JP4363124B2 - Light emission evaluation method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a light radiation evaluation method for evaluating the effect of suppressing the behavior of nocturnal insects by light radiation.

  Conventionally, damage to crops caused by night moss has been a problem mainly in the agricultural field such as orchards and farmland. For example, a night owl flew to an orchard at night, pierced the fruit with a beak, and sucked the juice, so that there was a problem that the fruit rotted mainly at that point and the commercial value was lowered. Moreover, in farmland, there was a problem that the yield decreased because the night larva larvae eaten and damaged the buds and leaves of vegetables and flowers.

  In order to reduce the damage to crops caused by such night moss, the habit is that nocturnal moss is nocturnal and is active in the night when the surroundings are dark, but hardly active in the daytime when the surroundings are bright However, measures were taken to control night lanterns by installing lantern lights in orchards and farmland. The principle is to illuminate orchards and farmland at night with a lantern, and to lighten the compound of the night lantern in the same way as in the daytime to suppress activities such as sucking, mating and laying eggs (for example, patents) Reference 1).

  By the way, an experiment was conducted to verify what kind of light source is suitable as a light source used in a lantern, and a study by Nomura et al. (Kenichi Nomura: Control of suckers by electric lighting, printed by the Japanese Society of Applied Entomology) According to Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 179-186, 1965), it was found that the yellow fluorescent lamp can bright-adapt the red sea bream compound eye in a relatively short time. Fig. 6 shows the time required for light adaptation of absorptive night lamp (Ap, Cp, As, Os) by five types of fluorescent lamps (black light fluorescent lamp, blue colored lamp, yellow colored lamp, white fluorescent lamp, red colored lamp). The required time data are in the order of a black light fluorescent lamp, a blue colored lamp, a yellow colored lamp, a white fluorescent lamp, and a red colored lamp as viewed from the short wavelength side. Here, the short time required for light adaptation means that the nighttime activity can be suppressed in a short time, so the yellow fluorescent lamp (the third data group from the short wavelength side) is compared to other fluorescent lamps. It can be said that the action suppression effect is high. It is also yellow in practical tests in the field (for example, Yase et al. Test: carnation with yellow fluorescent lights, rose and chrysanthemum control technology, Kinki Chugoku Agricultural Research Institute, 93, pp.10-14, 1997). The action suppression effect by the fluorescent lamp was confirmed. Based on such test results, conventionally, a yellow fluorescent lamp having a peak of spectral radiant energy at a wavelength of 580 nm has been used as a light source used for a flashlight.

In recent years, various light sources have been developed for the purpose of use as a lamp as shown in Patent Documents 2 and 3.
JP 2001-258454 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-307054 JP 2000-125746 A

  As described above, various light sources have been developed for the purpose of use as a lantern light. However, these light sources have different spectral characteristics from yellow fluorescent lamps. It was not possible to estimate the duration of the light, and there was no way to evaluate the effect of these light sources as a flashlight other than conducting a practical test in the field.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and its object is to provide light radiation that can easily evaluate the action-suppressing effect on nocturnal insects such as night owls without conducting field experiments. To provide an evaluation method.

  By the way, the light adaptation of nocturnal insects such as night moths refers to the movement of pigment granules in pigment cells existing in the compound eyes of insects. These pigment cells exist around the conic crystals in the single eye composing the compound eye and the outside of the single eye retina, and aggregate in the pigment cells according to light and darkness to adjust the amount of light reaching the retina. Or so-called dye movement that diffuses or diffuses.

  Thus, since pigment movement is performed to adjust the amount of light, it is necessary to irradiate light that efficiently excites the photoreceptors, which are photoreceptors, in order to efficiently light-adapt the insect compound eye.

  By the way, as means for measuring the degree of excitation of photoreceptor cells, there is a method of measuring an electroretinogram (ERG). This is because the excitement of the photoreceptor cell is a potential fluctuation caused by ion exchange inside and outside the cell through the ion channel in the cell membrane, and the degree of excitement of the photoreceptor cell is measured by measuring the extracellular potential fluctuation. , ERG is the sum of many photoreceptor responses.

  However, there has been no example of recording ERG for the purpose of measuring the spectral sensitivity of the main target insect of the lantern light, and the present inventors applied the ERG to the main target insect of the lantern light. By recording, the spectral sensitivity of the compound eye retina was measured.

  As a result, the product of the spectral sensitivity of the insect retina and the spectral characteristics of the light emission makes it possible to easily calculate the degree of excitement of the entire compound-eye retina, and by simply knowing the spectral characteristics of the light emission. It has become possible to know the light emission characteristics that can efficiently excite the compound eye retina and cause light adaptation.

The invention of the present application is a method for evaluating the effect of suppressing the behavior of nocturnal insects by light radiation using the mechanism of the visual system of insects as described above. The invention of claim 1 is directed to light of a light emitting part including at least a light source. A light emission evaluation method for evaluating the behavioral inhibition effect of nocturnal insects by radiation, wherein λ is a wavelength of light emission, S (λ) is a function indicating spectral sensitivity in the retina of an insect to be controlled, and Φe (λ) When the function indicating the spectral characteristics of the radiation intensity by the light emitting part, the range of wavelength λ such that S (λ)> 0, and E as the evaluation index,
E = ∫ _vis S (λ) Φe (λ) dλ
It is characterized by determining that the action suppression effect is higher as the evaluation index obtained by the following formula is larger.

  Here, the spectral sensitivity S (λ) in the retina of the insect to be controlled is derived based on the ERG when each monochromatic light is irradiated, and the magnitude of the retina excitement caused by the light emission of the wavelength λ. Show.

  Therefore, the sum of the magnitudes of excitement of the retina caused by light radiation having a certain spectral characteristic Φe (λ) is the product of the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) and the spectral sensitivity S (λ). It becomes an integrated value in a range where> 0. This is expressed by the above equation, and the evaluation index E obtained by this equation indicates the magnitude of the excitation of photoreceptors in the retina. The effect can be evaluated directly, and if the spectral characteristics of the light emission are separated, the evaluation can be performed. Therefore, it is possible to easily evaluate the action suppression effect without requiring a practical test in the field. it can.

