JP4247491B2

JP4247491B2 - Deterioration inspection method and apparatus for polymer material

Info

Publication number: JP4247491B2
Application number: JP2004274442A
Authority: JP
Inventors: 哲美高野
Original assignee: Fuji Electric Systems Co Ltd
Current assignee: Fuji Electric Co Ltd
Priority date: 2004-09-22
Filing date: 2004-09-22
Publication date: 2009-04-02
Anticipated expiration: 2024-09-22
Also published as: JP2006090765A

Description

この発明は、高分子材料を用いている機器、例えば、変圧器や、変成器、開閉器、回転機、絶縁用スペーサ、絶縁用ブッシングなどの電気機器の長時間の運転によって、その機器に組み込まれた高分子材料がどの程度劣化を受けているかを判定する高分子材料の劣化検査方法および装置に関し、特に、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料を非破壊的に検査する高分子材料の劣化検査方法および装置に関する。 The present invention is incorporated into a device using a polymer material, for example, a transformer, a transformer, a switch, a rotary machine, an insulating spacer, an insulating bushing, etc. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material that determines how much the polymer material that has been deteriorated, and in particular, a deterioration inspection of a polymer material that non-destructively inspects a polymer material incorporated in a device. It relates to a method and an apparatus.

例えば、電気機器に組み込まれる絶縁材料などに用いられる高分子材料の不可逆的変成、すなわち、劣化と呼ばれる現象に対する検査には、従来よりさまざまな方法が用いられている。表１は、高分子材料の従来の劣化検査方法を示している。高分子材料の劣化を検査するための各種物性に対する検査項目と、その検査を実施した場合に機器に組み込まれた高分子材料を供試材料の切り出しなどで破壊させる必要があるか否かを示している。表１における各検査項目の説明を以下に述べる。 For example, various methods have been conventionally used for irreversible transformation of a polymer material used for an insulating material incorporated in an electrical device, that is, an inspection for a phenomenon called deterioration. Table 1 shows a conventional deterioration inspection method for polymer materials. Indicates the inspection items for various physical properties for inspecting the deterioration of the polymer material, and whether or not the polymer material incorporated in the equipment should be destroyed by cutting out the test material, etc. ing. The description of each inspection item in Table 1 will be described below.

高分子材料は、継続的な使用により熱的な劣化を生じるが、その元となる現象は、高分子自体の分子鎖の切断による分子量の減少、末端原子の酸化によるＣ−Ｃ（炭素原子の一重結合部）またはＣ＝Ｃ（炭素原子の二重結合部）における炭素原子の遊離、充填材として用いられている異質材料との結合部からの切断などによって生じる。
炭素原子の結合部から炭素原子が遊離すれば、高分子材料の電気的特性に影響が及ぶのでその電気的特性である誘電正接、絶縁破壊電圧、絶縁抵抗などが検査される。しかし、相当に多量に炭素原子が遊離しないと、高分子材料の電気的特性は変化しない。劣化の末期になってはじめて電気的特性に変化が現れる。従って、高分子材料の劣化を検査する方法としては、電気的特性は非常に感度が悪い。なお、絶縁抵抗は、湿度や汚れなど周囲の雰囲気の影響を受け易く検査値の信頼性に欠ける。

Polymer materials cause thermal degradation due to continuous use, but the underlying phenomenon is that the molecular weight decreases due to the molecular chain scission of the polymer itself, and the C—C (carbon atoms This is caused by liberation of carbon atoms at C = C (double bond portion of carbon atoms) or cutting from a bond portion with a foreign material used as a filler.
If carbon atoms are liberated from the carbon atom bond, the electrical characteristics of the polymer material are affected, so that the electrical characteristics such as dielectric loss tangent, dielectric breakdown voltage, and insulation resistance are inspected. However, the electrical properties of the polymeric material do not change unless a significant amount of carbon atoms are liberated. Only after the end of deterioration changes in electrical properties appear. Therefore, as a method for inspecting the deterioration of the polymer material, the electrical characteristics are very insensitive. The insulation resistance is easily affected by the surrounding atmosphere such as humidity and dirt, and the reliability of the inspection value is lacking.

分子鎖の切断は、高分子材料が力学的に脆くなるという傾向を示し、高分子材料の力学的特性における破断強度の検査項目は重要である。しかし、高分子材料の力学的特性における弾性率や損失、緩和係数（これらの定義は後述される）は、検査値だけでは定量的に劣化の程度を正確に把握することが困難である。ただし、高分子材料の弾性率や損失、緩和係数、熱膨張率などから、その材料のガラス転移温度を求めて高分子材料の劣化を検査する方法があるので、これについては後述される。
音響伝搬特性は、例えば、音の伝搬速度は高分子材料の弾性率やポアソン比、密度などで決定される力学的特性に対応するが、機器に使用している形状での測定は困難であるとともに測定精度の点からも劣っている。
分子の結合特性に基づく検査であるＦＴ・ＩＲ（Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer フーリエ変換赤外分光法）やＡＴＲ（Attenuated Total Reflection 全反射吸収法）は、高分子材料に赤外線を射て、その吸収または反射スペクトルを求める方法である。それによって、その材料の分子結合状態を分析し、材料の劣化の程度を知ることができる。この方法は、材料の劣化の程度を詳細に知ることができるという長所があるが、大がかりで精密な測定器による赤外領域の光測定であるために、機器が設置された現地での測定は非常に困難である。 The molecular chain breakage tends to make the polymer material mechanically brittle, and the test item of the breaking strength in the mechanical properties of the polymer material is important. However, it is difficult to accurately grasp the degree of deterioration in terms of the elastic modulus, loss, and relaxation coefficient (these definitions will be described later) in the mechanical properties of the polymer material quantitatively only by the inspection value. However, since there is a method for inspecting the deterioration of the polymer material by obtaining the glass transition temperature of the material from the elastic modulus, loss, relaxation coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient, etc. of the polymer material, this will be described later.
The acoustic propagation characteristics, for example, the sound propagation speed corresponds to the mechanical characteristics determined by the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, etc. of the polymer material, but it is difficult to measure with the shape used in the equipment At the same time, it is inferior in terms of measurement accuracy.
FT · IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) and ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection Total Reflection Absorption Method), which are inspections based on the binding properties of molecules, irradiate polymer materials with infrared rays and absorb or reflect them. This is a method for obtaining a spectrum. Thereby, the molecular bonding state of the material can be analyzed to know the degree of deterioration of the material. This method has the advantage of being able to know in detail the degree of material degradation, but because it is a large-scale, precise measurement of light in the infrared region, measurement at the site where the equipment is installed is not possible. It is very difficult.

表１に示した方法の他に、高分子材料の色を検出する方法もある。これは、Ｃ−ＣまたはＣ＝Ｃからの炭素原子の遊離や、カルボニル基などの生成による劣化に伴う材料の変色に基づく劣化検査であるが、実用的な高分子材料では、紫外線による劣化を表面のみにとどめたり、劣化による変色を隠したりするための着色剤が副成分として混合されている場合が多く、その変色により検査結果が左右されるため、適正に検査することのできる材料は限定される。
図３は、高分子材料が熱劣化を受けた場合の熱劣化時間とガラス転移温度との関係を示す特性線図である。横軸は熱劣化時間、縦軸はガラス転移温度Ｔｇであり、ある一定の温度で高分子材料を熱劣化させた場合、一般的には特性線３０１のような傾向を示す。熱劣化時間の少ない領域（図の変曲点より左側の領域）では、ガラス転移温度Ｔｇが時間とともに急激に増加し、変曲点より右側の領域になると、殆ど一定の割合でガラス転移温度Ｔｇが漸増する。熱劣化時間の少ない領域でガラス転移温度Ｔｇが増加するのは、主として高分子材料の製造時における残存した内部応力に起因するためで、高分子材料の劣化による分子構造の変化ではない。その後の変曲点より右側の領域は、分子構造の劣化による変化であり、検査の対象となる劣化度合いである。すなわち、高分子材料のガラス転移温度Ｔｇを求めることによって、高分子材料の劣化度合いを検査することができる。 In addition to the methods shown in Table 1, there is also a method for detecting the color of the polymer material. This is a deterioration test based on the discoloration of the material accompanying the liberation of carbon atoms from C—C or C═C, or the deterioration due to the formation of carbonyl groups, etc. However, in practical polymer materials, the deterioration due to ultraviolet rays is caused. In many cases, colorants that are limited to the surface or conceal discoloration due to deterioration are mixed as subcomponents, and the discoloration depends on the discoloration, so the materials that can be properly inspected are limited. Is done.
FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the heat deterioration time and the glass transition temperature when the polymer material is subjected to heat deterioration. The horizontal axis represents the heat degradation time, and the vertical axis represents the glass transition temperature Tg. When the polymer material is thermally degraded at a certain temperature, generally, a tendency as shown by the characteristic line 301 is shown. In the region where the heat deterioration time is short (the region on the left side of the inflection point in the figure), the glass transition temperature Tg increases rapidly with time, and in the region on the right side of the inflection point, the glass transition temperature Tg is almost constant. Gradually increases. The reason why the glass transition temperature Tg increases in the region where the heat degradation time is short is mainly due to the residual internal stress during the production of the polymer material, and is not a change in the molecular structure due to the degradation of the polymer material. The area to the right of the subsequent inflection point is a change due to the deterioration of the molecular structure, and the degree of deterioration to be examined. That is, the degree of deterioration of the polymer material can be inspected by obtaining the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymer material.

