JP4521184B2 - 成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症と関連するdna変異体の同定 - Google Patents
成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症と関連するdna変異体の同定 Download PDFInfo
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Description
実施例1:連鎖および連鎖不平衡解析
2q21上のLPH遺伝子の両側にあるD2S114とD2S2385の間の7つの多型マイクロサテライトマーカーを、拡大された9つのフィンランド人ラクターゼ欠乏症家系において解析した(図1)。連鎖に関する有意な証拠が、マーカーD2S314、D2S442、D2S2196およびD2S1334で見出され、マーカーD2S2196で得られたθ=0にて7.67の最高ロッドスコアを有した(表1)。絶対的な組換え現象は、ラクターゼ存続性/非存続性遺伝子座の動原体の境界を定義する、マーカーD2S114で検出され(家系B、IV3)、その遺伝子座のテロメアの境界を定義する、マーカーD2S2385で検出された(家族B、IV17)(図1、表1)。棄却域(critical region)を微細にマッピングするために、さらに9つの多型マーカーを解析した。対立遺伝子頻度および組換え率を攪乱母数として扱って、その領域に関する連鎖不平衡(LD)を、検出された連鎖について条件的にモニターした16〜17。200kb区間に及ぶ、9つのマーカーのうち6つのマーカー(LPH13、LPH2、LPH1、AC3、AC4、およびAC10)は、LDの非常に有意な証拠(p<10-4)を示すのに対して、LPH遺伝子からの他の3つのマーカーは、LDの証拠を示さなかった(表1)。2つのマーカー、LPHおよびAC3は、対立遺伝子のラクターゼ存続性において最も有意な連鎖不平衡を表した(p<10-7)。
第1段階において、2q21上のLPH遺伝子の両側にある極めて多型の10個のマイクロサテライトマーカーが、他に記載されるように40,55解析された。簡単に言えば、The Genethon Resource Center55からのラクターゼ遺伝子付近にある、2q上の極めて多型のマイクロサテライトマーカーを以下のような遺伝距離:cen−D2S114−1cM−D2S1334−0cM−D2S2196−0cM−D2S442−2cM−D2S314−2cM−D2S2385−1cM−D2S2288−1cM−D2S397−1cM−D2S150−1cM−D2S132で解析した。マーカーの順序は大部分、Genethonマップで補われる第2染色体の物理的YACコンティグマップ(チューマコフ(Chumakov)ら,199556)から得られた。鋳型DNA12ng、プライマー5pmol、各ヌクレオチド0.2mM、20mMトリスHCl(pH8.8)、15mM(NH4)2S04、1.5mM MgCl2、0.1%Tween20、0.01%ゼラチン、0.25U Taqポリメラーゼ(Dynazyme, Finnzymes社)を含有する合計体積15μl中でPCRが行われた。32P−γATPを用いて、プライマーの1つを5’末端で放射標識した。その反応は、マルチウェル・マイクロタイタープレート中で、94℃で30秒間の変性段階;プライマーに応じて、様々な温度にて30秒間アニーリングする段階;72℃で30秒間伸長する段階;3分間に設定された変性段階;および5分での最終伸長段階;を含む35サイクル行われた。増幅された断片を6%ポリアクリルアミドゲル上で分離し、オートラジオグラフィーを行った。第2段階では、LPH遺伝子にわたり構築されたコンティグ内のその他の9個のマイクロサテライトマーカーを、Repeat Masker program (http://ftp.genome.washington.edu/cgi-bin/RepeatMasker)を用いて、BAC(NH034L23、NH0318L13、NH0218L22、およびRP11−329I1)の公開ゲノム配列から同定した。その反復配列の両側にあるプライマーを合成した。PCR条件は、他に記載の通りである40。増幅された断片を6%ポリアクリルアミドゲル上で分離し、オートラジオグラフィーを行った。
マーカーLPH1とAC3との間の47kb領域を、9つのラクターゼ欠乏症家系の家族数人のゲノムDNAからの、オーバーラップPCR断片において増幅し、シーケンスした。その領域は、47kb棄却域(critical region)の36kbを網羅する、微小染色体維持(MCM6)遺伝子18を含有する(図2)。合計52個の変異体を除いては、MCM6遺伝子のコード領域では変異は検出されなかった;43個のSNPおよび9個の欠失/挿入多型が、47kb棄却域(critical region)において同定された(表2)。変異体のうち2つだけ(C/T-13910、G/A-22018)が、フィンランド人家系におけるラクターゼ存続性/非存続性形質と関連した(表2および3)。第1の関連する変異体、C/T-13910は、LPH遺伝子の最初のATGコドンから−13910bp位にあるMCM6遺伝子のイントロン13に存在する。第2の関連する変異体、G/A-22018は、LPH遺伝子の最初のATGコドンから−22018位にあるMCM6遺伝子のイントロン9に位置する。互いに8kb離れた、これらの2つの変異体は完全に、拡大された9つのフィンランド人家系における成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症で同時分離した。すべてのラクターゼ欠乏の(非存続性)家族は、C-13910とG-22018の両方にホモ接合であった(表3)。興味深いことに、これらのどちらの変異体も、反復要素中に存在し、L2誘導要素にはC/T-13910、Alu要素にはG/A-22018が存在する。
