JP4302173B2 - How to generate alarm sound for electrical equipment - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a method for generating a notification sound of an electric device for confirming a switch input operation and notifying an operation state of a general industrial, household, or other electric device.

  Conventionally, when a switch input operation of a general electric device is accepted, or when an operation state of the electric device is displayed or notified, a notification sound, alarm or sound peculiar to the switch input or the operation state is provided by a notification device incorporated in the electric device. So that the operator and the surrounding people can confirm by hearing.

  For example, as a conventional technique for generating a notification sound for confirmation according to a switch input operation, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-61559 (Patent Document 1), an operation in which one switch is physically set When there are two operation modes depending on the mode, pressing the switch generates an operation sound of a different tone depending on each operation mode, as disclosed in JP-A-6-86736 (Patent Document 2). When the user selects and operates the temperature of the hot water in the bathtub, the user's auditory device can easily confirm whether there is an erroneous operation on the operation unit by uttering a sound signal of a different scale for each temperature. In addition, as disclosed in JP-A-6-318290 (Patent Document 3), by changing the frequency or the number of occurrences according to the operation state of the switch of the electric device. There is to be able to reliably determine the operating state of the switch uttered different confirmation tone.

  For example, as a conventional technique for informing or warning about the operating state of an electric device, the open elapsed time is long in a refrigerator door open warning device as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-18779 (Patent Document 4). There are some that output a louder or higher opening warning sound than when the opening time is short, and when the kettle boils as disclosed in JP-A-61-146218 (Patent Document 5) A melody of a music having a volume larger than the sound is generated, and a melody is generated when the temperature sensor of the boiling device senses 85 ° C. or higher as disclosed in JP-A-62-53618 (Patent Document 6). There is a device that emits another melody when it senses a temperature higher than 0 ° C., and as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-188023 (Patent Document 7), an alarm device that measures a changing physical quantity to generate, play, and display a sound Yes, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-338436 (Patent Document 8), if the amount of dust is detected by a vacuum cleaner equipped with a dust sensor and becomes less than a predetermined amount, the floor surface is cleaned. The voice speaker is driven to produce a voice saying “I'm clean”. Also, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-207393 (Patent Document 9), if there is an abnormality in the operation, the minor tone is in the dark There is an electric washing machine that sounds a melody.

Further, there is a device that optimizes the sound generation condition of the notification device corresponding to the surrounding environment and the operator where the electric equipment is placed. For example, as disclosed in JP-A-4-338420 (Patent Document 10), an audible area is provided. Select a sound range that is easy to identify even for people who have become narrow, or divide the fundamental frequency with a frequency divider to make it low frequency so that it can be easily heard by elderly people who have difficulty in hearing high frequencies. There is an electric cooker equipped with a notification device that changes the rhythm of the notification sound so as not to be confused with the notification sound of other electrical equipment, or detects the ambient sound and changes the sound pressure of the sound generator according to the ambient sound, As described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-204387 (Patent Document 11), when environmental information such as ambient noise level, humidity, temperature, and brightness is periodically input, music adjustment, tone adjustment, and sound volume suitable for the environmental information are provided. Adjustment, tempo adjustment, reverberation adjustment, etc. There is also a sound generating device for sound output from multiple speakers me.
JP-A-5-61559 JP-A-6-86736 JP-A-6-318290 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 4-18779 JP-A-61-146218 JP-A-62-53618 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-188023 JP-A-4-338436 JP-A-3-207393 JP-A-4-338420 JP-A-5-204387

  In the conventional example, there are those that generate a unique confirmation sound, warning sound, or melody that corresponds to each electric device, but operation confirmation is a common function that many electric devices have. With regard to a series of a plurality of notifications of status, there is no notification device that generates a notification sound that can be easily recognized and associated with any one of them.

  Moreover, when the generated sound is set to a low frequency range so that it can be easily heard by the elderly, there may be a case where a plurality of generations feel uncomfortable with each other when the fundamental frequency is simply divided.

  Furthermore, in a sound generator that can adjust the volume, pitch, tempo, reverberation, etc. of the generated sound, the volume of the specific song adjusted by the surrounding environment is reduced if the noise is low according to the ambient noise level. The reverberation is deep and gentle, and if the noise is loud, the volume is increased and the reverberation of the entire song is reduced to produce a sound that is easy to hear. It does not adjust the individual scales.