The invention of claim 2 is a light emission evaluation method for evaluating the effect of suppressing the behavior of nocturnal insects by light emission of a light emission part including at least a light source, wherein λ is a wavelength of light emission and S (λ) is controlled. A function indicating the spectral sensitivity in the retina of the target insect, Φe (λ) is a function indicating the spectral characteristic of the radiation intensity by the light emitting portion, V (λ) is a function indicating the human spectral luminous efficiency, and vis is S (λ )> 0 in the range of wavelength λ, vis1 is the wavelength λ is in the range of about 380 nm to about 780 nm, and E ′ is the correction coefficient for multiplying the photometric value of the light emitting part,
_{E '= ∫ vis S (λ} ) Φe (λ) dλ / ∫ vis1 V (λ) Φe (λ) dλ
A value obtained by multiplying the photometric value of the light emitting unit by the correction coefficient E ′ obtained by the following formula is used as an evaluation index, and it is determined that the action suppression effect is higher as the evaluation index is larger. Here, the photometric value (photometric amount) refers to the luminous flux and various quantities derived from it, and includes luminous intensity, luminance, illuminance, and quantity of light.

  Currently, devices that measure photometric values such as illuminance, luminance, and luminous flux are more prevalent than devices that measure the spectral characteristics of light radiation. For this reason, it may be practically convenient to calculate correction coefficients for these photometric values for each light source in advance and evaluate the action suppression effect by multiplying the photometric values by the correction coefficient. Accordingly, in the invention of claim 2, a correction coefficient E ′ indicating the magnitude of the excitement of the insect retina per photometric value (for example, unit luminous flux, illuminance, luminance, etc.) is obtained, and the photometric value is multiplied by this correction coefficient E ′. For example, by calculating the correction coefficient E 'for each type of light source such as a fluorescent lamp or an incandescent lamp, photometry is performed using a highly popular instrument such as an illuminometer or luminance meter. An evaluation index can be obtained from the value, and the action suppression effect by light emission can be directly evaluated based on the evaluation index. Moreover, since evaluation is possible if the photometric value of light emission is calculated | required, a practical test etc. in a field are not required, and a behavior inhibitory effect can be evaluated easily.

  The invention of claim 3 is characterized in that, in the invention of claim 1 or 2, S (λ) is an average of spectral sensitivities in retinas of a plurality of types of insects to be detected.

  In an orchard or farmland, damage may be caused by multiple types of insects. According to the present invention, the average spectral sensitivity of the retinas of multiple types of insects is defined as S (λ). Since the evaluation index or the correction coefficient is obtained, it is possible to directly evaluate the action suppressing effect on a plurality of types of insects without a practical test.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the third aspect of the present invention, S ₁ (λ), S ₂ (λ),..., S _n (λ) are functions representing spectral sensitivity in the retina of each type of insect, k ₁ , k ₂ ,..., K _n are weighting factors for the spectral sensitivity of each type of insect, and the weighting factor is a ratio of the percentage of each type of insect or the percentage of damage caused by each type of insect. Use either
_{S (λ) = (k 1} S 1 (λ) + k 2 S 2 (λ) + ... + k n S n (λ)) / (k 1 + k 2 + ... + k n)
S (λ) is obtained by the following formula.

  When damage is caused by multiple types of insects in an orchard or farmland, the number of individuals present in the orchard or farmland may be biased depending on the type of insect, or the amount of damage received may vary. According to the above, by using as a weighting factor either the proportion of multiple types of insects present or the proportion of the magnitude of damage caused by multiple types of insects, the weighted average of the spectral sensitivities of multiple types of insects is obtained. It is possible to perform evaluations focusing on more important insects, and directly evaluate the behavioral inhibition effect on multiple types of insects without practical tests according to the number of insects and the degree of damage for each species. be able to.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in any one of the first to fourth aspects of the present invention, R (λ) is a spectral characteristic indicating an insecticidal property for each wavelength, and r is a wavelength λ such that R (λ)> 0. range, when the K constants, obtained by adding the above equation terms _{(∫ vis S (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) to _{(-K∫ r R (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) becomes the correction term It is characterized by that.

While light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, it also has the effect of attracting other diurnal insects. In particular, light radiation in the ultraviolet region near a wavelength of 360 nm The effect of attracting sexual insects is high. In an orchard or farmland, insects gathering in the light radiation may cause damage to the crops. Therefore, it is preferable that the light with a wavelength that attracts insects is not emitted as much as possible. According to the present invention, the product of the spectral characteristic R (λ) indicating the attracting property for each wavelength and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission is within a wavelength range r such that R (λ)> 0. the integration result, (- K) value obtained by multiplying the _{(-K∫ r R (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) as correction term, term of the above equation _{(∫ vis S (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) Even if the retina of a nocturnal insect is greatly excited to obtain a high action suppression effect, light radiation that easily attracts other nocturnal insects can be attracted by discounting its evaluation index. The behavioral inhibitory effect can be evaluated without a practical test in a form that incorporates sex.

The invention of claim 6 is the invention according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein Pr (λ) is an absorption spectrum of a phytochrome pigment contained in a plant at a wavelength λ, and pr is Pr (λ)> 0. a range of wavelengths lambda, is L constant, the above equation the term _{(∫ vis S (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) to _{(-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) becomes the correction term Is added.

  While light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, it can adversely affect flower bud formation for light sensitive plants. Many plants have a photoperiod that forms flower buds in response to changes in day length (daytime), and those that form flower buds when the day length is shorter than a certain time (limit day length). A plant that, on the other hand, forms a flower bud when it is long is called a long-day plant. In the case of short-day plants such as chrysanthemum and strawberries, if the lantern is turned on all night, flower buds may not be formed and the yield may decrease. In addition, in the case of long-day plants such as spinach, the formation of flower buds is promoted (brushing), the leaves that are vegetarian parts become hard, and the commercial value may decrease.

