JP4325799B2 - Tire vulcanization mold - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold, and more particularly to a tire vulcanization mold that prevents an excessive load from being applied to some sectors and improves durability. .

  As tire vulcanization molds, two-part molds and sectional molds are widely used. The two-divided mold includes a pair of mold bodies divided in the tire axial direction and a tread ring for forming a tire tread portion, and the tread ring is embedded in the mold body. . On the other hand, a sectional type mold includes a pair of side plates for forming tire side portions and a plurality of sectors for forming tire tread portions, and these side plates and sectors are containers that are ancillary equipment of a vulcanizer. It is used by incorporating it into

  Although the above-described two-part mold is inexpensive, the groove-forming convex part on the inner surface of the mold rubs against the tire tread part when releasing the vulcanized tire, so that the tread part has a rubber chip or a tire deformation. There is a drawback that product failure is likely to occur. On the other hand, since the sector type mold can move the sector for forming the tire tread part in the tire radial direction, the tread part has a rubber chipping or tire tread like the two-part type mold. Although there is a low possibility of causing a product failure such as deformation, there is a drawback that the operation mechanism and structure of the vulcanizing apparatus become complicated and the vulcanizing apparatus itself becomes expensive.

  Then, the simple sectional type metal mold | die provided with the function which enables a sector to move to a tire radial direction similarly to a sectional type metal mold | die without requiring expensive equipment is proposed (for example, patent documents) 1).

  17 to 20 show a conventional simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die. As shown in FIGS. 17 to 20, this simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold includes a pair of mold bodies 21 and 22 divided in the tire axial direction, and tire treads of these mold bodies 21 and 22. And a plurality of sectors 23 arranged at a portion responsible for forming the part. Sliding surfaces that are inclined with respect to the tire axial direction are formed in the portions of the mold bodies 21 and 22 where the sectors 23 are incorporated, and the sectors 23 slide along the sliding surfaces of the mold bodies 21 and 22. By doing so, it is movable in the tire radial direction and the tire axial direction. In addition, the mold main bodies 21 and 22 incorporate a plurality of springs 24 for projecting the sectors 23 out of the mold main bodies 21 and 22.

  As shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, the simple sectional type mold configured as described above has the spring 24 compressed and the sector 23 retracted into the mold bodies 21 and 22, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 17 and 18. It becomes a state and forms a predetermined tire molding space. On the other hand, in the open mold state, as shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, the sector 23 protrudes outside the mold bodies 21 and 22 by the biasing force of the spring 24, thereby moving the sector 23 outward in the tire radial direction. To do. As described above, the simple sectional type mold moves the sector 23 in the tire radial direction based on the biasing force of the spring 24, so that the product failure such as the lack of rubber in the tread portion or the deformation of the tire can be achieved while having a simple device configuration. Can be prevented.

However, in the above-described simple sectional type mold, the spring 24 acts only on the individual sectors 23, and therefore the operations when the plurality of sectors 23 protrude from the mold bodies 21 and 22 tend to be uneven (see FIG. 20). For this reason, when an excessive load is generated in some sectors 23 when the vulcanized tire is taken out, there is a problem that sliding parts and the like that support the sectors 23 are liable to be loosened and damaged, and the durability is low. And since the conventional simple sectional type metal mold | die is low in durability, it is unsuitable for production of a general tire with much production.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-239735

  The object of the present invention is a simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die, which prevents the occurrence of an excessive load on some sectors and improves the durability of the tire vulcanization molding die. It is to provide.

  The tire vulcanization mold of the present invention for solving the above-described object is disposed at a portion responsible for molding a pair of mold main bodies divided in the tire axial direction and a tire tread portion of at least one mold main body. And a plurality of sectors divided in the tire circumferential direction, and these sectors are mounted so as to be movable in the tire radial direction and the tire axial direction with respect to the mold body, and the sectors are moved out of the mold body. In the tire vulcanization molding die provided with a projecting device for projecting, a plate straddling at least between sectors adjacent in the tire circumferential direction is disposed between the sector and the projecting device. Is.

