JP4642029B2 - 無線電源を有する静脈内心臓ペーシング装置 - Google Patents

無線電源を有する静脈内心臓ペーシング装置 Download PDF

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JP4642029B2
JP4642029B2 JP2006538331A JP2006538331A JP4642029B2 JP 4642029 B2 JP4642029 B2 JP 4642029B2 JP 2006538331 A JP2006538331 A JP 2006538331A JP 2006538331 A JP2006538331 A JP 2006538331A JP 4642029 B2 JP4642029 B2 JP 4642029B2
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electrode
signal
heart
pacing device
cardiac pacing
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スティーブン デンカー,
アーサー, ジェイ. ビュートラー,
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02Details
    • A61N1/04Electrodes
    • A61N1/05Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/375Constructional arrangements, e.g. casings
    • A61N1/37512Pacemakers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/37205Microstimulators, e.g. implantable through a cannula
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/37211Means for communicating with stimulators
    • A61N1/37252Details of algorithms or data aspects of communication system, e.g. handshaking, transmitting specific data or segmenting data
    • A61N1/37258Alerting the patient
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/378Electrical supply
    • A61N1/3787Electrical supply from an external energy source

Description

本発明は心収縮を促進するため心臓組織にエネルギーを送る埋め込み型医療装置に関し、より詳細には、静脈又は動脈に埋め込み可能な心臓ペーシング装置に関する。
自然の心臓搏動が遅くなりあるいは中断した人々に対する治療手段は、心臓ペーシング装置を埋め込むことである。心臓ペーシング装置は心臓を刺激して規則的なペースで拍動させる小さな電子装置である。
一般的に心臓ペーシング装置は患者の胸に埋め込まれ、心収縮に伴う電気インパルスを検出するセンサ電極を有する。これらの検出されたインパルスは分析されて不規則な心臓搏動が生じる時期を判断し、その結果パルス発生器が電気パルスを発するよう駆動される。ワイヤは特定の心筋に隣接して設置されたパッチ型の刺激電極にこれらのパルスを送り、電気的に刺激が与えられると心腔を収縮する。心腔を収縮させるには、該刺激電極を適切に配置することが重要である。
最新の心臓ペーシング装置は、患者の活動レベルに応じた心拍数に合うよう刺激が調整され、それによって心臓の自然な動きを模倣している。パルス発生器は心臓の洞結節の活動を検出することによって、もしくは体動又は呼吸数が示すその他のセンサシグナルに応じてそのレートを修正する。
米国特許第6,445,953号は、患者の体外に取り付けでき、不規則又は弱い心臓の動きを検出するペーシング装置を有する心臓ペースメーカを記載している。このケースでは、ペーシング装置が無線周波信号を発信し、患者の心臓の静脈又は動脈中に埋め込まれたステントに取り付けられた回路によって該信号が受信される。特に、無線周波信号はステントのアンテナに電圧パルスを誘起し、該パルスをステントの1対の電極間に印加し、それによって隣接筋組織を刺激して心臓を収縮する。この心臓ペーシング装置は他のタイプのペースメーカより優れた利点をいくつか有するが、心臓が刺激を必要とする時期を外部ペーシング装置が検出するには、検出電極を患者の胸に配置する必要がある。
動物の心収縮を人工的に促進する心臓ペーシング装置を提供する。この装置は電力送信器を備え、該電力送信器は、できれば動物の静脈又は動脈中に埋め込まれる血管電極ステントに無線周波信号のパルスを周期的に送信する。
