JP4416356B2 - Meat and processed meat fading prevention method - Google Patents

Meat and processed meat fading prevention method Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4416356B2
JP4416356B2 JP2001208699A JP2001208699A JP4416356B2 JP 4416356 B2 JP4416356 B2 JP 4416356B2 JP 2001208699 A JP2001208699 A JP 2001208699A JP 2001208699 A JP2001208699 A JP 2001208699A JP 4416356 B2 JP4416356 B2 JP 4416356B2
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meat
raffinose
processed
prevention method
fading
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JP2003018976A (en
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孝之 三浦
克博 山本
智仁 岩崎
純一 若松
由夏 賀来
正寛 沼田
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Itoham Foods Inc
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Itoham Foods Inc
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、食肉及び食肉加工品の品質向上技術に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
食肉の色調はヘムタンパク質であるミオグロビンの誘導体の混合割合が反映している。生肉中のミログロビンには、鮮赤色の酸素(オキシ)型、紫赤色の還元型、茶褐色のメト型の誘導体が存在する。
【0003】
新鮮な食肉の内部は無酸素状態であるため、ミオグロビンのほとんどは還元型であるが、切断することによってミオグロビンは酸素と結合して酸素型となり鮮やかな赤色を呈する。これが市販されている新鮮な食肉の色の本体である。ミオグロビン分子内の鉄は二価(Fe2+)の状態である。
【0004】
しかしながら、さらなる冷蔵保存や、長期間の冷凍保存などにより変色して、好ましくない褐色となることは経験的に知られている。これはミオグロビン分子内の鉄が酸化されて、三価(Fe3+)となるためである(メト化)。これは光や酸素、酸化剤によっても引き起こされるが、見た目が悪くて商品価値が低いばかりか、三価の鉄は吸収性も低いこと、更には脂質の酸化反応を触媒して酸敗を促進することが知られている。
【0005】
亜硝酸塩などの発色剤を用いた食肉加工品では、食肉中のミオグロビンは比較的安定なニトロソミオグロビンを形成するため、退色は比較的遅いが、紫外線を発生する蛍光灯下での店頭展示などによる退色は避けられない。
【0006】
ここに示すラフィノースは、D−ガラクトース,D−グルコース及びD−フルクトースからなる三糖類で、植物界に広く分布してショ糖の次に多く見られるオリゴ糖の1つである。そして豆類に豊富に含まれるほか、ビート,サトウキビ,綿の実などショ糖を多量に含む植物の茎,根,種子に特に多く、又、ハチミツや麦類にも含まれる。
【0007】
又、ラフィノースは非吸湿性であり、甘味度はショ糖の22〜23%程度であるが、ショ糖に似せた甘味を持つと共に、カロリーは1.4kcal/gと低く、他のオリゴ糖と比べて、メイラード反応による褐変化は非常に低い。
【0008】
更に、ラフィノースは人の消化酵素では分解されにくく、消化されずに大腸まで到達するため、ビフィズス菌などの有用腸内細菌の増殖能を有し、腸内腐敗産物である糞中アンモニアや糞中インドールを有意に低下させることが知られている(名倉他、腸内細菌学雑誌、1999)。
【0009】
その他にも免疫力の向上,アトピー性皮膚炎の改善,肝機能強化などの機能性についても報告されている。
【0010】
食品への応用について、ラフィノースは米飯の食味向上作用を有することが知れれている。名倉ら(New Food Industry、2000)によるとラフィノースを添加して炊飯すると、米の艶,粘り,粒立ちが向上し、食感の指標とされるバランス度(粘り/固さ)も向上し、冷蔵や冷凍後の電子レンジ再加熱においても炊き立てに近い食感が得られる。
【0011】
糖類はタンパク質の変性防止や安定化させることは以前から知られている。糖類には分子内に多くの水酸基をもつが、この水酸基は反応性に富むことがわかっている。このため、タンパク質の様々な官能基と水素結合をして、タンパク質を安定化させ、更には高次立体構造をも安定化させる。
【0012】
一方、ラフィノースはショ糖溶液における結晶核形成や結晶成長を阻害することが知られている。又、ラフィノースの氷点降下度はショ糖より大きく、凍結しにくい。1985年に竹島らはマウスの精子でラフィノースを凍結保護物質として利用することにより、凍結保存が可能となることを報告している。
【0013】
又、ミオグロビンなどのヘムタンパク質メト化は、顕著なスペクトル変化を示すだけでなく、ペプチド部を不安定化して熱安定性は著しく低下する。
