JP4670237B2 - Fuel cell system - Google Patents

Fuel cell system Download PDF

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JP4670237B2
JP4670237B2 JP2003409408A JP2003409408A JP4670237B2 JP 4670237 B2 JP4670237 B2 JP 4670237B2 JP 2003409408 A JP2003409408 A JP 2003409408A JP 2003409408 A JP2003409408 A JP 2003409408A JP 4670237 B2 JP4670237 B2 JP 4670237B2
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fuel cell
tank
cell system
water
steam
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JP2005174608A (en
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祐一 坂上
秀樹 柏木
信也 坂口
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Denso Corp
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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Description

本発明は、水素と酸素との化学反応により電気エネルギを発生させる燃料電池を備える燃料電池システムに関するもので、車両、船舶及びポータブル発電器等の移動体に適用して有効である。   The present invention relates to a fuel cell system including a fuel cell that generates electric energy by a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, and is effective when applied to a moving body such as a vehicle, a ship, and a portable generator.

従来より、水素と空気（酸素）との電気化学反応を利用して発電を行う燃料電池システムが知られている。一般に燃料電池システムでは、供給する水素あるいは酸素を加湿して燃料電池に供給する。また、燃料電池システムでは、発電に伴い水が発生する。そこで、その生成水を回収するためのタンクを設け、回収した生成水を水素や酸素の加湿などに再利用し、余った生成水についてはそのまま外部に放出するようにしている（例えば、特許文献１参照）。
特開２００２−３７３６９７号公報 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a fuel cell system that generates power using an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and air (oxygen) is known. In general, in a fuel cell system, hydrogen or oxygen to be supplied is humidified and supplied to the fuel cell. In the fuel cell system, water is generated with power generation. Therefore, a tank for collecting the produced water is provided, and the collected produced water is reused for humidification of hydrogen or oxygen, and the remaining produced water is discharged to the outside as it is (for example, Patent Documents). 1).
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-373797

ところで、固体高分子型の燃料電池の場合、固体高分子膜、拡散層、セパレータ、配管などからいろいろな物質が生成水中に溶け出すことがあった。因みに、広く自動車用として使われているフッ素系固体高分子膜自体は強酸性であるので、膜が劣化した場合などに結果として生成水も酸性になることがあり、配管類が腐食してそこからイオンが溶け出すことがあった。そして、上記の従来システムでは、余った生成水はそのまま外部に放出するようにしているため、生成水に含まれるイオンは生成水とともに外部に放出されてしまうという問題があった。   By the way, in the case of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, various substances may be dissolved into the generated water from a polymer electrolyte membrane, a diffusion layer, a separator, a pipe, and the like. Incidentally, since the fluorine-based solid polymer membrane itself, which is widely used for automobiles, is strongly acidic, the generated water may become acidic as a result of deterioration of the membrane, resulting in corrosion of the piping. Ions sometimes melted out. And in said conventional system, since the surplus produced | generated water was discharge | released as it is outside, there existed a problem that the ion contained in produced | generated water will be discharge | released outside with produced | generated water.

本発明は上記点に鑑み、外部に放出される生成水に含まれるイオンを低減することを目的とする。   An object of this invention is to reduce the ion contained in the produced water discharge | released outside in view of the said point.

上記目的を達成するため、請求項１に記載の発明では、水素と酸素とを電気化学反応させて電力を得る燃料電池（１）を備え、車両に搭載される燃料電池システムであって、燃料電池（１）から排出された生成水を貯蔵するタンク（３）と、生成水に含まれるイオンを吸着するイオン吸着装置（４）と、生成水を加熱して蒸気に変換させる電気ヒータ（７）と、タンク（３）に設けられ、蒸気をタンク（３）の外部に放出させる蒸気放出管（３２）とを備え、電気ヒータ（７）には回生電力が供給されることを特徴とする。 In order to achieve the above object, according to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fuel cell system (1) that is equipped with a fuel cell (1) that obtains electric power by electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, A tank (3) for storing the produced water discharged from the battery (1), an ion adsorption device (4) for adsorbing ions contained in the produced water, and an electric heater (7 ) for heating the produced water and converting it into steam. ) And a steam discharge pipe (32) provided in the tank (3) for discharging steam to the outside of the tank (3), and regenerative electric power is supplied to the electric heater (7). .

これによると、生成水に含まれるイオンをイオン吸着装置にて吸着しているため、タンクから外部に放出される生成水に含まれるイオンを減少させることができる。   According to this, since the ions contained in the produced water are adsorbed by the ion adsorption device, the ions contained in the produced water released from the tank to the outside can be reduced.