  By the way, it is known that the phytochrome pigment contained in a plant is related to the photoperiodicity of the plant (for example, the report of the Research Committee on Illumination Effects on Lighting, The Illuminating Society of Japan, 1985). There are two types of phytochrome pigments: Pr (red light absorption type) and Pfr (far red light absorption type). When Pr is irradiated with red light, it is converted to Pfr. Conversely, when Pfr is irradiated with far red light, it is converted to Pr. . Moreover, when light irradiation is interrupted, there is a characteristic of gradually changing from Pfr to Pr (dark conversion). For this reason, the amount of Pfr in the total phytochrome pigment tends to increase when the day length is long, and decreases when the day length is short, and this amount of Pfr is said to control the flowering time of the plant. In other words, the cause of light radiation adversely affecting plant flower bud formation is that dark conversion occurs because the red light contained in the light radiation acts on the phytochrome pigment at night when the phytochrome pigment must be darkly converted. In other words, the amount of Pfr does not decrease.

According to the present invention, the product of the absorption spectrum Pr (λ) of the phytochrome pigment contained in the plant at the wavelength λ and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission is such that Pr (λ)> 0. the result of integrating the range pr, (- L) as a correction term a value obtained by multiplying the _{(-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ), term of the above equation _{(∫ vis S (λ) Φe} (λ ) Dλ) is added, and even if the retina of a nocturnal insect is greatly excited and a high behavior suppressing effect is obtained, the light radiation that adversely affects the flower bud formation is subtracted from the evaluation index, The behavioral inhibitory effect can be evaluated without a practical test in consideration of the adverse effect on flower bud formation.

Further, the invention of claim 7 is the invention according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein R (λ) is a spectral characteristic indicating an attracting property for each wavelength, and r is a wavelength λ such that R (λ)> 0. , Pr (λ) is the absorption spectrum of the phytochrome pigment contained in the plant at wavelength λ, pr is the range of wavelength λ such that Pr (λ)> 0, and K and L are constants, terms obtained by adding the _{(∫ vis S (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) to _{(-K∫ r R (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe (λ) dλ) becomes the correction term It is characterized by that.

While light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, it can attract other diurnal insects and can adversely affect flower bud formation for light-sensitive plants. is there. According to the present invention, the product of the spectral characteristic R (λ) indicating the attracting property for each wavelength and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission is integrated in a wavelength range r such that R (λ)> 0. the result, (- K) was subjected values _{(-K∫ r R (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) and the spectral light emission and absorption spectra Pr phytochrome dye contained in the plant at a wavelength lambda (lambda) the product of the characteristic .PHI.e (lambda), the Pr (λ)> 0 and becomes such a wavelength integrating the results within the range pr of, (- L) was subjected values _{(-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe} (λ ) d [lambda]) and the sum of (a _{-K∫ r R (λ) Φe (} λ) dλ-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe (λ) dλ) the correction term, term of the above equation (∫ _vis S (lambda) Φe (λ) dλ), and even if the retina of a nocturnal insect is greatly excited to obtain a high action suppression effect, light radiation that easily attracts other nocturnal insects and plant flowers Optical radiation adversely affect the formation, by discounting the evaluation index, it can be evaluated without practical test action inhibiting effect in a form in consideration of the adverse effects on insect attractancy or flower bud formation.

  The invention of claim 8 is characterized in that, in the invention of claim 5 or 7, an insect phototactic curve according to Bickford is used for the spectral characteristic R (λ).

  As a spectral characteristic of insect phototaxis, the phototaxis curve by Bickford (Bickford, ED: Average insect vision function, National Technical Conference, IES of North America, No. 2, 1964) is well known. Although this phototaxis curve has been investigated for some insects, it is known to be applicable to many insects. According to the present invention, Bickford's phototactic curve is used for the spectral characteristic R (λ), and the action suppression effect can be directly evaluated in a form that takes into account the irritability of many insects to light radiation.

  As described above, in the first aspect of the present invention, the sum of the magnitudes of excitement of the retina caused by light radiation having a certain spectral characteristic Φe (λ) is the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) and the spectral sensitivity S (λ). Is obtained by integrating the product with the spectral sensitivity S (λ)> 0, and the evaluation index E obtained by this formula indicates the magnitude of the excitation of photoreceptors in the retina. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the action suppression effect by light radiation directly, and it is possible to evaluate it if the spectral characteristics of light radiation are known. Can be evaluated.

  In the invention of claim 2, a correction coefficient E ′ indicating the magnitude of excitement of the insect retina per photometric value (for example, unit luminous flux, illuminance, luminance, etc.) is obtained, and the photometric value is multiplied by this correction coefficient E ′. An evaluation index is obtained, and for example, by calculating a correction coefficient E ′ for each type of light source such as a fluorescent lamp or an incandescent lamp, a photometric value measured with a high penetration meter such as an illuminometer or luminance meter An evaluation index can be obtained from the above, and the action suppression effect by light emission can be directly evaluated based on this evaluation index. Moreover, since evaluation is possible if the photometric value of light emission is calculated | required, a practical test etc. in a field are not required, and a behavior inhibitory effect can be evaluated easily.

  In the orchard or farmland, there are cases where damage is caused by a plurality of types of insects. According to the invention of claim 3, the average spectral sensitivity of the retinas of the plurality of types of insects is defined as S (λ). Since the evaluation index or the correction coefficient is obtained from the evaluation formula, it is possible to directly evaluate the action suppressing effect on a plurality of types of insects without a practical test.