【0014】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ヘムタンパク質のメト化を防ぐ技術はこれまでも数多く検討されている。一般的な方法としては、メト化は自動酸化によるものであるため、還元作用のあるものを添加することにより、ヘムタンパク質の酸化を防ぐ方法であり、アスコルビン酸ナトリウムやビタミンE,グルタチオン,還元糖などの各種抗酸化物質である。
【0015】
食肉中には多くの金属イオンが存在し、強い酸化作用を有するばかりか、触媒作用を有して酸化を促進する。これ以外にも多くの酸化物質が存在する。このため還元物質の添加だけは、顕著な効果が見られないばかりか、大量の添加では味に影響が出ることが懸念される。
【0016】
本発明は上記課題を解決するためになされたものであり、呈味性に悪影響を及ぼすことなく、食肉及び食肉加工品中のヘムタンパク質の自動酸化(メト化)を抑制し、未加熱品及び加熱品両方の色調を改善する食肉・食肉加工品退色防止方法を提供することを目的としている。
【0017】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本願発明者は、上記目的を達成するため、鋭意研究を重ねた結果、ラフィノースを食肉・食肉加工品に添加することで、食肉の色本体であるヘムタンパク質の自動酸化(メト化)を防止し、変色,退色を防止することを見出した。
【0018】
ラフィノースの添加方法としては、特に決まりはないが、水に溶解後に添加するほうがより好ましく、図1に示すように乾物で添加するよりもメト化率は低い。
【0019】
糖類は、還元性を有する還元糖と有しない非還元糖とに分類されるが、還元糖の方が一般的である。これは分子内に遊離又は遊離しうるアルデヒド基やケトン基をもち、還元剤としてはたらく。しかしながら、ラフィノースは還元作用を有しない非還元糖であり、還元作用でヘムタンパク質の酸化を防止し、色調を改善するものではない。
【0020】
【作用】
この発明の食肉・食肉加工品退色防止方法は、ラフィノースを含有しており、食肉本来の呈味に悪影響を及ぼさない。又、後述の実験結果から明白なように、ラフィノースを配合した食肉・食肉加工品は、好ましくない色調への退色が抑制される。
【0021】
【実施例】
以下実施例により、本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
【0022】
実施例1
豚挽肉(赤身率75%)に、ラフィノース,トレハロースを夫々終濃度5%になるように添加して良く攪拌後、色彩色差計で測定した。その後、含気包装のままで−20℃で冷凍保存し、7日間経過後解凍したものを、同様に色彩色差計で測定した。
【0023】
図2に赤色度(a*値)の冷凍保存前後の推移を示す。図に示されるように無添加区は冷凍保存後a*値が低下するのに対し、糖類は低下を抑制したが、特にラフィノースは高い値を示し、赤色度を維持した。なお、図2は横軸に冷凍保存日数を示し、縦軸に赤色度を示す。
【0024】
実施例2
豚挽肉(赤身率60%)に、1Mラフィノース,1Mトレハロース溶液ならびに蒸留水(対照区)を25ml添加してミートパテとし、1日冷蔵保存した。24時間後に常法に従い、0.04Mリン酸緩衝液(pH6.8)でミオグロビンを抽出し、各波長の吸収スペクトルを測定し、(1)式によって、ミオグロビンのメト化率(酸化型のミオグロビン誘導体であるメトミオグロビンの存在割合)を求めた。
【0025】
【数1】

Figure 0004416356
【0026】
図3に示すように、ラフィノースのメト化率は、無添加の72.8%に比べて大幅に低く、トレハロース(59.7%)よりも低い50.7%となった。従って、ラフィノースはメト化を大きく抑制することが確認された。
【0027】
実施例3
牛かたまり肉500gに、ラフィノース25%溶液を50ml加え、減圧下で7時間タンブリングを行う。表面をふき取り、食塩5g,コショウ0.5gをすり込み、たこ糸で巻いて形を整え、180℃のオーブンで45分間焼く。
【0028】
冷却後スライスして、対照区及びラフィノースの代わりにグルコース,シュクロース(砂糖),トレハロース及びデキストリンを加えたものと官能的に比較検討した結果が、表1である。対照区としてはラフィノースを加えていないものとする。
【0029】
訓練された8名のパネラーによる官能比較を行い、夫々対照区との2点比較法により5段階で評価した。即ち、対照区と同等を3とし、やや良い(色,総合評価)もしくはやや強いもの(香り,甘味)を4とし、良いもしくは強いものは5とした。逆にやや悪いもしくはやや弱いものを4とし、悪いもしくは弱いものは5とした。表1は8名のパネラーの評価の平均値を示す。
【0030】
【表1】
Figure 0004416356
【0031】
この結果により、いずれの糖類は対照区に比べて高い評価となった。ラフィノースはぶどう糖など他の糖類に比べても色調に優れ、甘味が低いため、総合的に高い評価を得られた。
【0032】
実施例4
牛かたまり肉500gに、ラフィノース溶液又はぶどう糖溶液を加え、減圧下で7時間タンブリングを行う。なお、ラフィノース溶液ならびにぶどう糖溶液は50%濃度のものを使用し、最終的に所定の含量になるように適宜添加した。表面をふき取り食塩5g,コショウ0.5gをすり込み、たこ糸で巻いて形を整え、180℃のオーブンで45分間焼く。
【0033】
冷却後スライスして、対照区と官能的に比較検討した結果が、表2である。対照区としてはラフィノース及びぶどう糖を加えていないものである。
【0034】
訓練された8名のパネラーによる官能評価を行い、夫々対照区との2点比較法により5段階で評価した。即ち、対照区と同等を3とし、やや良い(色,総合評価)もしくはやや強いもの(香り,甘味)を4とし、良いもしくは強いものは5とした。逆にやや悪いもしくはやや弱いものを4とし、悪いもしくは弱いものは5とした。表2は8名のパネラーの評価の平均値を示す。
