosensitive member) are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from known ones. Examples of the material include inorganic photoreceptors such as amorphous silicon and selenium, and organic photoreceptors such as polysilane and phthalopolymethine. Among these, amorphous silicon or the like is preferable in terms of long life.
The formation of the electrostatic latent image can be performed, for example, by uniformly charging the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier and then performing imagewise exposure, and is performed by the electrostatic latent image forming unit. be able to.
The electrostatic latent image forming means includes, for example, at least a charger that uniformly charges the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier and an exposure device that exposes the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier imagewise. Prepare.
The charging can be performed, for example, by applying a voltage to the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier using the charger.

The charger is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. And non-contact chargers utilizing corona discharge such as corotrons and corotrons.
The exposure can be performed, for example, by exposing the surface of the latent electrostatic image bearing member imagewise using the exposure device. The exposure device is not particularly limited as long as it can expose the surface of the latent electrostatic image bearing member charged by the charger so as to form an image to be formed, and is appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, various exposure devices such as a copying optical system, a rod lens array system, a laser optical system, and a liquid crystal shutter optical system can be used.
In the present invention, a back light system in which imagewise exposure is performed from the back side of the electrostatic latent image carrier may be employed.

-Development process and development means-
The developing step is a step of developing the electrostatic latent image using the developer of the present invention to form a visible image.
The visible image can be formed, for example, by developing the electrostatic latent image using the developer of the present invention, and can be performed by the developing unit.
The developing means is not particularly limited as long as it can be developed using, for example, the developer of the present invention, and can be appropriately selected from known ones. For example, the developer of the present invention is accommodated. A developer having at least a developing device capable of bringing the developer into contact or non-contact with the electrostatic latent image is preferably exemplified, and a developing device including the cartridge of the present invention is more preferable.

The developing unit may be a dry developing type, a wet developing type, a single color developing unit, or a multicolor developing unit. Well, for example, a developer having a stirrer for charging the developer by frictional stirring and a rotatable magnet roller is preferable.
In the developing device, for example, the toner and the carrier are mixed and stirred, and the toner is charged by friction at that time, and is held on the surface of the rotating magnet roller in a raised state,
A magnetic brush is formed. Since the magnet roller is disposed in the vicinity of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor), a part of the toner constituting the magnetic brush formed on the surface of the magnet roller is electrically attracted. It moves to the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor) by force. As a result, the electrostatic latent image is developed by the developer, and a visible image is formed by the developer on the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor).

-Transfer process and transfer means-
The transfer step is a step of transferring the visible image onto a recording medium. After the primary transfer of the visible image onto the intermediate transfer member using an intermediate transfer member, the visible image is transferred onto the recording medium. A secondary transfer mode is preferable, and a primary transfer step of forming a composite transfer image by transferring a visible image onto an intermediate transfer body using two or more colors, preferably a full color developer, as the developer, A mode including a secondary transfer step of transferring the composite transfer image onto a recording medium is more preferable.
The transfer can be performed, for example, by charging the latent electrostatic image bearing member (photoconductor) of the visible image using a transfer charger, and can be performed by the transfer unit. The transfer means includes a primary transfer means for transferring a visible image onto an intermediate transfer member to form a composite transfer image, and a secondary transfer means for transferring the composite transfer image onto a recording medium. Embodiments are preferred.
The intermediate transfer member is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known transfer members according to the purpose. For example, a transfer belt and the like are preferable.
The transfer means (the primary transfer means and the secondary transfer means) is a transfer for peeling and charging the visible image formed on the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor) to the recording medium side. It is preferable to have at least a vessel. There may be one transfer means or two or more transfer means.

Examples of the transfer device include a corona transfer device using corona discharge, a transfer belt, a transfer roller, a pressure transfer roller, and an adhesive transfer device.
The recording medium is typically plain paper, but is not particularly limited as long as it can transfer an unfixed image after development, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. PET for OHP A base or the like can also be used.
The fixing step is a step of fixing the visible image transferred to the recording medium using a fixing device, and may be performed each time the developer of each color is transferred to the recording medium, or the developer of each color. On the other hand, it may be carried out at the same time in a state of being laminated.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said fixing device, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, A well-known heating-pressing means is suitable. Examples of the heating and pressing means include a combination of a heating roller and a pressure roller, a combination of a heating roller, a pressure roller, and an endless belt.

The heating in the heating and pressing means is usually preferably 80 to 200 ° C.
In the present invention, for example, a known optical fixing device may be used together with or in place of the fixing step and the fixing unit depending on the purpose.
The neutralization step is a step of performing neutralization by applying a neutralization bias to the electrostatic latent image carrier, and can be suitably performed by a neutralization unit.
The neutralization means is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected from known neutralizers as long as it can apply a neutralization bias to the electrostatic latent image carrier. Preferably mentioned.
The cleaning step is a step of removing the developer remaining on the electrostatic latent image carrier and can be suitably performed by a cleaning unit.
The cleaning means is not particularly limited as long as it can remove the electrophotographic toner remaining on the electrostatic latent image carrier, and can be appropriately selected from known cleaners. Suitable examples include brush cleaners, electrostatic brush cleaners, magnetic roller cleaners, blade cleaners, brush cleaners, web cleaners, and the like.

The recycling step is a step of recycling the electrophotographic color toner removed by the cleaning step to the developing unit, and can be suitably performed by the recycling unit.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said recycling means, A well-known conveyance means etc. are mentioned.
The control step is a step of controlling each of the steps, and can be suitably performed by a control unit.
The control means is not particularly limited as long as the movement of each means can be controlled, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include devices such as a sequencer and a computer.

One mode for carrying out the image forming method of the present invention by the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. The image forming apparatus 20 shown in FIG. 5 includes a photosensitive drum 10 as the electrostatic latent image carrier (hereinafter referred to as “photosensitive member 10”), a charging roller 21 as the charging unit, and an exposure as the exposure unit. The apparatus 22 includes a developing device 23 as the developing means, an intermediate transfer member 24, a cleaning device 25 as the cleaning means having a cleaning blade, and a static elimination lamp 26 as the static elimination means.
The intermediate transfer member 24 is an endless belt, and is designed to be movable in the direction of the arrow by three rollers 27 that are arranged on the inner side and stretch the belt. Some of the three rollers 27 also function as transfer bias rollers that can apply a predetermined transfer bias (primary transfer bias) to the intermediate transfer member 24. The intermediate transfer body 24 is provided with a cleaning device 28 having a cleaning blade in the vicinity thereof, and also for transferring (secondary transfer) a developed image (toner image) to a transfer paper 29 as a final transfer material. A transfer roller 30 serving as a transfer unit to which a transfer bias can be applied is disposed to face the transfer roller 30. Around the intermediate transfer member 24, a corona charger 31 for applying a charge to the toner image on the intermediate transfer member 24 is arranged between the photosensitive member 10 and the intermediate transfer member 24 in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member 24. It is disposed between the contact portion and the contact portion between the intermediate transfer member 24 and the transfer paper 29.

  The developing device 23 includes a developing belt 32 as the developer carrying member, and a black developing unit 45K, a yellow developing unit 45Y, a magenta developing unit 45M, and a cyan developing unit 45C provided around the developing belt 32. . The black developing unit 45K includes a developer accommodating portion 42K, a developer supplying roller 43K, and a developing roller 44K. The yellow developing unit 45Y includes a developer accommodating portion 42Y, a developer supplying roller 43Y, and a developing roller 44Y. The magenta developing unit 45M includes a developer accommodating portion 42M, a developer supplying roller 43M, and a developing roller 44M, and the cyan developing unit 45C includes a developer accommodating portion 42C and a developer supplying roller 43C. And a developing roller 44C. The developing belt 32 is an endless belt, is rotatably stretched around a plurality of belt rollers, and a part thereof is in contact with the photoconductor 10.

  In the image forming apparatus 20 shown in FIG. 5, for example, the charging roller 21 uniformly charges the photosensitive drum 10. The exposure device 22 performs imagewise exposure on the photosensitive drum 10 to form an electrostatic latent image. The electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 10 is developed by supplying toner from the developing device 23 to form a visible image (toner image). The visible image (toner image) is transferred (primary transfer) onto the intermediate transfer member 24 by the voltage applied from the roller 27, and further transferred (secondary transfer) onto the transfer paper 29. As a result, a transfer image is formed on the transfer paper 29. The residual toner on the photoconductor 10 is removed by the cleaning device 25, and the charge on the photoconductor 10 is temporarily removed by the charge eliminating lamp 26.

Another mode for carrying out the image forming method of the present invention by the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. The image forming apparatus 40 shown in FIG. 6 is the same as the image forming apparatus 20 shown in FIG.
3 except that the developing belt 32 is not provided, and the black developing unit 45K, the yellow developing unit 45Y, the magenta developing unit 45M, and the cyan developing unit 45C are directly disposed around the photoreceptor 10. 5 has the same configuration as that of the image forming apparatus 20 shown in FIG. In FIG. 6, components having the same functions as those in FIG.

Another mode for carrying out the image forming method of the present invention by the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. The tandem image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 7 is a tandem type color image forming apparatus. The tandem image forming apparatus includes a copying apparatus main body 150, a paper feed table 200, a scanner 300, and an automatic document feeder (ADF) 400.
The copying apparatus main body 150 is provided with an endless belt-like intermediate transfer member 50 at the center. The intermediate transfer member 50 is stretched around support rollers 51, 52 and 53, and can rotate clockwise in FIG. In the vicinity of the support roller 52, an intermediate transfer member cleaning device 54 for removing residual toner on the intermediate transfer member 50 is disposed. A tandem type in which four image forming means 55 of yellow, cyan, magenta, and black are arranged opposite to each other on the intermediate transfer member 50 stretched by the support roller 51 and the support roller 52 along the conveyance direction. A developing device 120 is disposed. An exposure device 56 is disposed in the vicinity of the tandem developing device 120. A secondary transfer device 57 is disposed on the side of the intermediate transfer member 50 opposite to the side on which the tandem developing device 120 is disposed. In the secondary transfer device 57, a secondary transfer belt 58, which is an endless belt, is stretched around a pair of rollers 59, and the transfer paper conveyed on the secondary transfer belt 58 and the intermediate transfer member 50 are in contact with each other. Is possible. A fixing device 60 is disposed in the vicinity of the secondary transfer device 57. The fixing device 60 includes a fixing belt 61 that is an endless belt, and a pressure roller 62 that is pressed against the fixing belt 61.
In the tandem image forming apparatus, a sheet reversing device 63 for reversing the transfer paper for image formation on both sides of the transfer paper is disposed in the vicinity of the secondary transfer device 57 and the fixing device 60. Yes.