図４は、高分子材料の熱膨張率からガラス転移温度Ｔｇを求める方法を示す特性線図である。横軸は温度、縦軸は高分子材料の熱膨張であり、一般的には特性線４０１のような傾向を示す。特性線４０１の勾配が熱膨張率であり、低温から高温にかけて熱膨張率が変曲する点４０１Ａの温度がガラス転移温度Ｔｇに対応する。従って、高分子材料の伸びの温度特性を求めれば、ガラス転移温度Ｔｇを知ることが出来る。
図５は、高分子材料の粘弾性を示すリサージュ図である。高分子材料に周期的な正弦波振動を加え、その時の変形量（歪み）と反力（応力）の関係を示すとリサージュ図形１０１，１０２になる。それぞれ、リサージュ図形１０１は高分子材料が低温時のもの、リサージュ図形１０２は高分子材料が高温時のものである。高分子材料に歪みが与えられると、その反力としての応力がある位相だけ遅れる。従って、歪みと応力との関係はリサージュ図形を描き、このリサージュ図形における勾配が弾性率に対応し、リサージュ図形に囲まれた面積が損失に対応する。損失は熱となって消費される。また、損失を弾性率で除した値が緩和係数である。図５において、低温の場合は、リサージュ図形１０１のように弾性率が大きく、損失や緩和係数は小さい。一方、高温の場合は、リサージュ図形１０２のように弾性率が小さく、損失や緩和係数が大きい。さらに、温度が高くなると、弾性率はさらに小さくなるが、損失や緩和係数の方は逆に小さくなってしまう。 FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing a method for obtaining the glass transition temperature Tg from the thermal expansion coefficient of the polymer material. The horizontal axis represents temperature, and the vertical axis represents thermal expansion of the polymer material, and generally shows a tendency as indicated by a characteristic line 401. The gradient of the characteristic line 401 is the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the temperature at the point 401A where the coefficient of thermal expansion changes from low temperature to high temperature corresponds to the glass transition temperature Tg. Therefore, the glass transition temperature Tg can be obtained by obtaining the temperature characteristics of the elongation of the polymer material.
FIG. 5 is a Lissajous diagram showing viscoelasticity of a polymer material. When a periodic sine wave vibration is applied to the polymer material and the relationship between the deformation (strain) and the reaction force (stress) at that time is shown, Lissajous figures 101 and 102 are obtained. The Lissajous figure 101 is the one when the polymer material is at a low temperature, and the Lissajous figure 102 is the one when the polymer material is at a high temperature. When strain is applied to the polymer material, stress as a reaction force is delayed by a certain phase. Therefore, the relationship between strain and stress draws a Lissajous figure, the gradient in this Lissajous figure corresponds to the elastic modulus, and the area surrounded by the Lissajous figure corresponds to the loss. The loss is consumed as heat. Further, the value obtained by dividing the loss by the elastic modulus is the relaxation coefficient. In FIG. 5, when the temperature is low, the elastic modulus is large as in the Lissajous figure 101, and the loss and relaxation coefficient are small. On the other hand, when the temperature is high, the elastic modulus is small as in the Lissajous figure 102, and the loss and relaxation coefficient are large. Further, as the temperature increases, the elastic modulus is further decreased, but the loss and relaxation coefficient are decreased.

図６は、図５から得られる粘弾性の温度特性を示す特性線図である。横軸は温度、縦軸は高分子材料の粘弾性、すなわち、弾性率・損失・緩和係数である。それぞれ、特性線２０１（細い実線）が弾性率の温度特性、特性線２０２（点線）が損失の温度特性、特性線２０３（太い実線）が緩和係数の温度特性である。図６において、温度Ｔ１以下では、損失や緩和係数は殆ど無く、弾性率だけである。温度Ｔ２では、弾性率が低下するとともに損失や緩和係数が増大する。さらに、温度が上昇し温度Ｔ３になると、弾性率はさらに低下するが損失や緩和係数も減少する。高分子材料の殆どは図６のような傾向になる。温度Ｔ２以下をガラス状態、温度Ｔ２以上をゴム状態と呼び、温度Ｔ２がガラス転移温度Ｔｇである。従って、高分子材料における温度Ｔ２を求めれば、ガラス転移温度Ｔｇを知ることが出来る。なお、上記の２つの状態の間での分子構造的変化は、高分子材料の種類により異なるが、温度により最も動きやすい、分子鎖である結晶間の結合や架橋部分の変化に対応しており、これらの部分は熱的な劣化を受ける場合において劣化を受け易い部分に相当する。 FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing the temperature characteristics of viscoelasticity obtained from FIG. The horizontal axis represents temperature, and the vertical axis represents viscoelasticity of the polymer material, that is, elastic modulus / loss / relaxation coefficient. The characteristic line 201 (thin solid line) is the elastic temperature characteristic, the characteristic line 202 (dotted line) is the loss temperature characteristic, and the characteristic line 203 (thick solid line) is the relaxation coefficient temperature characteristic. In FIG. 6, there is almost no loss or relaxation coefficient below the temperature T1, and only the elastic modulus. At temperature T2, the elastic modulus decreases and the loss and relaxation coefficient increase. Further, when the temperature rises to T3, the elastic modulus further decreases, but the loss and relaxation coefficient also decrease. Most of the polymer materials tend to be as shown in FIG. The temperature T2 or lower is called a glass state, and the temperature T2 or higher is called a rubber state, and the temperature T2 is the glass transition temperature Tg. Therefore, the glass transition temperature Tg can be obtained by obtaining the temperature T2 in the polymer material. The change in molecular structure between the two states described above varies depending on the type of polymer material, but corresponds to the change in the bond between the molecular chains that are most likely to move depending on the temperature and the change in the cross-linked part. These portions correspond to portions that are susceptible to deterioration when subjected to thermal deterioration.

上述のような粘弾性特性を用いた高分子材料の劣化検査方法が、例えば、特許文献１ないし３に開示されている。
特許文献１には、粘弾性特性を用いた高分子材料の劣化検査方法であって、機器の絶縁部から被測定片を採取し、この被測定片の損失の温度特性を求めるとともに、最も高い温度で現れる損失のピーク温度から前記絶縁部の劣化の程度を検出する方法が記載されている。
特許文献２には、粘弾性特性を用いた高分子材料の劣化検査方法であって、機器から採取した被測定物質の損失を測定し、この被測定物質と同じ材料の試料を種々の温度で劣化させるとともに前記試料の損失を測定し、前記被測定物質の損失と試料とを対比させることによって被測定物質の劣化の程度を検出することが記載されている。 For example, Patent Documents 1 to 3 disclose degradation inspection methods for polymer materials using viscoelastic properties as described above.
Patent Document 1 discloses a method for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material using viscoelastic characteristics, in which a piece to be measured is collected from an insulating portion of a device, and the temperature characteristic of the loss of the piece to be measured is obtained. A method is described in which the degree of deterioration of the insulating portion is detected from the peak temperature of loss appearing at temperature.
Patent Document 2 discloses a method for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material using viscoelastic characteristics, in which a loss of a substance to be measured collected from an instrument is measured, and samples of the same material as the substance to be measured are measured at various temperatures. It describes that the degree of deterioration of the substance to be measured is detected by measuring the loss of the sample and comparing the loss of the substance to be measured with the sample.