ところで、生成水の発生速度が高いときには、生成水に含まれたイオンが十分にイオン吸着装置に吸着される前に生成水が外部に放出されることがあるが、請求項１に記載の発明では、生成水を蒸気として放出するので、液体として捨てられる生成水の量を減少でき、ひいてはイオンの外部放出量を減少することができる。さらに、液体として放出する量を低減できるので、車両に搭載される燃料電池システムの場合、後続車への被水も防止できる。 Incidentally, when the rate of evolution of the produced water is high, although the generated water before contained in the produced water ions are sufficiently adsorbed to the ion-adsorbing device may be released to the outside, the invention described in claim 1 Then, since the produced water is discharged as a vapor, the amount of the produced water discarded as a liquid can be reduced, and hence the amount of externally released ions can be reduced. Furthermore, since the amount discharged as liquid can be reduced, in the case of a fuel cell system mounted on a vehicle, it is possible to prevent water on the following vehicle.

さらにまた、請求項１に記載の発明では、電気ヒータ（７）には回生電力を供給し、水を蒸気にする際に必要なエネルギーとして、車両減速時の回生電力を使用することにより、車両効率を低下させることが回避できる。なお、請求項２に記載の発明のように、電気ヒータ（７）としてＰＴＣヒータを用いれば、空だき時等においても異常昇温を防止できるので好ましい。Furthermore, in the invention according to claim 1, by supplying regenerative electric power to the electric heater (7) and using the regenerative electric power at the time of vehicle deceleration as the energy required for making water into steam, the vehicle A reduction in efficiency can be avoided. As in the invention described in claim 2, it is preferable to use a PTC heater as the electric heater (7) because an abnormal temperature rise can be prevented even during emptying.

請求項３に記載の発明では、水素と酸素とを電気化学反応させて電力を得る燃料電池（１）を備える燃料電池システムであって、燃料電池（１）から排出された生成水を貯蔵するタンク（３）と、生成水に含まれるイオンを吸着するイオン吸着装置（４）と、生成水を加熱して蒸気に変換させる電気ヒータ（７）と、タンク（３）に設けられ、蒸気をタンク（３）の外部に放出させる蒸気放出管（３２）とを備え、電気ヒータ（７）はＰＴＣヒータであることを特徴とする。The invention according to claim 3 is a fuel cell system including a fuel cell (1) that obtains electric power by electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, and stores generated water discharged from the fuel cell (1). A tank (3), an ion adsorption device (4) that adsorbs ions contained in the generated water, an electric heater (7) that heats the generated water to convert it into steam, and a tank (3) And a steam discharge pipe (32) for discharging to the outside of the tank (3), and the electric heater (7) is a PTC heater.
これによると、生成水に含まれるイオンをイオン吸着装置にて吸着しているため、タンクから外部に放出される生成水に含まれるイオンを減少させることができる。  According to this, since the ions contained in the produced water are adsorbed by the ion adsorption device, the ions contained in the produced water released from the tank to the outside can be reduced.
また、生成水を蒸気として放出するので、液体として捨てられる生成水の量を減少でき、ひいてはイオンの外部放出量を減少することができる。さらに、液体として放出する量を低減できるので、車両に搭載される燃料電池システムの場合、後続車への被水も防止できる。  Further, since the generated water is discharged as a vapor, the amount of generated water discarded as a liquid can be reduced, and consequently the amount of externally released ions can be reduced. Furthermore, since the amount discharged as liquid can be reduced, in the case of a fuel cell system mounted on a vehicle, it is possible to prevent water on the following vehicle.
さらに、電気ヒータ（７）はＰＴＣヒータであるため、空だき時等においても異常昇温を防止できる。  Furthermore, since the electric heater (7) is a PTC heater, abnormal temperature rise can be prevented even when emptying.

請求項４に記載の発明では、請求項１ないし３のいずれか１つに記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、イオン吸着装置（４）は、陽イオン交換樹脂と陰イオン交換樹脂で構成されていることを特徴とする。これによると、陽イオンおよび陰イオンの両方を吸着することができる。According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the fuel cell system according to any one of the first to third aspects, the ion adsorption device (4) is composed of a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin. It is characterized by. According to this, both a cation and an anion can be adsorbed.

なお、上記各手段の括弧内の符号は、後述する実施形態に記載の具体的手段との対応関係を示すものである。   In addition, the code | symbol in the bracket | parenthesis of each said means shows the correspondence with the specific means as described in embodiment mentioned later.