ゲノムDNA(100ng)、プライマー(各20ng)、dNTP(200μM)、0.5U Taqポリメラーゼ(Dynazyme, Finnzymes社)を有する合計体積50μlで、標準バッファー中にて、PCR増幅を行った。どちらのPCRも、以下のPCRサイクル条件:94℃で3分間変性を行う初回、次いで、94℃で30秒、55℃で30秒、および72℃で1.25分の35サイクル、72℃で10分間の最終伸長を用いて増幅された。PCRは酵素反応によって精製された。精製されたPCR産物(15〜40ng)を、BigDye terminator chemistry (PE Biosystems社)を用いてサイクルシーケンスした。ABI Sequencing Analysis 3.3(PE Biosystems社)およびSequencher 4.1(Gene Codes社)を用いて、データを解析した。
C/T-13910変異体にわたるDNA断片を、1つのビオチン化(5’−Bio−CCTCGTTAATACCCACTGACCTA−3’)プライマーおよび非ビオチン化(5’−GTCACTTTGATATGATGAGAGCA−3’)プライマーを用いて増幅した。G/A-22018には、ビオチン化(5’−Bio−TGCTCAGGACATGCTGATCAA−3’)および1つの非ビオチン化(5’−CTACCCTATCAGTAAAGGCCTA−3’)プライマーを上述の条件下で使用した。PCR産物10μlをストレプトアビジンコーティングのマイクロタイターウェル(Lab systems社,フィンランド)中に捕捉した。そのウェルを洗浄し、サイバネン(Syvanen)ら(Am J Hum Genet. (1993), 52, 46-59))およびサイバネン(Syvanen)およびランデグレン(Landegren) (Hum Mutat. (1994), 3, 172-9)によって記述されているように、結合したDNAを変性させた。C/T-13915にミニシーケンシングプライマー(5’−GGCAATACAGATAAGATAATGTAG−3’)10pmol、G/A-22018にはミニシーケンシングプライマー(5’−AAAAACAGCATTCTCAGCTGGGC−3’)10pmol、およびラクターゼ非存続性対立遺伝子に対応するH−dCTP、H−dGTP(115Ci/mmol;Ammersham社,英国)またはラクターゼ存続性対立遺伝子に対応するH−dTTP、H−sATPのいずれか0.1μl、およびDNAポリメラーゼ0.05U(Dynazyme II, Finnzymes社)をそのバッファー中に含有する、ミニシーケンシング反応混合物50μlを各ウェルに添加した。マイクロタイタープレートを50℃で20分間インキュベートし、ウェルを洗浄した。検出用プライマーを溶出し、溶出された放射能を液体シンチレーション計数器(Rackbeta 1209, Wallac,フィンランド)で測定した。2つの並行なミニシーケンシング反応が各PCR産物に対して行われた。
フォワードPCRプライマー:GTCACTTTGATATGATGAGAGCA Tm58 配列番号8
検出プライマー:GGCAATACAGATAAGATAATGTAG Tm58 配列番号10
Bio−リバースプライマー:Bio−CCTCGTTAATACCCACTGACCTA Tm62 配列番号9
またはBio−TAGGTCAGTGGGTATTAACGAGGT 配列番号7
G/A-22018変異体に対するPCRプライマーおよび検出プライマー:
フォワードPCRプライマー:CTACCCTATCAGTAAAGGCCTA Tm 58 配列番号12
検出プライマー:AAAAACAGCATTCTCAGCTGGGC Tm62 配列番号14
Bio−リバースプライマー:Bio−TGCTCAGGACATGCTGATCAA Tm62 配列番号13
またはBio−TTGATCAGCATGTCCTGAGCA 配列番号11
ラクターゼ欠乏症の診断試験として二糖類分解酵素活性について解析された、合計196個の腸内生検標本から単離されたDNA試料において、C/T-13910およびG/A-22018変異体の頻度を解析した。合計59個の試料が、原発性ラクターゼ欠乏症(primary lactase deficiency)を示した。59症例のうち6症例が(表3)、G/A-22018変異体に対してヘテロ接合性GAであり、残りの53症例がG対立遺伝子にホモ接合性であった。59試料すべてが、変異体C/T-13910のC対立遺伝子にホモ接合性であった。ラクターゼ存続性を示す137症例の中で、74症例は、対立遺伝子TおよびAにホモ接合性であることが見出され、残り63症例は、ヘテロ接合性CTおよびGAであり、C/T-13910およびG/A-22018それぞれにおいて、対立遺伝子CおよびGにホモ接合性である症例はなかった(表3)。
フィンランド人集団におけるラクターゼ欠乏症に関連する変異体の有病率に関してモニターするために、固相ミニシーケンシング法19,20を用いて、早くに移住したフィンランド西領域または遅く移住したフィンランド東領域に端を発する匿名フィンランド人血液ドナー938名のDNA試料をスクリーニングした(表4)。実験的に、C/T-13910変異体にわたるDNA断片を、1つのオチン化(5’−CCTCGTTAATACCCCTGACCTA−3’)プライマーおよび非ビオチン化(5’−GTCACTTTGATATGATGAGAGCA−3’)プライマーを用いて増幅した。G/A-22018には、ビオチン化(5’−AGTCTGTGGCATGTGTCTTCATG−3’)および1つの非ビオチン化(’5−TGCTCAGGACATGCTGATCAACT−3’)プライマーを上述の条件下で使用した。PCR産物10μlをストレプトアビジンコーティングのマイクロタイターウェル(Lab systems社,フィンランド)中に捕捉した。