特許文献３には、結晶性高分子材料が熱履歴を記憶する効果を用いた劣化検査方法であって、製造履歴の分かっているポリエステルフイルムを回転機の巻線や鉄心に張り付け、回転機の運転後に前記ポリエステルフイルムを採取し、示差走査熱量計による測定チャートのピーク値により前記ポリエステルフイルムの熱履歴を推定し、回転機絶縁の劣化の程度を検出する方法が記載されている。
特開２０００−８１４０１号公報特開昭５９−１６３５５２号公報特開平１−１２９７３１号公報 Patent Document 3 discloses a deterioration inspection method using an effect that a crystalline polymer material stores a thermal history, and a polyester film whose manufacturing history is known is attached to a winding or an iron core of a rotating machine. A method is described in which the polyester film is collected after operation, the thermal history of the polyester film is estimated from the peak value of the measurement chart by a differential scanning calorimeter, and the degree of deterioration of the rotating machine insulation is detected.
JP 2000-81401 A JP 59-163552 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-129731

しかしながら、前述したような従来の高分子材料の劣化検査方法は、検査のために機器自体を破壊させる必要があったり、機器据付け現地での検査が困難であったり、測定感度が極めて悪く実用化が難しいなどという問題があった。
すなわち、表１に示されたように、絶縁破壊電圧、破断強度の検査では、高分子材料自体が破壊されてしまう。また、誘電正接、絶縁抵抗、弾性率、損失、緩和係数、熱膨張率、ＦＴ・ＩＲ、ＡＴＲの検査では、供試材料自体は破壊させないが、供試材料の切り出しで機器自体が破壊されてしまう。音響伝搬特性の検査では、機器は破壊させないが、前述したように機器に使用している形状での測定は困難であるとともに、測定精度の点からも劣っているので実用化が難しい。また、変色による劣化度の検査でも、機器は破壊させないが、前述したように適正に検査することのできる材料は限定され実用化が難しい。 However, the conventional methods for inspecting deterioration of polymer materials as described above require the equipment itself to be destroyed for inspection, it is difficult to inspect the equipment at the site of installation, and the measurement sensitivity is extremely poor and put into practical use. There was a problem that was difficult.
That is, as shown in Table 1, the polymer material itself is broken in the dielectric breakdown voltage and the breaking strength inspection. In addition, in the inspection of dielectric loss tangent, insulation resistance, elastic modulus, loss, relaxation coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient, FT / IR, ATR, the test material itself is not destroyed, but the equipment itself is destroyed by cutting out the test material. End up. In the inspection of acoustic propagation characteristics, the device is not destroyed, but as described above, it is difficult to measure the shape used in the device, and it is difficult to put it to practical use because it is inferior in terms of measurement accuracy. In addition, even in the inspection of the degree of deterioration due to discoloration, the device is not destroyed, but as described above, materials that can be properly inspected are limited and difficult to put into practical use.

また、粘弾性特性を用いた特許文献１および特許文献２の方法は、前述したように機器から絶縁部を採取する必要があり、機器自体を破壊させてしまう。さらに、特許文献３の方法は、示差走査熱量計による検査が機器据付け現地では困難であり、また、ポリエステルフイルムを機器から採取するのに機器の運転を一時止める必要があった。
この発明は、上記のような問題点を解消するためになされたもので、この発明の目的は、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料がどの程度劣化を受けているかを据え付け現地で非破壊的にかつ精度よく検査することができる高分子材料の劣化検査方法および装置を提供することにある。 Moreover, the method of patent document 1 and patent document 2 using a viscoelastic characteristic needs to extract | collect an insulation part from an apparatus as mentioned above, and will destroy an apparatus itself. Furthermore, in the method of Patent Document 3, it is difficult to perform inspection with a differential scanning calorimeter at the site where the equipment is installed, and it is necessary to temporarily stop the operation of the equipment in order to collect the polyester film from the equipment.
The present invention was made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and the object of the present invention is to determine how much the polymer material incorporated in the device has deteriorated in a non-destructive manner at the installation site. Another object of the present invention is to provide a degradation inspection method and apparatus for a polymer material that can be inspected with high accuracy.

上記目的を達成するために、この発明によれば、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料の劣化の程度を非破壊的に検査する方法において、前記高分子材料の一部がガラス転移する温度まで局所的に加熱し、そのガラス転移温度から前記高分子材料の劣化の程度を判定するものであって、前記高分子材料の一部を局所的に加熱して前記一部の温度を変化させ、前記一部の温度および変位を計測し、前記一部の温度計測値および変位計測値から前記一部の熱膨張率が温度変化に対して変曲するガラス転移温度を求め前記一部の劣化の程度を判定して報知するようにするとよい（請求項１の発明）。
そして、請求項１に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査方法において、前記高分子材料の一部に対する局所的な加熱は、赤外線の照射によるものであり、前記一部の温度および変位の計測は、それぞれ光学的に行うものであるようにするとよい（請求項２の発明）。
次に、この発明によれば、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料の劣化の程度を非破壊的に検査する方法において、前記高分子材料の一部がガラス転移する温度まで局所的に加熱し、そのガラス転移温度から前記高分子材料の劣化の程度を判定するものであって、前記高分子材料の一部を局所的に加熱して前記一部の温度を変化させるとともに、前記一部に機械的な振動力を加え、前記一部の温度および変位を計測し、前記一部の温度計測値および変位計測値から前記一部の粘弾性が温度変化に対して変曲するガラス転移温度を求め前記一部の劣化の程度を判定して報知するようにしてもよい（請求項３の発明）。
そして、請求項３に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査方法において、前記高分子材料の一部に対する局所的な加熱は、前記高分子材料に接触するように設けられる熱導体に埋め込まれたヒータに給電することによるものであり、前記一部に対する機械的な振動力の印加は、磁性体よりなる棒状の伝達子に巻回されたソレノイドを交流電流によって励磁することによるものであり、前記一部の温度の計測は、前記熱導体に埋め込まれた温度センサによるものであり、前記一部の変位の計測は、前記伝達子に固着された変位センサによるものであるようにするとよい（請求項４の発明）。
また、請求項１ないし４のいずれか１項に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査方法において、前記高分子材料における前記機器の使用時の温度が高い部分と低い部分とのうち、使用時の温度が高い部分を選択して検査を行うとともに、使用時の温度の低い部分を劣化検査における比較サンプルとして用いるようにするとよい（請求項５の発明）。
また、請求項１ないし５のいずれか１項に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査方法において、前記高分子材料が電気機器に絶縁部材として組み込まれた高分子材料であるようにするとよい（請求項６の発明）。
次に、この発明によれば、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料の劣化の程度を非破壊的に検査する装置において、前記高分子材料の一部がガラス転移する温度まで局所的に加熱し、そのガラス転移温度から前記高分子材料の劣化の程度を判定するものであって、前記高分子材料の一部の温度を局所的に変化させる加熱手段と、前記一部の温度を計測し信号を出力する温度計測手段と、前記一部の変位を計測し信号を出力する変位計測手段と、この変位計測手段の出力信号と前記温度計測手段の出力信号とから前記一部の熱膨張率が温度変化に対して変曲するガラス転移温度を求め前記一部の劣化の程度を判定して報知する判定手段とを備えるようにするとしてもよい（請求項７の発明）。
そして、請求項７に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査装置において、前記加熱手段は、赤外線の照射を行うものであり、前記温度計測手段および前記変位計測手段は、それぞれ光学式温度計および光学式変位計であるようにするとよい（請求項８の発明）。
また、請求項８に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査装置において、前記加熱手段は、赤外線を発射する照射光源と、赤外線の強度を制御する制御器と、赤外線の照射方向を変える光路調整器と、赤外線を前記一部に収束させる照射形状調整器とからなるものであるようにするとよい（請求項９の発明）。
また、請求項８に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査装置において、前記加熱手段は、赤外線を発射する照射光源として、赤外波長のレーザよりなる高指向型光源を用いているようにするとよい（請求項１０の発明）。
また、請求項８に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査装置において、前記加熱手段は、赤外線を発射する照射光源として、タングステン電球あるいは高輝度放電ランプよりなる無指向光源を用いているとともに、前記一部に集中させて照射し被照射面を限定させるための共焦点の楕円反射鏡を備え、さらに、前記光学式変位計が用いている波長をカットするフィルタを備えているようにするとよい（請求項１１の発明）。
また、請求項８に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査装置において、前記変位計測手段は、前記光学式変位計として、可視波長の半導体レーザの干渉による微小変位計を用いているようにするとよい（請求項１２の発明）。 To achieve the above object, according to the present invention, the local degree of deterioration of the polymer material incorporated in the device in non-destructive method for testing, to a temperature where a part of the polymeric material is the glass transition The degree of deterioration of the polymer material is determined from the glass transition temperature thereof, and a part of the polymer material is locally heated to change the temperature of the part, Measuring a part of the temperature and displacement, obtaining a glass transition temperature at which the part of the thermal expansion coefficient is inflected with respect to a temperature change from the part of the temperature measurement value and the displacement measurement value, and the degree of the part deterioration It is good to determine and alert | report (Invention of Claim 1) .
And in the degradation inspection method for the polymer material according to claim 1, the local heating for a part of the polymer material is by infrared irradiation, and the measurement of the temperature and displacement of the part is as follows: Each may be performed optically (the invention of claim 2).
Next, according to the present invention, in the method of nondestructively inspecting the degree of deterioration of the polymer material incorporated in the device, locally heating to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, The degree of deterioration of the polymer material is determined from the glass transition temperature, and a part of the polymer material is locally heated to change the temperature of the part, and the part is mechanically A part of the temperature and displacement of the part is measured, and the glass transition temperature at which the part of the viscoelasticity is bent with respect to the temperature change is obtained from the part of the temperature measurement value and the displacement measurement value. You may make it alert | report by determining the grade of the said one part degradation (invention of Claim 3).
In the method for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material according to claim 3, local heating of a part of the polymer material is performed on a heater embedded in a heat conductor provided so as to be in contact with the polymer material. The application of the mechanical vibration force to the part is by exciting a solenoid wound around a rod-shaped transmitter made of a magnetic material with an alternating current, and the part The temperature is measured by a temperature sensor embedded in the heat conductor, and the partial displacement is measured by a displacement sensor fixed to the transmitter. Invention).
Further, in the degradation inspection method for a polymer material according to any one of claims 1 to 4, a temperature at the time of use among a high part and a low part of the polymer material at the time of use of the device. It is preferable to select a portion having a high temperature and perform an inspection, and use a portion having a low temperature during use as a comparative sample in a deterioration inspection (invention of claim 5).
Further, in the polymer material deterioration inspection method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the polymer material may be a polymer material incorporated as an insulating member in an electrical device (claim). 6 invention).
Next, according to the present invention, in the apparatus for nondestructively inspecting the degree of deterioration of the polymer material incorporated in the device, locally heating to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, Determining the degree of deterioration of the polymer material from the glass transition temperature, heating means for locally changing the temperature of a part of the polymer material, measuring the temperature of the part, The temperature measurement means for outputting, the displacement measurement means for measuring the displacement of the part and outputting a signal, and the output coefficient of the displacement measurement means and the output signal of the temperature measurement means, then it may be so and a determination means for informing to determine the extent of the said portion obtains a glass transition temperature of the inflection deteriorated by the change (the invention of claim 7).
The polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the heating unit irradiates infrared rays, and the temperature measuring unit and the displacement measuring unit are an optical thermometer and an optical type, respectively. It may be a displacement meter (invention of claim 8).
The polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the heating means includes an irradiation light source that emits infrared rays, a controller that controls the intensity of infrared rays, and an optical path adjuster that changes an infrared irradiation direction. And an irradiation shape adjuster for converging infrared rays to the part (invention of claim 9).
Further, in the degradation inspection apparatus for a polymer material according to claim 8, the heating means may use a highly directional light source made of an infrared wavelength laser as an irradiation light source for emitting infrared rays ( (Invention of Claim 10)
The polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the heating unit uses a non-directional light source formed of a tungsten light bulb or a high-intensity discharge lamp as an irradiation light source for emitting infrared rays. It is preferable to provide a confocal elliptical reflecting mirror for concentrating and irradiating the light to limit the surface to be irradiated, and further to include a filter for cutting the wavelength used by the optical displacement meter. Item 11).
Further, in the degradation inspection apparatus for a polymer material according to claim 8, the displacement measuring means may be a micro displacement meter due to interference of a visible wavelength semiconductor laser as the optical displacement meter ( (Invention of Claim 12)