Next, formation of a full color image (color copy) using the tandem image forming apparatus will be described. That is, first, a document is set on the document table 130 of the automatic document feeder (ADF) 400, or the automatic document feeder 400 is opened and a document is set on the contact glass 67 of the scanner 300. 400 is closed.
When a start switch (not shown) is pressed, when a document is set on the automatic document feeder 400, the document is transported and moved onto the contact glass 67, and then the document is set on the contact glass 67. Immediately after that, the scanner 300 is driven, and the first traveling body 68 and the second traveling body 69 travel. At this time, light from the light source is emitted from the first traveling body 68 and reflected light from the document surface is reflected by the mirror in the second traveling body 69 and received by the reading sensor 71 through the imaging lens 70 to be color. An original (color image) is read and used as black, yellow, magenta, and cyan image information.

Each image information of black, yellow, magenta and cyan is stored in each image forming means 73 (black image forming means, yellow image forming means, magenta image forming means and cyan image forming means in the tandem image forming apparatus. ) And black, yellow, magenta, and cyan toner images are formed in the respective image forming means. That is, each image forming means 73 (black image forming means, yellow image forming means, magenta image forming means, and cyan image forming means) in the tandem image forming apparatus is respectively photosensitive as shown in FIG. On the basis of the body 10 (the black photoreceptor 10K, the yellow photoreceptor 10Y, the magenta photoreceptor 10M, and the cyan photoreceptor 10C), the charger 74 that uniformly charges the photoreceptor, and each color image information. The photosensitive member is exposed to each color image corresponding image (L in FIG. 8), and an electrostatic latent image corresponding to each color image is formed on the photosensitive member. A developing device 76 that develops using a color developer (a black developer, a yellow developer, a magenta developer, and a cyan developer) to form a toner image by each color developer, and the toner image is an intermediate transfer member 5 is provided with a transfer charger 77, a photoconductor cleaning device 78, and a static eliminator 79 for transferring the image onto each image, and each monochrome image (black image, yellow image, magenta) based on the image information of each color. Image and cyan image) can be formed. The black image, the yellow image, the magenta image, and the cyan image formed in this way are formed on the black photoconductor 10K on the intermediate transfer member 50 that is rotationally moved by the support rollers 51, 52, and 53, respectively. The black image, the yellow image formed on the yellow photoconductor 10Y, the magenta image formed on the magenta photoconductor 10M, and the cyan image formed on the cyan photoconductor 10C are sequentially transferred (primary transfer). Is done. Then, the black image, the yellow image, the magenta image, and the cyan image are superimposed on the intermediate transfer member 50 to form a composite color image (color transfer image).

On the other hand, in the paper feed table 200 in FIG. 7, one of the paper feed rollers 82 is selectively rotated to feed out a sheet (recording paper) from one of the paper feed cassettes 84 provided in the paper bank 83 in multiple stages. The paper is separated one by one by the separation roller 85 and sent out to the paper feed path 86, transported by the transport roller 87, guided to the paper feed path 88 in the copying machine main body 150, abutted against the registration roller 65 and stopped. Alternatively, the sheet feeding roller 150 is rotated to feed out sheets (recording paper) on the manual feed tray 66, separated one by one by the separation roller 92, put into the manual sheet feed path 93, and abutted against the registration roller 65 and stopped. . The registration roller 65 is generally used while being grounded, but may be used in a state where a bias is applied to remove paper dust from the sheet.
Then, the registration roller 65 is rotated in synchronization with the synthesized color image (color transfer image) synthesized on the intermediate transfer member 50, and a sheet (recording paper) is interposed between the intermediate transfer member 50 and the secondary transfer device 57. Is transferred and the composite color image (color transfer image) is transferred (secondary transfer) onto the sheet (recording paper) by the secondary transfer device 57, whereby the color image is transferred onto the sheet (recording paper). Is formed. The residual toner on the intermediate transfer member 50 after image transfer is cleaned by the intermediate transfer member cleaning device 54.

The sheet (recording paper) on which the color image has been transferred is conveyed by the secondary transfer device 57 and sent to the fixing device 60, where the combined color image (color) is generated by heat and pressure. (Transfer image) is fixed on the sheet (recording paper). Thereafter, the sheet (recording paper) is switched by the switching claw 95 and discharged by the discharge roller 96 and stacked on the paper discharge tray 97, or switched by the switching claw 95 and reversed by the sheet reversing device 63 and transferred again. After being guided to the position and recording an image on the back surface, the image is discharged by the discharge roller 96 and stacked on the discharge tray 97.
The image forming apparatus and the image forming method according to the present invention are excellent in durability, do not cause carrier adhesion on a solid image portion during running, can form a fine image over a long period of time, and have color stains. Therefore, the developer of the present invention containing an electrophotographic carrier with good charge controllability is used, so that a clear high-quality image can be formed.

Still another embodiment for carrying out the image forming method of the present invention by the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. The digital copying machine shown in FIG. 9 includes a drum-shaped photoreceptor 10 inside using a well-known electrophotographic system. Around the photoconductor 10, along the rotation direction indicated by an arrow A, a charger 122 for performing an electrophotographic copying process, an exposure unit 123, a developing unit 124, a transfer unit 125, a cleaning unit 126, a recycling unit 135, and a fixing unit. Means 130 are arranged.
The exposure unit 123 forms an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor 10 based on the image signal obtained by reading the document placed on the document table 127 on the upper surface of the copying machine by the reading unit 128.
The electrostatic latent image formed on the photoconductor 10 is converted into a toner image by the developing unit 124, and the toner image is electrostatically transferred by the transfer unit 125 to the transfer paper fed from the paper feeding device 129. The transfer paper on which the toner image is placed is conveyed and fixed to the fixing unit 130 and then discharged outside the apparatus.
On the other hand, the untransferred portion and the photosensitive member 10 with dirt are cleaned by the cleaning unit 126, and the toner collected by the cleaning is collected by the recycling unit 135 to the toner hopper, mixed with the replenishing toner, and returned to the developer container. Then, the next image forming step is entered.

The fixing step is performed by a fixing device that heats and fixes the toner image by passing a support carrying the toner image between two rollers. Fixing in which the thickness of the metal cylinder of the fixing roller on the side in contact with the toner image support surface is 1.0 mm or less and the surface pressure (roller load / contact area) applied between the two rollers is 1.5 × 10 ⁵ Pa or less. An example of the apparatus is shown in FIG. Reference numeral 141 denotes a fixing roller, and 142 denotes a pressure roller. The fixing roller 141 is formed on the surface of a metal cylinder 143 made of a high heat conductor such as aluminum, iron, stainless steel, or brass, with RTV (vulcanized rubber at room temperature), silicon rubber, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether ( An offset prevention layer 144 such as PFA) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is coated. A heating lamp 145 is arranged inside the fixing roller 141. The metal cylinder 146 of the pressure roller 142 is often made of the same material as that of the fixing roller 141, and the surface thereof is covered with an offset prevention layer 147 such as PFA or PTFA. Although not necessarily required, a heating lamp 148 is disposed inside the pressure roller 142.
Although not shown, the fixing roller 141 and the pressure roller 142 are pressed against and rotated by springs at both ends. A fixing support S (transfer paper such as paper) for the toner image T is passed between the fixing roller 141 and the pressure roller 142 for fixing.

The fixing device used in the present invention improves the temperature rise characteristic of the fixing roller by setting the thickness of the metal cylinder of the fixing roller to 1.0 mm or less, and can raise the temperature to a desired temperature in a very short time. Can do.
The preferred thickness of the metal cylinder varies depending on the strength and thermal conductivity of the material used, but is preferably 0.2 to 0.7 mm.
The load (surface pressure) applied between the fixing roller and the pressure roller is preferably 1.5 × 10 ⁵ Pa or less. The surface pressure is a value obtained by dividing the load applied to both ends of the roller by the roller contact area.
The roller contact area is determined by passing a sheet whose surface property greatly changes due to heating, such as OHP paper, between the rollers heated to the fixing temperature, stopping on the way, holding it for several tens of seconds, and then discharging it. Find the area of the location.
A higher roller surface pressure is advantageous for fixing a toner image. However, in the fixing device in which the thickness of the metal cylinder of the fixing roller is 1.0 mm or less, a large load is not applied because the roller is distorted. The load is 1.5 × 10 ⁵ Pa or less, preferably 0.5 to 1.0 × 10 ⁵ Pa.
Since the toner of the present invention has good thermal conductivity, good fixability can be obtained even when the roller surface pressure is 1.5 × 10 ⁵ Pa or less, preferably 0.5 to 1.0 × 10 ⁵ Pa. .

[Method for quantifying residual styrene monomer in toner]
The method for quantifying the residual styrene monomer in the toner was measured using a gas chromatograph under the following conditions.
2.55 mg of DMF is used as an internal standard, and 100 ml of acetone is added to make a solvent containing the internal standard. Next, 400 mg of toner is made into a 10 ml solution with the above solvent. Leave it on an ultrasonic shaker for 30 minutes and leave it for 1 hour. Next, it is filtered through a 0.5 μm filter. The amount of sample to be implanted is 4 μl.
The conditions of the gas chromatograph are as follows.
・ Capillary column (30m x 0.249mm, DBWAX, film thickness 0.25μm)
・ Detector FID, nitrogen pressure 0.45 kg / cm ²
・ Injection temperature: 200 ℃
・ Detector temperature: 200 ℃
Column temperature: The temperature is raised from 50 ° C. at a rate of 5 ° C./1 minute for 30 minutes, and then held at 200 ° C. for 10 minutes.
-Preparation of calibration curve A gas chromatograph is similarly measured on a standard sample obtained by adding styrene monomer to the same amount of DMF and acetone solution as the sample solution, and the weight ratio / area ratio of the monomer and the internal standard product DMF is obtained.

[Method for quantifying volatile content in toner at 100 ° C.]
The method for quantifying the volatile content at 100 ° C. in the toner is measured by thermogravimetry which is measured as a weight loss upon heating at 100 ° C. with a thermobalance. Specifically, TGA-7 and PE7700 (manufactured by PerkinElmer) are used, and 3 to 8 mg of toner is precisely weighed to give (i), and the temperature is increased to 30 to 100 ° C. under a nitrogen stream at a heating rate of 20 ° C./min. The weight of the toner after heating was set to (ii), and then the weight after heating to 100 ° C. at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min and holding at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes was set to (iii). The value calculated by [(ii) − (iii)] ÷ (i) × 100 is the volatile content (% by weight) in the toner at 100 ° C.