（第１実施形態）
本発明の第１実施形態に係る燃料電池システムについて説明する。本実施形態は、燃料電池システムを、燃料電池を電源として走行する電気自動車（燃料電池車両）に適用したものである。 (First embodiment)
A fuel cell system according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described. In this embodiment, the fuel cell system is applied to an electric vehicle (fuel cell vehicle) that runs using the fuel cell as a power source.

図１は第１実施形態に係る燃料電池システムを搭載した車両の模式図で、燃料電池システムは、水素と酸素との電気化学反応を利用して電力を発生する燃料電池１を備えている。この燃料電池１は、車両走行駆動源としての電動モータ（図示せず）や２次電池（図示せず）等の電気機器に電力を供給するものである。   FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a vehicle equipped with a fuel cell system according to the first embodiment. The fuel cell system includes a fuel cell 1 that generates electric power by utilizing an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. This fuel cell 1 supplies electric power to electric devices such as an electric motor (not shown) and a secondary battery (not shown) as a vehicle driving source.

本実施形態では燃料電池１として固体高分子電解質型燃料電池を用いており、基本単位となるセルが複数個積層され、且つ電気的に直列接続されている。燃料電池１では、以下の水素と酸素の電気化学反応が起こり電気エネルギが発生する。   In this embodiment, a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell is used as the fuel cell 1, and a plurality of cells serving as basic units are stacked and electrically connected in series. In the fuel cell 1, the following electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen occurs to generate electric energy.

（負極側）Ｈ２→２Ｈ＋＋２ｅ−
（正極側）２Ｈ＋＋１／２Ｏ２＋２ｅ−→Ｈ２Ｏ
燃料電池１の空気の排気経路２には、燃料電池１から排出された生成水を貯蔵するタンク３が設置されている。タンク３の側面には排水口３１が設けられており、タンク３内の水位が排水口３１の位置まで達すると、生成水が排水口３１より外部に放出されるようになっている。 (Negative electrode side) H 2 → 2H + + 2e −
(Positive electrode side) 2H + + 1 / 2O 2 + 2e − → H 2 O
A tank 3 for storing generated water discharged from the fuel cell 1 is installed in the air exhaust path 2 of the fuel cell 1. A drain port 31 is provided on the side surface of the tank 3, and when the water level in the tank 3 reaches the position of the drain port 31, the generated water is discharged from the drain port 31 to the outside.

タンク３内の底部には、生成水に含まれるイオンを吸着するイオン吸着装置４が設置されている。生成水に溶出するイオンは、陽イオンおよび陰イオンの両方が考えられるので、イオン吸着装置４は、陽イオン交換樹脂と陰イオン交換樹脂の両方で構成されている。具体的な構成としては、粒子状の陽イオン交換樹脂および陰イオン交換樹脂がケースに収められており、そのケースには、陽イオン交換樹脂および陰イオン交換樹脂の粒子径よりも小さい穴が開けられており、その穴を通じて水がケース内外を移動するようになっている。   An ion adsorption device 4 that adsorbs ions contained in the generated water is installed at the bottom of the tank 3. Since ions that elute in the produced water can be both cations and anions, the ion adsorption device 4 is composed of both a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin. Specifically, a particulate cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin are housed in a case, and the case has a hole smaller than the particle diameter of the cation exchange resin and the anion exchange resin. The water moves inside and outside the case through the hole.

タンク３に貯められた水の一部は、配管５を介して加湿水タンク（図示せず）に送られ、水素や酸素の加湿に利用されるようになっている。   A part of the water stored in the tank 3 is sent to a humidified water tank (not shown) via the pipe 5 and used for humidification of hydrogen and oxygen.

上記構成において、燃料電池１の発電に伴い発生した生成水は、排気経路２を介してタンク３に流入する。その生成水には、イオンが溶出している場合がある。生成水に溶出するイオンとしては、鉄イオン（Ｆｅ３＋）、アルミイオン（Ａｌ３＋）、フッ素イオン（Ｆ−）、亜硫酸イオン（ＳＯ３ ２−）などがある。そして、生成水に含まれるイオンは、イオン吸着装置４にて吸着される。したがって、タンク２の排水口３１から外部に放出される生成水に含まれるイオンを減少させることができる。 In the above configuration, the generated water generated by the power generation of the fuel cell 1 flows into the tank 3 through the exhaust path 2. In the produced water, ions may be eluted. Examples of ions eluted in the generated water include iron ions (Fe 3+ ), aluminum ions (Al 3+ ), fluorine ions (F − ), and sulfite ions (SO 3 2− ). Then, ions contained in the generated water are adsorbed by the ion adsorption device 4. Therefore, the ions contained in the produced water discharged from the drain port 31 of the tank 2 to the outside can be reduced.