次に、この発明によれば、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料の劣化の程度を非破壊的に検査する装置において、前記高分子材料の一部がガラス転移する温度まで局所的に加熱し、そのガラス転移温度から前記高分子材料の劣化の程度を判定するものであって、前記高分子材料の一部の温度を局所的に変化させる加熱手段と、前記一部の温度を計測し信号を出力する温度計測手段と、前記一部に機械的な振動力を加える駆動手段と、前記一部の変位を計測し信号を出力する変位計測手段と、この変位計測手段の出力信号と前記温度計測手段の出力信号とから前記一部の粘弾性が温度変化に対して変曲するガラス転移温度を求め前記一部の劣化の程度を判定して報知する判定手段とを備えるようにしてもよい（請求項１３の発明）。
そして、請求項１３に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査装置において、前記加熱手段は、前記高分子材料に接触するように設けられる熱導体にヒータが埋め込まれてなるものであり、前記温度計測手段は、前記熱導体に埋め込まれた温度センサであり、前記駆動手段は、磁性体よりなる棒状の伝達子にソレノイドが巻回されてなるとともに前記ソレノイドが交流電流によって励磁されることにより前記伝達子が振動するものであり、前記変位計測手段は、前記伝達子に固着された変位センサであるようにするとよい（請求項１４の発明）。
また、請求項７ないし１４のいずれか１項に記載の高分子材料の劣化検査装置において、前記高分子材料が電気機器に絶縁部材として組み込まれた高分子材料であるようにするとよい（請求項１５の発明）。 Next, according to the present invention, in the apparatus for nondestructively inspecting the degree of deterioration of the polymer material incorporated in the device, locally heating to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, Determining the degree of deterioration of the polymer material from the glass transition temperature, heating means for locally changing the temperature of a part of the polymer material, measuring the temperature of the part, A temperature measuring means for outputting; a driving means for applying a mechanical vibration force to the part; a displacement measuring means for measuring the displacement of the part and outputting a signal; an output signal of the displacement measuring means and the temperature measurement may be provided with a judging means for viscoelasticity of said portion is notified to determine the extent of the part determine the glass transition temperature of inflection deteriorated by temperature variation from the output signal of the means ( (Invention of Claim 13)
14. The degradation inspection apparatus for a polymer material according to claim 13, wherein the heating means includes a heater embedded in a heat conductor provided in contact with the polymer material, and the temperature measurement means. Is a temperature sensor embedded in the heat conductor, and the driving means is configured such that a solenoid is wound around a rod-shaped transmitter made of a magnetic material and the solenoid is excited by an alternating current. The displacement measuring means may be a displacement sensor fixed to the transmitter (invention of claim 14).
Furthermore, in the polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to any one of claims 7 to 14, the polymer material may be a polymer material incorporated as an insulating member in an electrical device (claim). 15 inventions).

この発明によれば、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料の劣化の程度を非破壊的に検査する方法であって、前記高分子材料の一部がガラス転移する温度まで局所的に加熱し、そのガラス転移温度から前記高分子材料の劣化の程度を判定するようにすることにより、高分子材料の一部の温度を局所的に変化させるだけなので、従来のように劣化検査のために機器を破壊させないで済ませることができる。また、この方法は機器を現地に据付けたままで検査することができる。
また、かかる方法を実施する装置の発明によれば、高分子材料の一部の温度を局所的に変化させる加熱手段と、前記一部の温度を計測し信号を出力する温度計測手段と、前記一部の変位を計測し信号を出力する変位計測手段と、この変位計測手段の出力信号と前記温度計測手段の出力信号とから前記一部の熱膨張率が温度変化に対して変曲するガラス転移温度を求め前記一部の劣化の程度を判定して報知する判定手段とを備えるようにすることにより、熱膨張率の変曲点からガラス転移温度を求めるので測定精度がよくなる。 According to this invention, there is a method for nondestructively inspecting the degree of deterioration of a polymer material incorporated in a device, wherein the polymer material is locally heated to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, By determining the degree of deterioration of the polymer material from the glass transition temperature, the temperature of only a part of the polymer material is changed locally. You can do it. This method can also be inspected with the equipment installed on site.
In addition, according to the invention of an apparatus for carrying out such a method, heating means for locally changing the temperature of a part of the polymer material, temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the part and outputting a signal, Displacement measuring means for measuring a part of displacement and outputting a signal, and glass in which the thermal expansion coefficient of the part is inflected with respect to a temperature change from the output signal of the displacement measuring means and the output signal of the temperature measuring means By providing a determination means for determining the transition temperature and determining and notifying the degree of the partial deterioration, the glass transition temperature is determined from the inflection point of the coefficient of thermal expansion, so that the measurement accuracy is improved.

また、かかる方法を実施する装置の発明によれば、高分子材料の一部の温度を局所的に変化させる加熱手段と、前記一部の温度を計測し信号を出力する温度計測手段と、前記一部に機械的な振動力を加える駆動手段と、前記一部の変位を計測し信号を出力する変位計測手段と、この変位計測手段の出力信号と前記温度計測手段の出力信号とから前記一部の粘弾性が温度変化に対して変曲するガラス転移温度を求め前記一部の劣化の程度を判定して報知する判定手段とを備えるようにすることにより、粘弾性の変曲点からガラス転移温度を求めるので測定精度がよくなる。 In addition, according to the invention of an apparatus for carrying out such a method, heating means for locally changing the temperature of a part of the polymer material, temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the part and outputting a signal, The driving means for applying a mechanical vibration force to a part, the displacement measuring means for measuring the displacement of the part and outputting a signal, the output signal of the displacement measuring means and the output signal of the temperature measuring means By determining the glass transition temperature at which the viscoelasticity of the part is inflected with respect to the temperature change and determining and notifying the degree of degradation of the part, the glass from the inflection point of the viscoelasticity is provided. Measurement accuracy is improved because the transition temperature is obtained.