[Measurement method of toner MI value (melt index value)]
The MI value (melt index value) of the toner was measured according to JIS-K7210 using a TOYOSEIKI FLOW RATE COUNTER TYPE C-5059D (manufactured by Toyo Seiki) at a load of 2160 g, a measurement temperature of 150 ° C., and a sample amount of 5 g.
A toner having a wide fixing temperature range can be obtained when the MI value of the toner is 3 to 40 g / 10 min. Preferably it is 5-30 g / 10min, More preferably, it is 10-20 g / 10min.
[Measurement method of water content of toner]
As a method for measuring the water content of the toner, first, the toner is stored in an environment of 30 ° C. and 60% RH for 24 hours. 0.2 g of this toner is measured using a vaporizer (heating furnace temperature: 150 ° C., under a nitrogen stream) of a Karl Fischer moisture titration apparatus.

[Method for measuring storage elastic modulus (G ′) and loss elastic modulus (G ″) of toner]
-Determination of storage elastic modulus (G ') and loss elastic modulus (G ")-
The toner is molded into a 20 mm × 20 mm square and 2 mm thick sheet by hot pressing to prepare a sample. Using a DVE type Rheospectr manufactured by Rheology Co., Ltd. as a measuring device, maintaining the sample at a predetermined temperature, applying a sinusoidal vibration (measurement frequency 10 Hz) in the shear direction by the forced vibration non-resonance method, The stress response under small displacement was measured, and the storage elastic modulus (G ′), loss elastic modulus (G ″) and tangent loss (tan δ) were determined from the power and dynamic strain by a known calculation method.

[Toner particle diameter D50 measurement method]
The toner particle diameter D50 is measured using a Coulter counter [for example, trade name: Multisizer III (manufactured by Coulter Co., Ltd.)].
As an apparatus for measuring the particle size distribution of toner particles by the Coulter counter method, there are Coulter Counter TA-II and Coulter Multisizer II (both manufactured by Coulter). The measurement method is described below.
First, 0.1 to 5 ml of a surfactant (preferably alkylbenzene sulfonate) is added as a dispersant to 100 to 150 ml of the electrolytic aqueous solution. Here, the electrolytic solution is a solution prepared by preparing a 1% NaCl aqueous solution using first grade sodium chloride. For example, ISOTON-II (manufactured by Coulter) can be used. Here, 2 to 20 mg of a measurement sample is further added. The electrolytic solution in which the sample is suspended is subjected to a dispersion treatment with an ultrasonic disperser for about 1 to 3 minutes, and the measurement device is used to measure the weight and number of toner particles or toner using a 100 μm aperture as an aperture. Calculate weight distribution and number distribution. From the obtained distribution, the weight average particle diameter (D4) and the number average particle diameter (D1) of the toner can be obtained.
As channels, 2.00 to less than 2.52 μm; 2.52 to less than 3.17 μm; 3.17 to less than 4.00 μm; 4.00 to less than 5.04 μm; 5.04 to less than 6.35 μm; 6 .35 to less than 8.00 μm; 8.00 to less than 10.08 μm; 10.08 to less than 12.70 μm; 12.70 to less than 16.00 μm; 16.00 to less than 20.20 μm; Uses 13 channels of less than 40 μm; 25.40 to less than 32.00 μm; 32.00 to less than 40.30 μm, and targets particles having a particle size of 2.00 μm to less than 40.30 μm.

[Method for measuring Mn, Mw, Mp of polyester resin or toner]
In the present invention, the molecular weight distribution of the chromatogram by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) using THF as the solvent for the resin component tetrahydrofuran (THF) is measured under the following conditions. The measurement was performed using GPC (High Performance Liquid Chromatograph 150C manufactured by Waters).

The measurement sample is prepared as follows.
Mix the sample and THF at a concentration of about 5 mg / ml and let stand for 5 to 6 hours at room temperature, then shake well and mix the THF and sample well (until the sample is no longer integrated). Leave for 24 hours. At this time, the time from the start of mixing the sample and THF to the end of standing is set to 24 hours or longer. Thereafter, a sample processing filter (pore size 0.45 μm, for example, Mysori Disc H-25-2, manufactured by Tosoh Corporation, Excro Disc 25C
R Gelman Science Japan Co., Ltd. and the like can be preferably used) is used as a GPC sample.

In the GPC measurement apparatus, the column is stabilized in a heat chamber at 40 ° C., THF is flowed through the column at this temperature as a solvent at a flow rate of 1 ml / min, and about 100 μl of the THF sample solution is injected and measured. In measuring the molecular weight of a sample, the molecular weight distribution of the sample is calculated from the relationship between the logarithmic value of a calibration curve prepared from several types of monodisperse polystyrene standard samples and the number of counts. As a standard polystyrene sample for preparing a calibration curve, one having a molecular weight of about 10 ² to 10 ⁷ manufactured by Tosoh Corporation is used, and 10 standard polystyrene samples are used. An RI (refractive index) detector is used as the detector. As a column, it is preferable to combine a plurality of commercially available polystyrene gel columns. TSKgel G1000H (HXL), G20 manufactured by Tosoh Corporation
00H (HXL), G3000H (HXL), G4000H (HXL), G5000H (HXL), G6000H (HXL), G7000H (HXL), and TSKguardcolumn were combined.

  In the measurement of the GPC chromatogram, the high molecular weight side starts from the baseline when the chromatogram rises, and the low molecular weight side measures up to a molecular weight of about 400. A number average molecular weight Mn and a weight average molecular weight Mw are obtained from the obtained chromatogram, and a ratio obtained by dividing the area of 1 million or more in the chromatogram by the total area of the chromatogram is defined as an area ratio of 1 million or more.

Moreover, the measuring method of the ratio of the component of Mn, Mw, Mp, and molecular weight 1500 or less of a polyester resin or a toner is measured on condition of the following using GPC about a THF soluble part.
Device: Tosoh HCL-8120
Column: TSKgelGMHXL (2)
TSK gelmultiporeHXL-M (1 pc.)
Measurement temperature: 40 ° C
Sample solution: 0.25% THF solution Injection volume: 100 μml
Detection device: Refractive index detector Reference material: Polystyrene Mn and Mw are obtained from the obtained chromatogram. Moreover, Mp refers to the molecular weight showing the maximum peak height on the chromatogram, and this is called the peak top molecular weight. Furthermore, the abundance ratio of low molecular weight substances is evaluated by the ratio of the peak areas when the molecular weight is 1500.

[Measurement method of presence / absence of shoulder peak at molecular weight of 100,000 or more]
Check whether a shoulder or peak exists in the region where the molecular weight is 100,000 or more on the chromatogram obtained by the same method as the component ratio measurement method of polyester resin or toner with Mn, Mw, Mp and molecular weight of 1500 or less. . The term “shoulder” as used herein refers to a state in which a component having a molecular weight of 100,000 or more exists but no peak exists. On the other hand, the presence of a peak means a state where a peak having a center exists at a position where the molecular weight is 100,000 or more. Further, a state where nothing exists in a region having a molecular weight of 100,000 or more means that there is no shoulder or peak.

[Evaluation method of minimum fixing temperature]
A fixing device (surface pressure: 0.7 × 10 ⁵ Pa.S) having the configuration shown in FIG. A mending tape (manufactured by 3M) is applied to the fixed image, and after applying a certain pressure, it is slowly peeled off. The image density before and after that is measured with a Macbeth densitometer, and the fixing rate is calculated by the following equation. The temperature of the fixing roller is lowered step by step, and the temperature at which the fixing rate represented by the following formula becomes 80% or less is defined as the fixing temperature.
Fixing rate (%) = tape adhesion image density / image density × 100

[Evaluation method of hot offset generation temperature]
Using a fixing machine similar to the evaluation method of the minimum fixing temperature, when a solid image of 2 cm × 2 cm is copied by changing the heater temperature to obtain a fixed image, the temperature is the temperature at which hot offset occurs. .
<X-ray diffraction measurement conditions>
Model: JEOL JDX-3500
Target: CuKα ray Tube voltage: 40kV
Tube current: 20 mA
Diverging slit: 1 ° Scattering slit: 1 ° Receiving slit: 0.2mm
Step angle: 1 ° / min Counting time: 1 sec / min Scanning range: 1 ° to 50 ° or less X-ray diffraction measurement was performed under the same conditions.

[Measurement of THF-insoluble content of binder resin and binder resin contained in toner]
0.5 to 1.0 g of toner sample is weighed (W1 g), and a cylindrical filter paper (for example, No. 86R manufactured by Toyo Roshi Kaisha, Ltd.) is put into a Soxhlet extractor. 100% after evaporating the soluble component solution prepared
For several hours, and weigh the amount of the THF-soluble resin component (W2 g). The weight other than the resin component in the toner is determined (W3g). The THF-insoluble content of the binder resin contained in the toner can be obtained from the following formula.

或いは、抽出残分（Ｗ₄ｇ）を秤量し、ＴＨＦ不溶分を下記式から求めてもよい。

Alternatively, the extraction residue (W ₄ g) may be weighed and the THF-insoluble matter may be obtained from the following formula.

Measurement of the THF-insoluble content of the binder resin before tonerization is performed in the same manner as described above using the binder resin as a sample. The weight of the sample before extraction (W ₅ g) and the extraction residue after extraction are measured. from the distribution of the weight (W ₆ g) obtained by the following equation.

[Method for measuring acid value of raw material binder resin]
Basic operation conforms to JIS K-0070.
(1) As a sample, a soluble component extracted with a THF solvent by a Soxhlet extractor obtained by measurement of the above-described THF-insoluble matter is used as a sample. The pulverized sample 1.0 (g) is precisely weighed, and the weight of the soluble component is defined as W (g).
(2) A sample is put into a 300 ml beaker, and 150 ml of a toluene / ethanol (4/1) mixed solution is added and dissolved.
(3) Titration using a potentiometric titration apparatus using an ethanol solution of 0.1 mol / l KOH [for example, potentiometric titration apparatus AT-400 (win work manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Co., Ltd.)
station) and automatic titration using an ABP-410 electric burette. ].
(4) The amount of KOH solution used at this time is S [ml]. At the same time, a blank test without using a sample is performed, and the amount of KOH solution used at this time is B [ml].
(5) The acid value is calculated by the following formula. f is a factor of KOH.
Acid value (mgKOH / g) = {(SB) × f × 5.61} / W

[Measurement of hydroxyl value]
Basic operation conforms to JIS K-0070.
<Devices and instruments>
・ Measuring cylinder (100ml)
・ All pipettes (5ml)
・ Flat bottom flask (200ml)
・ Glycerin bath
<Reagent>
Acetylating reagent (take 25 g of acetic anhydride in a 100-mL volumetric flask, add pyridine to bring the total volume to 100 mL, and shake well)
・ Phenolphthalein solution ・ 0.5 mol / l potassium hydroxide ethanol solution

<Measurement method>
(A) A sample is precisely weighed into a 2.0 g flat bottom flask, and 5 ml of an acetylating reagent is added to the flask using a pipette.
(B) Place a small funnel on the mouth of the flask and immerse the bottom of about 1 cm in a glycerin bath at a temperature of 95-100 ° C. and heat. In order to prevent the temperature of the neck of the flask from rising due to the heat of the glycerin bath, a cardboard disc with a round hole in it is put on the base of the neck of the flask.
(C) After 1 hour, the flask is removed from the glycerin bath, allowed to cool, 1 ml of water is added from the funnel and shaken to decompose acetic anhydride.
(D) Further, in order to complete the decomposition, the flask is heated again in a glycerin bath for 10 minutes, and after cooling, the funnel and the wall of the flask are washed with 5 ml of ethanol (95%).
(E) Add several drops of phenolphthalein solution as an indicator and titrate with 0.5 mol / l potassium hydroxide ethanol solution. The end point is when the light red color of the indicator lasts for about 30 seconds.
(F) In the blank test, (a) to (e) are performed without putting a sample.
(G) If the sample is difficult to dissolve, add a small amount of pyridine, or add xylene or toluene to dissolve.