Therefore, the present invention makes it possible to reliably recognize which operation confirmation sound or what state notification sound is a series of a plurality of notification sounds for notifying operation confirmation and status common to electrical equipment, An object of the present invention is to provide a method for generating a notification sound of an electric device that can generate a high-quality notification sound that is gentle to humans.

The method for generating the notification sound of the electric device according to the present invention is a method for generating the notification sound of the electric device that generates a plurality of different types of notification sounds from each other in order to confirm the operation of the electric device and notify the operation state. The notification sound is a sound that can be expressed using musical notes in a musical score, and is a combination of a plurality of musical elements that are decomposed, such as a scale, rhythm, and strength, All of the musical elements included in one type of notification sound are included in the other types of notification sound so that the user of the electrical device can associate and distinguish the meaning of each type of notification sound by combining a plurality of musical elements set different from that of all musical elements, it is shall be generated electrical equipment a plurality of types of notification sound different from each other.

In the method for generating the notification sound of the electric device according to the present invention, the scale includes a high scale, a middle scale, a low scale, or a combination thereof, and the rhythm includes a long sound, a short sound, or a combination thereof, The strength is preferably configured to include a gradually increasing or decreasing change or accentuation.

Further, in the method for generating the notification sound of the electric device according to the present invention, a plurality of types of notification sound are auditioned by a plurality of users of the electric device, and the meaning of each of the plurality of types of notification sound is distinguished from each other. It is preferable that the electric device generates a plurality of notification sounds as notification sounds of the electric device so that a person can associate them.

  As described above, according to the present invention, the notification sound is a combination of a plurality of decomposed musical elements of scale, rhythm, and strength, and the meanings of the plurality of types of notification sounds are distinguished from each other. As the user can understand, all of the musical elements included in the notification sound of one category are different from all of the musical elements included in the notification sound of the other classification, so that the user has different notifications. The meaning can be understood so that the difference in the purpose of the sound can be understood, and the meaning can be easily associated without confusion or misrecognition even when a person hears a plurality of types of notification sounds including different musical elements. Therefore, the meaning of the notification sound can be easily associated and distinguished.

  Generally, when an electric device is to be operated, a person turns on the power switch or operates various operation switches of the operation unit provided in the electric device to set operating conditions or execute an operation program in the control unit of the electric device. In addition, when an operation program is executed, the electrical equipment also displays and alerts the operating status, and also gives alarms such as whether there are no erroneous operations or malfunctions, and abnormal operating conditions. It is necessary to inform the user and the surrounding people whether or not the driving program is correctly implemented or not and whether or not the electric device is normal. For this reason, the electric device notifies the operation unit and the control unit with a visual display device and an auditory notification device. It has.

  The present invention relates to various electric appliances and machines for general industrial use from electric appliances used at home such as microwave ovens, electric rice cookers, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, televisions, video tape recorders and facsimiles. It is related to the notification sound of the notification device provided in the device, etc., and it was organically formed so that many people could easily recognize which electrical device was in what operating state when listening to the notification sound generated by the electrical device. It is a notification sound, so that it can be recognized and associated without error by extracting a part that can be recognized in common from a number of existing sounds that have been learned in daily life since the birth of a person and that can remember a common concept In addition, it is a symbolized notification sound composed of sound elements that are simply and clearly classified or combinations thereof.

  FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of a notification sound of a notification device for an electric device according to the present invention.

These notification sounds shown in the column of the notification sound classification in FIG. 1 are correctly operated and input correctly when there is an operation input such as a switch input in the operation unit when the electric device is operated or an operation such as condition setting is performed. Sounds generated when the operation sound such as a reception sound that is emitted for confirmation when it is received by an electrical device, and when the output increase / decrease of the electrical device is adjusted or the setting condition is changed or changed. Control sound generated, start sound emitted when starting operation of electrical equipment or when a specific operation program starts, and stop sound or sound generated when pausing or canceling setting conditions during operation or operation Canceling sound, operation end sound that is emitted when the power is turned off, operation is completed, or all operations are completed, and when the operation status is abnormal Warning sound that is generated when a malfunction or some operation change or input is requested to a person, various guidance that occurs when using other electrical equipment, or the temperature that is set in advance to indicate the remaining time during operation It is possible to classify and classify them into notification sounds that are emitted when notifying people or other information to people.