この発明は、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料の劣化の程度を非破壊的に検査する方法であって、前記高分子材料の一部がガラス転移する温度まで局所的に加熱し、そのガラス転移温度から前記高分子材料の劣化の程度を判定することを特徴とするものであり、以下、実施例を用いて、この発明による劣化検査方法および劣化検査装置について詳細に説明するが、この発明は実施例に限定されるものではない。 The present invention is a method for nondestructively inspecting the degree of deterioration of a polymer material incorporated in a device, wherein the polymer material is locally heated to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, and the glass transition The degree of deterioration of the polymer material is determined from temperature, and the deterioration inspection method and the deterioration inspection apparatus according to the present invention will be described in detail below using embodiments. The present invention is not limited to the examples.

図１は、この発明の実施例１にかかる高分子材料の劣化検査装置の構成を示すブロック図である。高分子材料１が、その一部１Ｐの劣化の程度を検査しようとする被検査材料である。加熱手段は、赤外線２Ａを発射する照射光源２と、赤外線２Ａの強度を制御する制御器３と、赤外線２Ａの照射方向を変える光路調整器４と、赤外線２Ａを高分子材料１上の一部１Ｐに収束させる照射形状調整器５とから構成されている。変位計測手段は、光学式変位計６であり、一部１Ｐの変位を光学的に計測しその変位に比例した電気信号６Ａを出力する。温度計測手段は、光学式温度計７であり、一部１Ｐの温度を光学的に計測しその温度に比例した電気信号７Ａを出力する。判定手段は、ＸＹプロッター８であり、光学式変位計６からの電気信号６Ａと光学式温度計７からの電気信号７Ａを受けて一部１Ｐの温度に対する変位の特性、すなわち、熱膨張の温度特性図を作成する。 FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. The polymer material 1 is a material to be inspected for inspecting the degree of deterioration of a part 1P. The heating means includes: an irradiation light source 2 that emits infrared rays 2A; a controller 3 that controls the intensity of infrared rays 2A; an optical path adjuster 4 that changes the irradiation direction of infrared rays 2A; It is comprised from the irradiation shape adjuster 5 converged to 1P. The displacement measuring means is an optical displacement meter 6 that optically measures the displacement of a part 1P and outputs an electric signal 6A proportional to the displacement. The temperature measuring means is an optical thermometer 7 that optically measures the temperature of a part 1P and outputs an electric signal 7A proportional to the temperature. The determination means is an XY plotter 8 which receives the electric signal 6A from the optical displacement meter 6 and the electric signal 7A from the optical thermometer 7 and receives a displacement characteristic with respect to the temperature of part 1P, that is, the temperature of thermal expansion. Create a characteristic diagram.

図１の装置により、次のようにして、高分子材料１の熱膨張率の変曲点からガラス転移温度を求め、高分子材料１の劣化検査を行うことができる。図１において、照射光源２から赤外線２Ａが発射され、その赤外線２Ａは、途中で光路調整器４によって方向が変えられ、照射形状調整器５に入光する。照射形状調整器５では赤外線２Ａを収束させて高分子材料１を照射し、一部１Ｐを局部的に加熱するようになっている。一部１Ｐは加熱によって熱膨張するのて一部１Ｐの上面が上方へ膨らむ。その膨らみを光学式変位計６が取らえてその変位に比例した電気信号６Ａを出力する。一方、一部１Ｐの温度は、光学式温度計７が取らえてその温度に比例した電気信号７Ａを出力する。ＸＹプロッター８は、電気信号６Ａと電気信号７Ａを受けて図４のような熱膨張の温度特性図を描く。前述されたように、その特性図における変曲点がガラス転移温度Ｔｇに対応するので、このガラス転移温度Ｔｇから高分子材料１の劣化の程度を判定することができる。 With the apparatus of FIG. 1, the glass transition temperature can be obtained from the inflection point of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the polymer material 1 and the deterioration test of the polymer material 1 can be performed as follows. In FIG. 1, infrared light 2 </ b> A is emitted from the irradiation light source 2, and the direction of the infrared light 2 </ b> A is changed by the optical path adjuster 4 and enters the irradiation shape adjuster 5. The irradiation shape adjuster 5 converges the infrared rays 2A to irradiate the polymer material 1, and partially heats 1P. Since the part 1P is thermally expanded by heating, the upper surface of the part 1P swells upward. The optical displacement meter 6 captures the bulge and outputs an electric signal 6A proportional to the displacement. On the other hand, the temperature of the part 1P is taken by the optical thermometer 7 and outputs an electric signal 7A proportional to the temperature. The XY plotter 8 receives the electric signal 6A and the electric signal 7A and draws a temperature characteristic diagram of thermal expansion as shown in FIG. As described above, since the inflection point in the characteristic diagram corresponds to the glass transition temperature Tg, the degree of deterioration of the polymer material 1 can be determined from the glass transition temperature Tg.

この装置は、高分子材料１の一部１Ｐの温度を局所的に変化させるだけなので劣化検査のために機器を破壊させないで済ませることができる。また、機器を現地に据付けたままで検査することができる。
図１における加熱照射による高分子材料１の変形の過程を見ると、まず、照射光源２から入射した熱は、高分子材料１の照射点から表面方向（図１の左右前後方向）と深さ方向（図１の下方向）に熱拡散伝導により広がっていく。
その拡散方程式は、直交３次元系の場合、数１の式で与えられる。 Since this apparatus only changes the temperature of the part 1P of the polymer material 1 locally, it is possible to avoid destroying the device for the deterioration inspection. In addition, it can be inspected with the equipment installed on site.
Looking at the process of deformation of the polymer material 1 by heating irradiation in FIG. 1, first, the heat incident from the irradiation light source 2 is from the irradiation point of the polymer material 1 to the surface direction (left and right front and rear direction in FIG. 1) and depth. It spreads in the direction (downward in FIG. 1) by thermal diffusion conduction.
The diffusion equation is given by Equation 1 in the case of an orthogonal three-dimensional system.

ここで、Ｔは温度、ｔは時間、Ｑは熱量、ρは密度、ｃは比熱、λは熱伝導率である。一般的な材料の場合、ρは１ないし２×10³（kg／ｍ³）、ｃは 0.5ないし１（kJ／kgＫ）、λは10^-5ないし10^-4（１／Ｋ）である。拡散係数はλ／ρであり、10^-8ないし10^-7（kJ／Ｋ²ｍ³）となる。数１の式によれば、直径１ないし５ｍｍ程度の範囲の表面を１０秒間加熱しても、拡散による温度の広がりは数ｍｍ程度であり、局所的な加熱状態が保たれることが分かる。
次に、ガラス転移点の測定であるが、一般的な硬質の高分子材料のガラス転移温度は、１００℃程度以上であるために機器の検査では、５０Ｋ以上の温度差を取ることが出来る。１ｍｍの大きさの材料部分が１Ｋの温度当たり熱膨張する変位量は、０．０１−０．１μｍであるが、実際には周囲の低温部が拘束するので、その変位量は、ポアソン比に応じて２０−３０％程度大きくなる。変位計の精度としては、レーザを用いた装置の場合、０．０１μｍが実現可能である。そのため、一般的な高分子材料においては、１Ｋの分解能でガラス転移点が測定できる。光学式温度計の精度も１Ｋは容易なため、変位計と温度計の分解能の合計でも２Ｋである。熱膨張の大きな材料の場合は、それ以上の分解能が得られる。

Here, T is temperature, t is time, Q is the amount of heat, ρ is density, c is specific heat, and λ is thermal conductivity. In the case of a general material, ρ is 1 to 2 × 10 ³ (kg / m ³ ), c is 0.5 to 1 (kJ / kgK), and λ is 10 ⁻⁵ to 10 ⁻⁴ (1 / K). The diffusion coefficient is λ / ρ, which is 10 ⁻⁸ to 10 ⁻⁷ (kJ / K ² m ³ ). According to the formula (1), it can be seen that even when a surface having a diameter of about 1 to 5 mm is heated for 10 seconds, the temperature spread due to diffusion is about several mm, and the local heating state is maintained.
Next, the glass transition point is measured. Since the glass transition temperature of a general hard polymer material is about 100 ° C. or more, a temperature difference of 50 K or more can be taken in the inspection of the equipment. The amount of displacement of a 1 mm-sized material portion that thermally expands per 1 K temperature is 0.01-0.1 μm. However, since the surrounding low-temperature part is actually constrained, the amount of displacement depends on the Poisson's ratio. In response, it increases by about 20-30%. As the accuracy of the displacement meter, 0.01 μm can be realized in the case of an apparatus using a laser. Therefore, in a general polymer material, the glass transition point can be measured with a resolution of 1K. Since the accuracy of the optical thermometer is 1K, the total resolution of the displacement meter and the thermometer is 2K. In the case of a material having a large thermal expansion, a higher resolution can be obtained.