（第２実施形態）
図２は第２実施形態に係る燃料電池システムを搭載した車両の模式図である。第１実施形態と同一もしくは均等部分には同一の符号を付し、その説明を省略する。 (Second Embodiment)
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a vehicle equipped with the fuel cell system according to the second embodiment. The same or equivalent parts as those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted.

図２に示すように、イオン吸着装置４はタンク２の外部に配置されている。タンク２内の生成水はポンプ６によってイオン吸着装置４に送られ、イオン吸着装置４を通過した生成水はタンク２に戻されるようになっている。このように、ポンプ６によって強制的にイオン吸着装置４内部に生成水を循環させることにより、イオン吸着速度を上げることができる。   As shown in FIG. 2, the ion adsorption device 4 is disposed outside the tank 2. The generated water in the tank 2 is sent to the ion adsorbing device 4 by the pump 6, and the generated water that has passed through the ion adsorbing device 4 is returned to the tank 2. Thus, the ion adsorption speed can be increased by forcibly circulating the produced water inside the ion adsorption device 4 by the pump 6.

（第３実施形態）
図３は第３実施形態に係る燃料電池システムを搭載した車両の模式図である。第２実施形態と同一もしくは均等部分には同一の符号を付し、その説明を省略する。 (Third embodiment)
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a vehicle equipped with the fuel cell system according to the third embodiment. The same or equivalent parts as those in the second embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted.

図３に示すように、タンク２内の生成水を加熱する電気ヒータ７が、タンク２内の底部に設置されている。また、電気ヒータ７に加熱されて蒸発した蒸気を外部に放出させる蒸気放出管３２が、タンク２の上部に設けられている。   As shown in FIG. 3, an electric heater 7 that heats the generated water in the tank 2 is installed at the bottom of the tank 2. In addition, a steam release pipe 32 that discharges the steam heated and evaporated by the electric heater 7 to the outside is provided in the upper part of the tank 2.

ところで、第１実施形態および第２実施形態では、タンク２の容量をオーバーした生成水は水のまま外部に放出される。生成水の発生速度が高いときには、生成水に含まれたイオンが十分にイオン吸着装置４に吸着される前に外部に放出されることがある。   By the way, in 1st Embodiment and 2nd Embodiment, the produced water exceeding the capacity | capacitance of the tank 2 is discharge | released outside with water. When the generation rate of the generated water is high, ions contained in the generated water may be released to the outside before being sufficiently adsorbed by the ion adsorption device 4.

本実施形態の場合、タンク２内の生成水の一部は、電気ヒータ７に加熱されて蒸気として外部に放出されるので、排水口３１より液体として捨てられる量を減少でき、つまり生成水に含まれているイオンの外部放出量を減少できる。また、蒸気で生成水を排出するので、後続車に被水することも避けることができる。   In the case of the present embodiment, a part of the generated water in the tank 2 is heated by the electric heater 7 and discharged to the outside as steam, so that the amount discarded as liquid from the drain port 31 can be reduced, that is, the generated water It is possible to reduce the external emission amount of contained ions. Further, since the generated water is discharged by steam, it is possible to avoid flooding the following vehicle.

なお、電気ヒータ７として、ＰＴＣヒータを用いれば、空だき時等においても異常昇温を防止できるので好ましい。   In addition, it is preferable to use a PTC heater as the electric heater 7 because abnormal temperature rise can be prevented even when emptying.

また、通常走行時には、減速時の回生電力を電気ヒータ７に供給するのが望ましい。特に、２次電池が満容量になり、２次電池に回生できなくなった回生電力を用いれば、車両として効率低下を防ぐことができる。もちろん、電気ヒータ７は燃料電池１からの電力や２次電池に貯蔵された電力を使って、水を蒸発させても良い。   Further, during normal traveling, it is desirable to supply regenerative power during deceleration to the electric heater 7. In particular, the use of regenerative electric power that has become fully charged in the secondary battery and can no longer be regenerated in the secondary battery can prevent a reduction in efficiency as a vehicle. Of course, the electric heater 7 may evaporate water using the electric power from the fuel cell 1 or the electric power stored in the secondary battery.

さらに、第１実施形態のように、タンク３内にイオン吸着装置４を設けてもよい。   Furthermore, the ion adsorption device 4 may be provided in the tank 3 as in the first embodiment.

