JP4330331B2 - Free-cutting corrosion-resistant steel for precision equipment - Google Patents

Free-cutting corrosion-resistant steel for precision equipment Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4330331B2
JP4330331B2 JP2002369892A JP2002369892A JP4330331B2 JP 4330331 B2 JP4330331 B2 JP 4330331B2 JP 2002369892 A JP2002369892 A JP 2002369892A JP 2002369892 A JP2002369892 A JP 2002369892A JP 4330331 B2 JP4330331 B2 JP 4330331B2
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Prior art keywords
free
cutting
resistance
corrosion
resistant steel
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JP2004197198A (en
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浩太郎 小奈
直輝 坂口
泉 田中
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Shinhokoku Steel Corp
Nikon Corp
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Shinhokoku Steel Corp
Nikon Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は耐食鋼に関し、特に、低Cr快削性ステンレス鋼における耐食性を改善するために、合金元素を選択調整添加することによって、これら特性と加工性ともに優れた快削性耐食鋼に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
精密機器等においては、その精度に影響する機械加工性、及び、使用時の発錆に起因する不具合を回避することが重要で、従来では耐食鋼が多く使用されている。しかし、通常のオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼(例えばSUS304)、マルテンサイト系(SUS403,410等)では、耐食性は優れているが、機械加工性、特に切削性に問題がある。フェライト系(SUS405,430等)は組織的には安定(フェライト+炭化物/炭窒化物)した焼ならし状態で使用され耐食性に優れるが、切削性には未だ問題が残こされている。そのため、ステンレス鋼での切削性を改善した、SUS416(マルテンサイト系快削鋼)等が精密機器分野等では多用されている。しかし、硬度的には比較的高い状態での切削加工をするので切削抵抗が満足できるレベルに低下していないこと、また、鋼成分に快削成分を添加しているため、耐食性、特にアウトガス性が快削性とは逆に低下する点において問題を有している。
【0003】
従来では、Cr:12.0〜35.0%、Ni:1.50%、Cu:1.50%、S:0.03〜0.50%、Bi:0.02〜0.25%を含有する複合添加快削フェライト系ステンレス鋼が開示されている(例えば、特許文献1参照。)。
【0004】
また、Cr:19.0〜21.0%、Mo:1.5〜2.5%、Cu:0.20〜0.60%、S:0.06〜0.12%、Ti:0.1〜0.3%を含有し、Ti硫化物の効果によって、材質として、靱性と快削性の改善をしているフェライト系ステンレス鋼が開示されている(例えば、特許文献2参照。)。さらに、Cr:12〜20%、Mo:0.6〜3.0%、Cu:3〜5%、S:0.03%以下、Ni:5.5〜8.0%を含有し、固溶化熱処理後の硬さを約25HRC以下に低下させ、冷間加工性と切削加工性を改善した析出硬化型ステンレス鋼が開示されている(例えば、特許文献3参照。)。しかし、前述の従来の問題点を改善し、特に精密機器材用として快削性および機械的性質が満足されるフェライト系ステンレス鋼の開発が望まれている。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特開2002−115033号公報(〔0011〕段等)
【特許文献2】
特開平10−60602号公報(〔0018〕段等)
【特許文献3】
特開平6−346198号公報(〔0004〕段等)
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上述の状況に鑑み本発明は、精密機器用材料に使用されるSUS416で代表される、快削ステンレス鋼の耐錆性、特にアウトガス性(硫化水素等)と鍛造加工性を改善した機械的特性の優れる新規フェライト系ステンレス鋼を提供することを目的としている。
【0007】
その際、耐錆性評価は耐錆性湿潤試験によって耐錆性、耐アウトガス性を評価し快削成分としてのSの影響を明確にし、最適化をはかる。
【0008】
また、加工性と機械的性質を改善するために、Mo,Cuの添加を検討し組織として、焼もどしマルテンサイトにおける炭化物分散状況を調整し、機械的性質の改善も達成する。
【0009】
さらに、Mo,Cuの単独成分としてのその範囲を耐錆性、アウトガス性、快削性との関係から把握し、最適範囲を決定し、狭巾管理材としての快削性フェライト系ステンレス鋼を提供することを目的とする。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記の課題を解決するための本発明の要旨とするところは次のようにまとめられる。