また、図１において、照射光源２の照射光としては、赤外波長のレーザであるＧｄＹＡＧレーザや炭酸ガスレーザなどの高指向型光源を用いることができる。高分子材料を局所的に加熱する技術としては、レーザフォーミングが知られている。その技術は、例えば、「高温学会誌」第３０巻，第１号，Ｐ．４７−Ｐ．５４（２００４年１月）“ＹＡＧレーザによるプラスチックのレーザフォーミング”に開示されている。
この論文には、ＹＡＧレーザの照射でもってプラスチックを局所的に加熱し、プラスチック製品を微細成形する方法が紹介されている。
レーザフォーミングでは、プラスチックを局所的に加熱しているが、その目的は、あくまでもプラスチックの成形であって、ガラス転移温度を求めることではない。従って、上記論文に記載されたレーザフォーミングの技術は、ここで言う発明とは明らかに異なるものである。 In FIG. 1, as the irradiation light of the irradiation light source 2, a highly directional light source such as a GdYAG laser or a carbon dioxide gas laser that is an infrared wavelength laser can be used. Laser forming is known as a technique for locally heating a polymer material. The technique is disclosed in, for example, “Journal of High Temperature Society” Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 47-P. 54 (January 2004) “Laser forming of plastics with YAG laser”.
This paper introduces a method of locally heating a plastic by irradiation with a YAG laser to finely mold a plastic product.
In laser forming, the plastic is locally heated, but the purpose is to form the plastic, not to determine the glass transition temperature. Therefore, the laser forming technique described in the above paper is clearly different from the invention described here.

なお、図１における照射光源２として、その他に、一般的なタングステン電球や高輝度放電ランプなども用いることができる。後者の場合は、無指向光源なので共焦点の楕円反射鏡などを用いて、被検査点である高分子材料１の一部１Ｐに集中させて照射することが、被照射面を限定させるために必要である。その際、光学式変位計が用いている波長と干渉しないように、その波長をカットするフイルタを用いることは、変位の計測精度向上に有効である。
また、図１の装置は、機器を構成している高分子材料１に対して非接触であるために、機器の運転中でも安全に適用することができるというメリットがある。
なお、図１において、光学式変位計６として可視波長の半導体レーザの干渉による微小変位計が用いられる他に、被検査点である高分子材料１の一部１Ｐに歪みゲージなどを貼り付け、直接一部１Ｐの歪みを計ってもよい。その場合は、歪みゲージ自体が熱照射を受けるので被検査面と同様の熱線輻射率を持つように表面処理をする必要がある。さらに、歪みゲージの厚さ方向の熱抵抗を小さくして高分子材料１にまで熱が良く伝わるようにする。光学式温度計７の代わりに、温度ゲージを被検査点に貼り付け、直接一部１Ｐの温度を計ってもよい。また、温度ゲージと歪みゲージを併せて用いることもでき、さらには、温度ゲージと歪みゲージとが一体に構成されたゲージを用いることもできる。 In addition, a general tungsten light bulb, a high-intensity discharge lamp, or the like can be used as the irradiation light source 2 in FIG. In the latter case, since it is an omnidirectional light source, it is possible to concentrate and irradiate a part 1P of the polymer material 1 that is the point to be inspected using a confocal elliptical reflecting mirror or the like in order to limit the irradiated surface. is necessary. At that time, using a filter that cuts the wavelength so as not to interfere with the wavelength used by the optical displacement meter is effective in improving the displacement measurement accuracy.
Moreover, since the apparatus of FIG. 1 is non-contact with respect to the polymer material 1 which comprises an apparatus, there exists a merit that it can apply safely also in the driving | operation of an apparatus.
In FIG. 1, in addition to the use of a micro-displacement meter due to the interference of a visible wavelength semiconductor laser as the optical displacement meter 6, a strain gauge or the like is attached to a part 1P of the polymer material 1 that is the point to be inspected. The distortion of 1P may be directly measured. In that case, since the strain gauge itself receives heat irradiation, it is necessary to perform surface treatment so as to have the same heat ray radiation rate as that of the surface to be inspected. Further, the heat resistance in the thickness direction of the strain gauge is reduced so that the heat is well transmitted to the polymer material 1. Instead of the optical thermometer 7, a temperature gauge may be attached to the point to be inspected and the temperature of a part 1P may be directly measured. Further, a temperature gauge and a strain gauge can be used together, and a gauge in which a temperature gauge and a strain gauge are integrally formed can be used.

図２は、この発明の実施例２にかかる高分子材料の劣化検査装置の構成を示す要部断面図である。高分子材料１が、その一部１Ｐの劣化の程度を検査しようとする被検査材料である。加熱手段は、高分子材料１に接触するように設けられた熱導体１５に埋め込まれたヒータ１４である。駆動手段は、図示されていない磁性体よりなるとともにソレノイド１３が巻回された棒状の伝達子１２である。変位計測手段は、伝達子１２の上部に固着された変位センサ１１である。温度計測手段は、熱導体１５の高分子材料１に近い所に埋め込まれた温度センサ１６である。
図２の装置により、次のようにして、高分子材料１の粘弾性の変曲点からガラス転移温度を求め、高分子材料１の劣化検査を行うことができる。図２において、図示されていない電力供給装置からヒータ１４に給電され熱導体１５が加熱される。その熱でもって高分子材料１の一部１Ｐを局部的に加熱する。ソレノイド１３は交流電流によって励磁され、伝達子１２が上下に振動するので、一部１Ｐに周期的な押圧力が加わる。温度センサ１６は、一部１Ｐの温度を検知してその温度に比例した電気信号を図示されていない判定手段に送る。この判定手段は、同時に変位センサ１１から出力された一部１Ｐの変位に比例した電気信号も同時に受ける。判定手段は、温度に比例した電気信号と、変位に比例した電気信号を受けて図６のような弾性率や損失、緩和係数の温度特性図を描く。前述されたように、その特性図における弾性率や損失、緩和係数の変曲点がガラス転移温度Ｔｇに対応するので、このガラス転移温度Ｔｇから高分子材料１の劣化の程度を判定することができる。 FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the principal part showing the configuration of the polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention. The polymer material 1 is a material to be inspected for inspecting the degree of deterioration of a part 1P. The heating means is a heater 14 embedded in a heat conductor 15 provided so as to be in contact with the polymer material 1. The driving means is a rod-shaped transmitter 12 made of a magnetic material (not shown) and wound with a solenoid 13. The displacement measuring means is a displacement sensor 11 fixed to the upper part of the transmitter 12. The temperature measuring means is a temperature sensor 16 embedded near the polymer material 1 of the heat conductor 15.
With the apparatus of FIG. 2, the glass transition temperature can be obtained from the inflection point of the viscoelasticity of the polymer material 1 and the deterioration test of the polymer material 1 can be performed as follows. In FIG. 2, a power supply device (not shown) supplies power to the heater 14 to heat the heat conductor 15. A part 1P of the polymer material 1 is locally heated by the heat. Since the solenoid 13 is excited by an alternating current and the transmitter 12 vibrates up and down, a periodic pressing force is applied to a part 1P. The temperature sensor 16 detects the temperature of a part 1P and sends an electric signal proportional to the temperature to a determination means (not shown). This determination means simultaneously receives an electrical signal proportional to the displacement of the part 1P output from the displacement sensor 11 at the same time. The determination means draws an electrical signal proportional to the temperature and an electrical signal proportional to the displacement, and draws a temperature characteristic diagram of the elastic modulus, loss, and relaxation coefficient as shown in FIG. As described above, since the inflection point of the elastic modulus, loss, and relaxation coefficient in the characteristic diagram corresponds to the glass transition temperature Tg, the degree of deterioration of the polymer material 1 can be determined from the glass transition temperature Tg. it can.