（他の実施形態）
上記各実施形態では、燃料電池１の空気の排気経路２のみに、タンク３およびイオン吸着装置４を設置したが、水素の排気経路（図示せず）にも、タンク３およびイオン吸着装置４を設置しても良い。 (Other embodiments)
In each of the above embodiments, the tank 3 and the ion adsorption device 4 are installed only in the air exhaust path 2 of the fuel cell 1, but the tank 3 and the ion adsorption apparatus 4 are also installed in the hydrogen exhaust path (not shown). May be installed.

また、タンク２の排出口３１には、固体物質の排出防止の為にフィルタを設けても良い。   In addition, a filter may be provided at the discharge port 31 of the tank 2 to prevent discharge of solid substances.

本発明の第１実施形態に係る燃料電池システムを搭載した車両の模式図である。1 is a schematic diagram of a vehicle equipped with a fuel cell system according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 本発明の第２実施形態に係る燃料電池システムを搭載した車両の模式図である。It is a schematic diagram of the vehicle carrying the fuel cell system which concerns on 2nd Embodiment of this invention. 本発明の第３実施形態に係る燃料電池システムを搭載した車両の模式図である。It is a schematic diagram of the vehicle carrying the fuel cell system which concerns on 3rd Embodiment of this invention.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１…燃料電池、３…タンク、４…イオン吸着装置。   DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Fuel cell, 3 ... Tank, 4 ... Ion adsorption apparatus.

Claims (4)

水素と酸素とを電気化学反応させて電力を得る燃料電池（１）を備え、車両に搭載される燃料電池システムであって、前記燃料電池（１）から排出された生成水を貯蔵するタンク（３）と、前記生成水に含まれるイオンを吸着するイオン吸着装置（４）と、前記生成水を加熱して蒸気に変換させる電気ヒータ（７）と、前記タンク（３）に設けられ、前記蒸気を前記タンク（３）の外部に放出させる蒸気放出管（３２）とを備え、前記電気ヒータ（７）には回生電力が供給されることを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 A fuel cell system including a fuel cell (1) that obtains electric power by electrochemically reacting hydrogen and oxygen, and is mounted on a vehicle, and stores a generated water discharged from the fuel cell (1) ( 3), an ion adsorption device (4) for adsorbing ions contained in the produced water, an electric heater (7) for heating the produced water to convert it into steam, and the tank (3), and a steam discharge pipe to discharge steam to the outside of the tank (3) (32), fuel cell systems that wherein the electrical heater (7) to be supplied regenerative power. 前記電気ヒータ（７）はＰＴＣヒータであることを特徴とする請求項１に記載の燃料電池システム。 The fuel cell system according to claim 1 , wherein the electric heater (7) is a PTC heater. 水素と酸素とを電気化学反応させて電力を得る燃料電池（１）を備える燃料電池システムであって、前記燃料電池（１）から排出された生成水を貯蔵するタンク（３）と、前記生成水に含まれるイオンを吸着するイオン吸着装置（４）と、前記生成水を加熱して蒸気に変換させる電気ヒータ（７）と、前記タンク（３）に設けられ、前記蒸気を前記タンク（３）の外部に放出させる蒸気放出管（３２）とを備え、前記電気ヒータ（７）はＰＴＣヒータであることを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 A fuel cell system including a fuel cell (1) for obtaining electric power by electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, the tank (3) for storing produced water discharged from the fuel cell (1), and the production An ion adsorption device (4) for adsorbing ions contained in water, an electric heater (7) for heating the generated water to convert it into steam, and the tank (3) are provided in the tank (3). fuel cell system steam discharge pipe to discharge to the outside (32) and wherein the electrical heater (7) is you being a PTC heater). 前記イオン吸着装置（４）は、陽イオン交換樹脂と陰イオン交換樹脂で構成されていることを特徴とする請求項１ないし３のいずれか１つに記載の燃料電池システム。   The fuel cell system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ion adsorption device (4) comprises a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin.
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JP2003100330A (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-04-04 Kurita Water Ind Ltd Fuel cell power generation system and its operation method
JP2003338304A (en) * 2002-03-11 2003-11-28 Ebara Ballard Corp Fuel cell power generation system
WO2004012292A1 (en) * 2002-07-30 2004-02-05 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Fuel cell generation apparatus

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JP2003100330A (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-04-04 Kurita Water Ind Ltd Fuel cell power generation system and its operation method
JP2003338304A (en) * 2002-03-11 2003-11-28 Ebara Ballard Corp Fuel cell power generation system
WO2004012292A1 (en) * 2002-07-30 2004-02-05 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Fuel cell generation apparatus

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