  According to the present invention, in the simple sectional type mold, the plate straddling at least the sectors adjacent to each other in the tire circumferential direction is disposed between the sector and the protruding device, so that the plurality of sectors are the mold body. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the excessive load from being generated in some sectors when the vulcanized tire is taken out. Therefore, it becomes difficult to cause looseness or damage to the sliding parts that support the sector, and durability can be improved. In addition, the improved durability makes it possible to apply a simple sectional type mold that is inexpensive and has few product failures to the production of general tires with a large production volume.

  In the tire vulcanization mold according to the present invention, the plate is preferably movable in the tire axial direction, and the sector and the plate are preferably in contact with each other on a slidable surface. Further, in order to stabilize the protruding operation of the sector, it is desirable to have the following configuration. That is, it is preferable to attach a guide for regulating the movement in the tire circumferential direction between the sector and the plate. It is preferable to interpose an auxiliary part between the sector and the plate, which lowers the resistance compared to the sliding resistance between the two base materials. Moreover, it is good to interpose a lubricant between the sector and the plate.

  The tire vulcanization mold according to the present invention has excellent operational effects as described above. However, since the mold body is provided with a protruding device, sufficient consideration is required for cleaning. That is, in general, a shot blasting method in which a fine particle object (powder) made of glass, alumina, plastic, or the like is sprayed onto a mold is used for cleaning the tire vulcanization mold. When applied to the tire vulcanization molding die, the blast powder enters the inside of the die body, so that it takes time to remove the powder after washing. Further, when the powder is left behind, there is a risk that the slidability of the sector may be hindered or the powder may adhere to the vulcanized tire.

  Therefore, in the tire vulcanization molding die of the present invention, the side molding member is disposed in a portion responsible for molding the tire side portion of the die main body provided with the protruding device so that the sector and the side molding member can be separated from the die main body. It is preferable to configure. With such a configuration, it is possible to remove the sector and the side molding member from the mold main body and clean only the sector and the side molding member when cleaning the die.

  In this case, the side molding member is structured to be detachable from the inner surface side of the mold main body, and if necessary, a positioning alignment pin is provided on one of the side molding member and the mold main body, and the other pin matches the alignment pin. It is preferable to provide a hole. Thereby, positioning at the time of mounting a side molding member on a metallic mold main part can be performed easily. In particular, when the alignment pins for positioning are arranged at three positions on the circumference of the mold main body, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the alignment between the side molding member and the mold main body. Moreover, when attaching a side molding member to both a pair of metal mold | die bodies, it is preferable to make arrangement | positioning of the alignment pin for positioning differ mutually with a pair of metal mold | die body. As a result, it is possible to reliably prevent mistakes in assembling the side molding member to the mold body.

  In the tire vulcanization mold according to the present invention, the mating surfaces of the sectors rub against each other while receiving a load, and therefore, the mating surfaces of the sectors may become rough with repeated opening and closing. This phenomenon is unlikely to occur with metals having different hardness, but is likely to occur with the same metal. In particular, when both of the pair of sectors that rub together are made of an aluminum alloy, the roughness of the mating surfaces becomes significant.

  Therefore, in the tire vulcanization mold according to the present invention, it is preferable to prevent the mating surfaces of the sectors from being rough. For example, a lubricant may be applied to the mating surface of the sector, or a film may be formed on the mating surface of the sector. As the most preferable means, it is preferable to attach a sliding plate to the mating surface of the sector. In this case, the area of the sliding surface of the sliding plate is preferably 60% or more of the area of the mating surface of the sector. When a plurality of sliding plates are attached to the mating surfaces of the sectors, the total area of the sliding surfaces of the sliding plates is preferably 60% or more of the area of the mating surfaces of the sectors.