<Calculation>
A = [{(BC) × 28.05 × f} / S] + D
However,
A: Hydroxyl value (mgKOH / g)
B: Amount of 0.5 mol / l potassium hydroxide ethanol solution used for the blank test (ml)
C: Amount of 0.5 mol / l potassium hydroxide ethanol solution used for titration (ml)
f: Factor of 0.5 mol / l potassium hydroxide ethanol solution S: Mass of sample (g)
D: Acid value 28.05: Formula weight of potassium hydroxide 56.11 × 1/2

[Measurement method of volume average particle diameter of core material and carrier]
The volume average particle diameters of the core material and the carrier were measured using a SRA type of Microtrac particle size analyzer (Nikkiso Co., Ltd.) with a range setting of 0.7 μm or more and 125 μm or less.

[Method of measuring glass transition point (TG)]
Conforms to JIS K 7121.
As a condition adjustment of the sample, in JIS K 7100 (standard condition of plastics and standard condition of the test place) in standard temperature condition class 2 and standard humidity condition class 2 (temperature 23A2 and relative humidity 50 ± 5%) before the test. Condition for 24 hours. Thereafter, 10 mg of the sample is packed in an aluminum pan container of the DSC apparatus. Put the container flat and evenly in the container and place the container lid on it. At this time, if the bottom of the container is not flat, the center of the lid is pushed flat. Place the container filled with the sample in one container holder and attach the container to the other
Alumina powder is packed in the same apparent volume as the sample and covered with a lid. Thereafter, the mixture was heated from 30 ° C. to 150 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 10 ° C./min, kept for 10 minutes, cooled to 20 ° C. at a cooling rate of 10 ° C./min, and then heated at a temperature rising rate of 10 ° C./min. The DSC curve is obtained by heating to 0 ° C. As shown in FIG. 11, the temperature at the point where the straight line equidistant in the vertical axis direction from the extended straight line of each base line and the curve of the step change portion of the glass transition intersect. The glass transition point (TG).

[Measurement method of softening point]
Using a flow tester, the temperature is raised at a constant speed under the following conditions, and the temperature at which the outflow amount becomes 1/2 is defined as the softening point.
Apparatus: Shimadzu Corporation flow tester CTF-500D
Load: 20 kgf / cm ²
Die: 1mmΦ-1mm
Temperature increase rate: 6 ° C / min
Sample amount: 1.0 g

The present invention is excellent in both blocking resistance and low-temperature fixability of the toner under high temperature and high humidity, has no spent on the developer and the photoreceptor, has high developer durability, and excellent charging stability with time. Toner, developer, cartridge, process cartridge, and image forming method are provided.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a developer with good charge controllability that can form a fine image over a long period of time without causing carrier adhesion on the solid image portion during running, and that does not cause color stains. can do.

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated in detail, this invention is not limited at all by these Examples. Hereinafter, a part shows a weight part.
Examples 1 to 5 are missing numbers.
( Reference Example 1)
<Production of Toner 1>
[Synthesis of titanium-containing catalyst (a)]
In a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling tube, a stirrer, and a nitrogen introduction tube capable of bubbling in liquid, 1617 parts of titanium diisopropoxybis (triethanolaminate) and 126 parts of ion-exchanged water are placed under liquid bubbling with nitrogen. The temperature was gradually raised to 90 ° C., and reaction (hydrolysis) was performed at 90 ° C. for 4 hours to obtain titanium dihydroxybis (triethanolaminate).
In the following Examples and Reference Examples , the titanium-containing catalyst (a) used in the present invention can be obtained by the same synthesis method.

[Synthesis of Polyester Resin (P-1)]
In a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling tube, a stirrer and a nitrogen introduction tube, 250 parts of EO2 molar adduct of bisphenol A, 480 parts of PO3 molar adduct of bisphenol A, 160 parts of terephthalic acid, 80 parts of isophthalic acid and titanium as a condensation catalyst 3 parts of dihydroxybis (triethanolamate) was added and reacted for 10 hours at 230 ° C. while distilling off the water produced under a nitrogen stream. Next, the reaction is carried out under reduced pressure of 5 to 20 mmHg, and when the acid value becomes 5 or less, it is cooled to 180 ° C., 62 parts of trimellitic anhydride is added, taken out after reaction for 2 hours under sealed at atmospheric pressure, and cooled to room temperature. To obtain a polyester resin (P-1).
(P-1) contained 20% of THF-insoluble matter, and its acid value was 4, the hydroxyl value was 37, and Tg was 65 ° C.

-Synthesis example of styrene butyl acrylate resin (ST-1)-
Styrene monomer 75 parts Butyl acrylate 15 parts Di-tert-butyl peroxide 10 parts The above components were added dropwise to 200 parts of cumene heated to reflux temperature over 4 hours. Further, solution polymerization was completed under reflux of cumene (140 to 160 ° C.), and cumene was removed.
30 parts of the copolymer thus obtained was dissolved in the following monomer mixture to obtain a mixed solution.

Styrene monomer 38 parts Butyl acrylate 22 parts Monobutyl maleate 10 parts Divinylbenzene 0.1 part Benzoyl peroxide 1 part tert-Butylperoxy-2-ethyl-hexanoate 0.7 part Polyvinyl alcohol partial saponified product 0.1 170 parts of water in which part was dissolved was added to obtain a suspension dispersion. 30 parts of water was added, and the above suspension dispersion was added to a reactor purged with nitrogen, followed by suspension polymerization reaction at a reaction temperature of 90 ° C. for 7 hours. After completion of the reaction, it was filtered, dehydrated and dried to obtain a resin composition ST-1.
ST-1 had a residual styrene monomer content of 200 ppm and a THF-insoluble content of 0%.
Polyester resin (P-1) 72 parts Styrene butyl acrylate resin (ST-1) 13 parts Charge control agent (S-34, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) 1.5 parts NP-055 (Mitsui Chemicals polyethylene wax) 5 parts Carbon black # C-44 (Mitsubishi Chemical) 8 parts

The material was premixed with the above formulation using a Henschel mixer [FM10B, Mitsui Miike Chemical Co., Ltd.] and then kneaded with a biaxial kneader [PCM-30, Ikegai Co., Ltd.]. Then, after finely pulverizing using a supersonic jet crusher, Labo Jet [manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], it is classified by an airflow classifier [MDS-I made by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], and the volume average particle size is reduced. Toner base particles 1 of 9.5 μm were obtained. Next, 100 parts of toner base particles 1 and 1.0 part of colloidal silica [H-2000: manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.] were mixed with the Henschel mixer to obtain “Toner 1”.
“Toner 1” thus obtained was measured for an area ratio at a molecular weight of 1 million or more, Mw, residual styrene monomer amount, MI, water content, storage elastic modulus (G ′), loss elastic modulus (G ″), and volatile content at 100 ° C. Table 1 shows the results of evaluation of the fixing lower limit temperature and hot offset occurrence temperature.

( Reference Example 2)
Polyester resin (P-1) 17 parts Styrene butyl acrylate resin (ST-1) 67 parts Charge control agent (S-34, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) 1.5 parts NP-055 (Mitsui Chemicals polyethylene wax) 5 parts Carbon black # C-44 (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) 8 parts After pre-mixing the material with a Henschel mixer [FM10B manufactured by Mitsui Miike Chemical Co., Ltd.] according to the above formulation, a twin-screw kneader [Ikegai Co., Ltd.] Kneaded with PCM-30]. Then, after finely pulverizing using a supersonic jet crusher, Labo Jet [manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], it is classified by an airflow classifier [MDS-I made by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], and the volume average particle size is reduced. Toner base particles 1 of 9.5 μm were obtained. Next, 100 parts of toner base particles 1 and 1.0 part of colloidal silica [H-2000: manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.] were mixed with the Henschel mixer to obtain “Toner 2”. The toner 2 thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

( Reference Example 3)
[Synthesis of Polyester Resin (P-2)]
1 mol (455 g) of novolak A was placed in the autoclave, and the air in the reaction vessel was replaced with nitrogen. Next, 5 parts of titanium dihydroxybistriethanolamate was added, and while maintaining the temperature at 120 ° C., 261 g of bisphenol A-PO 3 PO 3 mol adduct was gradually injected to complete the reaction. Volatile substances were removed to obtain an oxyalkylene ether (NE1) of a novolac type phenol resin.
Into a reaction vessel equipped with a thermometer, a stirrer with a torque detector, a cooler, and a nitrogen introduction tube, bisphenol A-E02 mol adduct (425 parts), NE1 (75 parts), and adipic acid (376 parts) were added. The reaction was performed at 230 ° C. under an air stream. The reaction temperature was lowered to 200 ° C. from the time when the reaction product became transparent, and the polyesterification reaction proceeded under reduced pressure. When the viscosity of the reaction product gradually increased and the acid value showed a value of 38 mgKOH / g, the reaction was stopped, the reaction product was taken out and rapidly cooled to obtain a polyester resin (P-2) of the present invention. Polyester resin (P-2) had a Tg of 59 ° C., a THF-insoluble content of 38%, and an acid value of 31 mgKOH / g.
Polyester resin (P-2) 82 parts Charge control agent (T-95, manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.) 3 parts WEP-1 (Nippon Yushi Ester Wax) 5 parts Carbon black # C-44 (Mitsubishi Chemical) 10 parts The material was premixed using a Henschel mixer [FM10B manufactured by Mitsui Miike Chemical Co., Ltd.] and then kneaded at a kneading temperature of 120 ° C. using a biaxial kneader [PCM-30 manufactured by Ikegai Co., Ltd.]. Then, after finely pulverizing using a supersonic jet crusher, Labo Jet [manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], it is classified by an airflow classifier [MDS-I made by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], and the volume average particle size is reduced. Toner base particles 1 of 9.5 μm were obtained. Subsequently, 100 parts of toner base particles 1 and 1.0 part of colloidal silica [H-2000: manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.] were mixed with the Henschel mixer to obtain “Toner 3”. The toner 3 thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