  Furthermore, when multiple types of insects are damaged in an orchard or farmland, the number of individuals present in the orchard or farmland may be biased depending on the type of insect, or the amount of damage may vary. According to the invention of claim 4, the weighting of the spectral sensitivity of a plurality of types of insects is performed using either the ratio of the presence of a plurality of types of insects or the ratio of the magnitude of damage caused by the plurality of types of insects as a weighting factor. By taking the average, it is possible to perform evaluations focusing on more important insects, and there is no practical test on the action suppression effect on multiple types of insects according to the number of insects and the degree of damage for each species Can be evaluated directly.

In addition, while light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, it sometimes attracts other diurnal insects. The product of the spectral characteristic R (λ) shown and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of light emission is integrated over a wavelength range r such that R (λ)> 0, and (−K) is applied. as the correction term a value _{(-K∫ r R (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ), have been added to the formula of claim claim 1 or _{2 (∫ vis S (λ)} Φe (λ) dλ), if Even if the retina of a nocturnal insect is greatly excited and a high action suppression effect is obtained, the light radiation that easily attracts other nocturnal insects acts by discounting the evaluation index, and acts in a form that incorporates the insecticidal properties The inhibitory effect can be evaluated without a practical test.

Furthermore, while light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, it may adversely affect the formation of flower buds for light-sensitive plants. The result of integrating the product of the absorption spectrum Pr (λ) of the phytochrome pigment contained in the plant at the wavelength λ and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission in the wavelength range pr such that Pr (λ)> 0 in, (- L) was subjected values _{(-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) as correction term, equation of claims 1 or _{2 (∫ vis S (λ)} Φe (λ) dλ), and even if the retina of a nocturnal insect is greatly excited to obtain a high behavior suppressing effect, the light emission that adversely affects the flower bud formation is subtracted from its evaluation index. The behavioral inhibitory effect can be evaluated without a practical test in consideration of the adverse effect on the formation.

In addition, light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, while attracting other nocturnal insects and adversely affects flower bud formation for light-sensitive plants. In some cases, according to the seventh aspect of the invention, the product of the spectral characteristic R (λ) showing the irritant property for each wavelength and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission is R (λ)> 0. the wavelength integrating the results within the range r of such, - and (K) was subjected values _{(-K∫ r R (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ), the absorption spectrum Pr of phytochrome dye contained in the plant at a wavelength lambda A value obtained by multiplying the product of (λ) and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission in a wavelength range pr such that Pr (λ)> 0 is multiplied by (−L) (−L∫ _pr Pr (lambda) the sum of the Φe (λ) dλ) (-K∫ r R (λ) Φe (λ) dλ-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe a (λ) dλ) as a correction term,請Claim 1 or 2 of formula term _{(∫ vis S (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) have been added to, be obtained a high action inhibiting effect by even excited retinal nocturnal insects large, the other Light radiation that easily attracts diurnal insects and light radiation that adversely affects plant flower bud formation is practically used to suppress behavior by taking into account the negative effect on insect attractivity and flower bud formation by discounting the evaluation index Can be evaluated without testing.

  Further, according to the invention of claim 8, the insect phototactic curve by Bickford is used for the spectral characteristic R (λ), and the action suppression effect is directly evaluated in consideration of the attracting property to the light radiation of many insects. it can.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

(Embodiment 1)
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an evaluation apparatus using a light emission evaluation method according to the present invention. This apparatus is composed of an input unit 1, a calculation unit 2, an output unit 3, and a storage unit 4, and is used for evaluating the behavioral inhibitory effect of nocturnal insects by light radiation.

  The input unit 1 is for inputting the spectral characteristics of light radiation and the spectral characteristics of the target insect. For example, the input unit 1 inputs measurement data from a device that measures the spectral characteristics of the light radiation or a device that measures the ERG of the target insect. Realized by the device.

  The storage unit 2 is realized by, for example, a storage device of a personal computer, and stores the spectral characteristics of light emission and the spectral characteristics of target insects input from the input unit 1, the operation program of the arithmetic unit 3, and the like.

  The calculation unit 3 is realized by, for example, a calculation device of a personal computer, executes an operation program incorporated in the storage unit 2, and uses light emission by using an arithmetic expression described later based on data stored in the storage unit 2. Calculate an evaluation index of the action suppression effect.

  The output unit 4 is configured by a display device such as a display device or a printer, and outputs an action suppression effect evaluation index obtained by the calculation of the calculation unit 3.

  Next, a method for evaluating the action suppression effect on two types of insects (Otobacco moth and Spodoptera litura) for the three types of protection lights L1 to L3 will be described below. In each of the following embodiments, the evaluation index of the action suppression effect by light radiation is obtained for two types of insects, the giant moth (hereinafter referred to as insect A) and the common insect (hereinafter referred to as insect B). Is not limited to the above two types, and if the spectral distribution Φe (λ) in the retina of the target insect is known, the action suppression effect by light radiation is evaluated for any type of insect can do.

  FIG. 2 shows the spectral characteristics of the protection lamps L1 to L3. In FIG. 2, B is the spectral characteristics of the protection lamp L1, B is the spectral characteristics of the protection lamp L2, and C is the spectral characteristics of the protection lamp L3. . The spectral distributions of the protection lamps L1 and L2 are very similar, but the protection lamp L1 has a peak near 580 nm, and the protection lamp L2 has a peak near 550 nm. On the other hand, the spectral distribution of the protection lamp L3 is distributed on the shorter wavelength side than the protection lamps L1 and L2, and has a peak near 530 nm.

  Fig. 3 shows the spectral sensitivities of the compound eye retinas of two types of insects A and B obtained from ERG, where a (□) is the spectral sensitivity of insect A and b (○) is the spectral sensitivity of insect B. is there. Since the spectral sensitivities of the insects A and B are calculated based on ERG obtained by irradiating monochromatic light at 20 nm intervals, they are input to the input unit 1 as data at 20 nm intervals. The spectral sensitivity data input from 1 is interpolated to be converted into 5 nm data and stored in the storage unit 2. Similarly, the arithmetic unit 3 converts the spectral characteristics data of the protective lights L1 to L3 input from the input unit 1 into 5 nm data by interpolation, and stores the data in the storage unit 2 and stores them in the sampling interval. Are aligned.