  Hereinafter, the configuration of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  1 to 7 show a simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, this simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold includes a pair of mold bodies 1 and 2 divided in the tire axial direction, and tire treads of these mold bodies 1 and 2. And a plurality of sectors 3 arranged in a portion responsible for forming the part. The plurality of sectors 3 are divided in the tire circumferential direction and constitute a ring in a combined state.

  A portion of the mold body 1 or 2 where the sector 3 is incorporated has a sliding surface inclined with respect to the tire axial direction. The sector 3 slides along the sliding surface of the mold body 1 or 2. By doing so, it is movable in the tire radial direction and the tire axial direction. A guide 5 extending in the tire axial direction is formed on the sliding surfaces of the mold bodies 1 and 2, and a groove 6 that engages with the guide 5 is formed on the sliding surface of the sector 3 that contacts the mold bodies 1 and 2. Has been. The guide 5 and the groove 6 have a cross-sectional shape (not shown) that meshes with each other, and restricts the detachment of the sector 3 from the sliding surfaces of the mold bodies 1 and 2.

  The mold main bodies 1 and 2 incorporate a plurality of springs 4 extending in the tire axial direction as protruding devices for projecting the sectors 3 out of the mold main bodies 1 and 2. As such a protruding device, it is possible to use a device using air pressure or hydraulic pressure in addition to the spring.

  In the tire vulcanization mold, a ring-shaped plate 7 is inserted between the sector 3 and the spring 4 so as to straddle all the sectors 3 aligned in the tire circumferential direction, as shown in FIG. ing. The plate 7 can move in the tire axial direction together with the sector 3. That is, the spring 4 does not directly bias the sector 3 but indirectly biases the sector 3 via the plate 7.

  The sector 3 and the plate 7 are in contact via a smooth sliding surface. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, a guide 8 extending in the tire radial direction is formed on the sliding surface of the plate 7, and a groove 9 engaged with the guide 8 is formed on the sliding surface of the sector 3 that contacts the plate 7. Is formed. Thereby, the relative movement of the sector 3 and the plate 7 in the tire circumferential direction is restricted. Further, the guide 8 and the groove 9 have cross-sectional shapes that mesh with each other, and restrict the detachment of the sector 3 from the sliding surface of the plate 7.

  Next, the operation of the above-described simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold will be described. When the tire vulcanization mold is closed, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the spring 4 is compressed and the sector 3 is retracted into the mold bodies 1 and 2, respectively. A tire forming space is formed. On the other hand, in the open state, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the sector 3 protrudes outside the mold bodies 1 and 2 by the urging force of the spring 4, thereby moving the sector 3 outward in the tire radial direction. To do. Therefore, it is difficult to cause a product failure due to the grooving convex portion on the inner surface of the mold rubbing against the tire tread portion at the time of releasing the vulcanized tire.

  At the time of releasing the vulcanized tire, since the plate 7 straddling all the sectors 3 arranged in the tire circumferential direction exists between the sector 3 and the spring 4, the sector 3 is the mold body 1, 2 Therefore, it is possible to prevent the excessive load from being generated in some sectors 3 when the vulcanized tire is taken out. Therefore, it becomes difficult to cause looseness or damage to the sliding parts and the like that support the sector 3, and durability can be improved. Furthermore, due to the improvement in durability, it becomes possible to apply a simple sectional mold that is inexpensive and has few product failures to the production of general tires with a large production volume. As a result, it is possible to reduce the equipment cost for the vulcanizer.

  In the tire vulcanization molding die, when there is a large sliding resistance between the sector 3 and the plate 7, the opening and closing operation of the die cannot be performed smoothly. Therefore, it is preferable to interpose an auxiliary part between the sector 3 and the plate 7 that makes the resistance lower than the sliding resistance between the two base materials. For example, a covering material made of a carbon-containing metal material can be laminated on the surface of the sector 3 or the plate 7. Further, it is preferable to interpose a lubricant between the sector 3 and the plate 7. As such a lubricant, molybdenum disulfide grease, fluorine grease, or the like can be used.