  If the notification sounds are classified into such classifications, any person can recognize them without error and form a coded notification sound consisting of sound elements that are simply and clearly classified or a combination thereof, corresponding to each classification. Becomes easy.

  In addition, these notification sounds are given meanings by adding tones, rhythms, and inflections that are associated with distinct classifications, so that the notification sounds themselves are meaningful. However, the meaning can be easily associated without confusion or misrecognition.

  As shown in the scale column of FIG. 1, these notification sounds are added with a scale that distinguishes each classification and associates them with each other. The operation sound is a certain medium tone that is easy for humans to hear.The adjustment sound increases the scale when the output is increased or when the setting condition is increased, and the scale is increased when the output is decreased or the setting condition is decreased. I will lower it.

  The starting sound is raised so as to start from static to dynamic, or is increased after lowering the musical scale once so that it emphasizes the static and is released from the restraint immediately after starting. Stop sound or cancellation sound is at the same level, and the driving end sound is lowered from high to low from the movement silently, or the scale is changed from high to low to give a feeling of rest at the end of driving. After raising the scale. The warning sound changes the scale from high to low, reminiscent of transformation. Then, the notification sound is changed to a high and low scale so as to call a wild deer or as a set of trumpet hands.

  Further, as shown in the rhythm column of FIG. 1, rhythms that are associated with different classifications are added to these notification sounds. The operation sound is a crisp short rhythm as if a key was hit, and the adjustment sound is a long rhythm following a short sound reminiscent of change and extension. The start sound is a rhythm of a long sound that follows a plurality of three short sounds, like a unique melody used in new scenes of fanfare and movies.

  The stop or canceling sound continues with two short tones as when stopping the run immediately. The driving end sound is a long long rhythm followed by four short tones from motion to silence like the end of a symphony or nursery rhyme. The warning sound is a rhythm in which two short sounds are repeated three times or three short sounds are repeated three times so as to attract the most attention. The notification sound is a long rhythm followed by three short tones that call attention and convey to the distance.

  Similarly, as shown in the column of inflection in FIG. 1, intensities and strengths are added to these notification sounds so as to distinguish and associate each type. The operation sound is crisply staccato, the adjustment sound is a crescendo that becomes stronger when the output is increased or the setting condition is increased, and becomes a decrescence that becomes weaker when the output is decreased or the setting condition is reduced.

  The start sound is crescendo so that the driving speed increases, the stop sound or canceling sound is crisp two staccatos, and the driving end sound is decrescendo or adagio so that the driving speed decreases. The warning tone adds an accent to the first note and continues with three short decrescendos. The notification sound continues with three crescendos with an accent added to the last sound.

  Further, these notification sounds have a lingering sound added to the tail of the notification sound or the tail of each sound forming the notification sound. If a sound element that adds a reverberation to the notification sound, that is, a sound element whose output level gradually decreases, is added to the notification sound, the notification sound becomes mellow and becomes a natural and high-quality notification sound.

  These notification sounds that are symbolized and classified into a plurality of types, to which scales are added, to which rhythms are added, to which inflection is added, and to which reverberation is added, have frequency and sound pressure with respect to time as parameters. A combination of a scale, rhythm, and intonation can be expressed as a note on a musical score.

  FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the notification sound of the notification device for an electric device according to the present invention.

  As shown in the note column and the waveform column in FIG. 2, if each notification sound is represented by one measure of four quarters, the operation sound is a soviet sound and only a quarter note, A waveform with a frequency of 783 Hz is 0.15 seconds, followed by a reverberation of 0.35 seconds. When the output is increased, the adjustment sound is a combination of a 16th note of the sound of the sound followed by a quarter note of the high sound. The waveform at the frequency of 783 Hz is continued for 0.12 seconds, and the waveform at the frequency of 1046 Hz is 0 at 0.12 seconds. .36 seconds of lingering sound, and when the output is reduced, a combination of a 16th note followed by a quarter note of a low tone, and a waveform at a frequency of 783 Hz continues for 0.12 seconds and a waveform at a frequency of 523 Hz is 0 .12 seconds lasts for 0.36 seconds, and the intermediate or standard setting is the same as the operation sound.