【0035】
【表2】
Figure 0004416356
【0036】
この結果より、糖類の添加量に従い色調改善効果があるものの、その甘さより大量添加では、総合的に評価すると低下するが、ラフィノースではその低甘味性により、高い評価を得ることができた。
【0037】
【発明の効果】
食肉・食肉加工品にラフィノースを添加することによって、ヘムタンパク質の自動酸化(メト化)を防止して、好ましくない色調への退色を抑制することができた。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】添加形態によるラフィノースのメト化防止効果を示す図。
【図2】冷凍保存後の赤色度(a*値)低下抑制作用の比較を示す図。
【図3】糖類添加によるモデル食肉加工品におけるメト化率の比較を示す図。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a technique for improving quality of meat and processed meat products.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The color of meat reflects the mixing ratio of the derivative of myoglobin, which is a heme protein. There are bright red oxygen (oxy) -type, purple-red reduced type, and brown-colored meth-type derivatives in myloglobin in raw meat.
[0003]
Since the inside of fresh meat is in anoxic state, most of myoglobin is in a reduced form, but when cut, myoglobin is combined with oxygen to form an oxygen form and show a bright red color. This is the body of fresh meat color on the market. Iron in the myoglobin molecule is in a divalent (Fe 2+ ) state.
[0004]
However, it is empirically known that discoloration occurs due to further refrigerated storage, long-term frozen storage, and the like, resulting in an undesirable brown color. This is because iron in the myoglobin molecule is oxidized to trivalent (Fe 3+ ) (methation). This is caused by light, oxygen, and oxidants, but it looks bad and has a low commercial value. Trivalent iron has low absorbency, and catalyzes lipid oxidation to promote spoilage. It is known.
[0005]
In processed meat products using colorants such as nitrite, myoglobin in the meat forms a relatively stable nitrosomyoglobin, so fading is relatively slow, but due to store displays under fluorescent lights that generate UV Fading is inevitable.
[0006]
Raffinose shown here is a trisaccharide composed of D-galactose, D-glucose and D-fructose, and is one of the oligosaccharides widely distributed in the plant kingdom and found next to sucrose. In addition to being abundant in beans, it is particularly abundant in the stems, roots, and seeds of plants that contain a large amount of sucrose, such as beet, sugarcane, and cottonseed, and also in honey and wheat.
[0007]
Raffinose is non-hygroscopic and has a sweetness of about 22-23% of sucrose, but has a sweetness resembling sucrose and a low calorie of 1.4 kcal / g. In comparison, the browning due to the Maillard reaction is very low.