  FIG. 8 shows a modified example of the plate inserted between the sector and the protruding device. In FIG. 8, the plate 7 inserted between the sector 3 and the spring 4 is divided in the tire circumferential direction and straddles a pair of sectors 3 and 3 adjacent in the tire circumferential direction. If the plate 7 is an integral ring, the effect of aligning the operations of the sectors 3 is higher. However, if the plate 7 straddles at least a pair of sectors 3 and 3 adjacent in the tire circumferential direction, the operations of the sectors 3 and 3 are performed. Can be aligned.

  FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 show a simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold according to another embodiment of the present invention. Since the present embodiment is different from the above-described embodiment only in the structure of the mold main body serving as the upper mold, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof is omitted.

  As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, this simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold includes a pair of mold main bodies 1 and 2 divided in the tire axial direction, and a tire in the mold main body 1 (lower mold). A plurality of sectors 3 disposed in a portion responsible for forming the tread portion, and a tread ring 13 disposed in a portion responsible for forming the tire tread portion in the mold body 2 (upper die) are provided. The mold body 1 incorporates a plurality of springs 4 extending in the tire axial direction as projecting devices for projecting each sector 3 out of the mold body 1. A ring-shaped plate 7 is inserted between the sector 3 and the spring 4 so as to straddle all the sectors 3 arranged in the tire circumferential direction.

  Also in the tire vulcanization mold, when the mold is opened, the sector 3 projects out of the mold body 1 based on the urging force of the spring 4, thereby moving the sector 3 outward in the tire radial direction. Mold release can be performed smoothly. At this time, since the plate 7 straddling all the sectors 3 arranged in the tire circumferential direction exists between the sector 3 and the spring 4, the operations when the sector 3 protrudes from the mold body 1 are aligned. As a result, durability can be improved.

  As described above, the present invention can be applied to a tire vulcanization mold having a plurality of sectors in a portion responsible for molding the tire tread portion of at least one mold body. Of course, the lower mold and the upper mold in the above embodiment may be in an inverse relationship.

  11 and 12 show a simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold according to still another embodiment of the present invention. Since this embodiment is different from the above-described embodiments only in the structure of the mold main body provided with the protruding device, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals and detailed description thereof is omitted.

  As shown in FIG. 11, in a mold body 1 (lower mold) constituting a simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold, a plurality of sectors 3 are disposed in a portion responsible for molding a tire tread portion, A ring-shaped side molding member (side ring) 14 is disposed at a portion responsible for molding the tire side portion. The mold body 1 incorporates a plurality of springs 4 extending in the tire axial direction as projecting devices for projecting each sector 3 out of the mold body 1. A ring-shaped plate 7 is inserted between the sector 3 and the spring 4 so as to straddle all the sectors 3 arranged in the tire circumferential direction.

  The side molding member 14 is fixed to the mold body 1 by a plurality of bolts 15 and is detachable from the inner surface side of the mold body 1. On the other hand, since the sector 3 is attached to the mold body 1 and the plate 7 based on the engagement between the groove and the guide as described above, the sector 3 can be removed from the mold body 1 by releasing the engagement state. It is possible to separate. FIG. 12 shows a state in which the sector 3 and the side molding member 14 are removed from the mold body 1.

  In FIG. 12, a positioning alignment pin 16 is formed in the mold body 1, and a pin hole 17 that matches the alignment pin 16 is formed in the side molding member 14. In this way, by providing the positioning pin 16 on one of the side molding member 14 and the mold body 1 and providing the pin hole 17 that matches the matching pin 16 on the other side, the side molding member 14 is attached to the mold body 1. Positioning when mounting can be performed easily. In particular, when the alignment pins 16 for positioning are provided at three positions on the circumference of the mold body 1, the side molding member 14 and the mold body 1 can be accurately aligned.