【0011】
(1)化学成分が、質量%で、C:0.14%以下(0を含まず)、Si:0.15〜1.0%,Mn:0.40〜2.00%,P:0.030%以下(0を含まず),S:0.10〜0.296%,Cr:11.00〜14.00%, Cu:1.00〜4.00%,Mo:1.98〜3.0%を含有し、残部がFe及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする精密機器用快削性耐食鋼。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明耐食鋼の特徴は、従来のSUS416に比較して、第1にはC%を低く抑える事により、材質的には硬度を抑え、快削性の向上と加工性を改善したことである。この点から、精密機器として、特に光学系機器用部材等の厳しい機械仕上精度要求に十分に応えるものである。第2の特徴は前記のように、Sを添加することによって低下する耐錆性への対策については、新規に、MoおよびCuの添加を検討し、その発錆性の評価では、湿潤サイクル試験によって発錆面積を迅速に把握し、これと添加成分との関係を明確にすることにより、最適化を可能とし従来材(SUS403,304)相当レベルを確保したことである。このことは、MoによるMnS等の硫化物の加水分解を抑制する相乗効果が期待でき、さらには、Cuによる耐錆性向上と、焼戻マルテンサイト組織中に均一に微細炭化物の分散をはかり、このことによる機械的性質の向上効果を合わせて有するものである。
【0015】
具体的には、後述の実施例にある如く、本発明は次のようにまとめられる。
【0016】
本発明の第1発明は、前述のようにSUS416に対して、C%を低く、Sを低め狭巾にコントロールすることによって快削性と耐錆性、耐アウトガス性を改善し、従来レベルでは、耐アウトガス性と鍛造加工性に問題があったものを、本発明の狭巾範囲、かつ低目としたことによって、これら特性も快削性と同様、優れたものと出来た。
【0017】
本発明の第2発明は、化学成分として、Moを添加するもので、従来の焼もどしでは、冷却速度に鈍感な脆性と、より重要な敏感な脆性とも起こり得るものであったが、特に後者の焼もどし脆性を完全になくし、機械的性質を向上させるものである。さらに、MoS2 等の構成刃先付着による切削性の低下を防止するものである。本発明では、Cuの単独およびMoとの複合添加によって、快削成分のS添加による耐錆性の劣化を回復し、合わせて微細析出炭化物による加工性のさらなる向上を狙ったものである。
【0018】
次に本発明の各成分元素の限定範囲について説明する。
C:0.14重量%以下
C量が多くなると、マトリックスの硬さが増大し、切削性が低下する。Cが0.14%超では、硬さが増大し、耐食性を劣化させる炭化物の形成が抑えられないので、この範囲とする。
Si:0.15〜1.0重量%
Siは脱酸元素として、必須であり、鋳造時の鋳造性も確保するものである。Siが0.15%未満では前記の特性および耐食性において、未達となる。一方、1.0%超では、この効果が飽和し、却って材質的に脆化し易くなるのでこの範囲とする。
Mn:0.40〜2.00重量%
MnはSiとともに脱酸元素として存在する。また、C%とも関連して、材質的に加工性を向上させる。Mnが0.4%未満ではこの効果が小さく、2.0%超では飽和する傾向にあるので、この範囲とする。
P:0.030%以下
Pは不可避的不純物であり、偏析し易く脆性を促進するので、上限を0.030%以下とすることで、合わせて鍛造性を著しく向上するものである。
Cr:11.00〜14.00重量%
耐食性鋼の基本的な成分であり、機械的性質を含め余り低くすることは出来ない。しかし、本発明のC%が低目であることから、また材質的な脆性への影響が大きいだけに、この範囲とする。Crが11%未満では耐食性、耐酸化性が特にアウトガス性が未達となり、14%超ではこの効果が飽和し、脆性への影響が出て好ましくないので、この範囲に規定する。
S及びMo,Cu:
快削成分としてのSは、その量に比例して、切削性が向上するが、一方で余り高すぎると耐錆性、アウトガス性、鍛造加工性が著しく低下する。そのためS:0.10〜0.296%に規定するが、好ましくはSを0.12〜0.16%の狭巾にすることで、前記特性の調整をはかっている。またMoについては、前述のように、焼戻脆性を防止し、硫化物の構成刃先付着の防止のために、1.98〜3.0%の範囲とする。この範囲1.98%未満ではこの効果が不足し、3.0%超では本効果が飽和する。一方、Cuの添加は、S添加による耐錆性、耐アウトガス性の低下を回復し、快削性も向上するので、Cu:1.00〜4.00%に規定するが、好ましくはその範囲を2.0〜3.0%とする。この範囲1.00%未満では、前記効果が小さい。また、4.00%超では前記効果が飽和する。
【0019】
【実施例】
以下に、本発明の実施例について説明する。
【0020】
本実施例に使用したサンプルは、表1に示される化学成分で、本発明材として、サンプルNo.1〜10、比較材として、No.11〜17、および従来材としてSUS材を使用した。各サンプルは、20kgを高周波溶解したものを鋳造し(試験砂型鋳型)、自然冷却をした。第1回熱処理として、1050℃に加熱後、自然冷却、および、第2回熱処理として800℃に加熱し、自然冷却したものである。
【0021】
【表1】

Figure 0004330331
【0022】
切削性評価は、表4の条件で2.6mmφ高速度鋼ドリルを用い表に示される加工条件で、穿孔加工試験を行い、切削抵抗を測定する事により、切削抵抗穿孔(Z方向)および切削抵抗トルク(X方向)についての切削性指数(SUS416を100)として、評価した。その結果を表1にまとめて示す。
【0023】