( Reference Example 4)
[Synthesis of Polyester Resin (P-3)]
In a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling tube, a stirrer and a nitrogen introduction tube, 80 parts of dipropylene glycol, 150 parts of pentaerythritol, 320 parts of a PO3 molar adduct of bisphenol A, 210 parts of dodecenyl succinic acid, 120 parts of adipic acid and a condensation catalyst 2 parts of titanium dihydroxybis (monopropanolaminate) was added and reacted at 230 ° C. for 10 hours while distilling off the water generated under a nitrogen stream. Next, the reaction is carried out under a reduced pressure of 5 to 20 mmHg, and when the acid value becomes 2 or less, it is cooled to 180 ° C., 30 parts of trimellitic anhydride is added, taken out after reaction for 2 hours under sealed at normal pressure, and cooled to room temperature. To obtain a polyester resin (P-3). (P-3) contained no THF-insoluble matter, and had an acid value of 15, a hydroxyl value of 64, and a Tg of 70 ° C.
Polyester resin (P-3) 77 parts Styrene butyl acrylate resin (ST-1) degassed and dried at 30 ° C. for 8 hours 5 parts Charge control agent (S-44, manufactured by Orient Chemical Industries) 3 parts WEP- 6 (Japanese fat ester wax) 5 parts Carbon black # C-44 (Mitsubishi Chemical) 10 parts After premixing the material with a Henschel mixer [FM10B manufactured by Mitsui Miike Chemical Co., Ltd.] in the above formulation, biaxial It knead | mixed with the kneading machine [Corporation | KK Ikekai PCM-30]. Then, after finely pulverizing using a supersonic jet crusher, Labo Jet [manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], it is classified by an airflow classifier [MDS-I made by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], and the volume average particle size is reduced. 7.5 μm toner particles were obtained. Subsequently, 100 parts of toner particles and 2.0 parts of colloidal silica [H-2000: manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.] were mixed in a sample mill to obtain “Toner 4”. The toner 4 thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

( Reference Example 5)
4. Polyester resin (P-1) 72 parts Styrene butyl acrylate resin (ST-1) 13 parts Charge control agent (E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Industries) 1.5 parts NP-055 (Mitsui Chemicals polyethylene wax) 5 parts Carbon black # C-44 (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) 8 parts After pre-mixing the material with a Henschel mixer [FM10B manufactured by Mitsui Miike Chemical Co., Ltd.] according to the above formulation, a twin-screw kneader [Ikegai Co., Ltd.] Kneaded with PCM-30]. Then, after finely pulverizing using a supersonic jet crusher, Labo Jet [manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], it is classified by an airflow classifier [MDS-I made by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.], and the volume average particle size is reduced. Toner base particles 1 of 9.5 μm were obtained. Subsequently, 100 parts of the toner base particles 1 and 1.0 part of colloidal silica [H-2000: manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.] were mixed with the Henschel mixer to obtain “Toner 5”. The toner 5 thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

(Comparative Example 1)
[Synthesis of Polyester Resin (C-1)]
The reaction was carried out in the same manner as (P-1) in Reference Example 1 except that the polycondensation catalyst was replaced with titanyl acetate. The polyester resin (C-1) contained 10% of a THF-insoluble component, and had an acid value of 22, a hydroxyl value of 64, and a Tg of 63 ° C.
This polyester resin (C-1) was the same as Reference Example 1 except that it was used in place of the polyester resin (P-1) of Reference Example 1. The comparative toner 1 thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

(Example 6)
[Synthesis of modified polyester resin]
635 parts of bisphenol A propylene oxide 2-mole adduct, 18 parts of bisphenol A propylene oxide 3-mole adduct, 243 parts of bisphenol A ethylene oxide 2-mole adduct, phenol 20 parts of an ethylene oxide 5 mol adduct of novolak (average degree of polymerization of about 5), 340 parts of succinic acid, 19 parts of isophthalic acid, 15 parts of trimellitic anhydride and 4 parts of titanyl ethoxytriethanolamate as a condensation catalyst were added at 230 ° C. The reaction was carried out for 10 hours while distilling off the water produced under a nitrogen stream. Subsequently, it was made to react under reduced pressure of 5-20 mmHg, and it was made to react until an acid value became 5 or less. Next, 65 parts of trimellitic anhydride was added and reacted under normal pressure for 1 hour. After the reaction was performed at a reduced pressure of 20 to 40 mmHg and the softening point reached 105 ° C., 20 parts of glycerin triglycidyl ether was added and softened. It took out at a point of 160 ° C., cooled to room temperature, and then pulverized to obtain a modified polyester resin (H-1). (H-1) had an acid value of 18, a hydroxyl value of 28, a Tg of 65 ° C., and a THF-insoluble content of 45%.
The polyester resin (H-1), except for using instead of the polyester resin of Reference Example 1 (P-1) to obtain toner 6 in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The toner 6 thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

(Comparative Example 2)
[Synthesis of modified polyester resin for comparison]
A modified polyester resin for comparison (CH-1) was obtained by reacting in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the polycondensation catalyst was replaced with titanyl octanetetracarboxylate. The acid value of (CH-1) was 42, the hydroxyl value was 37, Tg was 71 ° C., and the THF insoluble content was 0%.
Comparative toner 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the polyester resin (CH-1) thus obtained was used in place of the modified polyester resin (H-1) in Example 6.
The evaluation results of Reference Examples 1 to 5, Example 6 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1 below.

[Image evaluation method]
Using a 2% image area chart with imagio neo350 in an environment with high humidity of 27 ° C and 85%, output 2 images at a time, wait for 120 seconds, and then stop operating completely. In the mode of using a low image area and low copy, the fog and developer properties were measured at the initial stage and after outputting 100,000 sheets, and evaluated according to the following criteria.
A: Very good. No fogging.
B: Good. Slight fogging occurred.
C: Possible. Although fogging has occurred, there is practically no problem.
D: Bad. It is terrible.
The amount of residual styrene monomer in the toner was measured using a gas chromatograph under the following conditions.
2.55 mg of DMF is used as an internal standard, and 100 ml of acetone is added to make a solvent containing the internal standard. Next, 400 mg of toner is made into a 10 ml solution with the above solvent. Leave it on an ultrasonic shaker for 30 minutes and leave it for 1 hour. Next, it is filtered through a 0.5 μm filter. The amount of sample to be implanted is 4 μl.
Gas chromatographic conditions are as follows.
・ Capillary column (30m x 0.249mm, DBWAX, film thickness 0.25μm)
・ Detector FID, nitrogen pressure 0.45 kg / cm ²
・ Injection temperature: 200 ℃
・ Detector temperature: 200 ℃
Column temperature: The temperature is raised from 50 ° C. at a rate of 5 ° C./1 minute for 30 minutes.
-Preparation of calibration curve A gas chromatograph is similarly measured for a standard sample in which styrene monomer is added to the same amount of DMF and acetone solution as the sample solution, and the weight ratio / area ratio of the monomer and the internal standard product DMF is obtained.

In the present invention, the method for determining the volatile content at 100 ° C. in the toner is measured by thermogravimetry which is measured as a weight loss during heating at 100 ° C. with a thermobalance. Specifically, TGA-7 and PE7700 (manufactured by Perkin Elmer) are used, and 3 to 8 mg of toner is precisely weighed to make (i), and after heating to 100 ° C. under a nitrogen stream at a heating rate of 20 ° C./min. The toner weight of (ii) was continuously heated to 100 to 150 ° C. at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min, and the weight after holding at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes was set to (iii). The value calculated by [(ii) − (iii)] ÷ (i) × 100 is the volatile content (% by weight) in the toner at 100 ° C.
The MI value (melt index value) of the toner was measured according to JIS-K7210 using TOYOSEIKI FLOW RATE COUNTER TYPE C-5059D (manufactured by Toyo Seiki) at a load of 2160 g, a measurement temperature of 150 ° C., and a sample amount of 5 g.

(Example 7)
A developer according to the present invention was prepared using the toner 1 obtained in Reference Example 1 and the following carrier 1.
<Production of Carrier 1>
The following composition was dispersed with a homomixer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating layer forming solution.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Acrylic resin solution (solid content concentration: 50% by weight) 1500 parts by weight Guanamine solution (solid content concentration: 70% by weight) 450 parts by weight Acidic catalyst (solid content concentration: 40% by weight) 9 parts by weight Alumina particles (volume average particle size) : 0.35 μm,
Volume resistivity: 1.0 × 10 ¹⁴ Ω · cm 1500 parts by weight Titanium oxide particles (volume average particle size: 0.015 μm,
Volume resistivity: 1.0 × 10 ⁶ Ω · cm) 500 parts by weight Toluene 6000 parts by weight