  The start sound is Mi, Seo, De, Mi, and a 32nd note followed by a quarter note of the same Mi, followed by a waveform with a frequency of 659 Hz, a frequency of 783 Hz, and a frequency of 1046 Hz for 0.06 seconds, and a waveform with a frequency of 1318 Hz. It lasts 0.3 seconds including. The stop sound or canceling sound has two eighth notes of the chord of the sound of the So and the high Mi, and the synthesized sound of the waveform with the frequency of 783 Hz and the frequency of 1318 Hz disappears that should have a reverberation of 0.36 seconds. Without any change, the chord disappears in 0.36 seconds.

The end-of-drive sound consists of two eighth notes, one sound, one sound, one sixteenth note, two sound notes, two eighth notes, two sound notes The waveform with a frequency of 987 Hz is 0.24 seconds, the waveform with an immediately decay frequency of 783 Hz and the waveform with a frequency of 880 Hz are 0.12 seconds each, and the waveform with a frequency of 987 Hz and a frequency of 783 Hz is 0.24 seconds, respectively. Then, a waveform with a frequency of 1046 Hz continues for two 0.48 seconds including a reverberation of 0.35 seconds. However, it may be repeated a plurality of times with a rest time depending on the installation location and distance of the electric equipment. The warning sound consists of a series of sixteenth notes of a high note, eight eighth notes and sixteenth notes, and a waveform with a frequency of 1318 Hz immediately decays in 0.12 seconds and a lingering sound of 0.36 seconds A set including a waveform having a frequency of 1046 Hz including 0.36 seconds continues three times and continues after the pause time or repeats a plurality of times.

  The notification sound is a combination of seo, les, shi, seo and sixteenth notes followed by a quarter note of the same seo sound twice, with a waveform of frequency 783 Hz, frequency 587 Hz, frequency 987 Hz and frequency 783 Hz of 0.06. A combination of a waveform having the same frequency of 783 Hz that lasts every second and includes a reverberation of 0.36 seconds and lasts 0.48 seconds is repeated twice, and these are repeated a plurality of times after the pause time.

  FIG. 3 shows the result of a hearing test on the identification rate of these seven types of notification sounds. For each of the 26 test subjects, seven types of notification sounds from operation sounds to notification sounds were summed in a random order. This is a test of which notification sound is recognized when it occurs three times. The first time, the identification rate of the start sound and the notification sound is low at 30.8% for 8 out of 26 people, respectively. However, 3 out of 26 people are particularly low at 11.5%, but the other notification sounds show a high identification rate of 60% or more even though they are heard for the first time, that is, for the first time.

  Further, in the second and third times, the identification rates all show a high value of 60% or more, and 100% for the operation sound and the adjustment sound. In addition, the fact that the identification rate is saturated and becomes a high value in the second and third times is combined with the fact that the first time is a relatively high identification rate except for exceptions, and the notification sound of the notification device of the present invention. Is nothing but a notification sound that can be identified without misrecognition even by the person who first heard it.

  Further, FIG. 4 shows the result of a hearing test as to whether or not the meaning of each of the notification sounds can be sensed. The current sound that has been used as the notification sound so far and the notification sound of the notification device of the present invention are represented by 26 persons. The test sounds are generated in order from the control sound to the notification sound for each of the test subjects, and the percentage of people who feel the meaning by collecting the data is evaluated based on the five levels of feeling, not feeling, feeling normal, feeling slightly, feeling It is a thing. The ratio of the current sound and the notification sound of the present invention is shown by comparing the current sound and the notification sound of the present invention as the person who has sensed the meaning of the notification sound confidence among those who answered that he / she feels somewhat in this listening test.

  As the numbers attached to the graph in FIG. 4 indicate, the adjustment sound is 15.4% for 4 out of 26 people, and the notification sound of the present invention is 65.4% for 17 people. The sound and canceling sound have a value of about 10% of the current sound, and the notification sound of the present invention has a much higher value than that. In the case of the end sound, warning sound, and notification sound, the notification sound of the present invention shows a high value together with the current sound. In this way, the notification sound of the present invention has a result that it is sensed at a very high rate if it is much higher than or equivalent to the current sound, which is the notification sound of the notification apparatus of the present invention. It is nothing but to show that it is strongly meaningful.