[0008]
In addition, raffinose is not easily degraded by human digestive enzymes and reaches the large intestine without being digested. It is known to significantly reduce indole (Nakura et al., Intestinal Bacteriology Journal, 1999).
[0009]
In addition, functionalities such as improvement of immunity, improvement of atopic dermatitis, and enhancement of liver function have been reported.
[0010]
Regarding the application to food, raffinose is known to have an effect of improving the taste of cooked rice. According to Naokura et al. (New Food Industry, 2000), when raffinose is added and cooked, the gloss, stickiness, and graininess of rice are improved, and the balance (stickiness / hardness), which is an index of texture, is also improved. A texture similar to that of freshly cooked food can be obtained even in reheating of a microwave oven after refrigeration or freezing.
[0011]
It has been known for a long time that sugars prevent and stabilize proteins. Saccharides have many hydroxyl groups in the molecule, and these hydroxyl groups are known to be highly reactive. For this reason, hydrogen bonds with various functional groups of the protein stabilize the protein, and also stabilize the higher-order conformation.
[0012]
On the other hand, raffinose is known to inhibit crystal nucleation and crystal growth in sucrose solutions. In addition, raffinose has a lower freezing point than sucrose and is difficult to freeze. In 1985, Takeshima et al. Reported that the use of raffinose as a cryoprotectant in mouse sperm enabled cryopreservation.
[0013]
In addition, the formation of a heme protein such as myoglobin not only shows a remarkable spectral change, but also destabilizes the peptide portion, resulting in a significant decrease in thermal stability.
[0014]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Many techniques for preventing methemification of heme proteins have been studied. As a general method, methation is due to auto-oxidation, so it is a method to prevent the oxidation of heme protein by adding a reducing agent, such as sodium ascorbate, vitamin E, glutathione, reducing sugar And various antioxidants.
[0015]
Many metal ions are present in meat and not only have a strong oxidizing action but also have a catalytic action to promote oxidation. There are many other oxidizing substances. For this reason, not only a remarkable effect is not seen only by addition of a reducing substance, but there is a concern that the addition of a large amount affects the taste.
[0016]
The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and suppresses auto-oxidation (methation) of heme protein in meat and processed meat products without adversely affecting taste, The object is to provide a method for preventing discoloration of meat and processed meat products that improves the color tone of both heated products.
[0017]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive research to achieve the above object, the present inventor has added raffinose to meat and processed meat products to prevent auto-oxidation (methation) of heme protein, which is the color body of meat. , Found to prevent discoloration and fading.
[0018]
The method for adding raffinose is not particularly limited, but it is more preferable to add it after dissolving in water, and the metation rate is lower than that of adding dry matter as shown in FIG.
[0019]
Saccharides are classified into reducing sugars having reducibility and non-reducing sugars not having, but reducing sugars are more common. This has an aldehyde group or a ketone group which can be liberated or liberated in the molecule, and acts as a reducing agent. However, raffinose is a non-reducing sugar that does not have a reducing action, and does not prevent the oxidation of heme protein by the reducing action and does not improve the color tone.
[0020]
[Action]
The method for preventing fading of meat and processed meat products of the present invention contains raffinose and does not adversely affect the original taste of meat. Further, as is clear from the experimental results described later, the fading of meat and processed meat containing raffinose is inhibited from fading to an undesirable color tone.
[0021]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[0022]
Example 1
Raffinose and trehalose were respectively added to minced pork (red meat ratio 75%) to a final concentration of 5%, and after stirring well, measurement was performed with a color difference meter. Then, the frozen packaging was stored at −20 ° C. in the aerated packaging, and the product thawed after 7 days was measured with a color difference meter.
[0023]
FIG. 2 shows the transition of redness (a * value) before and after freezing storage. As shown in the figure, the a * value decreased after freezing in the additive-free group, whereas the sugar suppressed the decrease, but raffinose in particular showed a high value and maintained the redness. In FIG. 2, the horizontal axis indicates the number of days for freezing and the vertical axis indicates redness.
[0024]
Example 2
25 ml of 1M raffinose, 1M trehalose solution and distilled water (control group) were added to minced pork (red meat ratio 60%) to make meat pate and stored refrigerated for 1 day. After 24 hours, myoglobin was extracted with 0.04M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and the absorption spectrum of each wavelength was measured according to a conventional method, and the myoglobin metation rate (oxidized myoglobin was expressed by equation (1). The presence ratio of metmyoglobin as a derivative) was determined.