この装置は、実施例１の場合と同様に、高分子材料１の一部１Ｐの温度を局所的に変化させるだけなので劣化検査のために機器を破壊させないで済ませることができる。また、機器を現地に据付けたままで検査することができる。
図２の装置で熱膨張率からガラス転移温度Ｔｇを求めることもできる。しかし、熱導体１５や伝達子１２も温度上昇するので熱膨張する。高分子材料１に対し小さい熱膨張率を持った熱導体１５や伝達子１２を用いても、両者の熱膨張変位が混在して測定誤差が大きくなるという欠点がある。図２の装置によって、熱膨張による変位でなく周期的な振動力による粘弾性変位を測定することによって、熱膨張の影響を除去することができる。また、熱導体１５と高分子材料１との接触状況によっては変位信号に誤差が生じ、信号レベルの絶対的な大きさに影響が出る可能性がある。しかし、周期的な振動力による粘弾性でもってガラス転移温度Ｔｇを求める方法は、弾性率や損失、緩和係数の相対値もそのガラス転移温度Ｔｇを境にして変化するので測定誤差は小さい。 Since this apparatus only changes the temperature of a part 1P of the polymer material 1 locally as in the case of the first embodiment, the apparatus can be prevented from being destroyed for deterioration inspection. In addition, it can be inspected with the equipment installed on site.
The glass transition temperature Tg can also be obtained from the thermal expansion coefficient with the apparatus of FIG. However, since the temperature of the heat conductor 15 and the transmitter 12 also rises, they expand thermally. Even when the heat conductor 15 or the transmitter 12 having a small thermal expansion coefficient with respect to the polymer material 1 is used, there is a drawback that the measurement error becomes large due to a mixture of both thermal expansion displacements. By measuring the viscoelastic displacement caused by the periodic vibration force instead of the displacement caused by the thermal expansion, the influence of the thermal expansion can be eliminated by the apparatus shown in FIG. Further, depending on the contact state between the heat conductor 15 and the polymer material 1, an error may occur in the displacement signal, which may affect the absolute magnitude of the signal level. However, in the method of obtaining the glass transition temperature Tg by viscoelasticity caused by a periodic vibration force, the relative value of the elastic modulus, loss, and relaxation coefficient changes with the glass transition temperature Tg as a boundary, so that the measurement error is small.

この装置も、実施例１の場合と同様に高分子材料１の一部１Ｐの温度を局所的に変化させるだけなので劣化検査のために機器を破壊させないで済ませることができる。また、機器を現地に据付けたままで検査することができる。なお、変位センサ１１から出力される電気信号は、ソレノイド１３の交流成分となるので、特定領域の成分だけを増幅するロックインアンプを使うことによって、高いＳＮ比を実現することができる。現地に設置された機器の場合、電気的機械的ノイズが多いが、ロックインアンプを用いて予め決められた特定周波数のみを検出するという狭帯域測定方式は大きなノイズ除去効果がある。
なお、この発明による劣化検査方法および装置の検査対象となる高分子材料としては、例えば、エポキシ樹脂などの熱硬化性高分子材料でもよく、また、ポリアミド系樹脂などの熱可塑性高分子材料であってもよい。 Since this apparatus also only changes the temperature of a part 1P of the polymer material 1 locally as in the case of the first embodiment, it is possible to avoid destroying the device for the deterioration inspection. In addition, it can be inspected with the equipment installed on site. In addition, since the electrical signal output from the displacement sensor 11 becomes an alternating current component of the solenoid 13, a high S / N ratio can be realized by using a lock-in amplifier that amplifies only a component in a specific region. In the case of equipment installed in the field, there are many electromechanical noises, but the narrow-band measurement method of detecting only a specific frequency determined in advance using a lock-in amplifier has a large noise removal effect.
The polymer material to be inspected by the degradation inspection method and apparatus according to the present invention may be, for example, a thermosetting polymer material such as an epoxy resin, or a thermoplastic polymer material such as a polyamide resin. May be.

また、この発明による劣化検査方法および装置の検査対象となる機器としては、高分子材料を用いている機器であれば全て対象となるが、特に、高分子材料の劣化の検査、診断が必要となる機器としては、高分子材料が絶縁部材として組み込まれた各種の電気機器があり、例えば、樹脂絶縁された変圧器や、計器用変成器、開閉器、絶縁用スペーサ、絶縁用ブッシングなどの変電機器や回転機がある。
なお、例えば上記の変電機器の場合、検査対象となる高分子材料が、機器の種類、定格や高分子材料の使用部位などにもよるが、通常、数１０ｃｍ程度の大きさを持っているのに対して、この発明による劣化検査対象となる部分、すなわち、劣化検査のために加熱したり機械的な振動力を加えたりする部分は数ｍｍ程度という極めて小さい領域に限定することができるため、この発明の劣化検査方法および装置を適用する上での問題はない。 In addition, as a device to be inspected by the deterioration inspection method and apparatus according to the present invention, any device using a polymer material is applicable, but in particular, inspection and diagnosis of deterioration of the polymer material are required. Examples of such devices include various electric devices in which a polymer material is incorporated as an insulating member. For example, transformers, resin transformers, switches, insulating spacers, insulating bushings, etc. There are equipment and rotating machines.
For example, in the case of the above-described substation equipment, the polymer material to be inspected usually has a size of about several tens of centimeters although it depends on the type of equipment, the rating, the use site of the polymer material, and the like. On the other hand, the portion to be subjected to the deterioration inspection according to the present invention, that is, the portion that is heated for deterioration inspection or that applies mechanical vibration force can be limited to a very small region of about several millimeters, There is no problem in applying the deterioration inspection method and apparatus of the present invention.

また、劣化の原因となる、機器の使用時における高分子材料の温度は、その場所により異なるものであり、熱伝達の性質から、発熱部に近い部分、上部にある部分、対流の悪い部分がより温度が高くなり、劣化をより受け易いため、実際の劣化検査では、高分子材料全体のうち、上記のような、より温度が高くなる部分を選択して検査を行うことになる。そして、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料において、上記のように、温度の高い部分と温度の低い部分とがある場合には、温度の低い部分は、劣化をほとんど受けないことから、劣化を受けていないサンプルとして扱うことができ、過去に製造された材料であるために未劣化のサンプルを入手できない場合でも、簡易的な方法として、劣化検査にける比較サンプルとして用いることができる。
また、この発明による劣化検査方法および装置は、検査対象の高分子材料の一部を局所的に加熱し、例えば数十分程度の短い時間とは言え、少なくともガラス転移する温度まで、実際にはガラス転移点よりもある程度高い温度まで上昇させるため、多少の劣化は誘発されることを考慮しておく必要かある。しかしながら、機器に組み込まれた高分子材料に対する据え付け現地での劣化検査は、通常、上述の変電機器に対する定期検査のように、その実施頻度は年に数回程度のものであるから、下記の実例でも説明するように、検査対象の高分子材料の機能を損なうような実質的な問題はなく、この発明による劣化検査方法および装置は充分に適用可能である。 In addition, the temperature of the polymer material during use of the equipment, which causes deterioration, varies depending on the location, and due to the nature of heat transfer, there are parts close to the heat generating part, parts at the top, and parts with poor convection. Since the temperature is higher and the deterioration is more likely to occur, in the actual deterioration inspection, the above-described portion where the temperature is higher is selected from the entire polymer material. In the polymer material incorporated in the device, as described above, when there are a high temperature portion and a low temperature portion, the low temperature portion is hardly deteriorated, and thus is not deteriorated. Even if an undegraded sample cannot be obtained because it is a material manufactured in the past, it can be used as a comparative sample in a degradation test as a simple method.
In addition, the degradation inspection method and apparatus according to the present invention locally heats a part of a polymer material to be inspected, for example, at least up to a temperature at which glass transition occurs, although it is a short time of several tens of minutes. It is necessary to consider that some deterioration is induced in order to raise the temperature to a certain degree higher than the glass transition point. However, the deterioration test at the installation site for the polymer material incorporated in the equipment is usually performed several times a year like the periodic inspection for the substation equipment described above. However, as will be described, there is no substantial problem that impairs the function of the polymer material to be inspected, and the deterioration inspection method and apparatus according to the present invention are fully applicable.