血管電極ステントは、無線周波信号及び心臓の洞結節から発信される心臓信号を受信するピックアップ装置、例えばワイヤのコイルなどから構成される。ペーシング信号回路はピックアップ装置及び動物の細胞組織に接触する1対の電極に接続される。ペーシング信号回路は無線周波信号からの電気エネルギーによって充電される蓄電器を有する。心臓信号を検出するのに応答して、ペーシング信号回路は1対の電極間に刺激電圧パルスを印加して心収縮を引き起こす。
血管電極ステントの好ましい実施形態では、該ペーシング信号回路は弁別器及びパルス回路を備える。該弁別器はピックアップ装置に接続され、無線周波信号のパルスを検出するのに応答して蓄電器の充電を制御する。該弁別器が心臓信号を検出するとトリガー信号が生成され、その結果パルス回路は1対の電極間に刺激電圧パルスを印加する。
初めに図1を参照すると、心臓12を電気的に刺激して心臓を収縮するペーシング装置10は、電力送信器14及び血管電極ステント20を有する。電力送信器14は、好ましくは患者の胸近くの体外に設け、血管電極ステント20によって受信される無線周波信号16を発信する。また別の方法では、該電力送信器14を患者に埋め込んでも良い。以下より詳細に説明するように、無線周波信号16を受信することで電極ステントの回路に電力を供給する。血管電極ステント20は、洞結節に近接して心臓を通って血液を流す動脈又は静脈18中に設けられる。例えば、血管電極ステント20は 静脈中に設けても良い。
図2を参照すると、電力送信器14はタイミング回路24及びアンテナ26に接続された無線周波(RF)送信機22を備えている。RF送信機22及びタイミング回路24は何れも電池28により電力供給される。タイミング回路24はRF送信機22を制御し、無線周波信号16の周期的なパルスを発信する。例えば図4Aに示したように、該パルスは比較的遅い立ち上がり及び立ち下がりを有し、このため信号レベルは徐々に増加及び減少する。
図3に示したように、電極ステント20は、狭い静脈又は動脈を拡張するのに用いられる良く知られた拡張性血管ステントに類似した本体部30を備えている。かかる血管ステントは通常管状形状を有し、患者の血管に自由に通すことができる比較的小さな径に縮められる。電極ステント20を埋め込む処置は、従来の血管ステントに用いる処置と同様である。例えば、標準的なカテーテルの端部にあるバルーンを、縮めた形にして血管電極ステント20中に挿入する。このアセンブリを、切り口を通って患者の皮膚に近い静脈又は動脈中に挿入し、血管系を通って心臓12の洞結節近くの適切な位置に押し込む。その後、カテーテルのバルーンを膨らませて血管電極ステント20を拡張し、これによって該電極ステントを静脈又は動脈の壁に埋め込む血管18をわずかに拡張する。そしてバルーンをしぼませ、患者からカテーテルが取り除かれ、切り口が閉じられる。あるいは、本体部30として自己拡張ステントを用いても良い。血管18がわずかに拡張していること及び電極ステントの本体部が管状にデザインされていることから、血液を該血管電極ステント20を通して比較的スムーズに流すことができる。
図3及び4を参照すると、血管電極ステント20はペーシング信号回路32及び本体部30の周囲に巻かれたワイヤコイル形状のピックアップ装置34を有する。リング形状の第一の電極36は本体部を取り囲んでいる。ペーシング信号回路32はピックアップ装置34に接続されたパルス弁別器38を備える。以下記載するように、該パルス弁別器38は、心臓の洞結節における電気的事象によってピックアップ装置に誘起される電気パルスと、電力送信器14からのRF信号16によってピックアップ装置に誘起される電気パルスとを識別する。この識別は、図4AのRF信号16及び図4Bの洞結節からの心臓信号に示したように、それぞれの信号波形の形状及びこれら波形のパルスに基づきなされる。RF信号は比較的長パルスで、緩やかな立ち上がり及び立ち下がりを有する。一方、心臓信号の電気パルスは非常に短パルスで急峻な立ち上がり及び立ち下がりを有する。また該パルス弁別器38は、両タイプのパルスがちょうど合致する時間を検出することもできる。
パルス弁別器38は、RF信号パルスが検出されるたびに該信号のエネルギーを用いて蓄電コンデンサ40を充電する。該コンデンサは血管電極ステント20の回路に電力を供給する。該コンデンサにはその他のタイプの蓄電器を用いても良い。無線周波信号は血管電極ステントに電力を供給するもので、従来の無線ペースメーカとは違い心刺激を誘発するものではない。
心臓12の洞結節は電気的な心臓信号を発信し、該心臓信号が心腔の収縮を引き起こす。該心臓信号は心臓を通って心房を収縮する筋組織に至る通信網中を細胞から細胞へ伝達する。また、この信号は別の通信網に沿って房室(AV)結節に達するまで伝播もする。該房室結節は心房と心室間の心臓の中央に位置する細胞群である。該房室結節は、心室に心臓信号を伝達する前の電流の流れを遅延する弁として機能する。この遅延によって、心室を刺激する前に心房を十分収縮する機会が確保される。