耐食性試験は、独自の方法によって評価した。未ず、板状の試験片に加工し、その表面積25mm×35mmに発生する錆が、面積で50%を占めたものを評点0点として、全く発錆のないものを評点10点として、評価した。その際の腐食環境条件として、試験片をオーブン内で、加熱温度:80℃、湿度:100%として30分間保持し、オーブンより試験片を取り出し、その後室温まで冷却し、さらに、このオーブン内保持、冷却を100回繰り返して、その後前記の評価を行なったものである。すなわち、発錆環境で100サイクル試験処理後での発錆評価であり、この方法は迅速腐食試験の一種といえる。この評点による耐食性の評価結果を表1に示す。
【0024】
以上の結果から、本発明範囲のものでは、S,Cuを最適化するとSUS416に比較して、切削性指数で最大80〜83まで、耐食性指数で9〜10まで向上することがわかる。
【0025】
特に本発明材では、アウトガス性においても従来のSUS416と比較して優ることを示している。
【0026】
また、表2および表3に単独添加としてのSおよびCuの影響を示す。その内、Sと切削性、Cuと耐食性指数との関係を図1および図2に示す。
【0027】
【表2】
Figure 0004330331
【0028】
【表3】
Figure 0004330331
【0029】
【表4】
Figure 0004330331
【0030】
なお、表2の化学成分は、C:0.07%、Si:0.41%、Mn:0.95%、P:0.011%、Cr:12.65%、Mo:2.04%、であり、表3ではその化学成分は、C:0.07%、Si:0.36%、Mn:0.88%、P:0.009%、S:0.150%、Cr:12.39%、Mo:1.98%である。
【0031】
また、本発明材では、Mo,Cuの添加によって、焼戻しマルテンサイトに微細炭化物(Cr,Mo)が分散していることを確認した。
【0032】
以上のミクロ組織によって、本発明材の機械的性質は、ほぼSUS416の抗張力及び耐力レベルであるが、伸び、絞り値ではこれを凌駕し、特に展伸性に影響する硬度が低い。このことから、冷間加工性において、優れた特性を有している。
【0033】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、S添加量の最適化がはかられ、発錆の防止と切削性を改善することが出来る。さらに、Moの添加により硫化物の加水分解を抑止し、耐アウトガス性を向上し、基地組織としてのマルテンサイト焼戻組織に炭化物分散がはかられ、さらに機械的性質の向上が期待できる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施例に係るS含有量と切削抵抗との関係を示す図である。
【図2】本発明の実施例に係るCu含有量と耐食性との関係を示す図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a corrosion-resistant steel, and more particularly to a free-cutting corrosion-resistant steel that is excellent in both of these characteristics and workability by selectively adjusting and adding alloy elements in order to improve the corrosion resistance in a low Cr free-cutting stainless steel.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In precision instruments and the like, it is important to avoid machinability that affects the accuracy and problems caused by rusting during use. Conventionally, many corrosion-resistant steels are used. However, ordinary austenitic stainless steel (for example, SUS304) and martensite (SUS403, 410, etc.) are excellent in corrosion resistance, but have problems in machinability, particularly in machinability. Ferrites (SUS405, 430, etc.) are structurally stable (ferrite + carbide / carbonitride) and are used in a normalized state and are excellent in corrosion resistance, but still have a problem in machinability. For this reason, SUS416 (martensitic free-cutting steel) with improved machinability with stainless steel is frequently used in the field of precision equipment. However, since cutting is performed at a relatively high hardness, the cutting resistance is not lowered to a satisfactory level, and the free cutting component is added to the steel component, so corrosion resistance, especially outgassing properties. However, it has a problem in that it is contrary to free-cutting ability.