Next, a sintered ferrite powder having a volume average particle size of 35 μm was used as the core material, and the coating layer forming solution was applied to the surface of the core material with a Spira coater (manufactured by Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) at a coater internal temperature of 40 ° C. and dried.
The obtained carrier was baked in an electric furnace at 180 ° C. for 1 hour. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was crushed using a sieve having an aperture of 63 μm to prepare “Carrier 1”.
The thickness “h” of the obtained “carrier 1” was 0.15 μm, the thickness T was 0.2 μm, the content of the first particles (alumina) was 48% by weight, D1 / h was 2.3, and the second particles (oxidized) Titanium) content was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.10.
Next, 17 parts by weight of “Toner 1” and 93 parts by weight of “Carrier 1” were mixed and stirred to prepare a developer having a toner concentration of 7% by weight.
About the obtained developer, image streaks, fogging, photoconductor contamination, image fineness, background carrier adhesion, durability (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount), and solid image carrier adhesion are as follows. evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 8)
Using the toner 4 obtained in Reference Example 4 and the carrier 1 produced in Example 7, another developer according to the present invention was produced. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 7. The results are shown in Table 2.
(Comparative Example 3)
Using the comparative toner 1 obtained in Comparative Example 1 and the carrier 1 produced in Example 7, another developer according to the present invention was produced. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 7. The results are shown in Table 2.
Example 9
Using the toner 6 obtained in Example 6 and the carrier 1 produced in Example 7, another developer according to the present invention was produced. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 7. The results are shown in Table 2.
(Comparative Example 4)
Using the comparative toner 2 obtained in Comparative Example 2 and the carrier 1 produced in Example 7, another developer according to the present invention was produced. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 7. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 10)
In Example 7, “Carrier 2” was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer-
Acrylic resin solution (solid content concentration 50% by weight) 640 parts Guanamin solution (solid content concentration 70% by weight) 200 parts Acidic catalyst (solid content concentration 40% by weight) 3.6 parts Silicone resin solution [solid content 20% by weight (SR2410 :
Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd.)] 3000 parts Aminosilane [100 wt% solids (SH6020:
Toray Dow Corning Silicone)] 6.8 parts Alumina particles (volume average particle size: 0.35 μm,
Volume resistivity: 1.0 × 10 ¹⁴ Ω · cm 1500 parts Titanium oxide particles (volume average particle size: 0.015 μm,
Volume resistivity: 1.0 × 10 ⁶ Ω · cm) 500 parts Toluene 6000 parts The thickness “h” of the obtained “carrier 2” is 0.15 μm, the thickness T is 0.2 μm, and the content of the first particles (alumina) Was 48 wt%, D1 / h was 2.3, the content of the second particles (titanium oxide) was 16 wt%, and D2 / h was 0.10.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 2”, a developer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7. Fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount) were obtained in the same manner as in Example 7. ), Carrier adhesion on the background, solid image carrier adhesion, and the like were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 11)
In Example 10, the second particle zinc oxide was changed to (volume average particle diameter:: 0.02 [mu] m, a volume resistivity ^{1.0 × 10 7 Ω · cm)} , in the same manner as in Reference Example 4 "carrier 3 "was produced.
The obtained “carrier 3” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.2 μm, a content of first particles (alumina) of 48% by weight, a D1 / h of 2.3, and a second particle (zinc oxide). ) Content was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.13.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 3”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 1, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). ), Carrier adhesion on the background and solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 12)
In Example 10, except that the second particles were changed to tin oxide (volume average particle diameter: 0.02 μm, volume specific resistance: 1.0 × 10 ⁵ Ω · cm), the “carrier” 4
Was made.
The obtained “carrier 4” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.2 μm, a content of first particles (alumina) of 48% by weight, D1 / h of 2.3, and second particles (oxidized). The content of tin was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.13.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 4”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). ), Carrier adhesion on the background and solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 13)
In Example 10, “Carrier 5” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the content ratio of the second particles (titanium oxide) was changed to 54 wt% (formulation; 3000 parts by weight).
The obtained “carrier 5” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.18 μm, a first particle (alumina) content of 27% by weight, D1 / h of 2.3, and D2 / h of 0.10. Met.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 5”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). ), Carrier adhesion on the background and solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.
(Example 14)
In Example 10, “Carrier 6” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, except that the content of the first particles (alumina) was changed to 86% by weight (formulation; 10,000 parts by weight).
The thickness “h” of the obtained “carrier 6” was 0.15 μm, the thickness T was 0.23 μm, D1 / h was 2.3, the content of the second particles (titanium oxide) was 4.3% by weight, and D2 / h. Was 0.10.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 6”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). ), Carrier adhesion on the background and solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 15)
In Example 10, “Carrier 7” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, except that the coating amount was changed so that the coating layer thickness was doubled.
The thickness “h” of the obtained “Carrier 7” was 0.15 μm, T was 0.4 μm, the first particle (alumina) content was 48% by weight, D1 / h was 2.3, and the second particle (titanium oxide) The content was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.10.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 7”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). The carrier adhesion on the background and the solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 16)
In Example 10, “Carrier 8” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the coating amount was changed so that the coating layer thickness was 0.5 times.
The obtained “carrier 8” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.10 μm, a first particle (alumina) content of 48 wt%, a D1 / h of 2.3, and a second particle (titanium oxide). The content of was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.10.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 8”, a developer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7. Fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount) in the same manner as in Example 7. The carrier adhesion on the background and the solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.
(Example 17)
In Example 10, “Carrier 9” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the coating amount was changed so that the coating layer thickness was 15 times.
The obtained “carrier 9” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 3.0 μm, a first particle (alumina) content of 48% by weight, a D1 / h of 2.3, and a second particle (titanium oxide). The content of 1
6% by weight and D2 / h was 0.10.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 9”, a developer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). The carrier adhesion on the background and the solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 18)
In Example 7, “Carrier 10” was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the first particles were changed to alumina particles (volume average particle size: 0.35 μm, volume resistivity: 1 × 10 ¹¹ Ω · cm). Was made.
The obtained “carrier 10” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.2 μm, a content of the first particles (alumina) of 48% by weight, a D1 / h of 2.3, and a second particle (tin oxide). ) Content was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.1.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 10”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). The carrier adhesion on the background and the solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 19)
In Example 7, “Carrier 11” was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the first particles were changed to silica particles (volume average particle size: 0.35 μm, volume resistivity: 1 × 10 ¹⁴ Ω · cm). It was created.
The obtained “carrier 11” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.2 μm, a content of first particles (alumina) of 48% by weight, D1 / h of 2.3, and second particles (oxidized). The content of tin was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.1.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 11”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). The carrier adhesion on the background and the solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.
(Example 20)
In Example 7, except that the second particles were changed to zinc oxide (volume average particle size: 0.02 μm, volume resistivity: 1.0 × 10 ⁷ Ω · cm), Carrier 12
Was made.
The obtained “carrier 12” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.2 μm, a content of first particles (alumina) of 48% by weight, D1 / h of 2.3, and second particles (oxidized). The content of zinc) was 16% by weight, and D2 / h was 0.13.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 12”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). The carrier adhesion on the background and the solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 21)
In Example 10, “Carrier 13” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, except that the content ratio of the second particles (titanium oxide) was changed to 74% by weight (formulation; 3000 parts by weight).
The obtained “carrier 13” had a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.18 μm, a first particle (alumina) content of 27% by weight, D1 / h of 2.3, and D2 / h of 0.3. 10.
Next, using the obtained “carrier 13”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount) in the same manner as in Example 7. ), Carrier adhesion on the background and solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 22)
In Example 10, “Carrier 14” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, except that the content of the first particles (alumina) was changed to 90% by weight (formulation; 10000 parts by weight).
The obtained “carrier 14” has a thickness h of 0.15 μm, a thickness T of 0.23 μm, D1 /
h was 2.3, the content ratio of the second particles (titanium oxide) was 4.3% by weight, and D2 / h was 0.10.
Next, using the obtained “carrier 14”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount) were obtained in the same manner as in Example 7. ), Carrier adhesion on the background and solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

( Comparative Example 5 )
In Example 10, “Carrier 15” was produced in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the volume average particle diameter of the first particles was changed to 0.1 μm.
The thickness “h” of the obtained “carrier 15” was 0.15 μm, the thickness T was 0.22 μm, the content of the first particles (alumina) was 48.0% by weight, D1 / h was 0.7, and the second particles ( The content of titanium oxide was 16% by weight and D2 / h was 0.10.
Next, using the obtained “Carrier 15”, a developer was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and in the same manner as in Example 7, the fineness and durability of the image (charge reduction amount, resistance change amount). ), Carrier adhesion on the background and solid image carrier adhesion were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

The developer for developing an electrostatic latent image of the present invention is excellent in both anti-blocking property and low-temperature fixability of toner under high temperature and high humidity, and is less likely to generate toner spent on the photoreceptor. Images can be obtained. Further, since toner spent on the carrier surface hardly occurs, a stable charge amount can be obtained over a long period of time, and since the binder resin film is hardly scraped, a stable electric resistance can be obtained over a long period of time. Furthermore, since the carrier adhesion on the solid image during the running time is very small, there is no image deterioration due to carrier adhesion, and image deterioration and durability deterioration due to a decrease in the developer amount do not occur. Furthermore, a high-definition image can be obtained. Furthermore, the carrier adhesion on the background portion is good. In addition, since it does not contain carbon black that causes color stains, it has very good properties as a carrier for color that is affected by color stains. Accordingly, the image quality deterioration of the copy image that occurs as the number of copies increases is greatly improved, and an excellent effect is achieved that a good image can be maintained over a long period of time.
The developer of the present invention can be suitably used for image formation by various known electrophotographic methods such as a two-component development method, and is particularly suitable for the following cartridge, process cartridge, image forming apparatus and image forming method of the present invention. Can be used.

[Image streak, fog, photoconductor stain evaluation method]
Set developer on a remodeled digital full-color printer (IPRIC CX8200, manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.), use 2% image area chart, output 2 sheets at a time, wait for 120 seconds, and then stop operation completely Then, in the same way, the output was evaluated in terms of image streaks, fogging, and photoconductor contamination after the initial output of 100,000 sheets in a mode of using a low image area and low copy.
The image streak was visually evaluated as the number of generated lines, the evaluation value being 3 or less, and 4 or more being rejected. The fogging was also evaluated visually, and the following ranking was comprehensively judged. A, B, and C were accepted, and D was rejected.
A: Very good. No fogging.
B: Good. Slight fogging occurred.
C: Possible. Although fogging has occurred, there is practically no problem.
D: Bad. It is terrible.

Furthermore, the photoreceptor contamination was also evaluated by visual observation, and the following ranking was comprehensively judged. ◎ and ○ were accepted and Δ and × were rejected.
A: There is no toner contamination on the photoconductor, and the image quality is good.
○: Although there is a small amount of toner adhering to the photoreceptor, there is almost no deterioration in image quality (stain on white background).
Δ: A small amount of toner adhered to the photoconductor, and deterioration in image quality (stain on white background) was also observed.
×: Toner adheres to the photoreceptor much, and the image quality is significantly deteriorated such as white streaks appearing in the image in addition to white background stains.

[Charge amount]
The charge amount is a value measured by a general blow-off method [TB-200, manufactured by Toshiba Chemical Co., Ltd.] by mixing a frictionally charged sample by mixing 7% by weight of toner with respect to 93% by weight of carrier. .
[Volume resistivity]
The volume resistivity is obtained by putting a carrier between the electrodes of the resistance measurement parallel electrode (gap 2 mm), applying DC 1000 V, and converting the resistance value measured after 30 sec with a high resist meter into volume resistivity. It was.