  Here, the frequency of the current sound is all 2.5 kHz, the adjustment sound, the start sound and the canceling sound are the same, a single sound of 0.1 seconds, and the sound of the end is a continuous sound of 2 seconds. A 0.1 second sound is a sound that lasts 10 times in a 1 second cycle, and a notification sound is a sound that a 0.5 second sound lasts 10 times in a 1 second cycle. It was adopted.

  From the results of this listening test, the notification sounds of the notification device of the present invention all show a high value of 50% or more excluding the start sound, clearly indicating that the notification sound itself is meaningful. Yes.

  FIG. 5 shows the results of a hearing test on the length of the operation sound and a hearing test on the period of the warning sound and the notification sound. When the operation sound of a specific length was heard, 56 test subjects Generates an operation sound by deciding to indicate +1 when each feels long, +0.5 when feeling a little long, -1 when feeling short, -0.5 when feeling slightly short It shows the average value of the numerical values shown by all the test subjects when the time is changed, and the optimum generation time length that the average value is not long or short is normal is 0 in FIG. As shown in the region in the vicinity of, the result is between 0.45 seconds and 0.65 seconds, and a result that feels slightly longer at 0.7 seconds or 0.9 seconds is shown.

  The warning sound is a combination of three combinations of the same sound, and a pause that is repeated continuously or multiple times, but more than 80% of the 24 test subjects when the period of the same sound is changed. It is shown that the period at which is felt optimal is between 0.3 seconds and 0.4 seconds. Similarly, the notification sound is a continuous repetition of the same melody two or more times, but a period that more than 80% of the 56 test subjects feel the optimum when changing the period of the same melody. Is shown to be 1.0 to 2.0 seconds.

  These notification sounds include a reverberation, which gives a mellowness and high texture, but except for a short sound element of the notification sound, most of the sound elements that form each notification sound include a reverberation. The length of the reverberation occupies a time of 1/3 or more of the generation time of each sound including the reverberation.

  In addition, the driving end sound, warning sound and notification sound are generated several times or continuously with a pause time, but according to the listening test, the result of the discomfort is felt when the pause time exceeds 2 seconds. Therefore, the rest time was set within 2 seconds. According to the present invention, by assigning unique similar timbres to each of the plurality of electric devices, even if the plurality of electric devices are operated at the same time, it becomes easy to check the operation by the notification sound of different timbres.

  For example, the microwave oven is piano-like, the washing machine is vibrahorn-like, the air-conditioner is harp-like and piccolo-like, and not only the tone of the instrument, but also various acoustic processing, and the dry sound that is smudged in the clothes dryer The humidifier may be assigned a heavy damp sound, an animal call may be assigned, an elephant or hippo call may be assigned to the refrigerator, and a woodpecker sound may be assigned to the door phone or intercom.

  There are two methods for creating a notification sound, such as a method for recording the sound of these animals and making a notification sound having a scale by well-known sampling reproduction means, and a method using artificially processed sound using a synthesizer.

  FIG. 6 shows a circuit block diagram of a notification device for electrical equipment according to the present invention.

  The notification device of the present invention comprises a well-known melody IC1, which comprises a semiconductor circuit or a semiconductor memory, amplifying unit 2, and a sounding body 3 such as a speaker as sounding means. The melody IC1 can select and input data such as the selection of the sound source that generates the basic waveform of the sound to be generated, its frequency, generation time, attenuation, and expansion as a series of songs using dedicated setting means (not shown). A plurality of pieces of music can be stored in the internal memory 11 from piece note data (1) to piece note data (n) as digital information.