[0003]
Conventionally, Cr: 12.0 to 35.0%, Ni: < 1.50%, Cu: < 1.50%, S: 0.03-0.50%, Bi: 0.02-0.25 % Of composite added free-cutting ferritic stainless steel is disclosed (for example, see Patent Document 1).
[0004]
Also, Cr: 19.0 to 21.0%, Mo: 1.5 to 2.5%, Cu: 0.20 to 0.60%, S: 0.06 to 0.12%, Ti: 0.0. Ferritic stainless steel containing 1 to 0.3% and improving toughness and free-cutting properties as a material by the effect of Ti sulfide is disclosed (for example, see Patent Document 2). Further, Cr: 12 to 20%, Mo: 0.6 to 3.0%, Cu: 3 to 5%, S: 0.03% or less, Ni: 5.5 to 8.0%, A precipitation hardening stainless steel is disclosed in which the hardness after solution heat treatment is reduced to about 25 HRC or less, and the cold workability and the cutting workability are improved (see, for example, Patent Document 3). However, there has been a demand for the development of ferritic stainless steel that improves the above-mentioned conventional problems and that satisfies free cutting properties and mechanical properties, particularly for precision equipment.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-115033 ([0011] stage, etc.)
[Patent Document 2]
JP 10-60602 A ([0018] stage, etc.)
[Patent Document 3]
JP-A-6-346198 ([0004] stage, etc.)
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of the above-mentioned situation, the present invention is a mechanical property with improved rust resistance, particularly outgassing properties (hydrogen sulfide, etc.) and forging workability of free-cutting stainless steel represented by SUS416 used for precision equipment materials. It aims at providing the new ferritic stainless steel which is excellent in.
[0007]
At that time, rust resistance evaluation is performed by evaluating rust resistance and outgas resistance by a rust resistance wet test, clarifying the influence of S as a free-cutting component, and optimizing.
[0008]
In addition, in order to improve the workability and mechanical properties, the addition of Mo and Cu is studied, and the structure of the carbides in the tempered martensite is adjusted as a structure to improve the mechanical properties.
[0009]
Furthermore, the range of Mo and Cu as a single component is grasped from the relationship with rust resistance, outgassing and free-cutting properties, the optimum range is determined, and free-cutting ferritic stainless steel as a narrow width management material is selected. The purpose is to provide.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The gist of the present invention for solving the above problems can be summarized as follows.
[0011]
(1) The chemical component is mass%, C: 0.14% or less (excluding 0), Si: 0.15-1.0%, Mn: 0.40-2.00%, P: 0 0.030% or less (excluding 0), S: 0.10 to 0.296% , Cr: 11.00 to 14.00%, Cu: 1.00 to 4.00%, Mo: 1.98 to A free-cutting corrosion-resistant steel for precision equipment , comprising 3.0% , the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The feature of the corrosion-resistant steel of the present invention is that, compared to the conventional SUS416, first, C% is kept low, thereby suppressing the hardness in terms of material, improving the free-cutting property and improving the workability. . From this point, as a precision instrument, it fully meets the severe mechanical finishing precision requirements, especially for optical system components. As described above, the second feature is that, as described above, with regard to measures against rust resistance that is reduced by the addition of S, the addition of Mo and Cu is newly examined. By quickly grasping the rusting area and clarifying the relationship between this and the additive component, optimization is possible and a level equivalent to the conventional material (SUS403, 304) is secured. This can be expected to have a synergistic effect of suppressing hydrolysis of sulfides such as MnS by Mo, and further improve the rust resistance by Cu and uniformly disperse fine carbides in the tempered martensite structure, This also has the effect of improving the mechanical properties.