  Here, the storage unit 2 has a program for obtaining an evaluation index E representing an action suppression effect by light emission using the following formula (1) based on the data of the light emission spectral characteristic and the target insect spectral characteristic. It has been incorporated.

_{E = ∫ vis S (λ)} Φe (λ) dλ ... (1)
Where λ is the wavelength of light radiation, S (λ) is a function indicating the spectral sensitivity in the retina of the target insect, Φe (λ) is a function indicating the spectral characteristics of the radiation intensity of the guard lights L1 to L3, and vis is S ( The range of the wavelength λ is such that λ)> 0.

  Then, the calculation unit 3 executes a program incorporated in the storage unit 2, and calculates the product of the spectral sensitivity S (λ) in the compound eye retina of the target insect and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission for each wavelength (every 5 nm). ), The sum of the products obtained in the range of wavelengths where the spectral sensitivity of the compound eye retina has a certain spectral range (that is, the range of wavelengths where the value of the spectral sensitivity S (λ) is a positive value) is sampled into this sum The evaluation index E is calculated by multiplying the interval (in this case, 5 nm), and the calculation result is output to the output unit 4.

  Here, the spectral sensitivity S (λ) of the compound eye retina of the target insect is derived based on the ERG when the monochromatic light is irradiated, and indicates the magnitude of the retina excitement caused by the light emission of the wavelength λ. Therefore, the sum of the magnitudes of excitement of the retina caused by light radiation having a certain spectral characteristic Φe (λ) is the product of the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) and the spectral sensitivity S (λ), and S (λ)> 0. This is an integrated value in the range of the wavelength λ, which is expressed by the above equation (1), and the evaluation index E obtained from this equation (1) is the visual cell in the retina of the target insect due to light emission. Shows the magnitude of excitement.

  Therefore, based on the calculation result of the evaluation index E output to the output unit 4, the evaluation person can determine that the larger the evaluation index E is, the higher the action suppression effect is, and the spectral characteristics of the light emission of the light source If it is known, the action suppression effect can be directly evaluated without requiring a practical test in the field. Table 1 shows the calculation result of the evaluation index E of the action suppression effect on the target insects A and B by the light radiation of the guard lights L1 to L3, and the action by the guard light L3 for any insect A and B It can be seen that the suppression effect is high.

  In the present embodiment, the nocturnal insect behavior suppression effect is evaluated for the total radiation of the protective lights L1 to L3, but the light radiation to be evaluated is not limited to the total radiation of the light source or the lighting fixture, Either total radiation incident on a surface or space, radiation per unit area in a predetermined direction from a light source or a reflecting surface that reflects light from the light source, or radiation into a predetermined unit solid angle from a light source or a luminaire It goes without saying that the action suppression effect may be evaluated using the above-described light emission evaluation method.

(Embodiment 2)
In the first embodiment, the spectral sensitivity S (λ) of light emission is measured, and based on the spectral sensitivity S (λ) of light radiation and the spectral sensitivity Φe (λ) in the retina of the target insect, the above equation (1) ) Is used to calculate the evaluation index E, but a large measuring device is required to measure the spectral sensitivity S (λ) of the light emission. At present, compared to devices that measure the spectral sensitivity of light radiation, devices that measure photometric values based on human spectral luminous efficiency such as illuminance, brightness, and luminous flux are more prevalent. In the evaluation apparatus using the light emission evaluation method, a correction coefficient for obtaining an evaluation index of the action suppression effect is calculated in advance for each light source from the above photometric value, and the correction coefficient is applied to the photometric value input from the measurement apparatus. By multiplying, the evaluation index of the action suppression effect by light radiation is calculated. Since the configuration of the evaluation apparatus is the same as that of the first embodiment, common components are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.

  In the following, when the spectral characteristics of the protection lamps L1 to L3 shown in FIG. 2 are the spectral radiant intensity per 1000 lm of light flux, the correction coefficient for the target insect A described in the first embodiment for each of the protection lamps L1 to L3. A method for obtaining E ′ and evaluating the action suppression effect using the correction coefficient E ′ will be described.

  In FIG. 3, a (□) indicates the spectral sensitivity of the insect A compound eye retina determined from ERG. Since this spectral sensitivity is calculated based on ERG obtained by irradiating monochromatic light at intervals of 20 nm, it is input to the input unit 1 as data at intervals of 20 nm, and is input from the input unit 1 to the calculation unit 3. The spectral sensitivity data is interpolated to be converted into data at intervals of 5 nm and stored in the storage unit 2. The storage unit 2 stores pre-measured data of spectral characteristics of radiation intensity of the protective lights L1 to L3 and human spectral luminous efficiency data. The arithmetic unit 3 stores these data. Interpolation converts the data to 5 nm intervals and aligns the sampling intervals.

  Here, in the storage unit 2, a program for obtaining the correction coefficient E ′ using the following equation (2) based on the spectral characteristics of the light emission, the spectral characteristics of the target insect, and the human spectral luminous efficiency data. Is incorporated.

_{E '= ∫ vis S (λ} ) Φe (λ) dλ / ∫ vis1 V (λ) Φe (λ) dλ ... (2)
Where λ is the wavelength of the light radiation, S (λ) is a function indicating the spectral sensitivity in the retina of the target insect, Φe (λ) is a function indicating the spectral characteristics of the radiation intensity by the guard lights L1 to L3, and V (λ) Is a function indicating human spectral luminous efficiency, vis is a wavelength λ range such that S (λ)> 0, and vis1 is a wavelength λ range of 380 nm to 780 nm (visible wavelength range).