洞結節に近接して血管電極ステント20を配置するため、図4Bに示したように、心臓信号の発信は血管電極ステント20のピックアップ装置又はコイル34に電流パルスを誘起もする。パルス弁別器38は、図4Aに示したRF信号パルスに比べて、該パルスの急峻な立ち上がり時間を心臓信号によって発生されたものであると認識する。心臓信号が検出されると、パルス弁別器38はパルス回路42にトリガー信号を発する。該パルス回路42は、図5Cに示したように、心収縮を促進する電圧パルスを生成する従来の心臓ペーシング装置に使用された回路と同様のものである。特に、駆動すると、該パルス回路42は、コンデンサ40の電荷を使用してステント本体部を取り囲む第一の電極36と、血管電極ステント20から遠隔の第二の電極44の間に印加される電圧パルスを発生する。
図3に示したように、第二の電極44は心臓の別部分にある血管46の壁に固定され、該血管を通って伸びている細い絶縁線48によってパルス回路42と接続されている。該第二電極44を比較的小さなサイズとすることで、血管電極ステント20よりかなり小さな血管46中に該第二電極を配置することができる。この結果、第二電極44は心臓血管系や心臓12の所望位置を収縮する筋組織に近接する様々な位置に配置することができる。
第二電極44が心房と心室の何れの収縮を促進するため設けられているかによって、パルス回路42はパルス弁別器38からのトリガー信号を受信したあと、所定時間遅延させてから第一の電極及び第二の電極に電圧パルスを印加する。そのため、筋刺激のタイミングは、自然に生じる心房又は心室の収縮によって起こる該遅延時間に合致している。この遅延時間は埋め込み処理中外科医によってパルス回路42にプログラムされ、第二電極の位置に依存するものである。
血管電極ステント20の別の例では、例えば第三の電極50等の一以上の追加電極を別の心臓血管52に埋め込み、心臓の更に別の部分を刺激することができる。この場合、個々の電圧パルスは第一の電極36ならびに追加電極44及び50それぞれの間に印加され、心臓の別の部分の収縮を別個に刺激することができる。また、刺激パルスは、第一の電極36を使用せず、第二の電極44と第三の電極50の間に印加しても良い。
以上の説明は主に本発明の好ましい実施形態に関するものである。本発明の範囲内の様々な代替案のいくつかについて言及したが、本発明の実施形態の開示から現時点において明らかである更なる代替案を当業者は容易に想到し得るであろう。従って、本発明の範囲は添付の特許請求の範囲から判断すべきであり、上記開示によって制限されるべきではない。
医療患者に取り付けた心臓ペーシング装置を示す図である。 心臓ペーシング装置用の電力送信器の回路図である。 血管電極ステント及び第2の電極が埋め込まれた心臓血管の等尺断面図である。 図2に示した血管電極ステントの電気回路のブロック図である。 心臓ペーシング装置における三つの電気信号の波形図である。
符号の説明
10 ペーシング装置
12 心臓
14 電力送信器
16 無線周波信号
18,46,52 血管
20 血管電極ステント
22 無線周波(RF)送信機
24 タイミング回路
26 アンテナ
28 電池
30 本体部
32 ペーシング信号回路
34 ピックアップ装置
36 第一の電極
38 パルス弁別器
40 コンデンサ
42 パルス回路
44 第二の電極
48 絶縁線
50 電極

Claims (19)

  1. (a)無線周波信号のパルスを周期的に送信する電力送信器と、
    (b)動物の心臓を通って血液を流す該動物の血管に埋め込まれた、第一の電極及び第二の電極と、
    (c)前記動物の血管に埋め込まれた血管ステントと、
    を備えた心臓ペーシング装置において、
    (イ)前記血管ステントには、前記電力送信器から送信された前記無線周波信号及び前記心臓から発せられた心臓信号を受信するピックアップ装置と、前記ピックアップ装置に接続された信号回路とが設けられ、
    (ロ)前記信号回路には、前記無線周波信号からの電気エネルギーを用いて該信号回路によって充電される蓄電器が設けられ、そして、
    (ハ)前記ピックアップ装置によって検出された前記心臓信号に応答して、前記第一の電極と前記第二の電極との間に刺激電圧パルスが印加されて前記心臓が収縮されるように、前記信号回路が構成されている
    ことを特徴とする、動物の心臓の収縮を人工的に刺激する心臓ペーシング装置。
  2. 前記第一の電極が前記血管ステントに取り付けられていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  3. 前記第二の電極が前記血管ステントから離間して前記動物の血管に埋め込まれていることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  4. 前記蓄電器がコンデンサで構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  5. 前記ピックアップ装置がコイルで構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  6. 前記信号回路には
    前記無線周波信号のパルスを検出するのに応答して前記蓄電器を充電するとともに、前記心臓信号を検出するのに応答してトリガー信号を生成する前記ピックアップ装置に接続された弁別器と、