そのウェルを洗浄し、結合したDNAを上述に記載のように19,20変性させ、G/A-22005にはミニシーケンシングプライマー(5’−GACAAAGGTGTGAGCCACCG−3’)10pmol、G/A-13915にはミニシーケンシングプライマー(5’−GGCAATACAGATAAGATAATGTAG−3’)10pmol、およびラクターゼ非存続性対立遺伝子に対応するH−dCTP(115Ci/mmol;Ammersham社,英国)またはラクターゼ存続性対立遺伝子に対応するH−dTTPのいずれか0.1μl、およびDNAポリメラーゼ0.05U(Dynazyme II, Finnzymes社)を、そのバッファー中に含有するミニシーケンシング反応混合物50μlを各ウェルに添加した。マイクロタイタープレートを50℃で20分間インキュベートし、ウェルを洗浄した。検出用プライマーを溶出し、溶出された放射能を液体シンチレーション計数器(Rackbeta 1209, Wallac,フィンランド)で測定した。2つの並行なミニシーケンシング反応が各PCR産物に対して行われた。推定されるラクターゼ欠乏症遺伝子型CC-13910の全体的な有病率(170症例)は18.1%であり、東の試料よりも西の試料のほうが有病率が高かった(16.8%に対して18.9%)(表4)。これらの値は、フィンランド語を話すフィンランド人の間で17%の有病率を報告する疫学的研究とよく一致しており、西から東へ勾配が高くなる。G/A-22018多型に関して、同じセットの試料の遺伝子型も判定し、これらの2つのSNP間のLDを、D’統計量21を用いてモニターした。それらは、ほぼ完全に連鎖不平衡(LD)にあることが見出された(D’=0.98、p=7.62×10-11、表5)。
フィンランド人家系におけるハプロタイプ解析から、フィンランドにおけるラクターゼ存続性対立遺伝子のすべてではないが大部分が、ある共通の祖先に由来していることが示唆された。連鎖不平衡を利用して、存続性対立遺伝子のフィンランド人集団25への導入の時間を推定した。世代時間が20年であると仮定すると、この推定から、創始者の変異がフィンランド人集団におよそ9000〜11400年前に導入されたことが示されるだろう(表6)。これは、およそ8000〜9000年前26にフィンランド本土に移住した初期の徴候とよく一致し、理にかなって、紀元前8000〜10.000年の酪農業の始まりとかなり一致するだろう。さらに重要なことには、異なる集団における存続性対立遺伝子中に同じDNA変異体が存在することから、この変異体はよりいっそう偶発的であり、かつその変異は、解析した集団の派生前に生じたことが示唆されるだろう。
C/T-13910とG/A-22018との間の対のLDを、D’統計量21を用いて推定した。D’は、最大値(D/Dmax、D/Dmin)として計算される:不平衡測定法D=hpq−pq(式中、hpqは、各遺伝子座に稀な対立遺伝子を有するハプロタイプの頻度であり、pおよびqは、遺伝子座1および2における稀な対立遺伝子の頻度である)、Dmax=min p(1−p)、q(1−q)(D>0の場合)、およびDmin=−min pq,(1−p)(1−q)(D<0の場合)。自由度(1df)でχ2として分布する統計量:
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Claims (26)
- 成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症の一因となる、または成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症を示す、腸内ラクターゼ・フロリジン加水分解酵素(LPH)遺伝子の5'部分を含む核酸分子であって、
(a)配列番号1の核酸配列を有する、または含む核酸分子;及び
(b)配列番号2の核酸配列を有する、または含む核酸分子;からなる群から選択され、かつ、それぞれ配列番号1又は2の核酸分子の5’および3’末端にわたり、最大で30000ヌクレオチドに及ぶ、核酸分子。 - 腸内ラクターゼ・フロリジン加水分解酵素(LPH)遺伝子の5'部分を含む核酸分子であって、
(a)配列番号3の核酸配列を有する、または含む核酸分子;及び
(b)配列番号4の核酸配列を有する、または含む核酸分子;からなる群から選択される、核酸分子。 - ゲノムDNAである、請求項1または2に記載の核酸分子。
- 前記ゲノムDNAが遺伝子の一部である、請求項3に記載の核酸分子。
- 少なくとも21ヌクレオチドを有する、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子の断片であって、LPH遺伝子のヌクレオチド位−13910またはヌクレオチド位−22018を含む、断片。
- 請求項1および3から5のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子に相補的である、核酸分子。
- 請求項2から5のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子に相補的である、核酸分子。
- 請求項1および3から5のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子を含む、ベクター。
- 請求項2から4のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子を含む、ベクター。
- LPH遺伝子のヌクレオチド位−13910またはヌクレオチド位−22018を含む、請求項1および3から5のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子と、またはその相補鎖と、相補的である、プライマー。
- LPH遺伝子のヌクレオチド位−13910またはヌクレオチド位−22018を含む、請求項2から5のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子と、またはその相補鎖と、相補的である、プライマー。