[Image definition]
The image definition was evaluated by the reproducibility of the character image portion. The evaluation method is to set a developer on a commercially available digital full color printer (IPSiO CX8200, manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.), and output a character chart (image size is about 2 mm × 2 mm) with an image area of 5%. The character reproducibility was evaluated by images, and ranked as follows.
A: Very good.
○: Good.
Δ: Acceptable.
X: Level that cannot be used practically.
In addition, (double-circle) was set as the pass and x was set as the failure.

[Skin carrier adhesion]
For the carrier adhesion on the background, set the developer on a commercially available digital full-color printer (IPCO CX8200, manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.), fix the background potential at 150 V, and set the A3 character chart (1 character The size was about 2 mm × 2 mm), and the evaluation was made based on the number of occurrences of carrier adhesion on the ground portion, and the ranking was performed as follows.
A: 0 pieces.
○: 2 or more and 5 or less.
Δ: 6 or more and 10 or less.
X: 11 or more.
In addition, (double-circle) was set as the pass and x was set as the failure.

[durability]
A developer was set on a commercially available digital full color printer (IPSiO CX8200, manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.), and a running evaluation of 100,000 sheets in a single color was performed. And durability was judged with the charge reduction amount of the carrier which finished this running, and resistance fall amount.
Here, the amount of decrease in the charge amount refers to a general blow-off method (TB-200, manufactured by Toshiba Chemical Co., Ltd.) obtained by friction charging with a mixture of 95% by weight of the initial carrier and 95% by weight of the toner. ) Was subtracted from the charge amount (Q2) measured by the same method as in the above method, from the charge amount (Q1) measured in step 1). Means quantity. The target value is within 10.0 μc / g. Further, since the cause of the decrease in the charge amount is the toner spent on the carrier surface, the decrease in the charge amount can be suppressed by reducing the toner spent.
Here, the amount of change in resistance was measured by using a high resist meter to measure the resistance value after 30 sec after applying initial voltage between electrodes of the resistance measurement parallel electrodes (gap 2 mm), applying DC 1000V. The value obtained by converting the obtained value into the volume resistivity (R1), and measuring the carrier obtained by removing the toner in the developer after running with the blow-off device by the same method as the resistance measuring method. It means the amount obtained by subtracting (R2). The target value is within an absolute value of 3.0 [Log (Ω · cm)]. Moreover, since the cause of the resistance change is scraping of the carrier coating layer, spent toner component, large particle detachment in the carrier coating layer, etc., the resistance change amount can be suppressed by reducing these.

[Solid image carrier adhesion]
After the above durability evaluation, the background potential is fixed to 150 V using the same digital full-color printer, and the white spots on the image obtained by developing the front solid image on A3 size paper and the number of carriers actually attached are determined. Counting was carried out by magnifying glass observation, and the total number was used as the solid image carrier adhesion amount. The evaluation was as follows: ◎: 0, ○: 2 or more and 5 or less, Δ: 6 or more and 10 or less, ×: 11 or more. In addition, (double-circle) was set as the pass and x was set as the failure.

(Example 23)
A developer was prepared from the toner 1 of Reference Example 1 and the carrier 16 having the following coating layer.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning, manufactured by Silicone) 900 parts Toluene 450 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: Cabot Corporation) 18 parts Silane coupling agent [3- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane] 20 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 25 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution is stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokki Kako Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to coat A layer forming solution was obtained.

Separately, 7,500 g of ferrite core particles having an average particle diameter of 50 μm (F-300: magnetization 65 Am ² / kg, manufactured by Powder Tech Co., Ltd.) are prepared, and a fluidized bed type coating layer forming apparatus (SP-40: manufactured by Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) is used. A coated carrier was made using. That is, the coating layer forming solution was supplied to the ferrite core particles at a speed of 28 g / min while stirring to start coating of the ferrite core particles. The coating layer formation was completed in a required time of 50 minutes. After the formation of the coating layer, the ferrite core particles on which the coating layer was formed were dried to obtain a coated carrier having a coating layer with a thickness of 0.8 μm. In addition, in order to remove a dilution solvent, it was made to dry at 300 degreeC for 1 hour using the electric furnace. At this time, a stainless bat was laid down so that the thickness was less than 3 cm so that heat was sufficiently transmitted to the coated carrier. After drying, the coated carrier was crushed and coarse powder was removed through a mesh having an opening of 90 μm to obtain “Carrier 16”.
5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 16” were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 with} a tumbler shaker mixer T2F type to obtain a developer.

(Example 24)
5 parts by weight of “Toner 4” obtained in Reference Example 4 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 16” obtained in Example 23 were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 using} a Tumbler shaker mixer T2F type. A developer was obtained. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.
(Comparative Example 6)
5 parts by weight of “Comparative Toner 1” obtained in Comparative Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 16” obtained in Example 23 were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 in} a Tumbler shaker mixer T2F type. To obtain a developer. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.
(Example 25)
5 parts by weight of “Toner 6” obtained in Example 6 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 16” obtained in Example 23 were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 with} a tumbler shaker mixer T2F type. A developer was obtained. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Comparative Example 7)
5 parts by weight of “Comparative Toner 2” obtained in Comparative Example 2 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 16” obtained in Example 23 were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 using} a Tumbler shaker mixer T2F type. To obtain a developer. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.
(Comparative Example 8)
In Example 23, “Carrier 17” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Acrylic resin (BR-83: manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.) 100 parts Toluene 600 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: manufactured by Cabot Corporation) 18 parts Silane coupling agent [3- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane] 20 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution was stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokki Kako Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to obtain a coating layer forming solution. Subsequent processing was performed in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 to obtain “Carrier 17”.
A developer was obtained by mixing 5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 17” with a Turbler / Shaker / Mixer T2F type at a rotation speed of 96 min ⁻¹ for 1 minute. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 26)
In Example 23, “Carrier 18” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning, manufactured by Silicone) 100 parts Toluene 450 parts Titanium oxide (ECT-52: manufactured by Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.) 15 parts Silane coupling agent [r- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropylmethyltrimethoxysilane] 10 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 2 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution is stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.) A solution for forming a coating layer was obtained. Subsequent processing was performed in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 to obtain “Carrier 18”.
5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 18” were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 with} a tumbler shaker mixer T2F type to obtain developer 7. . The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 27)
In Example 23, “Carrier 19” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning, manufactured by Silicone) 100 parts Toluene 450 parts Silane coupling agent [r- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropylmethyltrimethoxysilane] 5 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 2 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution is stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokki Kako Kogyo Co., Ltd.). A layer forming solution was obtained. Subsequent processing was performed in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 to obtain “Carrier 19”.
5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 19” were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 with} a tumbler shaker mixer T2F type to obtain a developer. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 28)
In Example 23, “Carrier 20” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning, manufactured by Silicone) 900 parts Toluene 450 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: manufactured by Cabot) 18 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 25 parts The above coating layer forming solution The mixture for preparation was stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Special Machine Chemical Co., Ltd.) to obtain a coating layer forming solution. Subsequent processing was performed in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 to obtain “Carrier 20”.
5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 20” were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 with} a tumbler shaker mixer T2F type to obtain developer 9. . The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 29)
In Example 23, “Carrier 21” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning, manufactured by Silicone) 900 parts Toluene 450 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: manufactured by Cabot) 18 parts Silane coupling agent [3- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane] 20 parts Aluminum tripropoxide 25 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution is stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokki Kako Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to form a coating layer forming solution. Got. Subsequent processing was performed in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 to obtain “Carrier 21”.
A developer was obtained by mixing 5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 21” with a Turbler / Shaker / Mixer T2F type at a rotation speed of 96 min ⁻¹ for 1 minute. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 30)
In Example 23, “Carrier 22” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning, manufactured by Silicone) 900 parts Toluene 800 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: manufactured by Cabot Corporation) 36 parts Silane coupling agent [3- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane] 20 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 25 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution is stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokki Kako Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to coat A layer forming solution was obtained. Subsequent processing was performed in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 to obtain “Carrier 22”.
A developer was obtained by mixing 5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 22” with a Tumbler shaker mixer T2F type at a rotation speed of 96 min ⁻¹ for 1 minute. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 31)
Ferrite core particles having an average particle size of 50 μm (F-300: manufactured by Powdertech) were sieved to a volume average particle size of 18 μm.
In Example 23, “Carrier 23” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning manufactured by Silicone) 2250 parts Toluene 1125 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: manufactured by Cabot Corporation) 45 parts Silane coupling agent [3- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane] 50 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 63 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution is stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokki Kako Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to coat A layer forming solution was obtained. Subsequent processing was performed in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 using the core material having the above volume average particle diameter of 18 μm to obtain “Carrier 23”.
A developer was obtained by mixing 5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 23” with a Turbler / Shaker / Mixer T2F type at a rotation speed of 96 min ⁻¹ for 1 minute.
The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 32)
Ferrite core particles having an average particle size of 50 μm (F-300: manufactured by Powdertech) were sieved to a volume average particle size of 88 μm.
In Example 23, “Carrier 24” was produced in the same manner as in Example 23 except that the composition of the coating layer was changed as follows.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning, manufactured by Silicone) 500 parts Toluene 250 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: manufactured by Cabot) 10 parts Silane coupling agent [3- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane] 11 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 14 parts The above mixture for preparing a coating layer forming solution is stirred and mixed with a TK homomixer MARK 2.5 type (manufactured by Tokki Kako Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to coat A layer forming solution was obtained. The subsequent treatment was carried out in the same manner as the carrier 16 of Example 23 using the core material having the above volume average particle size of 88 μm to obtain “Carrier 24”.
A developer was obtained by mixing 5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 24” with a Turbler / Shaker / Mixer T2F type at a rotation speed of 96 min ⁻¹ for 1 minute. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 33)
Average particle size 75 μm (FSL-100: manufactured by Powdertech): The same treatment as in Example 23 was performed using the following coating layer forming solution using ferrite core particles having a magnetization of 38 to obtain “Carrier 25”.
-Composition of coating layer forming solution-
Silicone resin (SR-2411: Toray Dow Corning manufactured by Silicone) 1350 parts Toluene 675 parts Carbon black (BP-2000: manufactured by Cabot Corporation) 27 parts Silane coupling agent [3- (2-aminoethyl)
Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane] 30 parts Organotin compound (dibutyltin diacetate) 38 parts
5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 25” were mixed for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 with} a tumbler shaker mixer T2F type to obtain a developer. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 34)
Average particle size 50 μm (MF-50: manufactured by Powdertech): A “carrier 26” was obtained in the same manner as in Example 23 except that ferrite core particles having a magnetization of 100 were used.
A developer was obtained by mixing 5 parts by weight of “Toner 1” obtained in Reference Example 1 and 95 parts by weight of “Carrier 26” for 1 minute at a rotation speed of 96 min ^{−1 with} a Tumbler shaker mixer T2F type. The developer thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23. The results are shown in Table 3.