    前記トリガー信号に応答して前記第一の電極と前記第二の電極の間に前記刺激電圧パルスを印加する前記弁別器及び前記蓄電器に接続されたパルス回路と、
    が設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし5のいずれか1項に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  7. 前記電力送信器から送信された前記無線周波信号と前記心臓から発せられる前記心臓信号とが、それらの信号波形の差異に基づいて、前記弁別器によって識別されることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  8. 前記電力送信器から送信された前記無線周波信号の各パルスが、前記心臓から発せられる前記心臓信号の立ち上がりより長い立ち上がり時間を有するものとされていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の心臓ペーシング装置。
  9. 前記電力送信器から送信された前記無線周波信号のパルスと前記心臓信号のパルス非同期とされていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  10. 前記血管ステントに接続された第三の電極が前記動物に埋め込まれて設けられ、そして、前記信号回路によって前記第三の電極に電圧パルス印加されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  11. 無線周波信号のパルスを周期的に送信する電力送信器と、動物の心臓を通って血液を流す該動物の動脈又は静脈に埋め込まれた第一の電極及び第二の電極と、前記動物の動脈又は静脈に埋め込まれた血管ステントと、備えた、動物の心臓の収縮を人工的に刺激する心臓ペーシング装置であって、
    (イ)前記血管ステントが、その本体部、その本体部に取り付けられたペーシング信号回路、及び、前記無線周波信号と動物の心臓から発せられる心臓信号とを受信するピックアップコイル、を有し、
    (ロ)前記第一の電極が、前記血管ステントの前記本体部に取り付けられているとともに、前記第二の電極が、前記血管ステントから離隔して前記動物の動脈又は静脈に埋め込まれ、そして、
    (ハ)前記ペーシング信号回路が、蓄電器、前記無線周波信号のパルスが検出されるのに応答して前記蓄電器を充電するとともに前記心臓信号を検出するのに応答してトリガー信号を生成する前記ピックアップコイルに接続された弁別器、並びに、前記第一の電極及び前記第二の電極の間に刺激電圧パルスが印加されて前記心臓が収縮されるように構成されて前記弁別器及び前記蓄電器に接続された、パルス回路、を有している
    ことを特徴とする心臓ペーシング装置
  12. 前記血管ステントの前記本体部が、前記動脈又は静脈において、第一の断面サイズから第二の断面サイズに拡張可能とされていることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  13. 前記第一の電極が前記血管ステントの前記本体部を取り囲む導電性リングとされていることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  14. 前記蓄電器がコンデンサである請求項11に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  15. 前記電力送信器から送信された無線周波信号と、前記心臓から発せられる前記心臓信号とが、それらの信号波形の差異に基づいて、前記弁別器によって識別されることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  16. 前記電力送信器から送信された前記無線周波信号の各パルスが、前記心臓から発せられる前記心臓信号の立ち上がりより長い立ち上がり時間を有するものとされていることを特徴とする請求項15に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  17. 前記電力送信器から送信された前記無線周波信号のパルスと、前記心臓から発せられる前記心臓信号のパルス非同期とされていることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  18. 前記ペーシング信号回路に接続された第三の電極が前記動物の動脈又は静脈中に埋め込まれて設けられ、そして、前記パルス回路によって前記第一の電極と前記第三の電極の間に電圧パルス印加されることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
  19. 前記血管ステントに接続された第三の電極が前記動物の動脈又は静脈中に埋め込まれて設けられ、そして、前記ペーシング信号回路によって前記第二の電極と前記第三の電極の間に電圧パルス印加されることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の心臓ペーシング装置
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