- 請求項6に記載のベクターで形質転換された、非ヒト宿主細胞。
- 請求項7に記載のベクターで形質転換された、非ヒト宿主細胞。
- 細菌、酵母細胞、昆虫細胞、真菌細胞、哺乳動物細胞、または植物細胞である、請求項12または13に記載の非ヒト宿主細胞。
- 成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症もしくはそれに関連する形質の存在または素因について試験する方法であって、かかる素因を保有する将来の患者またはかかる素因を保有する疑いのあるヒトから採取された試料を試験すること;及び、ホモ接合またはヘテロ接合の状態にある、請求項1および3から6のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子の存在を確認することを含む方法。
- 成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症もしくはそれに関連する形質の存在または素因について試験する方法であって、かかる素因を保有する将来の患者またはかかる素因を保有する疑いのあるヒトから採取された試料を試験すること;及び、ホモ接合またはヘテロ接合の状態にある、請求項2から5および7のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子の存在を確認することを含む方法。
- 前記試験が、成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症の一因となる、または成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症を示す核酸分子に相補的な請求項6に記載の相補的核酸分子、またはプローブとしての野生型配列に相補的な請求項7に記載の核酸分子を、厳密な条件下にて前記試料に含まれる核酸分子とハイブリダイズさせる段階と、前記ハイブリダイゼーションを検出する段階とを含む、請求項15または16に記載の方法。
- 前記ハイブリダイゼーションの産物を制限エンドヌクレアーゼで消化するか、または前記ハイブリダイゼーションの産物を制限エンドヌクレアーゼを用いた消化にかける段階と、前記消化の産物を分析する段階とをさらに含む、請求項15または17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記プローブが検出可能に標識される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記試験が、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子の少なくとも一部の核酸配列を決定する段階を含み、前記部分が、LPH遺伝子のヌクレオチド位−13910および/またはヌクレオチド位−22018を含む、請求項15または16に記載の方法。
- 核酸配列の前記決定が、固相ミニシーケンシング(minisequencing)によって行われる、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸配列を決定する前に、前記核酸分子の少なくとも前記一部を増幅する段階をさらに含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記試験が、増幅反応を行う段階であって、前記増幅反応に用いられるプライマーの少なくとも1つが、請求項10に記載のプライマーである段階と、増幅産物をアッセイする段階とを含む、請求項15または16に記載の方法。
- 前記試験が、増幅反応を行う段階であって、前記増幅反応に用いられるプライマーの少なくとも1つが、請求項11に記載のプライマーである段階と、増幅産物をアッセイする段階とを含む、請求項15または16に記載の方法。
- 前記増幅が、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)によって行われるか、または前記増幅がポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)である、請求項22から24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 成人型ラクターゼ欠乏症の存在または素因を解析するための、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の核酸分子の使用。
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PCT/EP2002/008963 WO2003014342A2 (en) | 2001-08-10 | 2002-08-09 | Identification of a dna variant associated with adult type hypolactasia |
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CN1541265A (zh) | 2004-10-27 |
AU2002355471B2 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
MXPA04001279A (es) | 2005-06-06 |
PT1417305E (pt) | 2012-10-11 |
EP1417305B1 (en) | 2012-07-18 |
RU2004107086A (ru) | 2005-04-10 |
DK1417305T3 (da) | 2012-10-15 |
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