すなわち、実例として、検査対象の高分子材料がＦ種１５５℃のエポキシ樹脂である場合、その劣化後のガラス転移温度は１５０℃程度となり、その測定のためには少なくともも１８０℃程度の温度には上昇させることが必要である。しかしながら、１８０℃でも寿命時間が２５００から４０００時間であるので、１回の劣化検査での加熱時間が０．５時間であるとした場合、その加熱による受けるれ劣化の程度は１／５０００から１／８０００に相当する僅かなものとなるので、例えば年に２回検査を行う場合、２５００から４０００年程度耐えることになる。また、この発明では、検査対象となる部分、すなわち、劣化検査のために加熱する部分は数ｍｍ程度という、高分子材料全体に比べて極めて小さい領域に限定することができるので、劣化検査の度に検査対象箇所、すなわち、加熱箇所を、以前の劣化検査での加熱箇所と重複しないように少しずらすことも可能であり、これにより、検査自体による劣化の程度を更に軽減することができる。 That is, as a practical example, when the polymer material to be inspected is an F-type 155 ° C. epoxy resin, the glass transition temperature after the deterioration is about 150 ° C. Need to be raised. However, since the lifetime is 2500 to 4000 hours even at 180 ° C., assuming that the heating time in one deterioration inspection is 0.5 hours, the degree of deterioration caused by the heating is 1/5000 to 1 For example, when the inspection is performed twice a year, it will endure about 2500 to 4000 years. Further, in the present invention, the portion to be inspected, that is, the portion to be heated for the deterioration inspection can be limited to a very small area of about several millimeters as compared with the whole polymer material. It is also possible to slightly shift the inspection target portion, that is, the heating portion so as not to overlap with the heating portion in the previous deterioration inspection, thereby further reducing the degree of deterioration due to the inspection itself.

この発明は、変圧器や、変成器、開閉器、回転機、絶縁用スペーサ、絶縁用ブッシングなどの電気機器の長時間の運転によって、その機器に組み込まれた高分子材料がどの程度劣化を受けているかを据え付け現地で非破壊的に検査するのに利用することができる。 The present invention relates to how much deterioration of a polymer material incorporated in an electrical device such as a transformer, a transformer, a switch, a rotating machine, an insulating spacer, and an insulating bushing is caused by long-term operation. It can be used for non-destructive inspection at the installation site.

この発明の実施例１にかかる高分子材料の劣化検査装置の構成を示すブロック図The block diagram which shows the structure of the degradation inspection apparatus of the polymeric material concerning Example 1 of this invention. この発明の実施例２にかかる高分子材料の劣化検査装置の構成を示す要部断面図Sectional drawing which shows the principal part which shows the structure of the polymeric material deterioration test | inspection apparatus concerning Example 2 of this invention. 高分子材料が熱劣化を受けた場合の熱劣化時間とガラス転移温度との関係を示す特性線図Characteristic diagram showing the relationship between thermal degradation time and glass transition temperature when polymer materials are subject to thermal degradation 高分子材料の熱膨張率からガラス転移温度Ｔｇを求める方法を示す特性線図Characteristic diagram showing the method for determining the glass transition temperature Tg from the thermal expansion coefficient of a polymer material 高分子材料の粘弾性を示すリサージュ図Lissajous diagram showing viscoelasticity of polymer materials 図５から得られる粘弾性の温度特性を示す特性線図Characteristic diagram showing temperature characteristics of viscoelasticity obtained from FIG.

Explanation of symbols

１：高分子材料、２：照射光源、３：制御器、４：光路調整器、５：照射形状調整器、６：光学式変位計、７：光学式温度計、８：ＸＹプロッター、１１：変位センサ、１２：伝達子、１３：ソレノイド、１４：ヒータ、１５：熱導体、１６：温度センサ 1: Polymer material, 2: Irradiation light source, 3: Controller, 4: Optical path adjuster, 5: Irradiation shape adjuster, 6: Optical displacement meter, 7: Optical thermometer, 8: XY plotter, 11: Displacement sensor, 12: Transmitter, 13: Solenoid, 14: Heater, 15: Thermal conductor, 16: Temperature sensor

Claims

In non-destructive method of testing the degree of degradation of the polymer material incorporated in the device,
The polymer material is locally heated to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, and the degree of deterioration of the polymer material is determined from the glass transition temperature ,
A part of the polymer material is locally heated to change the temperature of the part, and the temperature and displacement of the part are measured, and the part of the temperature measurement value and the displacement measurement value are used to measure the part of the polymer material. A method for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material, characterized in that a glass transition temperature at which a coefficient of thermal expansion changes with respect to a temperature change is obtained and the degree of deterioration of the part is determined and notified .

In the degradation inspection method of the polymer material according to claim 1,
The local heating of a part of the polymer material is by infrared irradiation, and the temperature and displacement of the part are measured optically, respectively. Degradation inspection method.

  In a method for non-destructively inspecting the degree of deterioration of a polymer material incorporated in a device,
  The polymer material is locally heated to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, and the degree of deterioration of the polymer material is determined from the glass transition temperature,
  A part of the polymer material is locally heated to change the temperature of the part, a mechanical vibration force is applied to the part, the temperature and displacement of the part are measured, and the part A polymer material characterized in that a glass transition temperature at which the partial viscoelasticity is inflected with respect to a temperature change is obtained from a measured temperature value and a displacement measured value, and a degree of deterioration is determined and notified. Degradation inspection method.

In the polymeric material degradation inspection method according to claim 3,
The local heating of a part of the polymer material is by supplying power to a heater embedded in a heat conductor provided so as to be in contact with the polymer material, and a mechanical vibration force on the part. Is applied by exciting a solenoid wound around a rod-shaped transmitter made of a magnetic material with an alternating current, and the measurement of the part of the temperature is performed by a temperature sensor embedded in the heat conductor. A method for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material, wherein the measurement of the partial displacement is performed by a displacement sensor fixed to the transmitter.

In the polymeric material degradation inspection method according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
In the polymer material, the part having a high temperature during use is selected and inspected between the high part and the low part during use of the device, and the part having a low temperature during use is compared in the deterioration inspection. A method for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material, characterized by being used as a sample.

In the degradation inspection method of the polymeric material according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
A method for inspecting deterioration of a polymer material, wherein the polymer material is a polymer material incorporated as an insulating member in an electrical device.

  In a device that nondestructively inspects the degree of deterioration of polymer materials incorporated in equipment,
  The polymer material is locally heated to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, and the degree of deterioration of the polymer material is determined from the glass transition temperature,
  Heating means for locally changing the temperature of a part of the polymer material, temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the part and outputting a signal, and displacement measurement for measuring the displacement of the part and outputting a signal A glass transition temperature at which the partial thermal expansion coefficient inflection with respect to a temperature change is determined from the output signal of the displacement measuring means and the output signal of the temperature measuring means, and the degree of the partial deterioration is determined. And a determination unit for informing the deterioration of the polymer material.

In the degradation inspection apparatus of the polymeric material according to claim 7,
The heating means is for irradiating infrared rays, and the temperature measuring means and the displacement measuring means are an optical thermometer and an optical displacement meter, respectively.

In the polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 8,
The heating means includes an irradiation light source that emits infrared rays, a controller that controls the intensity of infrared rays, an optical path adjuster that changes the irradiation direction of infrared rays, and an irradiation shape adjuster that focuses infrared rays on the part. A degradation inspection apparatus for polymer materials, characterized in that

In the polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 8,
The heating means uses a highly directional light source made of an infrared wavelength laser as an irradiation light source for emitting infrared rays.

In the polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 8,
The heating means uses an omnidirectional light source composed of a tungsten light bulb or a high-intensity discharge lamp as an irradiation light source for emitting infrared rays, and confocals for concentrating and irradiating the light to limit the irradiated surface. A degradation inspection apparatus for a polymer material, further comprising a filter for cutting a wavelength used by the optical displacement meter.

In the polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 8,
The displacement measuring means uses a micro displacement meter based on the interference of a visible wavelength semiconductor laser as the optical displacement meter, a polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus, characterized in that:

  In a device that nondestructively inspects the degree of deterioration of polymer materials incorporated in equipment,
  The polymer material is locally heated to a temperature at which a part of the polymer material undergoes a glass transition, and the degree of deterioration of the polymer material is determined from the glass transition temperature,
  Heating means for locally changing the temperature of a part of the polymer material; temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the part and outputting a signal; and drive means for applying a mechanical vibration force to the part. The displacement measuring means that measures the partial displacement and outputs a signal, and the partial viscoelasticity is inflected with respect to the temperature change from the output signal of the displacement measuring means and the output signal of the temperature measuring means. A deterioration inspecting apparatus for a polymer material, comprising: a determination means for determining a glass transition temperature and determining and notifying the degree of deterioration of the part.

In the polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to claim 13,
The heating means is a heater embedded in a heat conductor provided in contact with the polymer material, and the temperature measuring means is a temperature sensor embedded in the heat conductor, and the driving means Is a magnet in which a solenoid is wound around a rod-shaped transmitter made of a magnetic material, and the transmitter vibrates when the solenoid is excited by an alternating current. The displacement measuring means is connected to the transmitter. A polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus, which is a fixed displacement sensor.

The polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus according to any one of claims 7 to 14,
A polymer material deterioration inspection apparatus, wherein the polymer material is a polymer material incorporated as an insulating member in an electrical device.