  According to the tire vulcanization molding die, it is a matter of course that the effect of aligning the operation of the sector 3 when releasing the vulcanized tire can be obtained, but the sector 3 and the side molding member 14 can be obtained at the time of mold cleaning. Can be removed from the mold body 1, and only the sector 3 and the side molding member 14 can be effectively cleaned by the shot blasting method. In this case, since the powder of blast does not adhere to the mold body 1, it is possible to avoid the inconvenience that the slidability of the sector 3 is hindered in the subsequent vulcanization operation or the powder adheres to the vulcanized tire. Can do.

  In the above embodiment, the case where the side molding member is provided on the lower mold body has been described. However, in the present invention, the side molding member can be provided on both of the pair of mold bodies. In such a case, the alignment pins for positioning may be arranged differently between the pair of mold main bodies. As a result, it is possible to reliably prevent mistakes in assembling the side molding member to the mold body.

  13 and 14 show sectors in the simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 13, a plurality of sliding plates 18 are detachably attached by bolts 19 to mating surfaces of the sectors 3 (surfaces that come into contact with other sectors when the mold is closed). The sliding plate 18 is made of a material such as resin or metal having a smaller frictional resistance than the sector 3. For example, a low friction metal material such as brass, a composite metal material in which carbon powder is dispersed in a metal, a composite metal material in which carbon is scattered in a part of the metal, or other materials having a self-lubricating function may be used. it can. As shown in FIG. 14, the sliding plate 18 is substantially flush with the mating surface of the sector 3, but preferably protrudes slightly from the mating surface of the sector 3.

  By arranging the sliding plate 18 on the mating surface of the sector 3 in this way, the slidability of the mating surface of the sector 3 can be improved and the mating surface can be prevented from being rough. In particular, when the sliding plate 18 is used, there is an advantage that the tire product is not adversely affected. Further, the sliding plate 18 is excellent in durability, and when it is worn out, the desired function can be easily recovered by replacing it.

  One slide plate 18 can be attached to the mating surface of each sector 3, but when one large slide plate is used, the shape is easily restricted and the shape becomes complicated. Therefore, it is preferable to attach a plurality of small sliding plates 18 having a simple shape to the mating surfaces of the sectors 3. The total area of the sliding surfaces of the sliding plate 18 is ideally 100% of the area of the mating surface of the sector 3, but considering the processing cost, the ratio should be as small as possible. However, when the total area of the sliding surfaces of the sliding plate 18 is smaller than 60% of the area of the mating surfaces of the sector 3, the effect of improving the slidability becomes insufficient. Therefore, the total area of the sliding surfaces of the sliding plate 18 is preferably 60% or more of the area of the mating surfaces of the sector 3.

  15 and 16 show a modification of the sector in the simple sectional type tire vulcanization mold of the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, a film 20 is formed on the mating surface of each sector 3 (the surface that comes into contact with other sectors when the mold is closed). The film 20 is formed by a metal plating process or a coating process such as a fluororesin. In particular, when performing metal plating, it is preferable to select a metal material having a hardness different from that of the material constituting the sector 3.

  By forming the film 20 on the mating surface of the sector 3 in this manner, the slidability of the mating surface of the sector 3 can be improved, and the mating surface can be prevented from becoming rough. However, the formation of the film 20 takes time and labor compared to the replacement of the sliding plate 18, and the obtained film 20 is inferior in durability to the sliding plate 18.

  In addition to the above, it is possible to apply a lubricant such as molybdenum disulfide-based grease, fluorine-based grease, or silicone to the sector mating surface as a means for preventing the sector mating surface from becoming rough. When such a lubricant is used, there is an advantage that the application is easy and the lubricant can be replenished as necessary, but the lubricant flows into the molding surface of the mold and adversely affects the tire product. there is a possibility. Therefore, it is desirable to employ the above-described sliding plate or film as means for preventing the roughness of the mating surfaces of the sectors.