[0015]
Specifically, as described in the examples described later, the present invention is summarized as follows.
[0016]
As described above, the first invention of the present invention improves the free-cutting property, rust resistance, and outgas resistance by controlling C to be low and S to be narrower than SUS416. By making what had problems with outgas resistance and forging workability into a narrow width range and a low level according to the present invention, these characteristics were excellent as well as free-cutting properties.
[0017]
In the second invention of the present invention, Mo is added as a chemical component. In the conventional tempering, both brittleness insensitive to the cooling rate and more important sensitive brittleness can occur. Tempering is completely eliminated, and mechanical properties are improved. Furthermore, the machinability is prevented from being deteriorated due to adhesion of the constituent edge of MoS 2 or the like. In the present invention, by adding Cu alone and in combination with Mo, the deterioration of rust resistance due to the addition of S as a free-cutting component is recovered, and further, the workability by finely precipitated carbides is further improved.
[0018]
Next, the limited range of each component element of this invention is demonstrated.
C: 0.14% by weight or less When the amount of C increases, the hardness of the matrix increases and the machinability decreases. If C is more than 0.14%, the hardness increases, and the formation of carbides that deteriorate the corrosion resistance cannot be suppressed.
Si: 0.15-1.0% by weight
Si is essential as a deoxidizing element and ensures castability during casting. If Si is less than 0.15%, the above properties and corrosion resistance are not achieved. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1.0%, this effect is saturated, and on the contrary, the material is easily embrittled.
Mn: 0.40 to 2.00% by weight
Mn exists together with Si as a deoxidizing element. Further, in connection with C%, workability is improved in terms of material. If Mn is less than 0.4%, this effect is small, and if it exceeds 2.0%, the effect tends to be saturated.
P: 0.030% or less P is an inevitable impurity and easily segregates and promotes brittleness. Therefore, by setting the upper limit to 0.030% or less, forgeability is remarkably improved.
Cr: 11.00-14.00 wt%
It is a basic component of corrosion-resistant steel and cannot be made too low including mechanical properties. However, since C% of the present invention is low, and the influence on material brittleness is large, this range is set. If the Cr content is less than 11%, the corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance, particularly outgassing properties, have not been achieved. If the Cr content exceeds 14%, this effect is saturated and the brittleness is adversely affected.
S and Mo, Cu:
S as a free-cutting component improves the machinability in proportion to its amount, but if it is too high, the rust resistance, outgassing property, and forging processability are remarkably lowered. Therefore, S is defined as 0.10 to 0.296 %, but preferably the characteristics are adjusted by narrowing S to be 0.12 to 0.16%. Moreover, about Mo, as mentioned above, in order to prevent temper embrittlement and to prevent the adhesion of the blade edge of sulfide, it is set to a range of 1.98 to 3.0%. If this range is less than 1.98% , this effect is insufficient, and if it exceeds 3.0%, this effect is saturated. On the other hand, the addition of Cu recovers the decrease in rust resistance and outgas resistance due to the addition of S and improves the free-cutting property. Therefore, Cu is specified to be 1.00 to 4.00%, but preferably within the range. Is set to 2.0 to 3.0%. If this range is less than 1.00%, the effect is small. If it exceeds 4.00%, the effect is saturated.
[0019]
【Example】
Examples of the present invention will be described below.
[0020]
The sample used in this example has the chemical components shown in Table 1, and sample No. 1-10, No. 11 to 17 and SUS material was used as a conventional material. Each sample was cast by dissolving 20 kg at high frequency (test sand mold) and naturally cooled. As the first heat treatment, it is heated to 1050 ° C. and then naturally cooled, and as the second heat treatment, it is heated to 800 ° C. and naturally cooled.