  The notification sound of FIG. 2 is sequentially stored as music note data (1) using dedicated setting means (not shown), the adjustment sound is stored as music note data (2), and the notification sound is recorded in the same manner. It is stored in the memory 11 as musical note data (7). Now, the main control unit 4 that performs the overall control of the electrical equipment outputs a song selection signal and a song performance start signal in an attempt to generate a specific notification sound, and when the melody IC 1 receives these signals, the control unit 12 stores the signals in the memory 11. Specific music note data is selected from the inside, and the sound source unit 13 is controlled to convert the selected music into a digital signal format music. The digital signal format is converted to an analog signal by the DA converter 14 and output to the external amplifier 2 to be amplified and drive the sound generator 3 including a speaker or the like to generate a specific notification sound selected.

  Furthermore, the tone color, sound pressure, and tone length of the notification sound may be changed according to the installation environment of the electrical equipment and the ambient noise level. A plurality of different notification sounds (not shown) are set and inputted by a dedicated setting means (not shown), and various adjustments change the selection of the notification sound without losing the organic relationship of the notification sounds as expressed in musical notes. This is easily realized.

  In this way, the scale is modulated by focusing on frequency bands that are not included in the surrounding noise, making it easier to hear by generating a low sound, or when the user of an electrical device is nearby, it is quiet and away. When the user is not responding, the sound pressure and sound length can be gradually increased or the tempo can be increased gradually. The larger the notification sound, the larger it can be.

  The start sound and end sound may be set longer and longer than usual when the set operation time is long or the automatic operation time is long. In addition, there is a way to make the notification sound new and powerful, or add instruments one after another to make the sound fight, and if a voice synthesis circuit is provided, depending on the notification sound, the sound can be changed to speech It becomes easier to recognize.

  By synthesizing these notification sounds and some sound elements of the notification sounds with sounds of a plurality of frequencies, it is possible to give a natural feeling without producing unsatisfactory due to the transparency of only a single frequency. In particular, if the notification sound is synthesized with a chord or a dissonance, the quality is improved and the expressive power is expanded.

  And if it is synthesized so that a part of or all of the notification sound includes a sound whose main component is a low frequency of 1.5 kHz or less that can be relatively easily recognized even by an elderly person with hearing loss, the same notification device is obtained. It is accepted by other generations without a sense of incongruity, and there is no need to make the notification sound specially loud unlike when this frequency is not included.

  In addition, when the display capability is insufficient when trying to display the status of the electrical device on the display device in the test mode of the electrical device, the lack of display capability is compensated by using the notification sound of the notification device, and many test results are obtained. Can be expressed.

Explanatory drawing which shows the outline | summary of the notification sound of the alerting | reporting apparatus of this invention. The figure which shows the Example of the alerting | reporting sound of the alerting | reporting apparatus of this invention. The figure which shows the result of the hearing test regarding the identification rate of the alerting | reporting sound of the alerting | reporting apparatus of this invention. The figure which shows the result of the hearing test regarding the meaning of the notification sound of the notification device of the present invention The figure which shows the result of the hearing test regarding the length and period of the notification sound of the notification device of the present invention Circuit block diagram of the notification device of the present invention

Explanation of symbols

1 Melody IC
2 Amplifying section 3 Sound generator 4 Main control section

Claims (3)

A method for generating a notification sound of an electric device in which the electric device generates a plurality of different types of notification sounds to confirm the operation of the electric device and notify the operation state,
The notification sound is a sound that can be expressed using musical notes in a score, and is a combination of a plurality of musical elements that are decomposed, such as a scale, rhythm, and strength, and the plurality of types of notification sounds So that the user of the electrical device can associate the respective meanings of each of the musical elements, and all the musical elements included in one type of notification sound are included in the other types of notification sounds. by combining the plurality of musical elements varied with all the elements, the mutual plural kinds electric equipment alarm signals it is characterized that you generate different, the method generates electrical equipment of the alarm sound. The scale is a high scale, medium-scale, low-scale, or a combination thereof, the rhythm includes prolonged sound, short sound, or a combination thereof, the strength is gradually strong or gradually change in weak, The method for generating a notification sound of an electric device according to claim 1, wherein the method is configured to include accentuation. A plurality of notification sounds so that the plurality of types of notification sounds can be auditioned by a plurality of users of the electric device, and the meaning of each of the plurality of types of notification sounds can be distinguished and associated with the user of the electric device. the electrical device characterized in that it occurs as a notification sound of the electrical apparatus, according to claim 1 or method generation of alarm signals of electrical equipment according to claim 2.