  Then, the calculation unit 3 executes a program incorporated in the storage unit 2, and calculates the product of the spectral sensitivity S (λ) in the compound eye retina of the target insect and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of light emission for each wavelength (every 5 nm). ), The sum of the products obtained in the wavelength range where the spectral sensitivity of the compound eye retina has a certain spectral range (that is, the spectral range where the spectral sensitivity S (λ)> 0) vis, and the sampling interval (this In the case of 5 nm), the numerator of the formula (2) is calculated. The calculation unit 3 calculates the product of the human spectral luminous efficiency V (λ) and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) of the light emission for each wavelength (every 5 nm), and obtains it in the above wavelength range vis1. The sum of the obtained products is taken, and this sum is multiplied by the sampling interval (in this case, 5 nm) to calculate the denominator of equation (2). Then, the calculation unit 3 obtains a correction coefficient E ′ by dividing the numerator term obtained by the above calculation by the denominator term. The calculation unit 3 calculates the correction coefficient E ′ by performing the above-described calculation for each of the protection lights L <b> 1 to L <b> 3, and stores these calculation results in the storage unit 2. Table 2 shows the result of calculating the correction coefficient E ′ for the target insect A for the guard lights L1 to L3.

  Here, when the minimum illuminance by the above-described protective lights L1 to L3 in a certain farmland has a value as shown in Table 3 below, the behavior by each of the protective lights L1 to L3 using the evaluation device of the present embodiment. When evaluating the suppression effect, when the measured values of the minimum illuminance of each of the protective lights L1 to L3 are input to the input unit 1 from the illuminance meter (not shown) as the photometric value, the calculation unit 3 Multiply the input measurement value of the minimum illuminance by the correction coefficient E ′ for each of the protection lights L1 to L3 stored in advance in the storage unit 2 to evaluate the action suppression effect of each of the protection lights L1 to L3. An index is obtained, and the calculation result of the evaluation index is output to the output unit 4. Based on the calculation result of the evaluation index output to the output unit 4, the evaluator can determine that the larger the evaluation index is, the higher the action suppression effect is. In this case, the correction coefficient E of the protection light L3 Since 'is the largest, the protective light L3 having the lowest illuminance has a higher action suppressing effect than the other protective lights L1 and L2.

  As described above, in the present embodiment, if a photometric value is measured using a simple device capable of measuring a photometric value based on human spectral luminous efficiency such as illuminance, luminance, and luminous flux, a correction coefficient E ′ obtained in advance is obtained. Can be used to easily obtain an evaluation index of the action suppression effect without requiring a practical test or the like in the field.

(Embodiment 3)
In the first embodiment described above, the evaluation index E of the action suppression effect by light radiation is obtained for the two types of insects A and B, respectively, but in this embodiment, there is damage to a certain crop by a plurality of types of insects. In this case, the evaluation index E of the action suppression effect is obtained with the average of the spectral sensitivities of the retinas of a plurality of insects being S (λ). Since the configuration of the evaluation apparatus is the same as that of the first embodiment, common components are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.

  In the following, a method for obtaining the evaluation index E of the action suppression effect by the fence lights L1 to L3 described in the first embodiment in the case where the ratio of damage by insect A and damage by insect B to a certain crop is 3: 1. Will be explained.

As described in the first embodiment, the storage unit 2 stores data of the spectral sensitivities S ₁ (λ) and S ₂ (λ) of two types of insects A and B. For each of the spectral sensitivities S ₁ (λ) and S ₂ (λ) of the insects A and B, weighting factors k ₁ and k ₂ (k ₁ = 0.75, respectively) indicating the ratio of the magnitude of damage by the insects A and B, respectively. The weighted average of spectral sensitivity is obtained by multiplying by k ₂ = 0.25), and this weighted average is set to S (λ) and stored in the storage unit 2. Thus, the weighted average S (λ) is expressed by the following equation.

S (λ) = k ₁ S ₁ (λ) + k ₂ S ₂ (λ) (3)
When the spectral sensitivity S (λ) is obtained in this way, the calculation unit 3 calculates the evaluation index E by the same method as in the first embodiment, and the calculation result is shown in Table 4 below.

  In this embodiment, the average of spectral sensitivities in the retinas of a plurality of insects is S (λ), and the evaluation index E of the action suppression effect is obtained from the spectral sensitivities S (λ). The effect can be directly evaluated without a practical test.

In this embodiment, the spectral sensitivities S ₁ (λ) and S ₂ (λ) in the retinas of the two types of insects A and B and the weighting factors k ₁ and k indicating the ratio of the magnitude of damage caused by the insects A and B are shown. The weighted average of the spectral sensitivity is obtained from _{2. In} the case of three or more kinds of insects, the weighted average of the spectral sensitivity may be obtained using the following equation (4). _{However, S 1 (λ), S} 2 (λ), ..., spectral sensitivity in the retina of S _n (lambda) is the more, respectively _{insects, k 1, k 2, ...} , k n are the weighting coefficients of the insect Is,
_{S (λ) = k 1 S} 1 (λ) + k 2 S 2 (λ) + ... + k n S n (λ) ... (4)
In the present embodiment uses the ratio of the size of the damage caused by the plurality of types of insects as the weighting coefficient k ₁ ... by the spectral sensitivity of a plurality of types of insects S ₁ (λ) ..., a plurality as the weighting coefficient k ₁ ... The proportion of insect species may be used, and the behavioral inhibition index can be obtained by focusing on a specific insect. The spectral sensitivity S (λ) may be obtained by taking the average of the spectral sensitivities S ₁ (λ)...

In the second embodiment, it is needless to say that the spectral sensitivity S (λ) used when obtaining the correction coefficient E ′ for the photometric value may be an average or a weighted average of the spectral sensitivities S ₁ (λ)... Yes.

(Embodiment 4)
By the way, while light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, it may attract other diurnal insects and may adversely affect flower bud formation for light-sensitive plants. Therefore, in this embodiment, the evaluation index of the action suppression effect is obtained in a form that takes into account the adverse effect on insect attractance and flower bud formation. Since the configuration of the evaluation apparatus is the same as that of the first embodiment, common components are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.