[0021]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004330331
[0022]
For the evaluation of machinability, a 2.6mmφ high-speed steel drill was used under the conditions shown in Table 4 and the drilling test was performed under the machining conditions shown in the table, and the cutting resistance was measured. Evaluation was made with a machinability index (SUS416 of 100) for resistance torque (X direction). The results are summarized in Table 1.
[0023]
The corrosion resistance test was evaluated by an original method. It was processed into a plate-shaped test piece, and the rust generated on the surface area of 25 mm x 35 mm accounted for 50% of the area, with a score of 0, and a rust-free test with a score of 10 did. As a corrosive environment condition at that time, the test piece is kept in an oven at a heating temperature of 80 ° C. and a humidity of 100% for 30 minutes, taken out of the oven, then cooled to room temperature, and further kept in this oven. The cooling was repeated 100 times, and then the above evaluation was performed. That is, rusting evaluation after 100 cycle test processing in a rusting environment, and this method can be said to be a kind of rapid corrosion test. Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the corrosion resistance based on this score.
[0024]
From the above results, it is understood that in the range of the present invention, when S and Cu are optimized, the machinability index is improved to 80 to 83 at the maximum and the corrosion resistance index is improved to 9 to 10 as compared with SUS416.
[0025]
In particular, the material of the present invention is superior to conventional SUS416 in terms of outgassing properties.
[0026]
Tables 2 and 3 show the effects of S and Cu as single additions. Among these, FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show the relationship between S and machinability, and Cu and corrosion resistance index.
[0027]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004330331
[0028]
[Table 3]
Figure 0004330331
[0029]
[Table 4]
Figure 0004330331
[0030]
The chemical components in Table 2 are: C: 0.07%, Si: 0.41%, Mn: 0.95%, P: 0.011%, Cr: 12.65%, Mo: 2.04% In Table 3, the chemical components are C: 0.07%, Si: 0.36%, Mn: 0.88%, P: 0.009%, S: 0.150%, Cr: 12 .39%, Mo: 1.98%.
[0031]
Moreover, in this invention material, it confirmed that the fine carbide | carbonized_material (Cr, Mo) was disperse | distributing to the tempered martensite by addition of Mo and Cu.
[0032]
With the above microstructure, the mechanical properties of the material of the present invention are approximately the tensile strength and proof strength level of SUS416, but the elongation and squeeze values exceed this, and the hardness that particularly affects the stretchability is low. For this reason, it has excellent characteristics in cold workability.
[0033]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, the amount of S added can be optimized, and rusting can be prevented and machinability can be improved. Furthermore, addition of Mo suppresses hydrolysis of sulfides, improves outgas resistance, disperses carbides in the martensitic tempered structure as a base structure, and further improves mechanical properties.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between S content and cutting force according to an example of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relationship between Cu content and corrosion resistance according to an example of the present invention.

Claims (1)

化学成分が、質量%で、C:0.14%以下(0を含まず)、Si:0.15〜1.0%,Mn:0.40〜2.00%,P:0.030%以下(0を含まず),S:0.10〜0.296%,Cr:11.00〜14.00%, Cu:1.00〜4.00%,Mo:1.98〜3.0%を含有し、残部がFe及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする鍛造性、精密機器用快削性耐食鋼。Chemical component is mass%, C: 0.14% or less (not including 0), Si: 0.15-1.0%, Mn: 0.40-2.00%, P: 0.030% The following (not including 0), S: 0.10 to 0.296% , Cr: 11.00 to 14.00%, Cu: 1.00 to 4.00%, Mo: 1.98 to 3.0 % Forging, free-cutting corrosion-resistant steel for precision equipment, characterized in that the balance consists of Fe and inevitable impurities.
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Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101490383B (en) * 2006-07-10 2012-01-25 丰田自动车株式会社 Failure determination device and safety device for internal combustion engine system
US8612118B2 (en) 2009-06-27 2013-12-17 Mahle International Gmbh Piston engine and operating method

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WO2024070413A1 (en) * 2022-09-26 2024-04-04 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 Martensitic free-cutting stainless steel bar material and method for producing same

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101490383B (en) * 2006-07-10 2012-01-25 丰田自动车株式会社 Failure determination device and safety device for internal combustion engine system
US8612118B2 (en) 2009-06-27 2013-12-17 Mahle International Gmbh Piston engine and operating method

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