It is sectional drawing which shows the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die (closed mold state) which consists of embodiment of this invention. It is AA arrow sectional drawing of FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die (opening state) which consists of embodiment of this invention. It is a BB arrow sectional view of Drawing 3. It is a perspective view which shows the principal part of the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die which consists of embodiment of this invention. It is a front view which shows the connection structure of the sector and plate in the tire vulcanization molding die which consists of embodiment of this invention. It is a side view which shows the connection structure of the sector and plate in the tire vulcanization mold which consists of embodiment of this invention. It is a perspective view which shows the modification of the plate in this invention. It is sectional drawing which shows the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die (closed mold state) which consists of other embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing which shows the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die (opening state) which consists of other embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing which shows the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding metal mold | die which consists of further another embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing which shows the state which decomposed | disassembled the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding metal mold | die which consists of other embodiment of this invention. It is a top view which shows the sector in the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die of this invention. It is XX arrow sectional drawing of FIG. It is a top view which shows the modification of the sector in the simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding die of this invention. It is the YY arrow sectional drawing of FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows the conventional simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding metal mold | die (closed mold state). It is CC sectional view taken on the line of FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows the conventional simple sectional type tire vulcanization molding metal mold | die (open mold state). It is DD sectional view taken on the line of FIG.

Explanation of symbols

1, 2 Mold body 3 Sector 4 Spring (projection device)
5, 8 Guide 6, 9 Groove 7 Plate 14 Side molding member 15 Bolt 16 Alignment pin 17 Pin hole 18 Sliding plate 19 Bolt 20 Film

Claims (17)

A pair of mold main bodies divided in the tire axial direction, and a plurality of sectors arranged in a portion responsible for forming the tire tread portion of at least one mold main body and divided in the tire circumferential direction, and these In the tire vulcanization mold in which the sector is mounted movably in the tire radial direction and the tire axial direction with respect to the mold body, and provided with a projecting device for projecting the sector out of the mold body, A tire vulcanization mold in which a plate straddling at least between sectors adjacent in the tire circumferential direction is disposed between the sector and the protruding device. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 1, wherein the plate is movable in the tire axial direction. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 2, wherein the sector and the plate are in contact with each other on a slidable surface. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 3, wherein a guide for restricting movement in the tire circumferential direction is attached between the sector and the plate. The tire vulcanization molding die according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein an auxiliary part having a resistance lower than a sliding resistance between both base materials is interposed between the sector and the plate. The tire vulcanization molding die according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a lubricant is interposed between the sector and the plate. A pair of mold main bodies divided in the tire axial direction, and a plurality of sectors arranged in a portion responsible for forming the tire tread portion of at least one mold main body and divided in the tire circumferential direction, and these In the tire vulcanization mold in which the sector is mounted movably in the tire radial direction and the tire axial direction with respect to the mold body, and provided with a projecting device for projecting the sector out of the mold body, Between the sector and the protruding device, a plate straddling at least between sectors adjacent to each other in the tire circumferential direction is disposed, and a side molding member is provided at a portion responsible for molding a tire side portion of a mold body provided with the protruding device. A tire vulcanization mold in which the sector and the side molding member are separable from the mold body. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 7, wherein the side molding member has a structure that is detachable from the inner surface side of the mold body. 9. The tire vulcanization molding die according to claim 7, wherein a positioning alignment pin is provided on one of the side molding member and the mold body, and a pin hole corresponding to the alignment pin is provided on the other. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 9, wherein the positioning alignment pins are arranged at three positions on the periphery of the mold body. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 10, wherein the alignment pins for positioning are different from each other in the pair of mold bodies. The tire vulcanization mold according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein a lubricant is applied to the mating surfaces of the sectors. The tire vulcanization mold according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein a film is formed on a mating surface of the sector. The tire vulcanization mold according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein a sliding plate is attached to a mating surface of the sector. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 14, wherein an area of a sliding surface of the sliding plate is 60% or more of an area of a mating surface of the sector. The tire vulcanization mold according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein a plurality of sliding plates are attached to the mating surfaces of the sectors. The tire vulcanization mold according to claim 16, wherein the total area of the sliding surfaces of the sliding plate is 60% or more of the area of the mating surfaces of the sectors.

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