  As described above, light radiation suppresses the behavior of nocturnal insects such as night moths, while also having an effect of attracting other diurnal insects, particularly in the ultraviolet region having a wavelength of around 360 nm. Radiation has a high effect of attracting diurnal insects. In an orchard or farmland, insects gathering in the light radiation may damage the crops. Therefore, it is preferable that the guard lights L1 to L3 do not emit light that attracts diurnal insects as much as possible.

  Light radiation can also adversely affect flower bud formation for light sensitive plants. Many plants have a photoperiod that forms flower buds in response to changes in day length (daytime), and generally those that form flower buds when the day length is shorter than a certain time (limit day length). Short-day plants, on the other hand, those that form flower buds when they are long are called long-day plants. In the case of short-day plants such as chrysanthemum and strawberries, if the lantern is turned on all night, flower buds may not be formed and the yield may decrease. In addition, in the case of long-day plants such as spinach, the formation of flower buds is promoted (brushing), the leaves that are vegetarian parts become hard, and the commercial value may decrease. Therefore, it is preferable that the lamps L1 to L3 emit as little light as possible that adversely affects flower bud formation.

Therefore, in the present embodiment, a correction term A1 for evaluating the attracting ability and a correction term A2 for evaluating the adverse effect on flower bud formation are obtained, respectively, and the term A0 (= ∫ _vis ) representing the action suppression effect of the above equation (1). S (λ) Φe (λ) dλ), and the evaluation index E is expressed by the following equation.

_{E = ∫ vis S (λ)} Φe (λ) dλ + A1 + A2 ... (5)
Here, the correction term A1 for evaluating the attracting property is such that R (λ) is a spectral characteristic indicating the attracting property for each wavelength, r is a range of the wavelength λ such that R (λ)> 0, and K is a constant. It is represented by the following formula (6).

_{A1 = -K∫ r R (λ)} Φe (λ) dλ ... (6)
As the spectral characteristic R (λ), an insect phototactic curve by Bickford as shown in FIG. 4 is used, and the data of the insect phototactic curve by Bickford and the above formula (6) are stored in the storage unit 2. The program which calculates | requires correction | amendment term A1 using is incorporated. The constant K is, for example, K = 1.

  Thus, the calculation unit 3 executes a program incorporated in the storage unit 2, and R (λ) is obtained by sampling insect phototactic curve data at intervals of 5 nm, and this spectral characteristic R (λ) and light emission Is calculated for each wavelength (every 5 nm), the sum of the products obtained in the above range r is taken, and this sum is multiplied by the sampling interval (5 nm) (that is, spectroscopic). The product of the characteristic R (λ) and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) is integrated over the range r), and further multiplied by (−1) to obtain the correction term A1.

  On the other hand, the correction term A2 for evaluating the adverse effect on flower bud formation is obtained as follows. It is known that phytochrome pigments contained in plants are related to the photoperiodicity of plants. There are Pr (red light absorption type) and Pfr (far red light absorption type) phytochrome pigments. Originally, red light contained in light radiation is converted into phytochrome pigments at night when Pfr must be darkly converted to Pr. By acting, dark conversion does not occur and the amount of Pfr does not decrease, which is considered to adversely affect flower bud formation.

  Therefore, the correction term A2 for evaluating the adverse effect on flower bud formation includes Pr (λ) as the absorption spectrum of the phytochrome pigment Pr contained in the plant at the wavelength λ, and pr as a range of the wavelength λ such that Pr (λ)> 0, When L is a constant, it is expressed by the following equation (7).

A2 = −L∫ _pr Pr (λ) Φe (λ) dλ (7)
FIG. 5 shows the distribution characteristics of the absorption spectrum of the phytochrome dye Pr, and the storage unit 2 incorporates data on the distribution characteristics of the absorption spectrum of the phytochrome dye Pr and a program for obtaining the correction term A2 using the above equation (7). It is. The constant L is, for example, L = 1.

  Thus, the calculation unit 3 executes a program incorporated in the storage unit 2 and samples the distribution characteristics of the absorption spectrum of the phytochrome dye Pr at intervals of 5 nm as Pr (λ). Is calculated for each wavelength (every 5 nm), the sum of the products obtained in the above range pr is taken, and this sum is multiplied by the sampling interval (5 nm) (that is, Pr). The product of (λ) and the spectral characteristic Φe (λ) is integrated in the range pr), and further multiplied by (−1) to obtain the correction term A2.

  Then, the calculation unit 3 adds the correction terms A1 and A2 obtained as described above to the term A0 for evaluating the action suppression effect obtained by the procedure described in the first embodiment, and obtains the evaluation index E. The calculation result of the evaluation index E is output to the output unit 4. Here, Table 5 below shows the calculation result of the evaluation index E, showing the evaluation term A0, the correction term A1, and the correction term A2 of the action suppression effect in order from the second column from the left of Table 5, The evaluation index E obtained by the above equation (5) is shown in the rightmost column.

As described above, in this embodiment, the correction terms A1 and A2 are added to the term (∫ _vis S (λ) Φe (λ) dλ) of the expression (1), and the retina of the nocturnal insect is greatly excited and increased. Even if a behavioral suppression effect is obtained, light radiation that easily attracts other diurnal insects and light radiation that adversely affects the flower bud formation of plants is discounted on its evaluation index and given to insect attractivity and flower bud formation The action suppression effect can be directly evaluated without a practical test in a form taking into account the adverse effects.

  In addition, when calculating | requiring the evaluation index | exponent E in consideration of either the insecticidal property or the bad influence on flower bud formation, only one of the correction terms A1 and A2 is added to the term A0 for evaluating the action suppression effect of the formula (1). Table 5 also shows the calculation result of the evaluation index E (E = A0 + A1) in which only the correction term A1 is added and the calculation result of the evaluation index E (E = A0 + A2) in which only the correction term A2 is added. Yes.