[0025]
[Expression 1]
Figure 0004416356
[0026]
As shown in FIG. 3, the methenization rate of raffinose was 50.7%, which was significantly lower than that of 72.8% without addition, and 50.7%, which was lower than that of trehalose (59.7%). Therefore, it was confirmed that raffinose greatly suppresses the methonation.
[0027]
Example 3
50 ml of raffinose 25% solution is added to 500 g of beef chunks and tumbled for 7 hours under reduced pressure. The surface is wiped off, 5 g of salt and 0.5 g of pepper are rubbed in, wound with a tako thread to adjust the shape, and baked in an oven at 180 ° C. for 45 minutes.
[0028]
Table 1 shows the results of slicing after cooling and sensory comparison with the control group and the addition of glucose, sucrose (sugar), trehalose and dextrin instead of raffinose. As a control, raffinose is not added.
[0029]
A sensory comparison was performed by eight trained panelists, and each was evaluated in five stages by a two-point comparison method with the control group. That is, the equivalent to the control group was set to 3, a slightly good (color, comprehensive evaluation) or slightly strong (fragrance, sweetness) was set to 4, and a good or strong one was set to 5. On the other hand, 4 was given for somewhat bad or slightly weak, and 5 for bad or weak. Table 1 shows the average value of the evaluation of 8 panelists.
[0030]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004416356
[0031]
As a result, all the saccharides were highly evaluated compared to the control group. Since raffinose is superior in color tone and low in sweetness compared to other sugars such as glucose, it has been highly evaluated overall.
[0032]
Example 4
A raffinose solution or a glucose solution is added to 500 g of beef chunks and tumbled for 7 hours under reduced pressure. In addition, the raffinose solution and the glucose solution were used in a concentration of 50%, and were appropriately added so as to finally have a predetermined content. The surface is wiped off, 5 g of salt and 0.5 g of pepper are rubbed, wound with tako thread to adjust the shape, and baked in an oven at 180 ° C. for 45 minutes.
[0033]
Table 2 shows the results of slicing after cooling and comparison with the control group. As a control group, raffinose and glucose are not added.
[0034]
Sensory evaluation was performed by eight trained panelists, and each was evaluated in five stages by a two-point comparison method with the control group. That is, the equivalent to the control group was set to 3, a slightly good (color, comprehensive evaluation) or slightly strong (fragrance, sweetness) was set to 4, and a good or strong one was set to 5. On the other hand, 4 was given for somewhat bad or slightly weak, and 5 for bad or weak. Table 2 shows the average value of the evaluation of 8 panelists.
[0035]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004416356
[0036]
From this result, although there is an effect of improving the color tone according to the addition amount of saccharides, when it is added in a larger amount than its sweetness, it decreases when comprehensively evaluated, but with raffinose, high evaluation can be obtained due to its low sweetness.
[0037]
【The invention's effect】
By adding raffinose to meat and processed meat products, it was possible to prevent heme protein auto-oxidation (methation) and to suppress fading to an undesirable color tone.
[Brief description of the drawings]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of raffinose to be prevented from being methetized by the addition form.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a comparison of redness (a * value) reduction inhibiting action after frozen storage.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a comparison of the ratio of methotization in model processed meat products by addition of sugars.

Claims (1)

水で溶解したラフィノースを0.01から20重量%配合し、さらに冷凍処理すること
を特徴とする食肉・食肉加工品退色防止方法。
A method for preventing discoloration of meat and processed meat products , comprising mixing 0.01 to 20% by weight of raffinose dissolved in water and further subjecting it to a freezing treatment .
JP2001208699A 2001-07-10 2001-07-10 Meat and processed meat fading prevention method Expired - Fee Related JP4416356B2 (en)

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JP5561889B2 (en) * 2006-09-19 2014-07-30 株式会社アリミノ Active oxygen radical removing composition and hair-containing active oxygen radical removing agent containing the same
JP4295341B1 (en) * 2008-01-21 2009-07-15 貴博 保立 Process for producing processed meat products that do not use food additives
CN102892882A (en) 2010-05-12 2013-01-23 天野酶株式会社 Reducing agent from microorganism belonging to genus bacillus and application for same
JP6857755B1 (en) * 2020-01-28 2021-04-14 伊藤ハム米久ホールディングス株式会社 Manufacturing method of cooked meat products

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