[Fixability evaluation method]
The fixing device (surface pressure: 0.7 × 10 ⁵ Pa.S) having the configuration shown in FIG.
Attached to F6550 [manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.], copying is performed by changing the heater temperature to obtain a fixed image. After applying a fixing tape (manufactured by 3M) to the fixed image and applying a certain pressure,
Gently peel off. The image density before and after that is measured with a Macbeth densitometer, and the fixing rate is calculated by the following equation. The temperature of the fixing roller is lowered step by step, and the temperature at which the fixing rate represented by the following formula becomes 80% or less is defined as the fixing temperature.
Fixing rate (%) = tape adhesion image density / image density × 100

[Evaluation method of hot offset generation temperature]
A fixing machine similar to the above-described fixing property evaluation method is used, and when a black 2 cm × 2 cm image original is copied with a heater temperature to obtain a fixed image, the temperature is the temperature at which hot offset occurs.

[Image evaluation method]
Using the 2% image area chart with imagio neo350, output 2 images at a time, then wait for 120 seconds, and after the operation has completely stopped, output in the same way. At the initial stage and after output of 100,000 sheets, image streaks, fogging, and developer physical properties were measured. Image streaks were visually counted. The fog was comprehensively judged visually by the following rank.
A: Very good. No fogging.
B: Good. Slight fogging occurred.
C: Possible. Although fogging has occurred, there is practically no problem.
D: Bad. It is terrible.
[Photoconductor contamination criteria]
A: There is no toner contamination on the photoconductor, and the image quality is good.
○: Although there is a small amount of toner adhering to the photoreceptor, there is almost no deterioration in image quality (stain on white background).
Δ: A small amount of toner adhered to the photoconductor, and deterioration in image quality (stain on white background) was also observed.
×: Toner adheres to the photoreceptor much, and the image quality is significantly deteriorated such as white streaks appearing in the image in addition to white background stains.

[Measurement method of developer charge amount]
The charge amount was measured with a blow-off powder charge amount measuring device TB-200 manufactured by Toshiba Chemical Corporation.
[Carrier resistance]
As shown in FIG. 12, a cell 151 made of a fluororesin container containing an electrode 152a and an electrode 152b each having a distance between electrodes of 2 mm and a surface area of 2 × 4 cm is filled with a carrier 153 and made by Sankyo Piotech Co., Ltd .: Tapping machine PTM- Using type 1, a tapping operation is performed for 1 minute at a tapping speed of 30 times / min. A 1000V DC voltage is applied between the two electrodes, and a high resistance meter 4329A (4329A + LJK5HVLVWDQFH 0HWHU
DC resistance is measured by Yokogawa Hewlett-Packard Co., Ltd., electric resistivity R is determined, and LogR is calculated.

[Carrier and core volume average particle size]
The volume average particle diameter of the carrier can be measured using an SRA type of a microtrack particle size analyzer (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). What was performed by the range setting of 0.7 micrometer or more and 125 micrometers or less was used. Further, methanol is used for the dispersion, and the refractive index is set to 1.33, and the refractive indexes of the carrier and the core material are set to 2.42.
[Magnetization]
The magnetic moment can be measured as follows. Using a BH tracer (BHU-60 / manufactured by Riken Denshi Co., Ltd.), 1.0 g of carrier core particles are packed in a cylindrical cell (inner diameter 7 mm, height 10 mm) and set in an apparatus. The magnetic field is gradually increased and changed to 3000 Oersted, then gradually reduced to zero, and then the opposite magnetic field is gradually increased to 3000 Oersted. Further, after gradually reducing the magnetic field to zero, a magnetic field is applied in the same direction as the first. In this way, the BH curve is illustrated, and the magnetic moment of 1000 oersted is calculated from the figure.

[Carrier adhesion]
(Non-image part carrier adhesion)
Set the developer on a commercially available digital full-color printer (Imagio MF6550 manufactured by Ricoh), set the charging potential to DC740V and the developing bias 600V (fix the background potential to 140V), and attach the dot-forming halftone to the developed photoreceptor surface The number of carriers carried out was counted by five visual field observations with a magnifying glass, and the average number of adhered carriers per 100 cm ² was taken as the edge carrier adhesion amount.
The evaluation was as follows: ◎: 20 or less, ○: 21 or more and 60 or less, Δ: 61 or more and 80 or less, ×: 81 or more, ◎ ○ △ was accepted and × was rejected.
(Image part carrier adhesion)
A white spot (an image is lost when a carrier adheres to the image portion, and a white spot is lost) is set to a charging potential of DC 740 V and a developing bias of 600 V (the background potential is fixed to 140 V), and a solid image (A3 size) is output. The number of white spots above was counted.
The evaluation was as follows: ◎: 5 or less, ◯: 6 or more and 10 or less, △: 11 or more and 20 or less, ×: 21 or more, ◎ ○ △ was accepted and × was rejected.

It is an analysis figure which shows the qualitative analysis (peak search) based on this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the coating layer of the carrier for developers of this invention. 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus equipped with a container containing toner or developer according to the present invention. It is a schematic explanatory drawing which shows an example of the process cartridge of this invention. 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus of the present invention and an image forming method using the apparatus. It is a schematic explanatory drawing which shows the other example of the image forming apparatus of this invention, and the image forming method using the said apparatus. 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus (tandem color image forming apparatus) of the present invention and an image forming method using the apparatus. It is the elements on larger scale in the image forming apparatus shown in FIG. It is a schematic explanatory drawing which shows an example of the image forming apparatus which has a recycling system of this invention, and the image forming method using the said apparatus. It is a figure which shows an example of the fixing device used for this invention. It is a graph for demonstrating a glass transition point (TG) measuring method. 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram for explaining an image fixing device of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Developing part 2 Cartridge 3 Developer supply means 4 Developing housing 5, 6 Stir screw 7 Developing roller 8 Photoconductor 9 Doctor blade 10 Photoconductor 11 Connection member 12 Charging means 12
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 13 Exposure means 14 Developing means 17 Cleaning means 20, 40 Image forming apparatus 23 Developing apparatus 24 Intermediate transfer body 29 Transfer paper

Claims (17)

In a toner comprising at least a binder resin, a colorant, and a charge control agent, the binder resin contains at least a polycondensation polyester resin, and the polyester resin is represented by at least one represented by the following general formula (I) or (II): A resin formed in the presence of a seed titanium-containing catalyst (a), and at least partly modified with a polyepoxide (c); A toner for developing electrostatic images, wherein the area ratio of 1 million or more is 3 to 20% and the weight average molecular weight is in the range of 500,000 to 2,000,000.
Ti (-X) m (-OH) n (I)
O = Ti (-X) p (-OR) q (II)
[In the formula, X is a residue obtained by removing H of one OH group from a mono- or polyalkanolamine having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and other OH groups of the polyalkanolamine are directly bonded to the same Ti atom. An OH group may be polycondensed in the molecule to form a ring structure, or an OH group directly bonded to another Ti atom may be polycondensed between molecules to form a repeating structure. The degree of polymerization in the case of forming a repeating structure is 2-5. R is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may contain 1 to 3 ether bonds. m is an integer of 1 to 4, n is an integer of 0 to 3, and the sum of m and n is 4. p is an integer of 1 to 2, q is an integer of 0 to 1, and the sum of p and q is 2. When m or p is 2 or more, each X may be the same or different. ] A developer comprising at least a carrier and a toner, wherein the carrier has a core material and a coating layer covering the core material, and the coating layer contains at least the binder resin for the carrier and the first particles. The volume average particle diameter D1 (μm) of the first particles and the thickness h (μm) of the coating layer satisfy the following formula, 1 <(D1 / h) <10, and are coated from the core material surface. A developer for developing an electrostatic charge image, wherein a thickness T (μm) to the surface of the layer is 0.1 ≦ T ≦ 3.0 μm, and the toner is the one according to claim 1 .
However, the thickness h (μm) of the coating layer is determined by observing the cross section of the carrier using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the thickness ha of the resin part existing between the core surface and the particles, The thickness hb of the resin part existing in the substrate and the thickness hc of the resin part on the core material or particles are measured at 50 points along the carrier surface at intervals of 0.2 μm, and the obtained measurement values are average values. . The developer for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 2 , wherein the content of the first particles contained in the coating layer of the carrier is 10 to 80% by weight. Carrier for the binder resin contained in the coating layer of the carrier is, those obtained by crosslinking an acrylic resin and an amino resin, or / and characterized in that it is a silicone resin, electrostatic charge according to claim 2 or 3 Developer for image development. The volume resistivity of the first particles contained in the coating layer of the carrier, an electrostatic image according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm or more Developer for development. First particles, electrostatic image developer according to any one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that alumina particles contained in the coating layer of the carrier. The carrier coating layer includes second particles separately from the first particles, and the volume average particle diameter D2 (μm) of the second particles and the thickness h (μm) of the coating layer are expressed by the following equations: 001 <(D2 / h) <electrostatic image developer according to any one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that satisfies 1. 8. The developer for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 7 , wherein the content of the second particles in the coating layer is 2 to 50% by weight. The volume resistivity of the second particles, an electrostatic charge image developer according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that not more than 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm. The second particles are at least one particle selected from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, surface-treated titanium oxide, surface-treated zinc oxide, and surface-treated tin oxide. The developer for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of claims 7 to 9 . 3. The developer for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 2 , wherein the coating layer is formed of a silicon resin containing conductive fine powder. The developer for electrostatic latent image developer according to claim 11 , wherein a resistance adjusting agent is contained in the coating layer of the carrier, and the resistance adjusting agent is carbon black. Electrostatic latent image developer developing agent according to claim 11 or 12 carrier for the binder resin of the coating layer, characterized in that it is formed of a silicon resin containing a silane coupling agent of the carrier. The static binder according to any one of claims 11 to 13 , wherein the carrier binder resin of the carrier coating layer is formed of a silicon resin containing a silane coupling agent using an organotin compound as a catalyst. Developer for electrostatic latent image developer. Resistance of the carrier (volume resistivity) is, 10 [Log (Ω · cm )] or 16 [Log (Ω · cm) ] according to any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein the less is Developer for electrostatic latent image developer. 16. The developer for electrostatic latent image developer according to claim 11, wherein the carrier has a volume average particle diameter of 20 μm to 85 μm. Magnetic moment in ^{1000 (10 3 / 4π · A} / m) of the carrier, 40 any one of claims 11 to 16, characterized in that a (Am ² / kg) or 90 (Am ² / kg) or less The developer for an electrostatic latent image developer according to one item.

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