In the present embodiment, the evaluation index E is obtained by adding the correction terms A1 and A2 to the evaluation term A0 of the action suppression effect in the first embodiment, but in the second embodiment, the calculation unit 3 performs the above equation (2). When calculating the correction coefficient E ′ using, the correction term A1 used in the present embodiment for the term A0 (= ∫ _vis S (λ) Φe (λ) dλ) for evaluating the action suppression effect of the equation (2). , A2 may be added and the correction coefficient E ′ may be obtained from the following equation (8), and the correction coefficient E ′ can be obtained in a form that takes into consideration the adverse effect on insect attractance and flower bud formation.

_{E '= (∫ vis S (} λ) Φe (λ) dλ + A1 + A2) / ∫ vis1 V (λ) Φe (λ) dλ ... (8)
In addition, when calculating | requiring the correction coefficient E 'in consideration of either the insecticidal property or the adverse effect on flower bud formation, the term A0 (= ∫ _vis S (λ) Φe () Only one of the correction terms A1 and A2 may be added to λ) dλ). In this case, the arithmetic expression is as shown in the following expression (9) or (10).

_{E '= (∫ vis S (} λ) Φe (λ) dλ + A1) / ∫ vis1 V (λ) Φe (λ) dλ ... (9)
_{E '= (∫ vis S (} λ) Φe (λ) dλ + A2) / ∫ vis1 V (λ) Φe (λ) dλ ... (10)

  Various light sources for suppressing the behavior of nocturnal insects by light radiation have been developed for the purpose of use in a lantern, etc., and the evaluation index of the behavior suppression effect is obtained using the light radiation evaluation method according to the present invention. This makes it possible to simply evaluate the action-inhibiting effect of the target insect without performing a practical test in the field.

It is a block diagram of the optical radiation evaluation apparatus of Embodiment 1. It is a figure which shows the spectral characteristic of the evaluation lamp. It is a figure which shows the spectral sensitivity of the insect of control object. It is a figure which shows the phototaxis curve of the insect by Bickford. It is a distribution characteristic of the absorption spectrum of the phytochrome dye Pr. It is explanatory drawing of the time required for light adaptation of the succulent night jar by various fluorescent lamps.

Explanation of symbols

1 Input unit 2 Storage unit 3 Calculation unit 4 Output unit

Claims (8)

A light emission evaluation method for evaluating a nocturnal insect behavior suppression effect by light emission of a light emission part including at least a light source, wherein λ is a wavelength of light emission, and S (λ) is a spectral sensitivity in a retina of an insect to be controlled Φe (λ) is a function indicating spectral characteristics of radiation intensity by the light emitting part, vis is a wavelength λ range such that S (λ)> 0, and E is an evaluation index,
E = ∫ _vis S (λ) Φe (λ) dλ
The light emission evaluation method characterized by judging that the action suppression effect is so high that the evaluation index calculated | required by the type | formula which becomes is large. A light emission evaluation method for evaluating a nocturnal insect behavior suppression effect by light emission of a light emission part including at least a light source, wherein λ is a wavelength of light emission, and S (λ) is a spectral sensitivity in a retina of an insect to be controlled Φe (λ) is a function indicating the spectral characteristics of the radiation intensity by the light emitting part, V (λ) is a function indicating the human spectral luminous efficiency, and vis is a wavelength such that S (λ)> 0 When λ is a range, vis1 is a wavelength λ of about 380 nm or more and about 780 nm or less, and E ′ is a correction coefficient for multiplying the photometric value of the light emitting unit,
_{E '= ∫ vis S (λ} ) Φe (λ) dλ / ∫ vis1 V (λ) Φe (λ) dλ
A value obtained by multiplying the photometric value of the light emitting part by the correction coefficient E ′ obtained by the following formula is used as an evaluation index, and the larger the evaluation index is, the higher the action suppression effect is determined.   3. The light emission evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein S (λ) is an average of spectral sensitivities in retinas of a plurality of types of insects to be detected. _{S 1 (λ), S 2} (λ), ..., function indicating a spectral sensitivity in the retina of S _n (lambda) of each of the respective types of _{insects, k 1, k 2, ...} , respectively k _n each type As a weighting factor for the spectral sensitivity of the insects, using either the proportion of each type of insect present or the proportion of the magnitude of damage caused by each type of insect as the weighting factor,
_{S (λ) = (k 1} S 1 (λ) + k 2 S 2 (λ) + ... + k n S n (λ)) / (k 1 + k 2 + ... + k n)
The light emission evaluation method according to claim 3, wherein the S (λ) is obtained by the following formula. When R (λ) is a spectral characteristic indicating the attracting property for each wavelength, r is a range of wavelength λ such that R (λ)> 0, and K is a constant, the term of the above formula (∫ _vis S (λ ) Φe (λ) dλ) to _{(-K∫ r R (λ) Φe} (λ) light emission evaluation according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the sum of d [lambda]) becomes the correction term Method. When Pr (λ) is an absorption spectrum of a phytochrome pigment contained in a plant at a wavelength λ, pr is a wavelength λ range such that Pr (λ)> 0, and L is a constant, the term (∫ _vis S (λ) Φe (λ) dλ) to _{(-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) becomes the correction term to according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the sum Light emission evaluation method. R (λ) is a spectral characteristic indicating the attracting property for each wavelength, r is a wavelength λ range such that R (λ)> 0, Pr (λ) is an absorption spectrum of a phytochrome pigment contained in a plant at a wavelength λ, pr the Pr (λ)> 0 and becomes such a range of wavelength lambda, K, is L constant, the term of the above equation _{(∫ vis S (λ) Φe} (λ) dλ) (-K∫ r R (λ) Φe (λ) dλ-L∫ pr Pr (λ) Φe (λ) light emission evaluation according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the sum of d [lambda]) becomes the correction term Method.   8. The light emission evaluation method according to claim 5, wherein an insect phototactic curve according to Bickford is used as the spectral characteristic R (λ).

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